LVYPLXX ALRX
–FNP DFN@NP YLP ANUNP‟
HJA]LA]X
LVYPLXX @PNAM LCLOLA]X
KA]PJM\H]KJA
YPJBPNOX
HJOYL]K]JPX
LVYPLXX PLWLA\L OJMLC
LVYPLXX WNC\L YPJYJXK]KJA
LVYPLXX @PNAM HPLMK@KCK][
LVYPLXX @PNAM ^\NCK][ NAM ]P\X]
LVYPLXX @PNAM LV]LAXKJAX
LVYPLXX @PNAM ONPDL]KAB
LVYPLXX ]NPBL] ONPDL]
LVYPLXX HJOYL]K]KWL NMWNA]NBL
LVYPLXX @PNAM CJ[NCK][
LVYPLXX XRJ] NANC[XKX
LVYPLXX @PNAM YJXK]KJAKAB
^\NCK]N]KWL OLNX\PLX
^\NA]K]N]KWL OLNX\PLX
PLHJOOLAMN]KJAX
OKXXKJA
]J HNY]\PL LWLP[ YJXXK@CL ALRX
J@ELH]KWL
J\P J@ELH]KWL KX ]J GNHKCK]N]L YLJYCLX @[ YPJWKMKAB XJC\]KJAX JWLP JW LP H\PP H\ PPLA LA] ] KXX\ KX X\LX LX PLBN PL BNPM PMKA KAB B ]J YJCK]KHX# KA]LPAN]KJANC NGGNKPX NAM J]FLPX! RL NPL ]J]NCC[ RJPDKAB GJP ]FL RLCGNPL JG YLJYCL!
LVYPLXX @PNAM LCLOLA]X
ANOL5
LVYPLXX ALRX
CJBJ5
XCJBNA5
–FNP DFN@NP YLP ANUNP‟
XCJBNA OLNA5
–L[L JA LNHF YPJOKXL‟
KA]PJM\H]KJA Lvyplxx alrx ]W kx n gnx} bpjrkab alrx hfnaalc ka Yndkx}na rk}f p n }k }k a bx b x l vh v h l lm l m ka k a b n cc c c x n }l }l cc c c k} k } l ] W h f na na a lc l c x k a } fl f l o np n p d l} l} ! K } k x jralm `{ Cndfnak bpj|y p|a ` { }fl hj|a}p{"x }fkpm cnpblx} \pm| m n kc k c {# { # M nk n k c{ c { L v yp y p l xx x x ! ] f kx kx h fn f n a al a l c f n x b p ln l n } r j pd p d k ab ab n a m k } k x hjoyl}kab wlp{ ~|khdc{ }j j}flp ]W Hfnaalcx ckdl BLJ ]W nam NP[ JAL Rjpcm! Rjp cm ! K} x}np}lm x}np}lm k}x }}lx} lx} }pnaxokx }pnax okxxkja x kja ja j a >x} Gl`p|np{ Gl`p|np { 0996 nam cn|ahflm k}x plb|cnp }pnaxokxxkja ja 07}f Gl`p|np{ 0996! Lvyplxx alrx ]W kx }fl 0 a m `kb hfnaalc }j ypjwkml pj|am }fl hcjhd alrx hj wlpnbl ka Yndkx}na! Rk} f jwlp >099 loycj{llx kahc|mk ab p ly l y jp j p }l } l px p x n am a m h nno o lp l p no n o la l a x }n } n }k } k ja j a lm l m } fp f p j| j | bf b f j| j | } } fl f l h j| j | a} a } p{ p{ # L vy v y pl p l xx x x a lr l r x f nx n x } fl f l g |c | c c k ag a g pn p n x} x } p| p | h} h } |p | p l x |y | y yj y j p} p } j g } fl f l m nk n k c{ c{ Lvyplxx alrxynylp rfkhf kx y|`ckxflm gpjo >8 hk}klx jg Yndkx}na# Y n co co j ck ck w l# l# H j cb cb n }l }l # C n dx dx j a } j `n ` n hh h h j x | `x ` x k mk m k np n p { n am a m O hM h M j an an c m & c n d f n a k b p j | y | y f j c m } f l > 9 9 , x f n p l x k a Y n d k x } n a + ! Lvyplxx alrx fnx k}x onka x}n}kja `|pln|x cjhn}lm ka ncc onejp h k}klx jg Yndkx}na/ Dnpnhfk# Cnfjpl# Kxcnon`nm# Kxcnon`nm # Ylxfnrnp nam ^|l}}n! K} fnx n xkabcl xkabc l ylpxja plyj plyjpp}kab }kab |ak}x ka ncojx} ncoj x} <7 cjhn}kja cjhn}kjaxx }}fpj fpj|bfj|} |bfj|} } f l h j |a | a } p{ p{ ! ] f l o nk n k a f l nm n m / jg j g gk g k hl h l k x k a D n pn pn hf h f k ! N cc c c } {y {y l x j g x}pn}lbklx npl onml }flpl nam }fla koyclola}lm `{ }fl mkplh}kjax jg }fl mkplh}jpx!
