Lumio, Vendith R.
March 20, 2015
BS ChE – 4
ChE 4202
Making Glue from from Milk Milk (Casein (Casein Glue) Glue) Activity Activity on Food Food and and Food By-Products By-Products Industry Industry I.
Introduction Adhesives
An adhesie is a materia! used "or ho!din# t$o sur"aces to#et to#ethe her. r. An adhe adhesi sie e must must $et the the sur" sur"ac aces es, , adhe adhere re to the the sur"a sur"ace ces, s, dee dee!o !o% % stre stren# n#th th a"te a"ter r it has has &een &een a%%!i a%%!ied ed, , and and remain sta&!e. Adhesion is a s%eci"ic inter"acia! %henomenon. 'here are three three main main theori theories es o" adhesio adhesion( n( adsor%t adsor%tion ion, , e!ectri e!ectrica! ca! and di""usion. A!! %ro&a&!) a%%!) to most adhesies. Sur"ac Sur"ace e %re%ar %re%arati ation on &e"ore &e"ore a%%!)in a%%!)in# # the adhesi adhesie e is o" %rime im%ortance. 'he 'he ra$ ra$ mate materi ria!s a!s "or "or adhe adhesi sie es s are are main! main!) ) materia!s, &oth natura!!) occurrin# and s)nthetic.
%o!) %o!)me meri ric c
A use"u! $a) to c!assi") adhesies is &) the $a) the) react chemica!!) a"ter the) hae &een a%%!ied to the sur"aces to &e *oin *oined ed. . 'here 'here is a hu#e hu#e ran# ran#e e o" adhe adhesi sie es, s, and and one one a%%ro%riate "or the materia!s &ein# *oined must &e chosen. Natural Adhesive Raw Material Types a) Starch Starch and and dextrin dextrin
'hese materia!s are deried "rom cerea!s or roots such as corn, $heat, ta%ioca, so#o, etc. 'he &asic constituent is %o!)saccharide $hich on h)dro!)sis )ie!ds !on# chain #!ucose units. Varia Variati tion ons s can occu occur r $ith $ith the the use use o" di"" di""er erent ent "ood "ood materia!s and $ith chan#es in h)dro!)sis methods. 'he main use "or these adhesies is the %a%er industr) $here the) are used in mu!ti$a!! &a#s, corru#ated %a%er etc. +etrin $hich is dr) roasted starch is used in remoistena&!e adhesies.
b) Gelatine (animal, fish, vegetable glues)
'here is a $ide ran#e o" %roducts inc!uded in this oera!! cate#or). -enera!!) the) are a!! %roteins $hich are deried "rom the h)dro!)sis o" either co!!a#en or so)a "!our, or &) se%aratin# casein "rom sim mi!. •
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•
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Anima! #!ues "rom &ones and hides are used in #ummed ta%e, teti!es and the %a%er industr) such as &oo/ &indin# and case main#. ish #!ues manu"actured "rom sins hae &een used in ru&&er #aset to stee! &ondin#, %a%er to stee! etc. Caseins "rom sim mi! are used main!) in $ood to $ood &onds. So)a &ean #!ues are used in %a%er &acs. B!ood #!ues are main!) used in eneerin# and %!)$ood
Casein Glue
'he use o" casein in the #!uin# o" $ood is re%orted to &e a er) ancient art. Euro%ean cra"tsmen a%%arent!) understood a method o" #!uin# $ith a crude casein %ossi&!) the curd o" soured mi! mied $ith uic !ime3 in the Midd!e A#es, and the art continued in a sma!! $a) to modern times. 'he manu"acture o" casein #!ue as a se%arate industr), ho$eer, seems to hae started in S$iter!and or -erman) in the nineteenth centur). n the 6nited States casein #!ues $ere used on!) to a er) !imited etent unti! a&out 1718 or 1719, $hen the need "or a $ater/resistant #!ue "or the construction o" mi!itar) aircra"t sudden!) aroused interest in casein #!ue and %rom%t!) !ed to its etended %roduction and use. or some %ur%oses, the %rinci%a! reuirements o" a casein #!ue are $ater and mo!d resistance com&ined $ith satis"actor) dr) stren#ths. or other %ur%oses, ho$eer, it is sometimes desira&!e to "ormu!ate the casein #!ue to %roduce one that %ossesses other desira&!e characteristics, such as chea%ness, !o$ stainin# tendencies, !on# $orin# !i"e, hi#h dr) stren#th, or #ood s%readin# characteristics, een at some sacri"ice o" $ater resistance. 'he #!ue user has aai!a&!e, there"ore, a ariet) o" casein #!ues o" di""erent %ro%erties "rom $hich he ma) choose accordin# to his needs.
