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Olympus CX- 21 Manual de
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Basic Multiplier Circuits
Grade 7 Microscope
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Exercise No. 1 COMPOUND MONOCULAR MICROSCOPE
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The microscope is one of the principal tools of the biologist. It was invented through the efforts of Dutch sci Anton Van Leeuwenhoek. In the laboratory, the microscope serves as a very useful tool to help you discov fascinating secrets of the living world which the unaided e ye cannot see. In this eercise, you will study the prop and care of this delicate instrument. OBJECTIVES At the end of the period, students should should be able to! ". identify identify the parts parts of a compou compound nd microsco microscope pe and learn learn the the function function of each part# part# $. manip manipula ulate te the the differ different ent part partss correct correctly. ly. %. comput computee for for the magni magnific ficati ation on of drawin drawing. g. &. differ different entia iate te the low power ob'ect ob'ectiv ivee from from the high power power ob'ectiv ob'ectivee in relati relation on to the si(e of the f vision, magnification, magnification, and resolving power. MATERIALS compound microscope glass slide cover slip colored threads
human hair )gray, black, and colored* medicine dropper transparent or plastic ruler small letter +e+ cut out from an old newspaper
-/0D1-0! 2efore studying the different parts of your microscope, bear in mind the following points! ". ther students students in differen differentt classes classes also use your your microscop microscope. e. Always Always inspect inspect it before before using and report report instructor any damage you can see. $. The microscop microscope e is a delicate delicate and epensive epensive instrumen instrument. t. 0ercise 0ercise utmost utmost care when when using it so th students will be able to use it too. %. 3anipulat 3anipulatee the microsc microscope ope only only when you are are thoroughl thoroughly y familia familiarr with it. it.
A. Identifiction of t!e Microsco"e Prts ". 1sing 4igures 4igures " and and $ as a guide, guide, identify identify the different different parts parts of your your microscop microscope e and learn the the func each. $. Ocular or eyepiece. eyepiece. It is where you look into when eamining ob'ects in the microscope. Inserted in draw tube, it contains lenses to increase magnification. Draw tube. tube. A cylindrical part where the eyepiece is inserted. Body tube. The tube. The barrel which holds the lenses of the eyepiece and ob'ectives at a proper distance from other. Coarse adjustment knob. A knob. A large wheel which moves the body tube up or down to bring the specime focus. It is used when the low power ob'ective is in place. Sign up to vote on this title Fine adjustment k nob. A nob. A smaller wheel which brings the specimen to its sharpest focus by moving the Useful Not useful tube up or down very slightly. Dust shield. A shield. A rounded metal directly attached to the end of the body tube which protects the ob'ective dust. Revolving nosepiece. The nosepiece. The bottom end of the body tube where the ob'ectives are attached. It rotates to
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Olympus CX- 21 Manual de
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Basic Multiplier Circuits
Grade 7 Microscope
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Diaphragm. -egulates the amount of light passing through the specimen. The diaphragm may be form of a rotating disk with holes of various si(es, or it may have an ad'ustable iris opening. In the latter case known as an iris diaphragm. #nclination joint. Allows the microscope to be inclined at an angle. Base. The horseshoe9shaped bottom part of the microscope which supports the whole structure. Table ". /haracteristics of the ob'ectives! L
8
I
4ocal length )mm* :orking distance )mm* Linear magnification );*
Focal length $mm%, an optical constant of the lens system, is the distance from the center of the lens point where parallel rays entering the lens are brought to a focus &orking distance $mm.% is the free space between the specimen surface and the ob'ective. 'umerical aperture $'..% is a measure of the resolving power of an ob'ective. An ob'ective with 6.$ allows the viewer to distinguish as separate $7666 l ines per inch.
B. Microsco"e Mni"#$tion ". After familiari(ing yourself with the parts of the microscope and the function)s* of each, you ma proceed to manipulate it. 2efore you proceed, here are some reminders each time you prepa microscopic work! a. lace the microscope in an upright position with the arm directed towards you. 3ake sure tha least two inches from the edge of the table. b. 3ake certain that the low power ob'ective is in position )a slight +click+ will indicate that the already in place*. c. Ad'ust the diaphragm to its largest opening. You're Reading a Preview d. Look through the eyepiece with one eye while keeping the other eye open and ad'ust the ang mirror to obtain good illumination. Unlock full access with a free trial.
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Grade 7 Microscope
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5lowly turn the coarse ad'ustment knob downward to lower the body tube until the tip of the L touches the slide. Do this while looking from the side to prevent the unlikely event of breaking the :hile looking into the ocular, slowly turn the coarse ad'ustment knob upward to raise the L letter comes into focus. Turn the fine ad'ustment knob slightly to obtain a sharp image of the letter. a.