YPJBPNOX
] fl f l pl p l n pl pl o na na { } n cd c d x fj f j rx r x # h |p | p pl p l a} a } n gg g g nk n k ppxx n am a m o nna a { o jp jp l ypjbpnox ckdl }fkx }fl ojx} gnoj|x jg }flo npl nx |amlp4 †
RJF DKN FNK!
†
0=/BFNA]N[!
†
DNC ]ND!
†
BNOL JA FNK
†
; ]J OKM AKBF]
†
LVYPLXX CKGL X][CL
†
@NMNC]N YNDKX]NA
Mlxhpky}kja Mlxhpky}kja jg xjol ypjbpnox kx nx |amlp4
DNC ]ND5
K} kx wlp{ gnoj|x ypjbpno nam onml ojpl n}}pnh}kwl n}}pnh}kwl `{ }fl gnoj|x hjc|oakx} Enwlm Hfn|mnp{ }fpj|bf fkx `ln|}kg|c rn{ jg mkxh|xxkja nam fkx dajrclmbl nam lvyjx|pl!
LVYPLXX CKGL X][CL5
]fkx k x naj}flp ypjbpno b l} }kab yjy|cnp k a yljycl jg ncc gklcmx! Ypjglxxkjancx gpjo ncc jwlp }fl Yndkx}na npl hncclm ka }fkx ypjbpno n a m m k gg gg l pl pl a } m k xh x h |x | x x kj k j a x n p l o n ml m l j a } fl f l x y lh l h kg k g kh k h } j yk y k hx h x ! ] f kx kx y pj p j bp b p no n o k x w lp l p { k ag a g jp j p on o n }k } k wl w l k a x la l a xl x l j g k ag a g jp j p on o n }k } k ja j a n am a m } fl fl xjc|}kja jg }fl ypj`clox rl npl gnhkab!
0=/BFNA]N[5
0 =/ = / Bf B f na n a }n } n { k x n a L vy v y pl p l xx x x A lr l r x g no n o j| j | x Y ppj j bp b p no n o y pj p j m| m | hl hl m ` { Gnkxnc Rnppnkhf! ]fkx Ypjbpno hjaxkx}x jg ka}lplx}kab x}jpklx gpjo ncc jwlp }fl hj|a}p{! Lnhf alrx x}jp{ ka }fl ypjbpno hna"} `l ojpl }fna xkv}{ oka|}lx! Ypjbpno kx gnx} ynhl! Gnx} o|xkh kx y|} ka `nhdbpj|am! ]fkx bkwlx }fl ypjbpno n mkgglpla} cjh d }fna alrx! ]flxl }fpkcckab x}jpklx npl n`j|} koyjp}na} hpkolx# alr hpjyx# bjjm nam `nm alrx# cjhnc kxx|lx nam gnplx! Nh}kwl hk}klx gjp alrx npl E ng n g np n p n` n ` nm n m # E nh n h nn` ` n` n ` nm n m # ^ |l | l }} } } n# n# D np n p nh nh fk f k # C nf n f jp j p l# l # F {m { m lp l p n` n ` nm nm # B|epnarnc B|ep narncnn nam Xnpbjmfn Xnpb jmfn npl xylhkncc xylh kncc{ { hj hj|a} |a}n`cl n`cl!! Nhhjpmka Nhhj pmk ab b }j blalpnc ]W/pn}kab x{x}lo –0=/Bfna}n{‟ kx ojx} wklrlm ypjbpno ka Yndkx}na! Ypjbpno kx ja/nkplm xlwla mn{x n rlld n} >>589 YO ja L vy v y pl p l xx x x A lr l r x j ac a c {! {! O nk n k a p ly l y jp j p }l } l px p x j g } fl f l y pj p j bp b p no n o n pl p l N }} }} n Hfjfna# Ng}n` Dfna# Ng}n` @|dfnpk# Fngku Xfnfkm O|akp!
