EXPERIMENT # 4
TheAni ma lTi s s ue s I .
ANSWER TO QUESTI ONS
EPITHELIAL TISSUE I.
Simple Epithelial Tissue A. Simple Simple squamo squamous us epithe epithelium lium 1. How do the the cells cells look like? like? The cells appear as thin, fat plates having a horizontal and elliptical nuclei because o the thin fattened or! o the cell" 2. Are the these se ucle ucleate ated? d? es, es, the cells are nucleated because there is a presence presence o a nucleus" !. Simple Simple columa columar r epithel epithelium ium 1. "here "here is the ucleu ucleus s o# the cell cell located? located? The nucleus o the cell is located near the the base o the cells" cells" 2. "h$ are these these called called %o&le %o&lett cells? cells? These are called goblet cells because the$ are specialized specialized cells that provide !ucus or lubrication" '. "hat "hat is is muc mucus us #or? #or? Mucus is or lubricating lubricating and protecting protecting the lining o the intestine"
II.
Strati(ed Epithelium A. Strati(ed Strati(ed squam squamous ous epithe epithelium lium 1. How would would $ou compar compare e the ier ier ad the outer outer sur#aces sur#aces o# the huma ski? )o the$ ha*e the same um&er o# la$ers? The inner surace o the hu!an s%in is un%eratinized un%eratinized &hile the outer surace surace is %eratin %eratinized ized,, !eaning !eaning it beco!es beco!es hardene hardened d &ith %eratin and !a%es a tough, dr$, protective covering' No, the$ don(t have the sa!e nu!ber o la$ers" !. Trasitio rasitioal al epitheli epithelium um 1. How ma$ ma$ la$ers la$ers o# o# cell cell are *isi& *isi&le? le? T&o T&o la$ers o cell are visible' it rese!bles rese!bles both strati)ed cuboidal and strati)ed s*ua!ous" 2. Are the the cells cells i each each la$er la$er simila similar? r? No, the cells in each la$er are not si!ilar because it can appear to be stra strati ti)e )ed d cubo cuboid idal al &hen &hen the the tiss tissue ue is not not str stretch etched ed or strati)ed s*ua!ous &hen the organ is distended" '. "hat could could &e the the reaso reaso #or #or this? this?
Its stretchable nature could be the reason or this' it or!s a barrier that prevents the contents o the urinar$ tract ro! di+using bac% into the bod$ fuids"
+. "h$ is this epithelial tissue called trasitioal? This epithelial tissue is called transitional because the cells are rounded and can slide across one another to allo& stretching' it stretches readil$ and per!its distension o urinar$ organ b$ contained urine" III.
Speciali,ed Epithelia A. E-ocrie %lad 1. "hat do secretor$ cells o# the islets o# La%erhas secrete? The secretor$ cells o the islets o angerhans secrete hor!ones' beta cells secrete insulin and a!$lin, alpha cells secrete glucagon, delta cells secrete so!atostatin, and ga!!a cells secrete pancreatic pol$peptide" 2. "hat are other e-amples o# epithelial tissues that are secretor$ i #uctio? -ther e.a!ples o epithelial tissues that are secretor$ in unction are th$roid gland, salivar$ gland and pancreas" '. i*e e-amples o# edocrie ad e-ocrie %lads i the huma &od$. Endocrine glands/ pituitar$ gland, pineal gland, th$roid gland, adrenal gland, testes gland and ovar$ gland E.ocrine glands/ salivar$ gland, sto!ach gland, !a!!ar$ gland, anal gland, s&eat gland and tear gland
/0E/TIE TISSUE 1. "here are deposits o# adipose tissues usuall$ #oud? The deposits o adipose tissues are usuall$ ound beneath the s%in 0subcutaneous at1, around internal organs 0visceral at1, bone !arro&, and inter!uscular 0!uscular s$ste! and breast tissue1" 2. "h$ are the cells o# coecti*e tissues arra%ed #ar apart #rom each other? The cells o connective tissues are arranged ar apart ro! each other because the$ are separated b$ an abundant a!ount o e.tracellular !aterial, also called e.tracellular !atri. co!posed o collagenous, elastic and reticular )bers" '. How do #ro% ad huma &lood smears di3er? 2rog er$throc$tes are oval/shaped and have a nucleus but do not have platelets &hile hu!an er$throc$tes are biconcave discs, have platelets but does not have a nucleus"
