UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA THERMOFLUIDS THERMOFLUI DS LABORATORY LABORATORY (CGE 536)
GROUP MEMBERS
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E*PERIMENT 'AT 'ATE PERF PERFOR ORME ME' ' SEMESTER PROGRAMME GROUP
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No.
Title
% , 1 + 4 7 8 : %6 %% %, %
A&!tract'S())ar* I-trod(ctioAi)!'O&/ecti0e! T2eor* A33arat(! 5r 5roced(re! Re!(lt 9alc(latio-! Di!c(!!io9o-cl(!ioReco))e-datio-! Re;ere-ce! A33e-dice!
AMIRA BINTI KORMAIN (!"#$5"!) FAR%AN FAR%AN %AIRI BIN KASIM (!"#!#6&$) MO%' AI'I BIN MO%' RA'ALI (!"#6&$"&) NURULT%AIFA% BINTI BA%ARUM (!"#$&!#$) REFRIGERATION UNIT N' MA+ !"5 3 E% #3 GROUP $
TOTAL MARKS
Allocated Mar! "#$
Mar!
+ + + + + %6 %6 %6 ,6 %6 + + + %66
Re)ar!< 92eced &*< Date< TABLE OF CONTENT Contents A&!tract %.6 I-trod(ctio,.6 O&/ecti0e! .6 T2eor* 1.6 A33arat(! +.6 E>3eri)e-tal 5roced(re!
Pages 1 1 1=7 7=8 8?:
4.6 Re!(lt! 7.6 Sa)3le 9alc(latio-! 8.6 Di!c(!!io:.6 9o-cl(!io%6.6 Reco))e-datio-! %%.6 Re;ere-ce! %,.6 A33e-dice!
%6 = % % = %+ %+ = %4 %7 %7 %7 %7
ABSTRACT
T2e ai) ;or t2i! e>3eri)e-t are di0ided i-to t2ree &eca(!e i- t2i! e>3eri)e-t@ it 2a! t2ree !(& e>3eri)e-t. T2e o&/ecti0e ;or t2e ;ir!t e>3eri)e-t i! to deter)i-e t2e 3oer i-3(t@ 2eat o(t3(t a-d coe;;icie-t o; 3er;or)a-ce o; a 0a3o(r co)3re!!io- 2eat 3()3 !*!te) 2e-ce it! -a)e. T2e o&/ecti0e ;or t2e !eco-d e>3eri)e-t i! to 3rod(ce t2e 3er;or)a-ce o; 2eat 3()3 o0er ra-e o; !o(rce a-d deli0er* te)3erat(re!. T2e o&/ecti0e ;or t2e t2ird e>3eri)e-t are to 3lot t2e 0a3o(r co)3re!!io- c*cle o- t2e 3?2 diara) a-d co)3are it2 t2e ideal c*cle a-d to 3er;or) e-er* &ala-ce! ;or t2e co-de-!er a-d co)3re!!or. For all t2e e>3eri)e-t@ cooli- ater ;lo rate a! ad/(!ted to 16 # &(t ;or t2e !eco-d e>3eri)e-t@ t2e cooli- ater i! i-crea!e a-d decrea!e &* %6#. For t2e ;ir!t e>3eri)e-t@ t2e 3oer i-3(t a! %46C 2ile t2e
2
2eat o(t3(t o; t2e !*!te) a! %:+.67C. T2i! i-crea!e i- 3oer i0e t2e coe;;icie-t 3er;or)a-ce o; %.,%:. For t2e !eco-d e>3eri)e-t@ t2ree di;;ere-t ;lo rate o; t2e cooli- ater ere (!ed 2ic2 are 6#@ 16# a-d +6#. T2e 3oer i-3(t readi- at ;lo rate at t2o!e ;lo rate! are %+:C@ %46C a-d %4%C re!3ecti0el*. For t2e la!t e>3eri)e-t@ t2e 0a3o(r co)3re!!io- c*cle o- t2e 3?2 diara) i! 3lotted at t2e di!c(!!io- !ectio-. C2e- t2e 3lotted diara) i! co)3ared it2 t2e ideal c*cle diara)@ it ca- &e !ee- t2at t2e diara) i! al)o!t !i)ilar. A! t2e co-cl(!io-@ all o&/ecti0e! i0e- i- t2i! e>3eri)e-t ere !(cce!!;(ll* ac2ie0ed.