Manufacture of Casein
'he %rinci%a! in#redient o" casein #!ue is casein, $hich is the chie" %rotein constituent o" mi!. :hen mi! &ecomes sour, it se%arates into curd and $he). 'he curd, $hen $ashed and dried, is the casein o" commerce. :hen made in this $a), it is no$n as se!"/soured or natura!!) soured casein. Casein is a!so %reci%itated &) minera! acids, such as h)droch!oric or su!"uric, and &) rennet. n %re%arin# the #!ue, caseins %reci%itated &) the di""erent methods $i!! reuire di""erent amounts o" $ater to %roduce so!utions o" simi!ar iscosit). Satis"actor) #!ues, ho$eer, can &e %roduced "rom caseins %reci%itated &) an) o" these methods %roided the casein is o" #ood ua!it). 'he startin# %oint in the manu"acture o" casein is sim mi!, that is, $ho!e mi! "rom $hich the "at has &een remoed in the "orm o" cream. 'he "o!!o$in# are the usua! ste%s in the manu"acturin# %rocess(
()
(#)
!reci!itation
of
t"e
casein
$as"ing t"e curd to remove acid and ot"er im!urities
t"e
(%) !ressing t"e dam! curd& $ra!!ed in clot"& to remove most of t"e $ater
(')
()
drying
grinding
it
t"e
to
curd
a
!o$der
'he care $ith $hich these arious ste%s are carried out determines the ua!it) o" the "inished %roduct. t has &een "ound that casein o" the er) hi#hest #rade is not essentia! "or #!uemain#. t does not "o!!o$, ho$eer, that a decided!) in"erior casein $i!! )ie!d a hi#h/ #rade #!ue; "or instance, moth in"ection ma) a!ter the %ro%erties o" casein to such an etent that $ater/resistant #!ues cannot &e %re%ared "rom the in"ected materia!. A casein suita&!e "or #!uemain# shou!d hae a !o$ "at and acid content, shou!d &e "ree "rom &urnt or disco!ored %artic!es, sour odor, !arae, ma##ots, and other etraneous anima! matter; and it shou!d &e #round "ine enou#h to %ass throu#h a 20/mesh siee. Formulation of Casein Glues
'he %rinci%a! in#redients o" a casein #!ue are casein, $ater, h)drated !ime, and sodium h)droide. A #!ue can &e %re%ared $ith casein, $ater, and h)drated !ime. A %ro%er!) %ro%ortioned miture o" these three su&stances $i!! #ie a #!ue o" hi#h $ater resistance, &ut its $orin# !i"e $i!! &e er) short. A #!ue can a!so &e %re%ared o" casein, $ater, and sodium h)droide. :hen %ro%er!) %re%ared such a #!ue $i!! hae ece!!ent dr) stren#th and a !on# $orin# !i"e, &ut it $i!! not &e $ater/resistant in the sense ordinari!) a%%!ied to casein #!ues. B) ad*ustin# the %ro%ortions o" sodium h)droide and !ime, #!ues o" hi#h $ater resistance and conenient $orin# !i"e ma) &e o&tained. -!ues containin# sodium h)droide, h)drated !ime, and casein are suita&!e "or $et/mi #!ues on!). 'he h)#rosco%ic %ro%erties o" sodium h)droide %reent storin# a casein #!ue containin# it $ithout dan#er o" decom%osition. 'he a!a!i can &e introduced in an indirect manner, ho$eer, so that the casein can &e mied $ith a!! the necessar) in#redients, ece%t $ater, in the "orm o" a dr) %o$der that can &e hand!ed and stored conenient!).
