Evidence 2013 Bar Torregosa Notes

EVIDENCE AT YOUR FINGERTIPS 2013 Bar Pre-Week Notes

EVIDENCE AT YOUR FINGERTIPS 2013 BAR PRE-WEEK NOTES

I. PRELIMINARY MATTERS MATTERS A. Evid!" #$ d%!d &' () Rvi$d R*+$ ,! Evid!" E!" E!"e# e#$e $e "e%# "e%#e" e"&& 'ea# 'ea#s s sa#$ sa#$t! t!o# o#e" e" () t*e t*e R+,es +,es o Co+rt o as$erta!#!#. !# a /+"!$!a, ro$ee"!#. t*e tr+t* rese$t!#. a 'atter o a$t Se$t!o# 1 R+,e 1245 Ge#era, R+,e& T*e r+,es o e!"e#$e "o #ot a,) !# t*e o,,o6!#. $ase $ases7 s7r ro$ o$ee ee"! "!#. #.s& s& Se$ Se$t! t!o# o# 8 R+,e +,e 1 19 199: 9: R+,es +,es o C!! C!!,, Pro$e"+re5 !5 E,e$t!o# $ases !!5 ;a#" re.!strat!o# !!!5 Ca"astra, ro$ee"!#.s !5 !5 Nat+ Nat+ra ra,! ,!
B. Di$(i!*i$) Evid!" /, P/,, E!"e#$e !s t*e 'e"!+' 'ea#s or too, () 6*!$* a a$t !s roe" or "!sroe"> 6*!,e Proo !s t*e e?e$t or res+,t o e!"e#$e t*e $o#!$t!o# or ers+as!o# o t*e '!#" res+,t!#. ro' a $o#s!"erat!o# o e!"e#$e

C. Di$(i!*i$) F#"(* F#"(* P/,&#!d* /, /, F#"(* F#"(* P/,&#!$ E!"e#$e s!.#!%es re,at!o#s*! (et6ee# t6o a$ts #a'e,)& a5 a$t+' ro(a#"+' 6*!$* !s t*e a$t or roos!t!o# !# !ss+e 6*!$* e!"e#$e seeks to roe or "!sroe (5 a$t+' ro(a#s 6*!$* !s t*e e!"e#t!ar) a$t te#"!#. to roe t*e a$t !# !ss+e Example: I# a# a$t!o# or $o,,e$t!o# o a s+' o 'o#e) %,e" () A a.a!#st B t*e a$t+' ro( ro(a#" a#"+' +' !s t*e e=!st e=!ste#$ e#$e e o t*e t*e "e(t "e(t 6*!,e 6*!,e t*e a$t+' a$t+' ro(a ro(a#s #s !s t*e ro'!ssor) #ote s!.#e" () B !# aor o A

D. C+#$$i%"#(i,! , Evid!" (i)

O&"(R#+ D,"*!(#/' #!d T$(i,!i#+ vid!" Object/Real Evidence: t*at 6*!$* !s "!re$t,) a""resse" to t*e se#ses o t*e $o+rt a#" $o#s!sts o ta#.!(,e t*!#.s e=*!(!te" or "e'o# e'o#s stra trate" te" !# oe# $o+rt +rt !# a# o$+,ar ,ar !#se$t!o# or at a ,a$e "es!.#ate" () t*e $o+rt or !ts !e6 or o(serat!o# o a# e=*!(!t!o# e=er!'e#t or "e'o#strat!o# "e'o#strat!o# Documentary Evidence: e!" e!"e# e#$ $e $o#s!st! !st!#. #. o 6r!t 6r!t!# !#.s .s or a#) 'ater!a, $o#ta!#!#. ,etters 6or"s #+'(ers %.+res s)'(o,s or ot*er 'o"es o 6r!tte# e=resse" e=resse" o?ere" as roo o t*e!r $o#te#ts Testimonial Evidence: t*at 6*!$* !s s+('!tte" to t*e $o+rt t*ro+.* Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C. TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$e$!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

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t*e test!'o#) or "eos!t!o# o a 6!t#ess $o#s!st!#. o t*e 6!t#ess er$et!o# o ast ee#ts or o$$+rre#$e (e!#. re$o,,e$te" () t*e 6!t#ess a#" $o''+#!$ate" to t*e t*e $o+rt> $o+rt> !t !s a re$o# re$o#st str+$ r+$t!o t!o# # o ast ast ee#ts ee#ts 'a" 'a"e () a 6!t# !t#ess ess t*r t*ro+.* +.* ora, test! est!'o 'o# #) "eos!t!o# or a#) 'o"es o e=ress!o# or $o''+#!$at!o#

6ii7 6ii7

R+v# R+ v#!( !( #( #(/ /i# i#++ #!d #!d ",8 ",8( (! !(( vi vid d!" !"  Relevant Evidence: E!"e#$e *a!#. a#) a,+e !# reaso# as te#"!#. to roe roe a#) 'atter 'atter ro( ro(a(, a(,e e !# a#) a$t!o# a$t!o#>> ,o.!$a ,o.!$a,, re,at!o# o t*e e!"e#t!ar) a$t to t*e a$t !# !ss+e !aterial Evidence: E!" E!"e# e#$e $e "!r "!re$te e$te" " to ro roe e a a$t a$t !# !ss+ !ss+e> e> !t !s "eter'!#e" "eter'!#e" () 6*et*er t*e a$t !t !#te#"s to roe !s !# !ss+e or #ot> as to 6*et*er a a$t !s !# !ss+e or #ot !s !# t+r t+r# "ete "eterr'!#e '!#e" " () t*e t*e s+(s s+(sta ta#t #t! !e e ,a6 ,a6 ,ea"! ,ea"!#. #.s s re-tr re-tr!a, !a, or"er or"er a#" a#" () t*e t*e a"'!s a"'!ss!o s!o#s #s 'a"e 'a"e () art art!es !es>> $o#se $o#se+ +e#t e#t,) ,) e!"e# e!"e#$e $e 'a) (e re,ea#t re,ea#t (+t 'a) (e !''ater!a, !# a $ase "ompetent Evidence: Evidence: E!"e#$e 6*!$* !s #ot e=$,+"e" () t*e r+,es t*e stat+te or t*e Co#st!t+t!o#