",! INTRO'UCTION
T2e SOLTE Mec2a-ical Heat 5()3 "Model< HE%4+$ 2a! &ee- de!i-ed to 3ro0ide a 3ractical a-d (a-titati0e de)o-!tratio- o; a 0a3or co)3re!!io- c*cle. Re;rierator! a-d 2eat 3()3! &ot2 a33l* t2e 0a3or co)3re!!io- c*cle@ alt2o(2 t2e a33licatio-! o; t2e!e )ac2i-e! di;;er@ t2e co)3o-e-t! are e!!e-tiall* t2e !a)e. T2e Mec2a-ical Heat 5()3 i! ca3a&le o; de)o-!trati- t2e 2eat 3()3 a33licatio- 2ere a lare ;reel* a0aila&le e-er* !o(rce@ !(c2 a! t2e at)o!32ere i! to &e (3raded ;or ater 2eati-.
Heat 3()3 tec2-olo* 2a! attracted i-crea!i- atte-tio- a! o-e o; t2e )o!t 3ro)i!i- tec2-oloie! to !a0e e-er*. Area! o; i-tere!t i-cl(de 2eati- o; &(ildi-!@ reco0er* o;
3
i-d(!trial a!te 2eat ;or !tea) 3rod(ctio- a-d 2eati- o; 3roce!! ater ;or i-!ta-ce@ clea-i- a-d !a-itatio-.
,! OB-ECTI.ES
A! t2ere are t2ree e>3eri)e-t! co-d(cted i- t2e 2ole e>3eri)e-t@ t2e o&/ecti0e! )i2t &e di;;eri- ;or eac2 o; t2e). T2e ;ir!t e>3eri)e-t (-deroe! &* t2e 3(r3o!e o; to deter)i-e t2e 3oer i-3(t@ 2eat o(t3(t a-d coe;;icie-t o; 3er;or)a-ce o; a 0a3or co)3re!!io- 2eat 3()3 !*!te) 2e-ce it! -a)e. Be!ide! t2at@ t2e !eco-d e>3eri)e-t o; 3rod(ctio- o; 2eat 3()3 3er;or)a-ce c(r0e! o0er a ra-e o; !o(rce a-d deli0er* te)3erat(re! 2a0i- a- o&/ecti0e to 3rod(ce t2e 3er;or)a-ce o; 2eat 3()3 o0er ra-e o; !o(rce a-d deli0er* te)3erat(re!. O- t2e co-trar*@ e>3eri)e-t -()&er t2ree 2ic2 i! t2e 3rod(ctio- o; 0a3or co)3re!!io- c*cle o- 3?2 diara) a-d e-er* &ala-ce !t(d* i! 2a-dled to ;(l;ill t2e 3(r3o!e o; to 3lot t2e 0a3or co)3re!!io- c*cle o- t2e 3?2 diara) a-d co)3are it2 t2e ideal c*cle a-d to 3er;or) e-er* &ala-ce! ;or t2e co-de-!er a-d co)3re!!or.
3,! T%EOR+
A 2eat 3()3 i! a )ec2a-i!) t2at a&!or&! 2eat ;ro) a!te !o(rce or !(rro(-di- to 3rod(ce 0al(a&le 2eat o- a 2i2er te)3erat(re le0el t2a- t2at o; t2e 2eat !o(rce. T2e ;(-da)e-tal idea o; all 2eat 3()3! i! t2at 2eat i! a&!or&ed &* a )edi()@ 2ic2 relea!e! t2e 2eat at a re(ired te)3erat(re 2ic2 i! 2i2er a;ter a 32*!ical or c2e)ical tra-!;or)atio-.