HJOYL]K]JPX
]flpl npl n a|o`lp jg hjoyl}k}jpx kahc|mkab4 † † † †
BLJ NP[ JAL RJPCM MKA XNOON
† † † † † † † †
NNE ]W @\XKALXX YC\X HFNAALC GKWL HK][=0 DF[@LP Y]W ALRX RN^] Nam ona{ ojpl
]fl{ }fkad BLJ nx }fl onka hjo yl}k}jp nam }flkp x}p n}lbklx npl nhhjpmkab }j BLJ! Nc}fj|bf BLJ kx n `kb gkxf ka gpja} jg Lvyplxx alrx nam k} kx flpl xkahl 0990 `|} x}kcc Lvyplxx alrx kx `lhjokab n hfncclabl gj p }fl BLJ na m hjoyl}kab k} wlp{ x|hhlxx g|cc {! Xjol hfnaalcx fnwl hjyklm ona{ }fkabx gpjo Lvyplxx!
LVYPLXX PLWLA\L OJMLC
] fl f l p lw l w la l a |l | l o jm j m lc l c k x n mw m w lp l p }k } k xl x l ol o l a} a } ` nx n x lm l m ! ] fl f l { n pl p l l nnpp ak a k ab ab p lw l w la l a |l | l } fp fp j| j | bf b f n mw m w lp l p }k }k xl x l ol o l a} a } x n am a m x yj y j ax a x jp j p x ` { m kg kg gl g l pl p l a} a} hjoynaklx }j mkgglpla} ypjbpnox!
LVYPLXX WNC\L YPJYJXK]KJA
]fl{ npl ypjwkmkab ypjwkmk ab n|}fla} n|} fla}khn} khn}lm lm alrx rk}f rk} f ~|k ~|khhd d `pjnmhnx} `pjnm hnx}kab kab xlpwkhl! ]fl{ npl }p{kab }j ondl yljycl nrnpl jg }fl hjamk}kja jg }flkp hj|a}p{! ]fl{ rna} yljycl }j gllc xlh|pl } fl{ mja ‛} }fpln} yljycl }fpj|bf alrx nx xjol j}flp hfnaalcx mjkab! ]fl{ xfjr k ag a g jp jp o onn }k }k wl w l y pj p j bp b p no n o x c kd kd l C KG K G L X ][ ] [ CL C L k a r fk f k hf hf } fl fl { h nncc c mkgglpla} ylpxjanck}klx nam hlc l` pk }klx gpjo mkgg lp la} xlh}jpx nam ypjglxxkjax! ]fl{ xfjr ^|j}lx `{ mkgglpla} gnoj|x ylpxjanck}klx nam ncxj }fl gnh}jkmx!
LVYPLXX @PNAM HPLMK@KCK][
L VY V Y P L XX XX f nx n x | yc y c k g } l m } f l k o n bl b l j g a lr lr x } f pj pj |b | b f m kb kb k } n c }lhfajcjb{ nam kaajwn}kwl ypjbpnox! ]fl ypjbpnox npl hjoynplm ` { g no n o j| j | x h jc j c |o | o ak a k x }x } x r fj f j o x }{ } { cl cl x j g h jo j o yn y n pk pk ab a b n pl p l w lp lp { n } }p }p nh n h } kw kw l! l ! ] f l{ l{ b n }f }f l p a l rx r x w l p{ p{ ~ | kh kh d c{ c { n x h j oy oy n pl p l } j j } fl fl p hfnaalcx!
LVYPLXX @PNAM ^\NCK][ NAM ]P\X]
] fl f l ~ |n | n ck c k }{ } { k x } fl f l h jp j p al a l px p x }j } j al a l j g } fl f l kp k p ~ |k | k hd h d x |h | h hhll xx x x ! ] fl f l kp kp `pjnmhnx}kab jg wkx|nc alrx kx wlp{ ~|khd rfkcl j}flp hfnaalcx e|x} xfjr flnmckalx flnmck alx n} }fn} olna }kol! ]fkx kx `lhn|xl `lhn| xl }fl{ npl |xkab c n} n } lx lx } } lh lh fa f a jc j c jb j b {# {# f nw n w ka k a b 0 6 M XA X A B & Mk M k ppll hh}} X nn}} l cc c c k} k} l A lr lr x Bn}flpkab Bn}flpka b++ wnax! wnax ! Nx kk}} kx alr `j `jpa pa hfnaalc hfnaalc nam {l} `|kcmkab `|kcm kab }}p|x} p|x} }fpj|bf n|}fla}khn}lm n|}fla}khn}lm alrx gpjo ncc jwlp }fl Yndkx}na nx rlcc gpjo }fl rjpcm! K} fnx hpln}lm n x}pjab konbl nojab }fl yljycl!