6iii 6iii77

Di/ Di/"( "( #!d #!d "i/ "i/"* "*$ $(# (#!( !(i# i#++ vid vid! !" " Direct Evidence: t*at 6*!$* roes t*e a$t !# "!s+te 6!t*o+t t*e a!" o a#) !#ere#$e or res+'t!o# "ircumsta "ircumstantia ntiall Evidenc Evidence: e: !#"! !#"!rre$t, e$t,) ) ro roes es a a$t a$t !# !ss+ !ss+e e t*r t*ro+.* o+.* !#e !#erre#$e e#$e or' or' ot*e ot*err esta esta(, (,!s !s*e *e" " a$t a$ts s as a #e$essar) or ro(a(,e $o#se+e#$e C,ass!%$at!o# C,ass!%$at!o# o C!r$+'sta#t!a, C!r$+'sta#t!a, E!"e#$e& 15 nteced ntecedent ent "ircumsta "ircumstances nces @ @ s+$* as 'ora, $*ara$ter *a(!t $+sto's 'ot!e ,a# "es!.# 25 "oncomita "oncomitant nt "ircumsta "ircumstances nces @ s+$* as oort+#!t) !#$o' !#$o'at! at!(!, (!,!t) !t) a,!(! a,!(! s+(se s+(se+e +e#t #t $!r$+ $!r$+'st 'sta#$ a#$es es !.*t !.*t $o#$ea,' $o#$ea,'e#t e#t #ero+s# #ero+s#ess ess "esa!r "esa!r %#.err %#.err!#t !#t ootr!# ootr!#t t art!$,es ,et (,oo" sta!#s o?er o $o'ro'!se

6iv7 6iv7

C** C**+# +#(i (iv v #!d #!d ",/ ",//, /,&, &,/# /#(iv (iv  vi vid d!" !"  "orroborative Evidence: a""!t! a""!t!o#a o#a,, e!"e e!"e#$e #$e o a "!?er "!?ere#t e#t k!#" k!#" a#" $*ara$ter te#"!#. to roe t*e sa'e o!#t "umulative Evidence: a""!t!o#a, e!"e#$e o t*e sa'e k!#" te#"!#. to roe t*e sa'e o!#t

6v7 6v7

P/i P/i#/ #/' ' #!d #!d $",!d ,!d#/' #/' vi vid d!" !" Primary Evidence: t*at 6*!$* t*e ,a6 re.ar"s as a?or"!#. t*e .reatest $erta!#t) o t*e a$t !# +est!o#> reerre" to !# t*e r+,es as t*e (est e!"e#$e Secondary Evidence: t*at 6*!$* !s !#er!or to t*e r!'ar) e!"e#$e a#" er'!tte" () ,a6 o#,) 6*e# t*e (est e!"e#$e !s #ot aa!,a(,e> reerre" to !# t*e r+,es as s+(st!t+t!o#ar) e!"e#$e

6vi7 6vi7

P,$i P,$i(i (iv v #!d #!d !# !#(i (iv v vid vid! !" " Positive Evidence: 6*e# 6!t#ess ar's t*at a $erta!# state o a$ts "oes e=!st or a $erta!# ee#t o$$+rre" #e$ative Evidence: 6*e# 6!t#ess states t*at a $erta!# ee#t "!" #ot o$$+r or a $erta!# state o a$ts "oes #ot e=!st

6vii 6vii77

E98 E9 8/( /( vid vid! !" " Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

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t*e test!'o#) or "eos!t!o# o a 6!t#ess $o#s!st!#. o t*e 6!t#ess er$et!o# o ast ee#ts or o$$+rre#$e (e!#. re$o,,e$te" () t*e 6!t#ess a#" $o''+#!$ate" to t*e t*e $o+rt> $o+rt> !t !s a re$o# re$o#st str+$ r+$t!o t!o# # o ast ast ee#ts ee#ts 'a" 'a"e () a 6!t# !t#ess ess t*r t*ro+.* +.* ora, test! est!'o 'o# #) "eos!t!o# or a#) 'o"es o e=ress!o# or $o''+#!$at!o#

6ii7 6ii7

R+v# R+ v#!( !( #( #(/ /i# i#++ #!d #!d ",8 ",8( (! !(( vi vid d!" !"  Relevant Evidence: E!"e#$e *a!#. a#) a,+e !# reaso# as te#"!#. to roe roe a#) 'atter 'atter ro( ro(a(, a(,e e !# a#) a$t!o# a$t!o#>> ,o.!$a ,o.!$a,, re,at!o# o t*e e!"e#t!ar) a$t to t*e a$t !# !ss+e !aterial Evidence: E!" E!"e# e#$e $e "!r "!re$te e$te" " to ro roe e a a$t a$t !# !ss+ !ss+e> e> !t !s "eter'!#e" "eter'!#e" () 6*et*er t*e a$t !t !#te#"s to roe !s !# !ss+e or #ot> as to 6*et*er a a$t !s !# !ss+e or #ot !s !# t+r t+r# "ete "eterr'!#e '!#e" " () t*e t*e s+(s s+(sta ta#t #t! !e e ,a6 ,a6 ,ea"! ,ea"!#. #.s s re-tr re-tr!a, !a, or"er or"er a#" a#" () t*e t*e a"'!s a"'!ss!o s!o#s #s 'a"e 'a"e () art art!es !es>> $o#se $o#se+ +e#t e#t,) ,) e!"e# e!"e#$e $e 'a) (e re,ea#t re,ea#t (+t 'a) (e !''ater!a, !# a $ase "ompetent Evidence: Evidence: E!"e#$e 6*!$* !s #ot e=$,+"e" () t*e r+,es t*e stat+te or t*e Co#st!t+t!o#

6iii 6iii77

Di/ Di/"( "( #!d #!d "i/ "i/"* "*$ $(# (#!( !(i# i#++ vid vid! !" " Direct Evidence: t*at 6*!$* roes t*e a$t !# "!s+te 6!t*o+t t*e a!" o a#) !#ere#$e or res+'t!o# "ircumsta "ircumstantia ntiall Evidenc Evidence: e: !#"! !#"!rre$t, e$t,) ) ro roes es a a$t a$t !# !ss+ !ss+e e t*r t*ro+.* o+.* !#e !#erre#$e e#$e or' or' ot*e ot*err esta esta(, (,!s !s*e *e" " a$t a$ts s as a #e$essar) or ro(a(,e $o#se+e#$e C,ass!%$at!o# C,ass!%$at!o# o C!r$+'sta#t!a, C!r$+'sta#t!a, E!"e#$e& 15 nteced ntecedent ent "ircumsta "ircumstances nces @ @ s+$* as 'ora, $*ara$ter *a(!t $+sto's 'ot!e ,a# "es!.# 25 "oncomita "oncomitant nt "ircumsta "ircumstances nces @ s+$* as oort+#!t) !#$o' !#$o'at! at!(!, (!,!t) !t) a,!(! a,!(! s+(se s+(se+e +e#t #t $!r$+ $!r$+'st 'sta#$ a#$es es !.*t !.*t $o#$ea,' $o#$ea,'e#t e#t #ero+s# #ero+s#ess ess "esa!r "esa!r %#.err %#.err!#t !#t ootr!# ootr!#t t art!$,es ,et (,oo" sta!#s o?er o $o'ro'!se