4US/ULA5 TISSUE 1. How do the three t$pes o# muscles di3er &ased o their structures? 3%eletal !uscle is striated 0has light/colored bands crossing it1, and !ultiple nuclei" The !uscle loo%s ver$ highl$ organized &hen co!paring it to s!ooth or cardiac !uscle" ardiac !uscle also !a$ appear striated, but &ith onl$ a single band crossing each bundle, the intercalated disc" Each cell possesses onl$ one or t&o, large, round nuclei, &hich t$picall$ stain airl$ dar%" 3!ooth !uscle is not striated and each cell has onl$ a single nucleus" The nuclei are t$picall$ ver$ elongated and dar%/staining and the cells are less organized than other or!s o !uscle" 2. "h$ do muscle cells ha*e more mitochodria tha other cells like the ski cells? Muscle cells have !ore !itochondria because !itochondria are the po&erhouses o the cell, and !uscle cells need !ore energ$ than s%in cells" Mitochondria is the part o cells that generate energ$ b$ turning nutrients and o.$gen into uel or the bod$" 3ince Mitochondria !anuacture 5TP 0adenosine triphosphate1 &hich is the !ain source o *uic% energ$ and provide the energ$ a cell needs in order to unction or the !uscles, thus !uscles have ar !ore o these"
E50US TISSUE 1. "hat are the characteristics ad #uctios o# the #our kids o# tissues #oud i aimal s$stems? There our %inds o tissues ound in ani!al s$ste!s6 Epitheliu! / Tissues co!posed o la$ers o cells that cover organ suraces such as surace o the s%in and inner lining o digestive tract6 the tissues that serve or protection, secretion, and absorption" onnective tissue / connective tissue holds ever$thing together" onnective tissue is characterized b$ the separation o the cells b$ non/living !aterial, &hich is called e.tracellular !atri." 7one and blood are connective tissues" Muscle tissue / Muscle cells are the contractile tissue o the bod$" Its unction is to produce orce and cause !otion, either loco!otion or !ove!ent &ithin internal organs" Muscle tissue is separated into three distinct categories6 visceral or s!ooth !uscle, &hich is ound in the inner linings o organs' s%eletal !uscle, &hich is ound attached to bone in order or !obilit$ to ta%e place' and cardiac !uscle &hich is ound in the heart" Nervous tissue / ells or!ing the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous s$ste!" Its unction is to react to sti!uli and to conduct
i!pulses to various organs in the bod$ &hich bring about a response to the sti!ulus" 2. How do er*e cells look like? Nerve cells loo% li%e branches or spi%es e.tending out ro! the cell bod$" The cell bod$ has a nucleus &ithin it, the nerves have several points &here it branches into dendrites, the head then e.tends into a narro& e.tension &hich is coated &ith M$elin sheath, and the narro& e.tension then branches out into dendrites &hich is a !ode o contact to another neuron" '. How are er*e (&ers similar to electric ca&les? Nerve )bers are si!ilar to electric cables both conduct po&er through i!pulses or burst o ions8charges and have insulation 0the cable has plastic coating, the !uscle has !$elin sheath1, &or% in bundle or!at" The a.ons in a nerve are si!ilar to the individual &ires bundled together in a large electrical cable" The$ co!e ro! di+erent sources, get bound together in one pac%age or !ost o their 9ourne$, then branch apart at the end to reach their individual targets" +. "hat are the #eatures o# a er*e cell that could hardl$ &e #oud i other cells or tissues? Nerve cells have a distinctive appearance" E.tending out ro! each nerve cell bod$ are long c$toplas!ic processes, one a.on and several dendrites" 5 t$pical nerve cell bod$ contains onl$ a s!all raction o the total cell volu!e' the rest is contained in the a.on and dendrites" The spaces bet&een nerve cell bodies &ith a elt &or% o these a.onal and dendritic processes, called neuropil" The cell bod$ o a nerve cell 0also called a so!a, plural so!ata1 is basicall$ a cell nucleus surrounded b$ c$toplas!" Nuclei o nerve cells are large, round and euchro!atic &ith a single pro!inent nucleolus" $toplas! o nerve cell bodies is abundantl$ supplied &ith !asses o rough endoplas!ic reticulu! 0traditionall$ called Nissl bodies1, nu!erous :olgi bodies, lots o s!ooth endoplas!ic reticulu!, !an$ !itochondria, and e.tensive c$tos%eletal ele!ents 0!icrotubules and various )la!ents1" The a.on is a process &hich is specialized or conducting signals ro! one nerve cell to another" ;endrites are processes &hich are specialized or receiving and integrating signals ro! other nerve cells" 3$napses are points o contact bet&een nerve cells 0usuall$ bet&een a.on ter!inals and dendrites1, &here signals are trans!itted ro! one cell to another"
