1
Simple and Fractional Distillation
Adolfo, Angela Angela Nicole G.*, G.*, Alcaraz, Alcaraz, Frances Frances Jillian F. Aliman, Stephanie Stephanie T., T., Astor, Astor, Jashmin D. Bazon, Franchesca D., !a"ral, Danica #ose G.
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Santo Tomas
ABSTRACT
Distillation is one of the oldest and still most common methods for "oth the prification and the identification of organic li$ids. %t is a ph&sical process sed to separate chemicals chemicals from a mi'tre "& the difference in ho( easil& the& )aporize. The e'periment sed the Simple Distillation ethod to separate the components of + malcohol )od/a0 and (ater. The distillate (as collected (ith the aid of a cali"rated test t"e . m-0 ntil it reaches the temperatre of 22 3!. Also, the first, second and last distillate (ere sed for testing the presence of alcohol. Throghot the process, there is a directl& proportional relationship "et(een "et(een the )olme and temperatre of the distillate. %n the flamma"ilit& test, the first and second distillate sho(s the presence of alcohol (hile the last one is not flamma"le at all. 4ith the records o"tained, a graph "et(een the )olme and temperatre of distillate (as plotted and the percentage of alcohol and percentage percentage loss (ere also compted. compted. Ths, simple distillation is not a so mch comple' process of e'traction and prif&ing li$ids. 5eating and )aporization are 6st the 7 ma6or process sed to separate the components of alcohol )od/a0 and (ater.
mi'tr mi'tre e "& selec selecti) ti)e e cond conden ensat sation ion and and ITR!DUCTI!
e)aporation. %t is a process of prif&ing componds "& means of separating
Distil Distillat lation ion is sed sed to sepa separat rate e the comp compon onen entt s"s s"sta tanc nces es from from a li$ li$id id
more )olatile s"stance from non8)olatile or less )olatile )olatile s"stan s"stance. ce. There There are t(o t&pes t&pes of distilla distillation tion,, namel& namel& simple simple and
7
fractional.
Fractional
distillation
is
(hich the condensed )apor is collected.
essentiall& the same as simple distillation
These instrments (ere tightl&
e'cept that a fractionating colmn is
secred to pre)ent "rea/age of the
placed "et(een the "oiling flas/ and the
apparatses. First, in the distilling flas/
condenser. The fractionating colmn is
containing pieces of "oiling stones, a
sall& filled (ith glass or plastic "eads.
+m- of )od/a (as added. The flas/ (as heated (ith an alcohol lamp constantl&.
%n the e'periment, the simple
%deall&, the s"stance (ith the lo(est
distillation (as sed to separate the
"oiling
point
)aporizes
first
the
components s"stances of the )od/a.
temperatre remaining constant ntil that
The follo(ing are the o"6ecti)es to "e
s"stance has completel& distilled. The
achie)ed "& the grop9
)apor is led into the condenser (here, on "eing cooled, it re)erts to the li$id
1.0
To
"e
a"le
to
separate
the
condenses0 and rns off into a cali"rated
components of the alcoholic "e)erage
test t"e that ser)es as a recei)ing
)od/a0 "& distillation.
)essel. The one o"tained is called as the
7.0 To set p a distillation cr)e.
distillate and those s"stances ha)ing a
+.0 To calclate the percent ethanol
higher "oiling point remain in the flas/
present in the )od/a.
and constitte the reside.
:.0 To compare the simple and fractional distillation process; efficienc& in terms of separating mi'tres of li$id.
After (hich, the temperatre of the first drop in e)er& test t"e (as recorded ntil it reached the temperatre
"#T$!D!%!&'
of 22 3!. The first, second and last distillate (ere sed to test its flamma"ilit&
A simple distillation apparats
in a (atch glass. The distilling flas/ (as
consists essentiall& of three parts9 a flas/
cooled and the )olme of the reside (as
e$ipped (ith a thermometer and (ith an
recorded.
otlet t"e from (hich the )apor is
temperatre then (as plotted in a graph
emitted< a condenser that consists of t(o
and the percentage of alcohol present in
t"es of placed one (ithin the other and
the distillates (ere compted. =n the
so arranged that the smaller in (hich the
contrar&, the percentage loss (as also
)apor is condensed0 is held in a stream of
compted.
coolant in the larger< and a )essel in
The
)olme
and
the
+
Distillate First Second -ast
R#SU%TS AD DISCUSSI!
Flame Test 8
Ta(le )* >olme and Temperatre Ta"le 7 sho(s that a positi)e
of Distillate T#ST
+!%U"#
TUB#
m%. 1. 1. 7. 7. +. +. :. :. . . @. @. . . ?. ?. 2. 2. 1. 1. 11. 11. 17.