6iv7 6iv7

C** C**+# +#(i (iv v #!d #!d ",/ ",//, /,&, &,/# /#(iv (iv  vi vid d!" !"  "orroborative Evidence: a""!t! a""!t!o#a o#a,, e!"e e!"e#$e #$e o a "!?er "!?ere#t e#t k!#" k!#" a#" $*ara$ter te#"!#. to roe t*e sa'e o!#t "umulative Evidence: a""!t!o#a, e!"e#$e o t*e sa'e k!#" te#"!#. to roe t*e sa'e o!#t

6v7 6v7

P/i P/i#/ #/' ' #!d #!d $",!d ,!d#/' #/' vi vid d!" !" Primary Evidence: t*at 6*!$* t*e ,a6 re.ar"s as a?or"!#. t*e .reatest $erta!#t) o t*e a$t !# +est!o#> reerre" to !# t*e r+,es as t*e (est e!"e#$e Secondary Evidence: t*at 6*!$* !s !#er!or to t*e r!'ar) e!"e#$e a#" er'!tte" () ,a6 o#,) 6*e# t*e (est e!"e#$e !s #ot aa!,a(,e> reerre" to !# t*e r+,es as s+(st!t+t!o#ar) e!"e#$e

6vi7 6vi7

P,$i P,$i(i (iv v #!d #!d !# !#(i (iv v vid vid! !" " Positive Evidence: 6*e# 6!t#ess ar's t*at a $erta!# state o a$ts "oes e=!st or a $erta!# ee#t o$$+rre" #e$ative Evidence: 6*e# 6!t#ess states t*at a $erta!# ee#t "!" #ot o$$+r or a $erta!# state o a$ts "oes #ot e=!st

6vii 6vii77

E98 E9 8/( /( vid vid! !" " Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

2


6viii7 P/i# #"i #"i vid vid!" !" #!d #!d ",!"+*$iv ",!"+*$iv  vid!" vid!"  Prima facie Evidence: k!#" k!#" o e!" e!"e# e#$ $e 6*!$* *!$* sta# sta#"! "!#. #. a,o# a,o#e e +#re(+tte" !s s+$!e#t to s+ort a $o#$,+s!o# "onclusive Evidence: t*at $,ass o e!"e#$e 6*!$* t*e ,a6 "oes #ot a,,o a,,o6 6 to (e $o#t $o#tra ra"! "!$t $te" e" II. ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE A. Di$(i!*i$) Adi$$i&i+i(' /, Wi)( #!d S*:"i!"' S*:"i!"' I# or"er or e!"e#$e to sere !ts +rose o as$erta!#!#. t*e tr+t* rese$t!#. a 'atter o a$t !t *as to ass t*ro+.* t*e test o a"'!ss!(!,!t) a#" 6e!.*t a#" s+$!e#$) dmissibi dmissibility lity of evidence evidence reer reers s to t*e t*e +est +est!o# !o# 6*et*e 6*et*err $erta! $erta!# # !e$e !e$es s o e!"e#$e are are to (e $o#s!"ere" at a,, E!"e#$e 'a) (e $o#s!"ere" $o#s!"ere" () t*e $o+rt ! !t !s re,ea#t a#" $o'ete#t $o'ete#t It !s re,ea#t 6*e# !t *as *as te#"e#$) !# reaso# reaso# to roe roe or "!sroe "!sroe a a$t !# !ss+e It !s $o'ete#t $o'ete#t 6*e# 6*e# !t !s e=$,+"e e=$,+"e" " () t*e r+,es %ei$&t %ei$&t and and su'ci su'cienc ency y of eviden evidence ce reer eer to t*e t*e +es +est! t!o# o# o 6*et 6*et*e *err t*e t*e a"'!tte" e!"e#$e e!"e#$e roes or or "!sroes "!sroes a# !ss+e It erta!#s to !ts te#"e#$) te#"e#$) to $o#!#$e or ers+a"e B. E+!($ , Adi$$i&i+i(' , Evid!" 617 R+v#!"' R+v#!"' @ ,o.!$a, re,at!o# o t*e e!"e#t!ar) a$t to t*e a$t !# !ss+e t*at !s 6*et*er t*e or'er te#"s to esta(,!s* t*e ro(a(!,!t) or !'ro(a(!,!t) o t*e ,atter> !t !s .oer#e" () ,o.!$ $o''o# se#se a#" *+'a# e=er!e#$e e=er!e#$e 627 C,8(!"' @ erta!#s to t*e !ss+e o 6*et*er or #ot t*e e!"e#$e !s e=$,+"e" () t*e r+,es> !t !s .oer#e" () ,a6s or t*e r+,es C. Ki!d$ , Adi$$i&i+i(' 617 M*+(i8+ Adi$$i&i+i(' See $ases o&U#!6!"e o& U#!6!"e Sa,es s Ike"a Peo,e s Yat$o 627 C,!di(i,!#+ Adi$$i&i+i(' 637 C*/#(iv Adi$$i&i+i(' C+rat!e A"'!ss!(!,!t) or  ($&tin$ (re )it& (re (re  a,!es o#,) ! t*e art) a.a! a.a!#s #stt 6*o' 6*o' t*e t*e !#$o !#$o' 'et ete# e#tt e!" e!"e# e#$e $e !s erro erro#e #eo+ o+s, s,) ) a"'! a"'!tt tte" e" o(/e$te" to !ts a"'!ss!o# D. C,8(!"' , Evid!" E!"e#$e !s $o'ete#t 6*e# !t !s #ot e=$,+"e" () t*e r+,es ,a6 or t*e Co#st!t+t!o# V#/i,*$ R*+$ , E9"+*$i,!; 6A7 6A7 E9 E9"+ "+*$ *$i, i,!# !#/' /' R*+ R*+$ $ *!d *!d/ / () () C,!$ C,!$(i (i(* (*(i (i,! ,! 6A/(i 6A/(i"+ "+  III III 1<=> 1<=> C,!$(i(*(i,!7 *+, Ri$&t a$ainst unreasonable searc&es and sei-ures *Section ., P,8+ v$ M#/(i R!.*t a.a!#st +#reaso#a(,e sear$*es 'a) (e !#oke" o#,) a.a!#st t*e State T*e roer roert) t) !,,e.a,,) !,,e.a,,) se!
3