D(ri- o3eratio-@ !li2tl* !(3er2eated re;riera-t "R?%1a$ 0a3or e-ter! t2e co)3re!!or ;ro) t2e e0a3orator a-d it! 3re!!(re i! i-crea!ed. T2ere;ore@ t2e te)3erat(re ri!e! a-d t2e 2ot 0a3or ill t2e- e-ter! t2e ater cooled co-de-!er. Heat i! i0e- (3 to t2e cooli- ater a-d t2e re;riera-t co-de-!e! to li(id &e;ore 3a!!i- to t2e e>3a-!io- 0al0e. U3o 3a!!i- t2ro(2 t2e e>3a-!io- 0al0e@ t2e 3re!!(re o; t2e li(id re;riera-t i! red(ced. T2i! )a* ca(!e t2e !at(ratio- te)3erat(re to ;ell to &elo t2at t2e at)o!32eric. T2(!@ a! it ;lo! t2ro(2 t2e e0a3orator@ t2ere i! a te)3erat(re di;;ere-ce &etee- t2e re;riera-t a-d t2e ater &ei- dra- acro!! t2e coil!. T2e re!(lti- 2eat tra-!;er lead to t2e &oil o; t2e re;riera-t a-d a! it lea0i- t2e e0a3orator@ it &eco)e !li2tl* !(3er2eated 0a3or 2ic2 read* to ret(r- &ac to t2e co)3re!!or. T2e te)3erat(re at 2ic2 2eat i! deli0ered i- t2e co-de-!er a-d t2e e0a3orator i! co-trolled &* t2e ater ;lo rate a-d it! i-let te)3erat(re. 4
Fi(re %< Sc2e)atic diara) ;or Mec2a-ical Heat 5()3
Mo!t o; 2eat 3()3! !*!te) o3erate! o- t2e 3ri-ci3le o; t2e 0a3or co)3re!!io- c*cle. I- t2i! c*cle@ t2e circ(lati- !(&!ta-ce i! 32*!icall* !e3arated ;ro) t2e 2eat !o(rce a-d 2eat deli0er*@ a-d i! c*cli- i- a clo!e !trea)@ 2e-ce called clo!ed c*cle. T2e ;olloi- 3roce!!e! tae 3lace d(ri- t2e 2eat 3()3 3roce!!e!<
%. I- t2e e0a3orator@ t2e 2eat i! e>tracted ;ro) t2e 2eat !o(rce to &oil t2e circ(lati- !(&!ta-ce ,. T2e circ(lati- !(&!ta-ce i! t2e- co)3re!!ed &* t2e co)3re!!or to rai!e it! 3re!!(re a-d te)3erat(re . T2e 2eat deli0ered to t2e co-de-!er 1. T2e 3re!!(re o; t2e circ(lati- !(&!ta-ce "ori- ;l(id$ i! red(ced &ac to t2e e0a3orator co-ditio- i- t2e t2rottli- 0al0e.
5
Fi(re ,< T2e clo!ed loo3 co)3re!!io- c*cle
T2ere are ;o(r "1$ &a!ic 3roce!!e! or c2a-e! i- t2e co-ditio- o; t2e re;riera-t occ(r i- a Va3or 9o)3re!!io- Heat 5()3 9*cle.
", Co/01ess2on P1oess
T2e re;riera-t at t2e 3()3 !(ctio- i! i- a! at lo te)3erat(re a-d lo 3re!!(re. Iorder to &e a&le to (!e it to ac2ie0e t2e 2eat 3()3 e;;ect co-ti-(o(!l*@ it )(!t &e &ro(2t to t2e li(id ;or) at a 2i2 3re!!(re. T2e ;ir!t !te3 i- t2i! 3roce!! i! to i-crea!e t2e 3re!!(re o; t2e re;riera-t a! &* (!i- a co)3re!!or. 9o)3re!!i- t2e a! al!o re!(lt! i- i-crea!i- it! te)3erat(re.
, Con4ens2ng P1oess
T2e re;riera-t lea0e! t2e co)3re!!or a! a a! at 2i2 te)3erat(re a-d 3re!!(re. Iorder to c2a-e it to a li(id@ 2eat )(!t &e re)o0ed ;ro) it. T2i! i! acco)3li!2ed i- a 2eat e>c2a-er called t2e co-de-!er. T2e re;riera-t ;lo! t2ro(2 o-e circ(it i- t2e co-de-!er. I- t2e ot2er circ(it@ a cooli- ;l(id ;lo! "-or)all* air or ater$@ at a te)3erat(re loer t2a- t2e re;riera-t. T2ere;ore@ 2eat i! tra-!;erred ;ro) t2e re;riera-t to t2e cooli- ;l(id a-d a! t2e re!(lt t2e re;riera-t co-de-!e! to a li(id !tate at t2e e>3a-!io- 0al0e 2ere t2e 2eati- !2all tae! 3lace. 3, E0ans2on P1oess
At t2e e>3a-!io- 0al0e@ t2e re;riera-t 2ic2 i! i- t2e li(id !tate at a relati0el* 2i2 3re!!(re a-d te)3erat(re ;lo! to t2e e0a3orator t2ro(2 a re!trictio- called t2e ;lo co-trol de0ice or e>3a-!io- 0al0e. T2e re;riera-t lo!e! 3re!!(re oi- t2ro(2 t2e
6
re!trictio-. T2e 3re!!(re i! !o lo t2at a !)all 3ortio- o; t2e re;riera-t ;la!2e! "0a3orie!$ i-to a a!eo(!. I- order to 0a3orie@ it )(!t ai- 2eat "2ic2 it tae! ;ro) t2at 3ortio- o; t2e re;riera-t t2at did -ot 0a3orie$.