LVYPLXX @PNAM LV]LAXKJAX
K} kx k}xlcg n `pnam lv}laxkja jg Mnkc{ Lvyplxx alrxynylp! Nam ajr }fl{ npl cn|ahfkab `pnam lv}laxkja jg Lvyplxx alrx nx Lvyplxx alrx Labckxf hfnaalc rfkhf kx p|aakab ja } lx} } pnaxokxxkja nam }fl{ npl nkokab }j hjoyl}l jal nam jac{ Labckxf alrx hfnaalc Mnra alrx! Lvyplxx b pj |y &Cndxja Bpj| y jg Hj oyna{+ kx cnpblc{ hjaxkmlplm nx n m kplh} hjoyl}k} jp }j Enab Bpj|y# rfj fnx `lla x|gglpkab }j cn|ahf k}x Blj Labckxf Hfnaalc gjp ~|k}l xjol }kol!
LVYPLXX @PNAM ONPDL]KAB
YPJM\H]*XLPWKHL5 K } k x n a l r x h f n a a l c h p l n } k a b n r n p l a l x x n `j ` j |} | } h |p | p pl p l a} a } n am a m k a} a } lp l p an a n }k } k ja j a nc n c n gg g g nk n k px p x # y jc j c k} k} kh k h nncc k xx x x |l | l x n am am ypj`clox jg yljyclx ka mkgglpla} hk}klx nam hj|a}pklx nx rlcc! YPKHL5 K} kx |xkab xdkookab ypkhl x}pn}lb{ gjp nmwlp}kxlola}x jg mkgglpla} hjoynaklx! YCNHL*MKX]PK@\]KJA5 K}x mkx}pk`|}kja kx }fpj|bf xn}lcck}l ncc j wl w l p } fl f l r jp j p cm cm ! K } h jw j w lp l p x a lr l r x g pj pj o n cc cc j wl w l p } fl fl r jp j p cm cm n am am `pjnmhnx} k} }fpj|bf }flkp hfnaalc!
] f lk l k p r l` l ` x k} k } l k x rrr!lvyplxx!}w rfkhf rfkhf kx |amlp hjax}p|h}kja hjax}p|h}kja!! Xjjalp lwlp{ jal ka }fl rjpcm rfj fnx ka}lpal} nhhlxx nhhlxx rkcc xll }fl Lvyplxx alrx jackal!
YPJOJ]KJA5 Nx k} k x k}xlcg na nmwlp}kxlola} olmk|o xj }fl{ mja‛} allm }j nmwlp}kxl kx }fpj|bf na{ j}flp ]!W hfnaalc! Ka x}np} }fl{ ypjoj}lm }fl hfnaalc }fpj|bf }flkp jra alrx ynylp nam x}kcc mjkab xj! ]fl{ nmwlp}kxl j}flp `|xkalxxlx ja }flkp hfnaalc nam }fl rl`xk}l }fl{ npl bjkab }j cn|ahf fnx ncxj }fl gnhkck}{ }j nmwlp}kxl rk}f }flo!
]fl{ hjam|h} mkgglpla} y|`ckh plcn}kja ypjbpnox ckdl xlokanpx l}h! G jp j p l vn v n oy o y cl c l } fl f l { j pb p b na n a ku k u llm m n x lo l o ka k a np n p – OL O L PK P K Y LF L F HF H F NN NN A YNDKX]NA‟ ja >=}f N|b|x}! YLJYCL5 ]fl yljycl plcn}lm }j k}x onanblola} npl wlp{ }ncla}lm nam }pnkalm `{ ggjpl jplkba kba hfnaalc o olo` lo `lpx lpx jg HAA# @@H# nam GJV l}h! Ncc yljycl npl rjpdkab lggkhkla}c{ gjp k}x x|hhlxx! ]fkx kx dly} ka okam }fn} }fl loycj{llx nam onablpx `l ka}laxkwlc{ }pnkalm ja c l nm nm l px px f ky k y # } ln l n o o n an a n bl b l o la l a }# } # n x xl xl p }k }k w l c ln l n m lp l p x fk f k y x d kc kc cx cx n a m hjnhfkab nam ola}jpkab xdkccx!
YF[XKHNC YF[XKHNC LAWKPJAOLA]5 LAWKPJAOLA]5 ]fl yf{xkhnc lawkpja ola} kx aj} xj koyplxxkwl! ]fl{ npl |}kckukab }fl xnol `|kcmkabx rfkhf npl | }k } k ck c k ul u l m ` { M NK N K C[ C [ L VY V Y PL P L XX X X a lr l r xy x y ny n y lp l p ! ] fl f l n }o } o jx j x yf y f lp lp l k x h j am a m l ax ax l m n a m l oy o y cj c j { x m j a‛ a ‛ } g ll l l c h j og og j p} p} n `c `c l r f kc k c l r j pd pd k ab ab }flpl!