!ime o" the casein $hen the miture is e%t dr). 'he sodium sa!t ma) &e, "or eam%!e, sodium oa!ate, sodium tartrate, sodium citrate, sodium sa!ic)!ate, sodium %hos%hate, sodium su!"ite, sodium "!uoride, sodium arsenate, sodium arsenite, or sodium stannate. 'o im%roe resistance to deterioration caused &) mo!ds or other microor#anisms, %reseraties such as co%%er sa!ts, mercur) sa!ts, or the ch!orinated %heno!s or their sodium sa!ts are sometimes added to casein #!ues. Amounts o" ch!orinated %heno!s in the nei#h&orhood o" 5 %ercent o" the $ei#ht o" the casein $i!! o"ten resu!t in mared im%roement in mo!d resistance $ithout serious!) a""ectin# the $orin# %ro%erties o" the casein #!ue. Characteristics of Casein Glues
a) Dry Strenth
Casein #!ue %roduces *oints in !o$/and medium/densit) s%ecies that are as stron# or stron#er than the $ood itse!" in shear. :ith some o" the denser s%ecies casein #!ue does not dee!o% er) hi#h $ood "ai!ures $hen the *oints are tested in shear. or eam%!e, $hen test &!ocs o" hard ma%!e #!ued to#ether $ith #rain runnin# %ara!!e! are tested in shear AS'M method +' 95/473, a #!ue stren#th o" 2,200 to more than =,000 %ounds %er suare inch is usua!!) o&tained, and the "ai!ure is #enera!!) more in the #!ue than in the $ood. :ith a !o$/densit) $ood such as Sita s%ruce, on the other hand, the "ai!ure is #enera!!) a!most 100 %ercent in the $ood $hen simi!ar!) tested. S%eci"ications "or casein #!ues reuire *oint test a!ues o" 2,>00 %ounds %er suare inch in hard ma%!e. ?oints in $e!!/made three/%!) %ane!s o" 1@18/inch &irch eneer o"ten test in ecess o" 400 %ounds %er suare inch, and a common s%eci"ication reuirement "or these %ane!s is =40 %ounds %er suare inch. !) "ater Resistance
Casein/#!ue *oints are $ater resistant &ut not $ater%roo". :hen $et, the $ater/resistant casein/#!ue *oints are stron#er than $et e#eta&!e/or anima!/#!ue *oints &ut not as stron# as $e!!/made %heno!/or resorcino!/resin/#!ue *oints or *oints made $ith unetended urea/resin #!ues. A"ter &ein# soaed "or 4> hours, in $ater at room tem%eratures, casein/#!ue *oints in %!)$ood common!) sho$ $ettest a!ues eua! to some 40 to 80 %ercent o" their dr)/test a!ues. Casein/#!ue *oints $i!! $ithstand occasiona! soain#, &ut i" re%eated!) soaed and dried the) $i!! "ina!!) "ai!. c) Mold Resistance
" casein/#!ue *oints are e%osed "or %ro!on#ed %eriods to conditions that are "aora&!e to the #ro$th o" mo!ds or other micro/or#anisms, the) $i!! "ai! in time. 'he resistance to attac &) mo!ds can &e increased &) the addition o" %reseraties such as the ch!orinated %heno!s, &eta/na%htho!, or %hen)! mercur) o!eate. 'he co%%er sa!ts in "ormu!a 11 %ro&a&!) act to inhi&it the dee!o%ment o" micro/or#anisms. 'ests hae &een dee!o%ed to ea!uate the e""ectieness o" %reseraties in casein #!ues, and these tests hae &een incor%orated in s%eci"ications "or mo!d/resistant casein #!ues. :hi!e the addition o" suita&!e %reseraties increases the resistance o" casein #!ues to micro/ or#anisms, no casein/#!ue "ormu!a has &een dee!o%ed that is com%!ete!) %roo" a#ainst destruction &) these a#ents. Casein/#!ue *oints can &e e%ected to %roe %ermanent!) dura&!e, there"ore, on!) i" the moisture content o" the $ood does not eceed a&out 1> to 20 %ercent "or %ro!on#ed or re%eated %eriods. d) #ardness
'here has &een some com%!aint a&out the hardness o" casein #!ues. A!! #!ues are hard to a certain de#ree and thus a""ect nies and sa$s. Casein #!ues, ho$eer, seem to &e a !itt!e more o&*ectiona&!e than the others in this res%ect. o entire!) satis"actor) method o" oercomin#