a.a!#st t*e a$$+se" (+t !#a"erte#t,) $o'es a$ross t*e !#$r!'!#at!#. o(/e$t P,8+ v$ M*$# O#$e t*e a,!" ort!o# o t*e sear$* 6arra#t *as (ee# e=e$+te" t*e ,a!# !e6 "o$tr!#e $a##ot ro!"e a#) (as!s or +rt*er sear$* (c) I,,e.a,!t) '+st (e I''e"!ate,) Aare#t to t*e o,!$e t*at t*e !te's t*at t*e) o(sere" 'a) (e e!"e#$e o a $r!'e $o#tra(a#" or ot*er6!se s+(/e$t to se!<+re P,8+ v$ M*$# T*ere '+st (e a #e=+s (et6ee# t*e !te' to (e se!3= P,8+ v$ d+ R,$#/i, Po,!$e !#!tat!o# $o#st!t+tes $+sto"!a, !#est!.at!o# Po,!$e ,!#e-+ #ot art o $+sto"!a, !#est!.at!o# as !t *as #ot s*!te" ro' !#est!.ator) to a$$+sator) sta.e t*+s !ra#"a r!.*ts #ot a,!$a(,e P,8+ v$ G*i++/, So#ta#eo+s state'e#ts or t*ose #ot e,!$!te" t*ro+.* +est!o#!#. () ,a6 e#or$e'e#t o$ers (+t .!e# !# or"!#ar) 'a##er are #ot Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

8


$oere" () t*e !ra#"a "o$tr!#e P,8+ v$ P#'!,/ R!.*ts reer o#,) to test!'o#!a, $o'+,s!o# P,8+ v$ d G*#! P,8+ v$ L#$i! !ra#"a "o$tr!#e "o #ot $oer ara# tests *oto.ra*!#. *4, Ri$&t a$ainst self5incrimination *Section +6, P,8+ v$ M#+ii( T*e ker#e, o t*e r!.*t !s #ot a.a!#st a,, $o'+,s!o# (+t test!'o#!a, $o'+,s!o# It "oes #ot a,) 6*e# t*e e!"e#$e so+.*t to (e e=$,+"e" !s #ot a# !#$r!'!#at!#. state'e#t (+t a# o(/e$t e!"e#$e Ri)( ##i!$( $+-i!"/ii!#(i,! d,$ !,( ",v/ ()

,++,i!;

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!5 s+(sta#$e e'!tte" ro' t*e (o") o t*e a$$+se" s+$* as e=a'!#at!o# or .o#orr*ea  US v$ T#!(i!7 *a!r sa',es  P8 v$ R,!d/,7 DNA sa',es  P8 v$ V#++/, P8 v$ Y#(#/7 %#.err!#t!#. *oto.ra*!#. a#" ara# test!#.  P8 v$

G#++#/d7 5 re.#a#$) test Vi++#,/ v$ S*/$7 Ri)( ##i!$( $+-i!"/ii!#(i,! 9(!d$ (, () ,++,i!; !5 $o'+,s!o# or ro"+$t!o# o v$ "o$+'e#ts aers a#" $*atte,s  R#+# S#!di#!&#'#!7 !!5 a#) atte't to +r#!s* a se$!'e# o t*e a$$+se"s *a#"6r!t!#. !# $o##e$t!o# 6!t* rose$+t!o# or a,s!%$at!o# B+(/#! v$ S#$,!7 Ri)( #' & #ivd &'; !5 a!,+re to !#oke !t t!'e,) !!5 tak!#. t*e 6!t#ess sta#" a#" o,+#tar) test!%es !# 6*!$* $ase *e 'a) (e $ross-e=a'!#e" a#" aske" !#$r!'!#at!#. +est!o#s o# a#) 'atter *e test!%e" "+r!#. "!re$t e=a'!#at!o# P,8+ v$ 4*d A'$,! W*!,e t*e a$$+se" 'a) test!) o# *!s o6# (e*a, s+(/e$t to $rosse=a'!#at!o# *e 'a) 6*!,e test!)!#. re+se to a#s6er a se$!%$ +est!o# t*e a#s6er to 6*!$* te#"s to !#$r!'!#ate *!' or so'e $r!'e ot*er t*a# t*at or 6*!$* *e !s (e!#. rose$+te" K+est!o# !s "ee'e" !#$r!'!#at!#. ! !t te#"s to e,!$!t a# a#s6er t*at 6o+," e=ose t*e art)76!t#ess to oss!(,e $r!'!#a, ,!a(!,!t) T*+s ! +est!o# re,ates to a ast $r!'!#a,!t) or 6*!$* a 6!t#ess $a# #o ,o#.er (e rose$+te" as 6*e# !t *as a,rea") res$r!(e" or *e *as a,rea") (ee# a$+!tte" or $o#!$te" or 6*ere *e *as (ee# .ra#te" !''+#!t) t*e r!.*t !s #ot aa!,a(,e 5, /i)( #' & 9/"i$d; *a, ccused in "riminal "ase @ a$$+se" 'a) re+se to take t*e sta#" a,to.et*er a#" #ee" #ot 6a!t or a# !#$r!'!#at!#. +est!o# to (e aske"> reaso#& t*e +rose or $a,,!#. *!' !s re$!se,) to !#$r!'!#ate *!' *b, Party in "ivil "ase or dministrative "ase @ art) 'a) !#oke t*e r!.*t as soo# as !#$r!'!#at!#. +est!o# 6!,, (e aske" E=$et!o#& C!!, or a"'!#!strat!e $ase artakes o $r!'!#a, ro$ee"!#.s t*e art) 'a) re+se to take t*e sta#" a,to.et*er  P#$"*#+ v$ Mdi"#+ B,#/d , E9#i!/$ C#&#+ v$ K#8*!#!7 $5 %itness in any case @ r!.*t 'a) (e !#oke" 6*e# !#$r!'!#at!#. +est!o# !s roo+#"e" Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C. TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$e$!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

J


6B7 E9"+*$i,!#/' R*+$ *!d/ S8"i#+ L#$ *+, nti5%iretappin$ ct E=$et!o# to A#t!W!re Ta!#. ;a6 - RA No93:2 T*e H+'a# Se$+r!t) A$t5 Se$t!o# : @ T*e ro!s!o#s o RA No8200 A#t!-W!re Ta!#. ;a65 to t*e $o#trar) #ot6!t*sta#"!#. a o,!$e o ,a6 e#or$e'e#t o$!a, a#" t*e 'e'(ers o *!s tea' 'a) +o# or"er o t*e Co+rt o Aea,s ,!ste# to !#ter$et a#" re$or" 6!t* t*e +se o a#) 'o"e or' k!#" or t)e o e,e$tro#!$ or ot*er s+re!,,a#$e e+!'e#t or !#ter$et!#. a#" tra$k!#. "e!$es or 6!t* t*e +se o a#) ot*er s+!ta(,e 6a)s a#" 'ea#s or t*at +rose a#) $o''+#!$at!o# 'essa.e $o#ersat!o# "!s$+ss!o# or soke# or 6r!tte# 6or"s (et6ee# 'e'(ers o a /+"!$!a,,) "e$,are" a#" o+t,a6e" terror!st or.a#! Deposits !5 RA 18LJ A# A$t Pro*!(!t!#. D!s$,os+re a#" I#+!r) !#to Ba#k Deos!ts !!5 RA L82L Fore!.# C+rre#$) Deos!ts A$t o t*e P*!,!!#es *8, Documentary Stamp Tax
III. BEST EVIDENCE RULE A.