YNHDNBKAB 5 Ynhdnbkab kx aj} ka xlaxl jg ka}nabk`cl nyylnpnahl nyylnpnahl ckdl pnyylpx# hnp}ja l}h! K} kx n`j|} }nabk`cl ynhdnbkab! Ypjbpnox npl xckhdc{ ynhd lm `{ }fl hjoynplx }fpj|bf `ln|}kg| c rjpmx nam ~|j}n}kjax nam kagjpon}kja n`j|} fkx}jpkhnc }fkabx! ]fkx ondlx }fl ypjbpno ypjbpno n}}pnh} n}} pnh}kwl kw l nam ka}lplx ka} lplx}kab }kab ggjp jp }fl wklrlpx! wklrlpx ! ]fkx kx k x n alr }lhfak~|l |xlm `{ Lvyplxx xj gnp!
LVYPLXX ]NPBL] ONPDL] ]npbl} onpdl} x}pn}lb{ kx hclnpc{ }j hny}|pl onpdl} xfnpl nam akhfl }fpj|bf k}x yljycl# `lhn|xl ka }jmn{"x rjpcm lwlp{}fkab hna `l hjyklm# hjyklm# lvhly} lvhl y} }fl }f l xykpk} xykpk} jg yljycl yljycl nam }flkp n}}k}|m n}} k}|mlx lx rfkhf rfkhf }fl{ }fl { onakglx} }jrnpmx }flkp h|x}jolpx! ]fl }npbl} onpdl} kx onxxkwl! ]fl{ npl hny}|pkab }fl yljycl jg lwlp{ hcnxx# lwlp{ plckbkja# lwlp{ plbkja ka Yndkx}na# jg na{ hjcj|p nam xlv! ]fl onka gjh|x kx jg nbl bpj|y gpjo >= }j xj ja! ]fl{ npl }p{kab }j hjawl{ onxxnbl }j lnhf nam lwlp{ ylpxja gpjo lwlp{ hjpalp jg Yndkx}na!
LVYPLXX HJOYL]K]KWL NMWNA]NBL Lvyplxx f nx onka nmwna}nbl jg }flkp nbbplxxkwl yplx lahl rfkhf }fpln}lalm }fpln}lalm }fl lvkx}kab alrx hfnaalcx rjpdkab gjp {lnpx! ]fl onka yjka}x jg }flkp nmwna}nbl npl4 † † † †
† † †
Mkbk}nc nam lvylaxkwl }lhfajcjb{ Alr rn{x jg mlckwlpkab alrx \xkab lvkx}kab alrx al}rjpd k!l! Mnkc{ Lvyplxx Fkbfc{ }pnkalm loycj{llx `{ gjplkba nam x|hhlxxkwl alrx hfnaalc‛ olo`lp @kbblx} plyjp}kab al}rjpd ka Yndkx}na Plkagjphlola} Plkagjphlola} jg `|xkalxx ycna Kaajwn}kwl kmlnx n`j|} }fl ypjbpnox
LVYPLXX @PNAM CJ[NCK][ ]fkx kx n fj} ml`n}l ka }fl Lvyplxx hjpyjpn}l xlh}j p }fn} fjr }j `|kcm }fl ` pnam ‛x cj{nc}{ nam fjr }j o ndl }fl `pna m x}pjab: Nx Lvyplxx kx n alr `pnam ka }fl onpdl} nam `|kcmkab k}x `pnam cj{nc}{ `{ }fl }kol `{ ypjwkmkab n `kb pnabl jg wnc| n` cl y pjbpnox }j k}x wklrlpx! Xj k} kx koyjxxk`cl {l} }j xn{ }fn} yljycl npl cj{nc }j }fl `pnam `lhn|xl jg }flkp hfnabkab an}|pl! Kg j}flp hfnaalcx ckdl BLJ nam NP[ jal rjpcm hjol |y rk}f n wnc|n`cl hfnabl }fla ncplnm{ `|kcm `pnam cj{nc}{ hna mlhplnxl!