this di""icu!t) is no$n to the orest roducts La&orator). t $i!! %ro&a&!) &e he!%"u!, $hen miin# #!ue "rom the ra$ in#redients, to discard the !ast "e$ dro%s o" the !ime/$ater miture. :heneer it is %ractica! to trim %ane!s &e"ore the #!ue has dried and hardened, the $ear on the too!s ma) thus &e !essened. n some cases it ma) &e "ound %ossi&!e to use too!s made o" harder stee!. Reducin# the amount o" !ime in $ater/resistant #!ues is he!%"u!, &ut at the same time the $ater resistance is !o$ered. e) Stainin
A!! stron#!) a!a!ine #!ues $i!! stain certain s%ecies o" $ood. Casein #!ues, !ie other #!ues that are made $ith considera&!e caustic soda, $i!! disco!or the $ood o" oa, ma%!e, and some other s%ecies. 'he disco!oration a%%ears a!on# the #!ue !ine and on the "aces o" the %ane!s $here the #!ue or the a!a!i "rom it has %enetrated. Ver) thin "aces $i!! stain more uic!) than "aces made $ith thicer eneer. 'o !eae %ane!s under %ressure "or an unnecessari!) !on# time is to encoura#e stainin#. " the %ane!s are %ressed "or as short a %eriod as is sa"e, and then se%arated on sticers and dried at once, the tendenc) to stain $i!! &e checed. " the !um&er is dr) and the eneer $e!! redried, the tendenc) to stain $i!! &e reduced. 'he use o" dr) a&sor&ent cau!s &et$een the "aces o" ad*acent %ane!s shou!d a!so he!%. A thin #!ue $i!! %enetrate "urther and is !ie!) to cause stainin#. " a stain has a%%eared, it can &e remoed &) s%on#in# $ith a so!ution o" 1 ounce o" oa!ic acid in a&out 12 ounces o" $ater. " this is not entire!) e""ectie, it ma) he!% to s%on#e the s%ot "irst $ith a so!ution o" 1 ounce o" sodium su!"ite in 12 ounces o" $ater, and then, $hi!e the $ood is sti!! moist, $ith the oa!ic/acid so!ution. 'he oa!ic acid shou!d &e care"u!!) $ashed o"" a"ter remoin# the stain, as its %resence
mi#ht inter"ere $ith su&seuent $ood/"inishin# %rocesses. Since oa!ic acid is %oisonous i" taen interna!!), it shou!d &e used $ith care. f) Storae
+r) casein and casein #!ue in %o$der "orm $i!! ee% "or a !on# time i" stored under %ro%er conditions. 'he) shou!d &e e%t in a coo!, dr) %!ace &ecause heat and moisture cause them to deteriorate. t is a!so adisa&!e to store them in ti#ht containers so that the) cannot &ecome in"ested $ith moths. #ome$made Casein Glue
Casein #!ue is a t)%e o" adhesie made "rom mi! %rotein. 'he #!ue is no$n to &e er) stron# oer a !on# %eriod o" time and is hi#h!) resistant to $ater. t has a dr)in# time that a!!o$s enou#h time "or %ieces to &e %ositioned accurate!). t taes a !on# time "or the #!ue to %ro%er!) cure and harden. 'he %rocess o" creatin# this #!ue is near!) identica! to that o" main# cheese and can easi!) &e %er"ormed at home. :hi!e casein #!ue can &e %urchased commercia!!), it a!so can &e made at home $ith simi!ar resu!ts. 'he %rocess ino!es heatin# mi! and then addin# an acid such as ine#ar to se%arate the curds "rom the $he). 'he curds are taen out o" the ecreted !iuid and mied $ith &ain# soda to neutra!ie the acid. 'he remainin# !iuid "rom the curds is remoed &) %ressin# them under a hea) $ei#ht. 'he "ina! resu!t is a $hite %aste/!ie su&stance that $i!! &ecome a %o$er"u! adhesie $hen dr). " one is main# casein #!ue at home, it shou!d &e noted that the "at content o" the mi! %!a)s a %art in the stren#th o" the #!ue. Mi! that has a hi#h "at content, such as $ho!e mi!, $i!! %roduce $eaer #!ue than non/"at and !o$/"at mi!s. 'his is &ecause the "at in the mi! %reents the casein "rom %o!)meriin#. II.