#, .a0o122ng P1oess
T2e re;riera-t ;lo! t2ro(2 a 2eat e>c2a-er called t2e e0a3orator. T2e 2eat !o(rce i! at a !li2tl* 2i2er te)3erat(re t2a- t2e re;riera-t@ t2ere;ore 2eat i! tra-!;erred ;ro) it to t2e re;riera-t. T2e re;riera-t &oil! &eca(!e o; t2e 2eat it recei0e! i- t2e e0a3orator a-d &* t2e ti)e it lea0e! t2e e0a3orator@ it i! co)3letel* 0a3oried. T2e re;riera-t 2a! t2(! ret(r-ed to it! i-itial !tate a-d i! -o read* to re3eat t2e c*cle@ ia co-ti-(o(! )a--er.
#,! APPARATUS
T2e SOLTE Mec2a-ical Heat 5()3 "Model< HE%4+$ i! a &e-c2 to3 (-it it2 all co)3o-e-t! a-d i-!tr()e-tatio-! )o(-ted o- t2e !t(rd* &a!e. T2e 2eat 3()3 co-!i!t! o; a 2er)etic co)3re!!or@ a ater?cooled 3late 2eat e>c2a-er@ a t2er)o!tatic e>3a-!io- 0al0e a-d a ater 2eated 3late 2eat e>c2a-er. T2e arra-e)e-t! o; t2e co)3o-e-t! are i- a )a--er !i)ilar to )a-* do)e!tic air?ater 2eat 3()3! 2ere t2e* are 0i!i&le ;ro) t2e ;ro-t o; t2e (-it.
Fi(re %< U-it co-!tr(ctio- ;or Mec2a-ical Heat 5()3 "Model< HE%4+$
%. 5re!!(re Sitc2 7
,. . 1. +. 4. 7. 8.
Recei0er Ta- 9o)3re!!or 9o-de-!er 5re!!(re Tra-!)itter 9o-trol 5a-el E0a3orator Re;riera-t Flo Meter
:. Cater Flo Meter
5,! E*PERIMENTAL PROCE'URES Gene1a7 Sta1t890 P1oe491es
%. T2e (-it a-d all i-!tr()e-t! ere c2eced to )ae !(re t2e* ere i- 3ro3er co-ditio-. ,. Bot2 ater !o(rce a-d drai- ere c2eced to e-!(re t2at t2e* ere co--ected. T2et2e ater !(33l* a! o3e-ed a-d t2e cooli- ater ;lo rate a! !et at %.6 L5M. . T2e drai- 2o!e at t2e co-de-!ate collector a! c2eced to )ae !(re it a! co--ected. 1. T2e 3oer !(33l* a! co--ected a-d !itc2 o- t2e )ai- 3oer a! !itc2ed o-@ ;olloed &* )ai- !itc2 at t2e co-trol 3a-el. +. T2e re;riera-t co)3re!!or a! !itc2ed o-. T2e (-it a! co-!idered read* ;or e>3eri)e-t o-ce t2e te)3erat(re a-d 3re!!(re! ere co-!ta-t. Gene1a7 S9t84o;n P1oe491es
%. T2e co)3re!!or@ )ai- !itc2 a-d 3oer !(33l* ere !itc2ed o;;. ,. T2e ater !(33l* a! clo!ed a-d it a! e-!(red t2at t2e ater a! -ot le;t r(--i-.
E0e12/ent ": 'ete1/2nat2on o< 0o;e1 2n09t= eat o9t09t an4 oe<<22ent o< 0e1
%. T2e e-eral !tart?(3 3roced(re! ere 3er;or)ed. ,. T2e cooli- ater ;lo rate a! ad/(!ted to 16#. . T2e !*!te) a! alloed to r(- ;or %+ )i-(te!. 1. All -ece!!ar* readi-! lie 9ooli- Cater Flo Rate@ 9ooli- Cater I-let Te)3erat(re@ 9ooli- Cater O(tlet Te)3erat(re@ a-d 9o)3re!!or 5oer I-3(t ere recorded.