LVYPLXX XRJ] NANC[XKX
X]PLABF]X5 † † † † † † †
Cn}lx} }lhfajcjb{ Cnpblp al}rjpd Rlcc }pnkalm loycj{llx Kahplnxkab `pnam nrnplalxx Wnc|n`cl ypjbpnox Gkanahknc plxj|phlx Hjoyl}lahl n`kck}{
Kaajwn}kja xdkccx X}plxx ja ondkab hfnaalc `l}}lp † RLNDALXX5 †
† †
Xdkookab ypkhkab x}pn}lb{ gjp nmwlp}kxlola}x Aj xlynpn}l `|kcmkab gjp hfnaalc nam alrxynylp
JYYJP]\AK]KLX5 †
† †
N c oj oj x } 7 9 , y l jy j y c l r n }h }h f ] W ! ] f l{ l { f n wl w l j y yj y j p }| }| a k} k} { } j ondl yljycl nrnpl jg }flkp hfnaalc }j bl} ojpl xyjaxjpxfky Lvyplxx fnx gnx} onpdl} bpjr}f ] j j gglp oj pl p na b l j g y p jb pn ox ja f j } kx x |l x ckdl lm|hn}kja# |aloycj{ola} l}h
]FPLN]X5 †
†
†
BLJ nam NP[ JAL RJPCM npl }fl `kb }fpln}x gjp }fl Lvyplxx Pkxkab Pkxkab l~|k}{ jg j} j}fl flpp hfnaalcx hfna alcx ckdl MKA# RN^] on{ fnpo }fl Lvyplxx Gcjy jg Lvyplxx Labckxf hna ncxj `l n }fpln}
LVYPLXX @PNAM YJXK]KJAKAB @pnam yjxk}kjakab kx xjol}fkab }fn} plglpx } j hpln}l na ko nbl ka h|x}jolp‛x okam nx Dj}clp mlgkalx } fl `pnam yjxk }kjakab nx – }fl nh} jg mlxkbakab }fl hjoyna{‛x jgglp nam konbl xj }fn} k} jhh|yklx }fl mkx}kah} nam wnc|lm ycnhl ka }npbl} h|x}jolp‛x okam‟! Lvyplxx fnx yjxk}kjalm k}x `pnam wlp{ koyplxxkwlc{ koyplxxkwlc{ nx k} kx hclnp `{ }flkp xcjbna –FNP DFN@NP YLP ANUNP‟ nam }fl{ npl g|cgkcckab g|cgkcckab }flkp ypjokxlx wlp{ lgglh}kwlc{! ]fl{ plonkalm x|hhlxxg|c }j hpln}l bjjm konbl ka okmmcl/hcnxx nam xjol jg }fl |yylp/hc nxx! Yljycl c jw j w l } j r n} n } h f } fl f l kp k p w nc nc |n | n `c ` c l y pj p j bp b p no no x c kd kd l D NC N C ] ND N D # 0 =/ =/ BFNA]N[ nam LVYPLXX CKGL X][CL! 0=/BFNA]N[ kx ajr ojx} wklrlm ypjbpno ka Yndkx}na nhhjpmkab }j blalpnc ]W pn}kabx! YJKA]/JG/YNPK][5 † †
@pjnmhnx} alrx Gnx}lp alrx hjwlpnbl
YJKA]/JG/MKGGLPLAHL5 † † † †
Cn}lx} }lhfajcjb{ Cnpblp al}rjpd 06 MXAB wnax =/M bpnyfkh xhplla
^\NCK]N]KWL OLNX\PLX
Flpl rl fnwl xjol lvnoyclx plcn}kab }j }fl ~|nck}{ jg xlpwkhl jg Lvyplxx Alrx! Lvnoycl >5 ]fl gkpx} kahkmlahl kahkml ahl rfla }fl @LANULLP @LANULLP hnol ka }j Yndkx}na gpjo M|`nk! ]fl YYYY jpbnakulm n yjck}khnc ypjhlxxkja! N `jo ` rnx `cnx}lm ka }fn} ypjhlxxkja! ]fl @LANULLP mkma‛} bl} n a { x h pn p n }h } h f ` | } | a gj g j p }| }| a n} n } l c{ c{ f k x ` j m{ m { b | np n p m r nx n x n a bl bl p lm lm n a m `lhnol fnamkhny! Ng}lp }fl kahkmlahl lwlp{ `jm{ albclh}lm fko nx fl fnx aj yplxlahl! Fl rnx x|gglpkab fnam }j oj|}f nam mja‛} lwla fnwl ojal{ gjp fkx }pln}ola}!
Lvyplxx }lno rnx }fl gkpx} rfj rla} }j fko nam }lclhnx}lm fkx hp|hknc x}n}l ka gpja} jg lwlp{jal! Ng}lp }f kx xlax n}kjanc }lclhnx} Y YY YY Y h n o l } j p l n ck ck u l j g } f lk lk p a lb lb cl cl h }l }l m ` lf lf nw nw kj kj |p | p ! ] f l{ l{ naaj|ahlm n xhfjcnpxfky jg 0
]flxl }rj lvnoyc lx xfjr }fl wk}nc pjcl jg Lvyplxx n x rlcc }f lk p gnx} xlpwkhl nam plxyjaxk`kc k}{ gjp }fl rlcgnpl nam nrnplalxx jg yljycl! ]flpl npl o na { oj pl x}jpklx ck dl } fkx! Lvy plxx kx plnc c{ rj rjpdk pd kab ab wlp{ koy koyplx plxxkwl x kwlc{ c{ nam hpln}lm hpln }lm n plxylh} plxy lh}n`cl n`cl ycnhl ka }fl okam jg yljycl!