S(#(!( , () R*+ W*e# t*e s+(/e$t o !#+!r) !s t*e $o#te#ts o t*e "o$+'e#t #o e!"e#$e s*a,, (e a"'!ss!(,e ot*er t*a# t*e "o$+'e#t !tse, Se$t!o# 3 R+,e 130 R+,es o Co+rt5 B. S",8 , () R*+ A,!es to a,, or's o "o$+'e#ts $o#ta!#!#. 6r!tte# e=ress!o#s ro!"e" t*e "o$+'et# !s o?ere" to roe !ts $o#te#ts C. D,"*!( d%!d @ reers to 6r!t!#.s or a#) 'ater!a,s $o#ta!#!#. ,etters 6or"s #+'(ers %.+res s)'(o,s or ot*er 'o"es o 6r!tte# e=ress!o# s+$* as "ra6!#.s S#+/ v$ L*"#$ Fi+ L(d7 U#"er t*e (est e!"e#$e r+,e 6*e# t*e s+(/e$t o !#+!r) !s t*e $o#te#t o t*e Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

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6r!t!#.7"o$+'e#t t*e +est!o# !s 6*at t*e "o$+'e#t sa)s5 t*e or!.!#a, o t*e 6r!t!#.7"o$+'e#t '+st (e rese#te" W*at !s state" !# t*e "o$+'e#t $a##ot (e roe# () *oto$o) or ora, re$o,,e$t!o# o a 6!t#ess

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e!"e#$e a se$o#"ar) e!"e#$e ! #ot o(/e$te" to (e$o'es a"'!ss!(,e a#" !s as $re"!(,e as t*e or!.!#a, *?, if t&e subject of inuiry is not t&e contents of t&e document but anot&er matter independent from t&e contents of t&e documentC A(i!# v$. B,#/d , Mdi"i! #!d Si,$,! G.R. N,.1>>0> < F&/*#/' 2011 T*e s+(/e$t o !#+!r) !# t*!s $ase !s 6*et*er reso#"e#t "o$tors are ,!a(,e or .ross #e.,!.e#$e !# re'o!#. t*e r!.*t +#$t!o#!#. k!"#e) o E"!t*a !#stea" o t*e ,et #o#-+#$t!o#!#. k!"#e) #ot t*e roer a#ato'!$a, ,o$at!o#s o E"!t*as k!"#e)s T*+s !t !s #ot #e$essar) to rese#t t*e or!.!#a,s o t*e M-Ra) Re+est For' Bes!"es t*e a$t so+.*t to (e esta(,!s*e" () t*e a"'!ss!o# o t*ese e=*!(!ts =-ra) re+est or's5 t*at *er k!"#e)s 6ree (ot* !# t*e!r roer a#ato'!$a, ,o$at!o#s at t*e t!'e o t*e oerat!o# #ee" #ot (e roe" as !t !s $oere" () 'a#"ator) /+"!$!a, #ot!$e Ti!(# C)i"#+ v$. M#/' A!! O", G.R. N,.1>3< 2> F&/*#/' 2013 T*e s+(/e$t o !#+!r) !s #ot t*e a)ro,, s*eet o Te.e'!#ta rat*er t*e t*r+st o t*!s $ase !s t*e a(+#"a#$e o e!"e#$e rese#t to roe t*e a,,e.at!o# t*at O$o a(a#"o#e" *er /o( () (e!#. o# AWO; Co#se+e#t,) a# e',o)er $a##ot (e ,e.a,,) st+'e" () a a)ro,, s*eet (+t '+st (e a(,e to s+('!t test!'o#!a, a#" ot*er !e$es o "o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e ,!ke ,eae or's o$e 'e'os 6ar#!#. ,etters a#" #ot!$es to (e a(,e to roe t*at t*e e',o)ee a(a#"o#e" *er 6ork

F. E9"8(i,!$ (, B$( Evid!" R*+; *+, ori$inal is lost destroyed or cannot be produced )it&out bad fait& on t&e part of t&e o3eror D V/# v$. A?*i+#/ I t*ere are 'ore t*a# o#e 15 or!.!#a, a,, t*e or!.!#a,s '+st (e a$$o+#te" or (eore se$o#"ar) e!"e#$e 'a) (e !#tro"+$e" De Vera s A.+!,ar5 C,*!(/' B#!/$ I!$*/#!" v$. L##! G.R. N,.1=> 13 4*+' 2011 W*e# t*ere are 'ore t*a# o#e 15 or!.!#a, $o) e=!sts !t '+st aear t*at a,, o t*e' *ae (ee# ,ost "estro)e" or $a##ot (e ro"+$e" !# $o+rt (eore se$o#"ar) e!"e#$e $a# (e .!e# o a#) o#e A *oto$o) 'a) #ot (e +se" 6!t*o+t a$$o+#t!#. or t*e ot*er or!.!#a,s *., ori$inal is in possession of adverse party Ed$# 5,(+ v$. BF C,/8,/#(i,! T*e #ot!$e to t*e a"erse art) 'a) (e !# t*e or' o a5 a 'ot!o# or t*e r"+$t!o# o t*e or!.!#a, R+,e 2:5> or (5 'a"e !# oe# $o+rt !# t*e rese#$e o t*e a"erse art)> or $5 !a s+(oe#a "+$es te$+' ro!"e" t*e a"erse art) !s .!e# s+$!e#t t!'e to ro"+$e t*e or!.!#a, *2, ori$inal is a public record in t&e custody of a public o'cer or recorded in a public o'ce )&ic& may be evidenced by a certi(ed true copy t&ereof *4, ori$inal consists of numerous accounts or voluminous documents C,8#!i# M#/i(i# v$. A++id F/ W,//$ T*e o,+'!#o+s re$or"s '+st (e 'a"e aa!,a(,e7a$$ess!(,e to t*e a"erse art) so t*at t*e $orre$t#ess o t*e s+''ar) o t*e o,+'!#o+s re$or"s 'a) (e teste" o# $ross-e=a'!#at!o# U#"er t*e ore.o!#. e=$et!o#s 6*ere t*e or!.!#a, 6r!t!#. !s #ot aa!,a(,e or o#e reaso# or a#ot*ert*e #e=t (est e!"e#$e to roe !ts $o#te#ts 6!,, (e t*e o,,o6!#. se$o#"ar) e!"e#$e !# t*!s or"er& 15 $o) o t*e 6r!t!#. 25 a#ot*er "o$+'e#t re$!t!#. !ts $o#te#ts 35 test!'o#) o a 6!t#ess 6*o *as rea" or k#o6s a(o+t !t