8
E0e12/ent : P1o49t2on o< eat 09/0 0e1es o>e1 a 1ange o< so91e an4 4e72>e1? te/0e1at91es
%. T2e e-eral !tart?(3 3roced(re! ere 3er;or)ed. ,. T2e cooli- ater ;lo rate a! ad/(!ted to 86#. . T2e !*!te) a! alloed to r(- ;or %+ )i-(te!. 1. All -ece!!ar* readi-! ere recorded +. T2e e>3eri)e-t a! re3eated it2 red(ci- ater ;lo rate !o t2at t2e cooli- ater o(tlet te)3erat(re i-crea!e! &* a&o(t %9. 4. T2e e>3eri)e-t a! t2e- re3eated at di;;ere-t a)&ie-t te)3erat(re.
E0e12/ent 3: P1o49t2on o< >a0o91 o/01ess2on ?7e on 08 42ag1a/ an4 ene1g? @a7ane st94?
%. T2e e-eral !tart?(3 3roced(re! ere 3er;or)ed. ,. T2e cooli- ater ;lo rate a! ad/(!ted to 86#. . T2e !*!te) a! alloed to r(- ;or %+ )i-(te!. 1. Readi-! lie re;riera-t ;lo rate@ re;riera-t 3re!!(re@ re;riera-t te)3erat(re@ cooli- ater ;lo rate@ cooli- ater i-let te)3erat(re a-d co)3re!!or 3oer i-3(t ere recorded.
6,! RESULTS E>3eri)e-t %< Deter)i-atio- o; 3oer i-3(t@ 2eat o(t3(t a-d coe;;icie-t o; 3er;or)a-ce
Ta@7e ": Data o&tai-ed a-d calc(lated ;or E>3eri)e-t %
9ooli- Cater Flo Rate@ FT% "#$ 9ooli- Cater Flo Rate@ FT% "L5M$
Cooling Water Inlet Temperature, TT5 (oC) Cooling Water Outlet Temperature, TT6 (oC) 9o)3re!!or 5oer I-3(t@ C Heat O(t3(t@ C
COPH
16.6 ,.6 ,8.% ,:.+ %46.6 %:+.67 %.,%:
E>3eri)e-t ,< 5rod(ctio- o; 2eat 3()3 3er;or)a-ce c(r0e! o0er a ra-e o; !o(rce a-d deli0er* te)3erat(re!
Ta@7e : Data o&tai-ed a-d calc(lated ;or E>3eri)e-t ,
9
Te!t 9ooli- Cater Flo Rate@ FT% 9ooli- Cater Flo Rate@ FT% 9ooli- Cater I-let Te)3erat(re@ TT+ 9ooli- Cater O(tlet Te)3erat(re@ TT4 9o)3re!!or 5oer I-3(t Heat O(t3(t
# L5M o
C C
o
C C ?
COPH
% 6 %.+ ,:.% 6.8 %+:.6 %77.4+ %.%%7
, 16 , ,8.% ,:.+ %46.6 %:+.67 %.,%:
+6 ,.+ ,7.1 ,8.7 %4%.6 ,,4.1, %.164
Performance Curve of Power Input & Output versus Water Outlet Temperature 25! 2!! "5! Power Input and Output (W)
Po#er input Heat output
"!! 5! ! 285 29 295 3! 3!5 3"
Cooling water outlet temperature (oC)
F2g91e ": 5er;or)a-ce c(r0e! ;or 3oer i-3(t a-d o(t3(t 0er!(! te)3erat(re o; ater deli0ered
Performance curve of COPH versus Water Outlet Temperature "6 "4 "2 "
COPH
!8
COPH
!6 !4 !2 ! 285
29
295
3!
3!5
3"
Cooling water outlet temperature (oC)
"!