^\NA]K]N]KWL OLNX\PLX
X\PWL[ JG LVYPLXX ALRX
Rl hjam|h}lm 27 x|pwl{x gpjo yljycl jg mkgglpla} ypjglxxkjancx! ypjglxxkjanc x! XNCKLAHL5 >+ Fnwl {j| lwlp rn}hflm Alrx hfnaalc:
[LX ? 76
AJ ? 6
Rl nxdlm }fkx } fkx ~|lx}kja ~|lx}kj a }j dajr da jr }fn} }fl ylpxja ylpx ja rl npl x|pwl{kab x|pwl{ kab rn}hf alrx npl aj} 76 j |} jg 27 naxrlplm –{lx‟ xj r l kahc| mlm }fn} ylphla}nbl jg 76 yljyclx! 0+ Rfkhf Alrx hfnaalc ojx}c{ {j| rn}hf: Plx|c}5 Ka }f }fkx kx ~|lx}kja ~|lx}k j a rl }jjd }fl naxrlp gpjo } jy jg }fl okam jg }fl ylpxja rk}fj|} bkwkab na{ fka} n`j|} Lvyplxx alrx! Ka }fkx ~|lx}kja ~|lx}kja =>, xnkm Lvyplxx Lvyplxx alrx# =>, xnkm Blj# 2, xnkm Blj nam L vy v y pl p l xx x x a lr l r x# x # n am a m > >, > , x nk n k m j }f } f lp l p x4 x 4 j }f } f lp l p x k ah a h c| c | ml m l N P[ P [ j al al rjpcm# Hk}{ =0 nam Y]W alrx!
8+ Mj {j| dajr n`j|} Lvyplxx Alrx hfnaalc:
] f kx k x ~ | lx lx } kj kj a r n x } j h fl f l h d } fl f l kp k p n r np n p la l a l xx x x n ` j| j | } } f l L v yp y p l xx xx alrx! ]flpl rlpl }rj jy}kjax –{lx‟ jp –aj‟! ;<, xnkm {lx nam <, xnkm aj!
C ln l n wk w k ab a b > x } ~ |l | l x} x } kj k j a } fl f l x nc n c kl kl ah a h l n hhhh jp j p mk m k ab a b } j } fl f l p lx l x |c | c }x }x j g plonkakab }rj ~|lx}kjax kx 20,!
YLPGJPONAHL5 >+ Mjlx k} `pjnmhnx} n|}fla}khn}lm Alrx: Plx|c}5 62, xnkm {lx nam >8, xnkm aj!
0+ Mj {j| }fkad }fn} k}x xlpwkhl kx lg glh}kwl nam ~|khd: Plx|c}5 [ L X ? ; > ,
AJ ? ;,
8+ Mj {j| }fkad k} rkcc `l hjoyl}k}kwl }j j}flp Alrx hfnaalcx: Plx|c}5
[LX ? 6<,
AJ ? ><,
Jwlpncc `pnam ylpgjponahl kx 67,! KONBLP[5 >+ Mj }fkad }fn} }fkx `pnam kx ycn{kab n wk}nc pjcl ka xjhkl}{: Plx|c}x5
[LX ? 6>,
AJ ? >;,
8+ Mjlx k} ondl {j| nrnpl jg ncc dkam jg kxx|lx: Plx|c}5
[LX ? 20,
AJ ? 06,
0+ Mj {j| }fkad }fkx `pnam kx `nxlm ja yljycl‛x rlcgnpl: Plx|c}5
[LX ? 2;,
AJ ? 0>,
Jwlpncc konblp{ kx 22!88,!