IV. PAROL EVIDENCE RULE Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

4


S(#(!( , () R*+ W*e# t*e ter's o a# a.ree'e#t *ae (ee# re"+$e" to 6r!t!#. !t !s $o#s!"ere" as $o#ta!#!#. a,, t*e ter's a.ree" +o# a#" t*ere $a# (e (et6ee# t*e art!es a#" t*e!r s+$$essors !# !#terests #o e!"e#$e o s+$* ter's ot*er t*a# t*e $o#te#ts o t*e 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t 6S"(i,! < R*+ 1307 P*/8,$ , () /*+; to .!e $erta!#t) to 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t resere !ts re,!a(!,!t) a#" rote$t !ts sa#$t!t) T*!s ro$ee"s ro' t*e re'!se t*at soke# 6or"s are a"'!tte",) +#re,a!(,e .!e# t*e ra!,t) o *+'a# 'e'or) +#,!ke 6r!tte# $o#tra$t 6*!$* seaks o +#!or' ,a#.+a.e T*e ter' aro, 'ea#s so'et*!#. ora, (+t or +roses o t*e r+,e !t 'ea#s e=tra#eo+s e!"e#$e or e!"e#$e a,!+#"e e!t*er ora, or 6r!tte# 6*!$* !s o+ts!"e o t*e 6r!tte# $o#tra$t (et6ee# t*e art!es Paro, e!"e#$e r+,e (e$o'es oeat!e 6*e# t*e !ss+es !# t*e ,!t!.at!o# are t*e ter's o t*e 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t Paro, e!"e#$e r+,e res+oses t*e e=!ste#$e o a 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t 6*!$* !s so+.*t to (e 'o"!%e" a,tere" or ar!e" () e=tra#eo+s e!"e#$e t*at !s e!"e#$e ot*er t*a# t*e 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t !tse, T*e !#tro"+$t!o# o e!"e#$e 6*!$* te#"s to ar) t*e ter's o t*e 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t !s (arre" (e$a+se 6*ateer !s #ot o+#" !# t*e 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t !s $o#s!"ere" 6a!e" a#" a(a#"o#e" Y* T v$. G,!#+$5

INSTANCES W5ERE PAROL EVIDENCE RULE DOES NOT APPLY & *+, )&en t&e document in dispute is not a contract li>e a mere receipt since t&e rule presupposes a )ritten a$reement * Cruz vs. Court of Appeals , *., )&en at least one of t&e parties to t&e case is not a party to t&e )ritten a$reement since t&e rule applies only to suits bet)een parties to t&e )ritten contract and t&eir successors5in5interest * Lechugas vs. Court of Appeals ,C T*!s !s re'!se" o# t*e (as!$ r+,e t*at o#,) art!es are (o+#" () t*e ter's o a $o#tra$t Ho6eer 6*!,e aro, e!"e#$e r+,e *as #o a,!$at!o# to a stra#.er to a $o#tra$t a erso# 6*o $,a!'s to (e t*e (e#e%$!ar) o a# a,,e.e" st!+,at!o# pour autrui 'a) (e $o#s!"ere" a art) to t*e $o#tra$t a#" t*ereore *e !s re$,+"e" ro' !#tro"+$!#. ora, e!"e#$e to ar) t*e ter's o a 6r!tte# $o#tra$t oreoer to re$,+"e t*e a,!$at!o# o t*e aro, e!"e#$e r+,e !t '+st (e s*o6# t*at at ,east o#e o t*e art!es to t*e s+!t !s #ot art) or r!) o a art) to t*e 6r!tte# !#str+'e#t !# +est!o# a#" "oes #ot (ase a $,a!' o# t*e !#str+'e#t or assert a r!.*t or!.!#at!#. !# t*e !#str+'e#t or t*e re,at!o# esta(,!s*e" t*ere() A (e#e%$!ar) o a st!+,at!o# o+r a+tr+! o(!o+s,) (ases *!s $,a!' o# t*e $o#tra$t He t*ereore $a##ot $,a!' to (e a stra#.er to t*e $o#tra$t a#" res!st t*e a,!$at!o# o t*e aro, e!"e#$e r+,e Heirs of Mario Pacres vs. Heirs of Cecilia Ygona, G.R. No.1!1", # Ma$ %&1& 5 *2, )&en t&e prior or contemporaneous a$reement is independent from or not inconsistent )it& t&e terms of a )ritten a$reement * Ro'les vs. Lizarraga Her(anos ,C *4, )&ere any of t&e exception to t&e parol evidence rule applies in )&ic& case a party may present parol evidence to modify explain or add to t&e terms of t&e )ritten a$reement if &e puts in issue in &is pleadin$s t&e follo)in$: !5 a# !#tr!#s!$ a'(!.+!t) '!stake or !'ere$t!o# !# t*e 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t P#+#!"# v$. Wi+$,! H C,.5> !!5 t*e a!,+re o t*e 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t to e=ress t*e tr+e !#te#t a#" a.ree'e#t o t*e art!es E!/i?* v$. R#,$ L#!d S((+!( Dv+,8!( C,/8,/#(i,! v$. G#/"i#7 !!!5 t*e a,!"!t) o t*e 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t !e $o#tra$ts 6!t*o+t $o#s!"erat!o# or 6*ere $o#se#t !s !t!ate" () "+ress or$e a#" !#t!'!"at!o#> T*e oerat!o# o t*e aro, e!"e#$e r+,e re+!res t*e e=!ste#$e o a a,!" 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t It !s t*+s #ot a,!$a(,e !# a ro$ee"!#. 6*ere t*e Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C. TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$e$!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

9


!5

a,!"!t) o s+$* a.ree'e#t !s t*e a$t !# "!s+te s+$* as 6*e# t*e $o#tra$t 'a) (e o!" or ,a$k o $o#s!"erat!o# Co#s!"er!#. t*at t*e Dee" o Sa,e *as (ee# s*o6# to (e o!" or (e!#. a(so,+te,) s!'+,ate" a#" or ,a$k o $o#s!"erat!o# t*e *e!rs o A,o#so are #ot re$,+"e" ro' rese#t!#. e!"e#$e to 'o"!) e=,a!# or a"" to t*e ter's o t*e 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t Heirs of )reta vs. Heirs of )reta, G.R. No.1*#!+, 1! epte('er %&115 t*e e=!ste#$e o ot*er ter's a.ree" to () t*e art!es or t*e!r s+$$essors!#-!#terest ater t*e e=e$+t!o# o t*e 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t as 6*e#  as 6*e# t*e art!es s+(se+e#t,) 'o"!%e" t*e ter's o t*e!r or!.!#a, a.ree'e#t C#!*(, v$. M#/i#!,5