1 7 + : @ ? 2 1 11 17 1+ 1: 1 1@ 1 1? 12 7 71 77 7+ 7:
T#"P#RATUR#
reslt in the flame test indicates the
.C-
presence of alcohol and a negati)e reslt
?+ ?: ?: ?: ?: ? ? ?? ?? ?2 2 21 27 27 2+ 2: 2 2 2@ 2@ 2 2? 2? 22
indicates that there is no alcohol. %n the first and second distillate, a "le (ith orange tip flames (as prodced (hile the last distillate did not prodce an& flame. %t sho(s that as the distillation contines, the amont of alcohol decreases.
Ta"le 1 sho(s that as the )olme of distillate increases, the temperatre also
increase
ntil
it
reaches
Fi0ure )* Simple Distillation Setp
the
temperatre of 22 3!. %t sho(s that the
Figre 1 sho(s the setp (here
)olme and temperatre are directl&
the distillation (as held. Since there is no
proportional.
fractionating colmn present, it is onl& 6st a Simple Distillation setp.
Ta(le /* Flamma"ilit& of Distillate
:
is sall& the atmospheric pressre. The )apor pressre is a )er& sensiti)e fnction of temperatre. %t does not increase linearl& "t in fact increases e'ponentiall& (ith temperatre, sho(ing that there the& are directl& proportional (ith each other. 4hen the )apor pressre of the li$id e$als the applied pressre, the li$id Fi0ure /* Graph of Temperatre and
"oils. Ths, the "oiling point of a li$id is
>olme of Distillate
the temperatre at (hich the )apor pressre e$als the applied pressre.
Figre 7 sho(s that as the
The normal "oiling point of a li$id is the
mi'tre is heated, the temperatre rises
temperatre at (hich the )apor pressre
ntil it reaches the temperatre of the
of a li$id e$als atmospheric pressre
lo(est "oiling s"stance in the mi'tre.
1 atm0. The "oiling point of a li$id is a
The resltant hot )apor passes into a
measre of its )olatilit& and its prit&.
condenser and is con)erted to the li$id,
CA%CU%ATI!S
(hich is then collected in a recei)er flas/. The other components of the mi'tre
C)) alcohol E >f 8 >i ' 1
remain in their original phase ntil the
>s
most )olatile s"stance has all "oiled off. =nl& then does the temperatre of the
E 17. 8 ' 1
gas phase rises again ntil it reaches the
+
"oiling point of a second component in the mi'tre, and so on.
E : C alcohol
This is the nderl&ing principle "ehind
distillation.
At
an&
gi)en
Closs E >s 8 >d >r0 ' 1 >s
temperatre a li$id is in e$ili"rim (ith its )apor. This e$ili"rim is descri"ed "&
E + 8 17. 17.0 ' 1
the )apor pressre of the li$id. The
+
)apor pressre is the pressre that the molecles at the srface of the li$id e'ert against the e'ternal pressre, (hich
E 7 C loss
C!C%USI!
increases,
the
presence
of
alcohol
decreases and also ma/ing the mi'tre %n the
e'periment,
it (as fairl&
not flamma"le.
o"ser)ed the fact that the process of distillation of simple and fractional are not
R#F#R#C#S
mch
5elmenstine, A. 71@0. nderstand the principles of distillation. About education, 1-5. #etrie)ed from http9chemistr&.a"ot.comcsf"ldi tillation.htm
different
e'cept
for
the
agmentation of the apparats of the fractional distillation. %t is /no(n as the fractionating colmn that is sall& filled (ith glass or plastic "eads. These "eads impro)e
the
separation "et(een
the
li$ids "eing distilled. The reason that fractional
distillation
gi)es
"etter
separation "et(een the li$ids is "ecase the glass "eads in the fractionating
Natral %ngredient #esorce !enter. 71, a&0. Boiling points and distillation. #etrie)ed from http9natralingredient.org(p(p8con tentploadsDistillation.pdf 4in/le, . ). 12@0. ass Transfer Hrocesses. %n . ). !in/le, Distillation. Ne( Ior/9 cGra(85ill.
colmn pro)ide theoretical plates on (hich the refl'ing li$id can condense, re8e)aporate,
and
condense
again,
essentiall& distilling the compond o)er and
o)er.
distillation
=ther is
a
than simple
that,
simple
process
of
e'traction and prif&ing li$ids "& heating and )aporization of the components of alcohol )od/a0 and (ater. Ths, "ased on the e'periment, as the temperatre D!CU"#TATI!
Ioder, !. 71@0. Distillation. Wired chemist. #etrie)ed from http9(((.(iredchemist.comchemist r&instrctionalla"orator&8ttorialsdis tillation
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