F2g91e : 5er;or)a-ce c(r0e! ;or 3oer i-3(t a-d o(t3(t 0er!(! te)3erat(re o; ater deli0ered
E>3eri)e-t < 5rod(ctio- o; 0a3o(r co)3re!!io- c *cle o- 3?2 diara) a-d e-er* &ala-ce !t(d*
Ta@7e 3: Data o&tai-ed a-d calc(lated ;or E>3eri)e-t
Re;riera-t Flo Rate@ FT, Re;riera-t Flo Rate@ FT, Re;riera-t 5re!!(re "Lo$@ 5% Re;riera-t 5re!!(re "Hi2$@ 5, Re;riera-t Te)3erat(re@ TT% Re;riera-t Te)3erat(re@ TT, Re;riera-t Te)3erat(re@ TT Re;riera-t Te)3erat(re@ TT1 9ooli- Cater Flo Rate@ FT% 9ooli- Cater Flo Rate@ FT% 9ooli- Cater I-let Te)3erat(re@ TT+ 9ooli- Cater O(tlet Te)3erat(re@ TT4 9o)3re!!or 5oer I-3(t
# L5M Bar "a&!$ Bar "a&!$ o
C C o C o C o
# L5M o o
C C
C
46.8 6.77 %.8 4.8 ,+.4 4.% ,8., ,%.+ 16.6 ,.6 ,8.% ,:.+ %46.6
p-h diagram of -!"#a !8 !7
!68
!68
!6 !5 Pressure ('Pa)
!4 !3 !2
!"8
!"8
!" ! 5!
"!!
"5!
2!!
25!
3!!
35!
h ($%&$g)
F2g91e 3: 3?2 diara) o; R?%1a o&tai-ed ;ro) calc(latio-
""
Ta@7e #: E-t2al3* 0al(e! ;or eac2 3oi-t
$" $2 $3 $4
,1,.84 J' 6%.7: J' 87.16 J' 87.1% J'
&,! SAMPLE CALCULATIONS U!i- !a)3le data ;ro) E>3eri)e-t %<
Cooling water flowrate, LPM =
¿
40 100
cooling water flowrate ( ) 100
× 5 LPM
× 5 =2 LPM
Heat output =
2.0 L
min
×
1 kg 1 L
×
1 min 60 sec
×
4180 J
kg.K
× ( 29.5 −28.1 ) K =195.07 W
Heat output 195.07 W = =1.219 COP H = 160 W Power input
U!i- !a)3le data ;ro) E>3eri)e-t <
Refrigerant flowrate , LPM =
¿
60.8 100
Refrigerant flowrate ( ) 100
× 1.26 LPM
× 1.26 =0.77 LPM
¯ ¿ =180 kPa= 0.18 MPa ¯ Ref rigerant pressure ( Low ) =1.8 ×
100000 Pa
¿
¯ ¿ =680 kPa=0.68 MPa
Refrigerant pressure ( High ) =6.8 × ¯
100000 Pa
¿
U!i- t2e !at(rated re;riera-t?%1a ta&le ;ro) A33e-di> %<
"2
h1 0.18 MPa=242.86 kJ / kg
Ta@7e 5: I-ter3olatio- o; data ;or 6.48 M5a !at(rated re;riera-t?%1a P (MPa) 6.4+ 6.48 6.76
(-g) 8+.,4 87.40 88.8,
h3 0.68 MPa= 87.40 kJ / kg Ta@7e 6: I-ter3olatio- o; data ;or ,%.+ o9 !at(rated re;riera-t?%1a
! gas =
T (oC)
hf ($%&$g)
hfg ($%&$g)
Hg ($%&$g)
,6 ,%.+ ,,
7:., 81.44 8,.%1
%8,.,7 180.94 %86.1:
,4%.+: 262.38 ,4,.41
h 3− h g hf −h g
=
87.40 −262.38 81.44 −262.38
=0.967
h4 21.5 " C =hf + (1 − ! ) h fg =81.44 + ( 0.033 ) 180.94 =87.41 kJ / kg U!i- t2e !(3er2eated re;riera-t?%1a ta&le ;ro) A33e-di> ,<
Ta@7e &: I-ter3olatio- o; data ;or 6.48 M5a !(3er2eated re;riera-t?%1a P (MPa) 6.46 6.48 6.76
h*oC ($%&$g)
h+*oC ($%&$g)
,::.:8 298.73 ,:8.1,
6:.7 308.61 68.