Draw the letter +e+ in its normal si(e and position, and as seen under the L.
4ig.2." Letter >e? on the slide 4ig.2.$. Letter >e? under L )mag. @@@@* b. /ompare the si(e and position of the letter +e+ as viewed under the L with the actual position letter +e+ on the slide.
C. Orienttion ". :hile looking into the ocular, move the slide slightly to your right.
e? appear to move in each case $. 3ove the slide towards you and then away from you. b. In what direction does the image appear to move in each case %. -otate the nosepiece to put the high power ob'ective into position. 3ake sure that as the ob'ective move position, it does not hit the stage or the slide. Listen for a +click+ sound which means that the ob'ective is in
3ost microscopes today are par(ocal. This means that once an image is in sharp focus under L, it re in focus under 8 without further ad'ustment. If the image is not in sharp focus, bring it into sharp focus w slight turn of the fine ad'ustment knob. If at first try you fail to see the image under 8, refocus under L repeat the procedure for focusing with the 8 until you see the image.
D. M%nifiction nd Red#ction Download With Free Trial The magnifying power of an ob'ective is usually indicated on its side as 7, "6, or &6. If the ob'ec marked &6, it means that the lens in the ob'ective forms an image that is &6 times larger than the specimen or o If the ocular is marked "6, it means that the ocular magnifies the image produced by the ob'ective an addition times. The total magnification )3 total* or the image you see in the microscope is obtained by multip magnifying power of the ocular )3 ocular* with the magnifying power of the ob'ective )3ob'ective*, or briefly )3ocular* ; )3ob'ective*. Therefore, if you use the combination of &6 ob'ective and I6 ocular, you obtain a total magnification o ThIs means that the image that you see in the microscope is &66 times larger than the ob'ect.
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E. &ie$d of Vision Not useful of Useful specimen. The field of vision is that circular lighted field where you see the image the ob'ect or ". -eturn the letter >e? to the center of the field of view. :ithout moving the coarse ad'ustment knob, shift the ob from L to 8 by turning the nosepiece. 5harpen the focus using the fine ad'ustment knob. If necessary read'ust the ope the diaphragm )or aperture disc* and the position of the mirror to improve light and contrast.
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&. Reso$'in% Po(er of t!e Microsco"e nd De"t! of &oc#s
The resolving power of the microscope is its ability to distinguish two ad'acent points as distinct and separa The depth of focus is a property of the microscope that indicates how deep the space the microscope can into clear view at any one time. The materials used for microscopic eamination have depth, as well as length and width so that you need to at different levels of the specimen. ". 3ount a gray and black hair across each other on a microscope slide. Add a drop of water and cover w cover slip. 4ocus under low power ob'ective. Turn the fine ad'ustment knob back and forth slowly. Dra resulting image as 4igure 4.". a. /an you determine which hair is on top when looking through the microscope $. 3ove the slide to position the hair strands at the center of the field of vision. 5hift to 8 and bring strands into sharp focus with the fine ad'ustment knob. Draw the resulting image as figure 4.$. b. Is the resolving power in the 8 as great as in the L %. btain a prepared slide with colored threads. lace the slide on the stage and focus under L the point all three threads intersect. Draw the intersection of the colored threads under L as 4igure 4.%. -ack the body to the lowest position without hitting the slide. The threads may be out of focus. 5lowly rack the body tube up The first thread that comes into focus is the bottom one. 4ocus the other threads. c. :hen one thread is in focus, are the other threads in focus too d. :hat is the color seCuence of the threads from bottom to top &. 5hift to 8. 5lowly rotate counter clockwise the fine ad'ustment knob until all the threads are out of
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4ig. 4.". Intersection of hair strands under L. 4ig. 4.$. 8air strands under 8. )mag. @@@@* Download With Free Trial )mag. @@@* )#estions to Ans(er* ". 8ow can each ob'ective be identified if the identification marks are removed $. 8ow does a microscope magnify an ob'ect %. 0plain why an inverted image is seen under a compound microscope &. :hat is the purpose of the oil in the oil immersion ob'ective 7. :hy should the ocular micrometer be calibrated for each ob'ectiveSign up to vote on this title
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-eferences! Duka. I. A. and 3. . Dia(. $66E. 2iology " Laboratory 3anual! An Investigative Approach. F th ed. 1L2. pp. 4ernande(, :.L. et al. "FG. eneral 3icrobiology Laboratory 3anual. 1L2. pp. " H "7. 15T eneral 3icrob
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Grade 7 Microscope
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4ormat of ost Lab -eport Exercise No. 1 Co+"o#nd Monoc#$r Microsco"e
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