E\MBOLA]5 >+ Rfn} kx {j|p jykakja n`j|} Lvyplxx Alrx:
Plx|c}x5
BJJM ? <>,
AJPONC ? =; ,
@NM ? 9,
0+ Fjr o|hf {j| }p|x} ja Lvyp lxx Alrx: Plx|c}x5
C K] K] ] CL C L ? 0 >, >,
L A J\ J \ BF B F ? < > , N CJ C J ] ? 06 06 ,
8+ Mj {j| }fkad Lvyplxx Alrx kx |ak~|l hfnaalc gpjo j}flpx:
Plx|c}5
[LX ? 70,
AJ ? 86,
Jwlpncc plx|c} e|mblola} kx =2,! ]fkx plx|c} kx }ndla gpjo –Bjjm‟ j y } k j a j g >x} ~ | l x } k j a # – N c j } ‟ j g 0 am ~ | l x } k j a n a m – { l x ‟ j g 8 pm ~|lx}kja! GLLCKAB5 >+ Mjlx Lvyplxx Alrx bkwl {j| }fl gllckab jg xlh|pk}{: Plx|c}x5
[LX ? <;,
AJ ? =>,
0 + M j { j| j| } fk f k ad a d } fn f n } } fl f l kp k p y pj p j bp b p no n o x n pl p l l a} a } lp l p }n } n ka k a ka k a b n am am kagjpon}kwl:
Plx|c}x5
[LX ? 26,
AJ ? 00,
8+ Kg }fkx hfnaalc hcjxlm rkcc k} xfjhd {j|: Plx|c}5
[LX ? <;,
AJ ? =>,
Na jwlpncc gllckab kx 7+ Rj|cm {j| ckdl }j rn}hf Lvyplxx Alrx:
Plx|c}x5
[LX ? 69,
AJ ? 09 ,
0+ Mj {j| ckdl }j }ncd rk}f j}flpx n`j|} Lvy plxx Alrx: Plx|c}x5
[LX ? 7<,
AJ ? 8<,
8+ Rj|cm {j| plhjoolam yljycl }j rn}hf Lvyplxx Alrx: Plx|c}x5
[LX ? 26,
AJ ? 00,
Jwlpncc plxjanahl kx 2=!88,!
PLHJOOLAMN]KJAX
>+ ]fl{ xfj|cm xfj|cm gjh|x ja }flkp ypjoj}k ypj oj }kja ja }j kahplnxl kahplnxl }flkp `pnam `pn am l~|k}{ l~|k }{ `{ olnax olna x jg `kcc` `k cc`jn jnpmx pmx nam }}fpj fpj|bf |bf ]W xhplla xhplla ggk} k}}lm }lm n} }pnggkh xkbancx 0 + ] f lpl npl a j x lyn pn }l ` | kcm ka b x gj p ]W h fna a lc na m a lr l r xy x y ny n y lp l p ! ] fl f l { x fj f j |c | c m x fk f k g} g } } fl f l kp k p x l} l } |y | y } j x jo j o l j }f } f lp lp `|kcmkab `lgjpl }fl rjpd kahplnxlx nam }fl{ `lhjol |an`cl }j xjcwl }fl ypj`clox n} }fn} olna }kol!
8+ ]j x}np} x|hf dkam dkam jg nh}kwk}klx nh}kwk}klx }fn} k} plojwlx plojwlx }fl `nm konbl konbl j g o lm l m kn k n r fk f k hf h f k x4 x 4 } fl f l o lm l m kn k n k x x yp y p ln l n mk m k ab a b } lp l p pj p j p n oj o j ab ab y l jy j y cl c l # r f la la } f kx kx r kc k c c h cn c n p kg kg { k a y l jy j y cl c l ‛ x o ka k a m } f kx kx r k cc cc kahplnxl }fl `pnam konbl! = + ] fl f l { x fj f j |c | c m x }n } n p} p } y pj p j bp b p no n o x j a f j} j } k xx x x |l | l x c kd k d l l m| m | hn h n }k } k ja ja # l hhj j aj a j o{ o { n am a m | al a l oy o y cj c j {o { o la l a } } j h pl p l nn}} l n rn r n pl p l al a l xx x x n oj o j ab ab yljycl }fn} fjr rl hna xjcwl }flxl ypj`clox!
< + C n |a | a h f } f lk l k p r l ` n x x j ja j a n x y j x x k` k` c l ` l hn h n |x |x l r l ` k a } f k x }lhfajcjbkhnc lpn kx jal jg }fl `lx} }jjcx gjp ypjoj}kja nam mkx}pk`|}kja nx rlcc!
7+ Ka rl` }fl{ } fl{ xfj|cm xfj|cm ka}pjm|hl ka} pj m |hl gln}|pl gln }|pl cckkdl dl plhjpmkab plhjp mkab jg xjol gnoj|x ypjbpnox kx |ycjnmlm xj lwlp{ jal hna rn}hf }fjxl wkmljx na{ }kol!
2 + @ { } l p o ka ka n} n } k a b x dk d k o o ka ka b y pk pk h l x }p }p n } l b{ b { n a m n m jy j y }k }k a b y la l a l} l } pn p n }k } k ja j a y pk p k hk h k ab a b g jp j p n mw m w lp l p }k } k xl x l ol o l a} a } x } j n }} } } pn p n hh}} o jp jp l xyjaxjpxfky x! Ka x}np} kg }fl{ rkcc }fkad }j lnpa ojpl ypjgk} }fna }flkp lggjp}x nam onpdl} wnc|l }fla k} rkcc mlx}pj{ }flkp konbl nam }fl{ rkcc `l ka cjxx!