T (oC) 46.6 4.% 76.6
−h60" C 0.68 MPa=
0.70 −0.68 0.70 −0.60
(-g) ,:8.7 301.79 68.4%
× ( 298.42 −299.98 )−298.42 =−298.73
h60 " C 0.68 MPa=298.73 kJ / kg "3
h2 63.1" C , 0.68 MPa =301.79 kJ / kg
Ene1g? @a7ane on te on4ense1:
Refrigerant mass flow rate = −3
¿ 0.4589 ! 10
3.04 L
min
×
1 min 60 sec
×
0.001 m
3
×
1 L
9.058 kg 3
m
kg / s −3
Heat transfer ¿ refrigerant =
0.4589 ! 10
kg
s
×
1000 J
kg
× ( 301.79 −87.40 )
¿ 98.38 J / s
Heat transfer ¿ the cooling water=
2 L
min
×
1 L
kg
×
1 min 60 sec
×
4180 J
kg.K
× ( 29.5 −28.1 )
¿ 195.07 J / s =195.07 W
Ene1g? @a7ane on te o/01esso1:
Power input =160 W −3
Heat transfer ¿ the refrigerant =
0.4589 ! 10
s
kg
×
1000 J
kg
× ( 301.79 −242.86 )
¿ 27.04 W
Heat loss ¿ surroun#ings=160− 27.04 =132.96 W
$,! 'ISCUSSION T2e ;ir!t e>3eri)e-t a! co-d(cted to calc(late t2e 3er;or)a-ce o; a 0a3or co)3re!!io- 2eat 3()3 !*!te). T2e 3oer i-3(t o; t2e 2eat 3()3 o&tai-ed a! %46 C 2ile t2e 2eat o(t3(t o; t2e !*!te) a! %:+.67 C. T2i! i-crea!e i- 3oer i! d(e to 0a3or co)3re!!io- 2eat 3()3 c*cle 2ic2 i-0ol0e! 1 di;;ere-t 3roce!!e! co)3re!!io-@ co-de-!atio-@ e>3a-!io-@ a-d 0a3oriatio-. At t2e 0a3oriatio 3roce!!@ it recei0e! 2eat ;ro) ot2er !o(rce!@ a-d t2e re;riera-t i! t2e- !(&cooled at t2e co-de-!er a-d allo! it to re)o0e 2eat to t2e i-te-ded )edi(). T2i! i-crea!e i- 3oer i0e! t2e coe;;icie-t 3er;or)a-ce o; %.,%:. T2i! o(ld i-dicate t2at ;or eac2 Catt o; electrical e-er* !(33lied@ %.,%: C o; 2eat e-er* i! !(33lied to t2e )edi() to &e 2eated. "Rader)ac2er@ ,66+$
I- t2e !eco-d e>3eri)e-t@ t2ree di;;ere-t ;lo rate! i- 3erce-t ere (!ed 2ic2 i! 6#@ 16#@ a-d +6#. A! t2e ;lo rate decrea!e@ t2e cooli- ater o(tlet te)3erat(re i-crea!e! 2erea! t2e 3oer
"4
i-3(t@ 2eat o(t3(t@ a-d 9O5 H decrea!e!. T2e ;lo rate at +6#@ 16#@ a-d 6# i0e! t2e 3oer i-3(t readi- o; %4%@ %46@ a-d %+: C re!3ecti0el*@ 2eat o(t3(t o; ,,4.1,@ %:+.67@ a-d %77.4+ C re!3ecti0el*@ a-d 9O5 H o; %.164@ %.,%:@ a-d %.%%7 re!3ecti0el*. T2e 2eat o(t3(t i- relatio- to ;lo rate ca- &e e>3re!!ed a!<
$=
h c p % #t
C2ere i! t2e 0ol()etric ;lo rate@ 2 i! 2eat o(t3(t@ c 3 i! t2e !3eci;ic 2eat ca3acit*@ i! de-!it*@ a-d dt i! te)3erat(re di;;ere-ce. T2i! e(atio- !2o! t2e li-ear relatio-!2i3 &etee- 2eat o(t3(t a-d ;lo rate. T2i! i- t(r- directl* a;;ect! t2e 9O5 H a! t2e loer 2eat o(t3(t ill *ield loer 9O5 H. "Flo Rate! i- Heati- S*!te)$