*+ective
'o mae a #!ue "rom simmed mi!. III. Materials , ui!ment
Beaer, ot %!ate, Strainer, S%oon, Simmed Mi!, Vine#ar, Bain# Soda
I/.
Procedure
1. re%are the materia!s needed.
2. our 125 m! o" simmed mi! into a &eaer. eat this on a stoe at 120DC 250D3. Let it $arm, &ut not &oi!.
=. Add a ta&!es%oon o" ine#ar, miture. Continue stirrin# een $hen materia! "orm on the sur"ace.
and stir the so!id c!um%s o"
4. our the miture throu#h the strainer. 6se the s%oon to %ress the c!um%s throu#h the strainer, and re!ease the !iuid.
5. Remoe the materia! "rom the strainer, and %!ace it &ac in the &eaer on the stoe. Add 50 m! $ater and a ta&!es%oon o" &ain# soda to the !iuid.
8. A casein materia! $i!! &e#in to &u&&!e. :hen this sto%s, use the !e"toer !iuid as #!ue.
/.
0esults& *servation and Analysis
Casein is a mi!/deried %rotein. Casein adhesies can &e made $ater or non/$ater resistant. 'he) hae !on# dr)in# %eriod &ut it dries stron#er oer a !on# %eriod o" time. n this actiit), $e %er"ormed a sma!!/sca!e or a home/ made %rocess o" main# casein #!ue "rom mi!. n a &eaer, $e heated the mi! and add ine#ar. n this actiit), $e used a non/"at mi! &ecause "at content in mi! a""ects the stren#th o" the #!ue. 'he "at content %reents the casein "rom %o!)meriin#. 'he ine#ar acts as the acid to "aci!itate the se%aration o" curds "rom $he). 'he curds contains the casein %rotein thus $e se%arate it "rom the !iuid usin# a strainer. 'hen, $e neutra!ie the curds &) addin# &ain# soda. ina!!), the remainin# !iuid a"ter the &u&&!in# $as the casein #!ue. 'he recoered !iuid $as not s!im) or %ast) !ie other adhesies. n the e%eriment, $e had t$o tria!s. 'he "irst &atch "ai!ed due to oerheatin#. A"ter &u&&!in#, the !iuid $as a!!o$ed to sta) !on#er in the stoe and the resu!tin#
%roduct is a &urnt #!ue. 'he second &atch $as a success. A"ter &u&&!in#, $e immediate!) remoed it "rom the stoe.
Trial % &'urnt or (vercooed Glue)
Trial * &'u!!lin due to addition of !ain soda)
'he "ina! !iuid "rom the tria! 2 $as then su&*ected to testin#. t $as a%%!ied to a %a%er and !et it dr). Since the
casein #!ue has a !on# %eriod o" dr)in#, to s%eed u% the dr)in# o" the #!ue, the %a%er $as heated in the stoe.
Applyin of the lue in a paper for testin
'he resu!t $as a hard &indin# o" the t$o sur"aces, there"ore the resu!tin# !iuid can &e an adhesie.
From Raw Material &Mil) to +roduct &Glue) /I.
Conclusion
n conc!usion, the !a&/sca!ed %rocess o" main# #!ue "rom mi! de%icts the !ar#e/sca!ed %rocess in the industr) o" manu"acturin# casein #!ue. 'he resu!tin# #!ue is not the usua! %aste/!ie teture &ut is more o" a !iuid #!ue. But %roidin# enou#h time to dr) $hen a%%!ied to a sur"ace, resu!ts into a Stron# &ond. 'his e%eriment $as connected to the "ood and "ood &)/ %roduct industr) &ecause natura! adhesies are &)/%roducts
o" "ood. Casein #!ue is "rom the %rotein in mi!, casein, $hich is a resu!t "rom the sourin# o" mi!. /II. 0eferences 1Casein -!ues( 'heir Manu"acture, re%aration, and A%%!ication,
6. S. orest Serice, Research ote L015>, March 1789 FAdhesies, an introductor) !ecture #ien &) <$en Brett Ados Chemica! Com%an)3 at a 1770 s)m%osium on adhesie techno!o#) or#anied &) the o!)mer -rou% o" the GC