T2e t2ird e>3eri)e-t e-co)3a!!e! t2e ;o(r 3roce!!e! i- t2e 2eat 3()3. T2e co)3re!!io 3roce!! i-crea!e! t2e 3re!!(re o; re;riera-t 2ic2 al!o ca(!e a- i-crea!e i- te)3erat(re. T2i! ele0ate! t2e re;riera-t i-to !(3er2eated !tate. T2e-@ t2e co-de-!atio- 3roce!! re)o0e! t2e 2eat@ ca(!i- a decrea!e i- te)3erat(re. T2e e>3a-!io- 0al0e t2e- red(ce! t2e 3re!!(re@ ca(!i- a !)all 3ortio- o; t2e re;riera-t to ;la!2e! i-to a!. T2i! create! a )i>t(re o; li(id a-d a! re;riera-t. T2e )i>t(re t2e- (-deroe! t2e 0a3oriatio- 3roce!! at t2e e0a3orator to recei0e 2eat e-er* a-d all re;riera-t co)3letel* 0a3orie! a-d t2e c*cle re3eat!. Fi(re !2o! t2e 3?2 diara) o; t2e r?%1a. T2e e-t2al3* calc(lated at 2 %@ 2,@ 2@ a-d 2 1 are ,1,.84@ 6%.7:@ 87.16@ a-d 87.1% J' re!3ecti0el*. T2e!e 0al(e! create a 3?2 diara) al)o!t !i)ilar to t2e ideal c*cle< "Haile@ ,66,$
F2g91e #: Ideal 0a3or?co)3re!!io- c*cle o; 2eat 3()3
,! CONCLUSION
"5
O0erall@ t2i! e>3eri)e-t i! co-!idered !(cce!! a! t2e 3oer i-3(t@ 2eat o(t3(t a-d coe;;icie-t o; 3er;or)a-ce o; a 0a3o(r co)3re!!io- 2eat 3()3 !*!te) 2a! &ee- deter)i-ed. For t2e ;ir!t e>3eri)e-t@ t2e 3oer i-3(t o; t2e 2eat 3()3 o&tai-ed a! %46 C 2ile t2e 2eat o(t3(t o; t2e !*!te) a! %:+.67 C. I-crea!e i- 3oer i0e! t2e coe;;icie-t 3er;or)a-ce o; %.,%:. For t2e !eco-d e>3eri)e-t@ a! t2e ;lo rate decrea!e@ t2e cooli- ater o(tlet te)3erat(re i-crea!e! 2erea! t2e 3oer i-3(t@ 2eat o(t3(t@ a-d 9O5H decrea!e!. T2e ;lo rate at +6#@ 16#@ a-d 6# i0e! t2e 3oer i-3(t readi- o; %4%@ %46@ a-d %+: C re!3ecti0el *@ 2eat o(t3(t o; ,,4.1,@ %:+.67@ a-d %77.4+ C re!3ect i0el*@ a-d 9O5H o; %.164@ %.,%:@ a-d %.%%7 re!3ecti0el*. T2e t2ird e>3eri)e-t@ t2e e-t2al3* calc(lated at 2%@ 2,@ 2@ a-d 21 are ,1,.84@ 6%.7:@ 87.16@ a-d 87.1% J' re!3ecti0el*. T2e!e 0al(e! create a 3?2 diara) al)o!t !i)ilar to t2e ideal c*cle.
"!,! RECOMMEN'ATIONS
%. Mae !(re t2at e(i3)e-t i! 3ro3erl* !et (3 a! it ill a;;ect t2e readi-. A! 2el3 ;ro) t2e la& a!!i!ta-t i; re(ired. ,. Allo t2e !*!te) to r(- ;or %+ )i-(te! eac2 ti)e &e;ore t2e e>3eri)e-t i! co-d(cted. . Ma*&e t2e e;;icie-c* o; t2e e(i3)e-t !2o(ld &e )o-itored ;re(e-tl* a! !o)e o; t2e readi-! o&tai-ed are a &it o;; t2a- 2at e are !(33o!ed to o&tai-. 1. Do a trial e>3eri)e-t &e;ore co-d(cti- t2e real e>3eri)e-t i- order to detect i; t2ere i! a-* error or 2et2er t2e e(i3)e-t i! ;(-ctio-i- ell or -ot. +. Mae !(re t2at t2e ater ;lo rate i! i- !ta&le co-ditio- a! (-!ta&le ater ;lo o(ld a;;ect t2e readi-!. "",! REFERENCES %. Rader)ac2er@ R.@ Ha-@ Y. ",66+$. Vapor compression heat pumps with refrigerant mixes. Boca Rato-@ FL< Ta*lor Fra-ci!. ,. Haile@ J. M. ",66,$. Lectures in Thermo!namics< Macatea 5rod(ctio-!. . Flo Rate! i- Heati- S*!te). "-.d.$. Retrie0ed ,7t2 Ma* ,6%+ ;ro) 2tt3<''.e-i-eeri-tool&o>.co)'ater?;lo?rate!?2eati-?!*!te)!?d4+:.2t)l
1. T2er)o;l(id! La&orator* Ma-(al
",! APPEN'ICES
"6