W*ere t*e a"erse art) a!,s to o(/e$t o# t!'e aro, e!"e#$e 'a) (e a"'!tte" () t*e $o+rt to ar) a,ter or 'o"!) t*e ter's o a 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t  Wi++9 P+#$(i" I!d*$(/i$ C,/8. v$. C,*/( , A88#+$ 5

DISTINCTION BETWEEN BEST EVIDENCE RULE AND PAROL EVIDENCE RULE; !5 I# t*e Best E!"e#$e R+,e t*e +est!o# to (e a#s6ere" !s - 6*at "oes t*e "o$+'e#t sa)> 6*!,e !# Paro, E!"e#$e R+,e t*e +est!o# !s @ 6*at *ae t*e art!es to t*e $o#tra$t a.ree" +o# !!5 T*e Best E!"e#$e R+,e esta(,!s*es a reere#$e or t*e or!.!#a, oer a se$o#"ar) e!"e#$e> 6*!,e Paro, E!"e#$e R+,e !s #ot $o#$er#e" 6!t* r!'a$) o e!"e#$e (+t !t res+oses t*at t*e or!.!#a, !s aa!,a(,e 'ea#!#. t*e Best E!"e#$e R+,e *as to (e $o',!e" 6!t*> !!!5 T*e Best E!"e#$e R+,e re$,+"es t*e a"'!ss!o# o t*e se$o#"ar) e!"e#$e ! t*e or!.!#a, "o$+'e#t !s aa!,a(,e> 6*!,e t*e Paro, E!"e#$e R+,e re$,+"es t*e a"'!ss!o# o e!"e#$e ot*er t*a# t*e $o#te#ts o t*e "o$+'e#t to roe t*e ter's o a 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t> !5 T*e Best E!"e#$e R+,e $a# (e !#oke" () a#) ,!t!.a#t to a# a$t!o# 6*et*er or #ot sa!" ,!t!.a#t !s a art) to t*e "o$+'e#t !#o,e"> 6*!,e t*e Paro, E!"e#$e R+,e $a# (e !#oke" o#,) a.a!#st a art) to t*e 6r!tte# a.ree'e#t a#" t*e!r s+$$essors-!#-!#terest> 5 T*e Best E!"e#$e R+,e a,!es to a,, or's o "o$+'e#ts> 6*!,e Paro, E!"e#$e R+,e a,!es o#,) to 6r!tte# $o#tra$ts a#" 6!,,s V. EJTRA-4UDICIAL ADMISSIONS CONFESSIONS COMPROMISES AND RES INTER ALIOS ACTA RULE Ki!d$ , Adi$$i,!$; a5 +"!$!a, A"'!ss!o# Se$t!o# 8 R+,e 1295 (5 E=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 1305 Ki!d$ , E9(/#-*di"i#+ Adi$$i,! & 6A7 Adi$$i,! &' # P#/('6Adi$$i,! A#i!$( I!(/$(7 Statement of t&e Rule: T*e a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# o a art) as to a#) re,ea#t a$t 'a)(e .!e# !# e!"e#$e a.a!#st *!'  Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 1305 Reason for t&e Rule !s !ts !#*ere#t re,!a(!,!t) or #o o#e 6o+," 'ake a# a"erse a"'!ss!o# a.a!#st *!'se, ! s+$* !s #ot tr+e - Reers to a# e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# a#" t*e a"'!ss!o# !s a.a!#st t*e !#terest o t*e a"'!tter T*+s se,-ser!#. a"'!ss!o# !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e - T*e r+,e o# e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# +#"er Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 130 $o#te',ates o a s!t+at!o# 6*ere t*e "e$,ara#t !s #ot !# $o+rt (+t so'eo#e 6*o *a" *ear"7see# t*e a"'!ss!o# test!%es !# $o+rt as to t*e a"'!ss!o# 'a"e () t*e "e$,ara#t I# ot*er6or"s t*e "e$,ara#t *!'se, !s #ot t*e 6!t#ess (e$a+se t*e 'o'e#t t*e "e$,ara#t $o'es or6ar" a#" test!%es a#" re!terates !# $o+rt *!s e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# t*e# s+$* a"'!ss!o# (e$o'es a /+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

10


- S!#$e t*e 6!t#ess !s #ot t*e "e$,ara#t *!'se, t*e test!'o#) o s+$* 6!t#ess !#soar as t*e a"'!ss!o# 'a"e () t*e "e$,ara#t !s $o#$er#e" !s #e$essar!,,) *earsa) $o#s!"er!#. t*at t*e 6!t#ess *as #o erso#a, k#o6,e".e as to t*e tr+t* or a,s!t) o t*e a"'!ss!o# a#" t*e "e$,ara#t 6*o !s #ot !# t*e 6!t#ess sta#" $a##ot (e $ross-e=a'!#e" () t*e art) a.a!#st 6*o' t*e a"'!ss!o# !s o?ere" !# e!"e#$e - B+t 6*!,e a# e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# !s #e$essar!,,) *earsa) +#"er Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 130 t*e sa'e !s a"'!ss!(,e a.a!#st t*e "e$,ara#t T*e reaso# 6*) a# a"'!ss!o# - ee# ! *earsa)- !s a"'!ss!(,e !s t*at t*e "e$,ara#t !s #ot e=e$te" to $ross-e=a'!#e *!'se, I# ot*er6or"s ! 6*at 'akes a# e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# *earsa) !s t*e a(se#$e o o+rt+#!t) o t*e art) a.a!#st 6*o' t*e a"'!ss!o# !s o?ere" to $ross-e=a'!#e t*e erso# 6*o 'a"e t*e e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# t*e# o(!o+s,) s+$* reaso# "oes #ot e=!st !# $ase o a# e=tra /+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# s!#$e t*e erso# 6*o 'a"e t*e a"a'!ss!o# !s t*e sa'e erso# a.a!#st 6*o' t*e a"'!ss!o# !s o?ere" !# e!"e#$eEstra"a s Des!erto5 - W*!,e t*e e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# +#"er Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 130 !s #ot a'o#. t*ose e=$et!o#s to t*e *earsa) r+,e e#+'erate" +#"er Se$t!o#s 3: to 8: o R+,e 130 t*e S+re'e Co+rt $ate.or!$a,,) r+,e" !# Estra"a s Des!erto t*at a"'!ss!o# +#"er Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 130 !s a# e=$et!o# to t*e *earsa) e!"e#$e r+,e - W*!,e a"'!ss!o# +#"er Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 130 a#" De$,arat!o# A.a!#st I#terest +#"er Se$t!o# 34 R+,e 130 are (ot* e=$et!o#s to *earsa) e!"e#$e r+,e t*e) are "!st!#$t ro' ea$* ot*er

DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN ADMISSION UNDER SECTION 2 AND DECLARATION AGAINST INTEREST UNDER SECTION 3= !5 t*e a"'!ss!o# +#"er Se$t!o# 2L !s a"'!ss!(,e a.a!#st t*e "e$,ara#t o#,)> 6*!,e "e$,arat!o# a.a!#st !#terest +#"er Se$t!o# 34 !s a"'!ss!(,e #ot o#,) a.a!#st t*e a"''!tter (+t a,so a.a!#st t*!r" art)> !!5 !# a"'!ss!o# +#"er Se$t!o# 2L t*e "e$,ara#t #ee" #ot (e "ea" or +#a(,e to test!)> 6*!,e !# "e$,arat!o# a.a!#st !#terest +#"er Se$t!o# 34 a,!es o#,) ! t*e "e$,ara#t !s "ea" or +#a(,e to test!)> !!!5a# a"'!ss!o# +#"er Se$t!o# 34 'a) (e 'a"e at a#) t!'e ee# "+r!#. t*e tr!a,> 6*!,e "e$,arat!o# a.a!#st !#terest !s 'a"e (eore t*e $o#troers) ar!ses DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN EJTRA-4UDICIAL ADMISSION UNDER SECTION 2 AND 4UDICIAL ADMISSION UNDER SECTION  RULE 2< !5 A /+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# !s 'a"e !# t*e $o+rse o a /+"!$!a, ro$ee"!#. !# t*e sa'e $ase> 6*!,e a# e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# !s 'a"e o+t o $o+rt or !# a /+"!$!a, ro$ee"!#. !#o,!#. a "!?ere#t $ase ot*er t*a# t*e $ase 6*ere t*e a"'!ss!o# !s !#tro"+$e" !# e!"e#$e> !!5 A /+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# !s (!#"!#. a#" $o#$,+s!e +o# t*e a"'!tter> 6*!,e a# e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# 'a)(e $o#tra"!$te" () t*e a"'!tter> !!!5A /+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# re+!res #o roo a#" #ee" #ot (e or'a,,) o?ere"> 6*!,e a# e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# re+!res roo a#" #ee"s to (e or'a,,) o?ere" !# e!"e#$e 6B7 R$ I!(/ A+i,$ A"(# T, B/#!")$ , R$ I!(/ A+i,$ A"(#; -a A/(ission '$ thir/ part$ * Res 0nter Alios Acta Rule of the irst 2ranch , Statement of t&e rule: T*e r!.*ts o a art) $a##ot (e re/+"!$e" () a# a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# o a#ot*er Se$t!o# 24 R+,e 1305 Reason be&ind t&e rule: s!#$e t*e t*!r" art)-"e$,ara#t $a##ot (e $rossPreare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C. TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$e$!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

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e=a'!#e" () t*e art) a.a!#st 6*o' t*e a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# !s o?ere" "+e ro$ess "e'a#"s t*at t*e ,atter s*a,, #ot (e re/+"!$e" () t*e a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# o t*e or'er - T*e res inter alios acta rule  res+oses a# e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# (e$a+se t*e "e$,ara#t !s #ot t*e o#e test!)!#. !# $o+rt a#" t*ereore *e $a##ot (e $ross-e=a'!#e" () t*e art) a.a!#st 6*o' t*e "e$,arat!o# !s o?ere" !# e!"e#$e It $o#te',ates o a s!t+at!o# 6*ere a#ot*er erso# 6!t#ess5 test!%es !# $o+rt as to t*e a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# 'a"e () a art) o+ts!"e o $o+rt T*e 6!t#ess !s a erso# 6*o $,a!'s to *ae *ear" or k#o6# o t*e e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# 'a"e () a art) "e$,ara#t5 I t*e "e$,ara#t *!'se, takes t*e 6!t#ess sta#" a#" re!terates !# $o+rt *!s e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# t*at *e 'a"e o+ts!"e o $o+rt *!s ot*er6!se e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# (e$o'es a /+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# a#" as s+$* !t !s a"'!ss!(,e a.a!#st a#ot*er art) T*e reaso# !s o(!o+s @ t*at ot*er art) a.a!#st 6*o' t*e a"'!ss!o# !s o?ere" !# e!"e#$e *as t*e o+rt+#!t) to $ross-e=a'!#e t*e "e$,ara#t a#" t*ereore "+e ro$ess !s $o',!e" 6!t*

EJCEPTIONS TO RES INTER ALIOS ACTA RULE OF T5E FIRST BRANC5 & 6i7 Adi$$i,! &' ",-8#/(!/#!(,i!(-,!/,i!(-d&(,/ Se$ 29 R+,e 1305 Reason for t&e exception @ s!#$e art#ers $o-o6#ers a#" $o"e(tors 6!t* rese$t to ea$* ot*er or a.e#t !# re,at!o# to *!s r!#$!a, ossess !"e#t!t) o !#terest a#" are s!'!,ar,) $!r$+'sta#$e" t*e) are "ee'e" () ,a6 as o#e a#" t*e sa'e art) s+$* t*at t*e a"'!ss!o# 'a"e a art#er /o!#t-o6#er /o!#t"e(tor or a.e#t !s (!#"!#. a#" a"'!ss!(,e a.a!#st t*e ot*er art#ers /o!#t-o6#ers /o!#t-"e(tors or r!#$!a, (e$a+se s+$* a"'!ss!o# $a##ot (e "ee'e" as a# a"'!ss!o# 'a"e () a t*!r" art) +#"er Se$t!o# 24 R+,e 1305 (+t a# a"'!ss!o# 'a"e () t*e art) *!'se, 6*!$* !s a"'!ss!(,e +#"er Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 130 R?*i$i($ ,/ () 9"8(i,! (, #88+'; a5 t*ere '+st (e a# a$t or "e$,arat!o# 'a"e () a art#er7/o!#to6#er7/o!#t-"e(tor or a.e#t> (5 t*e a$t or "e$,arat!o# '+st (e 6!t*!# t*e s$oe o t*e a+t*or!t) o t*e art#er7/o!#t-o6#er7/o!#t-"e(tor or a.e#t a#" 'a"e "+r!#. t*e e=!ste#$e o t*e art#ers*!7/o!#to6#ers*!7/o!#t-"e(t7a.e#$)> $5 t*ere '+st (e a# !#"ee#"e#t e!"e#$e o t*e e=!ste#$e o t*e art#ers*!7/o!#t-o6#ers*!7/o!#t-"e(t7a.e#$) 6ii7 Adi$$i,! &' # ",-",!$8i/#(,/ Se$t!o# 30 R+,e 1305 Reason for t&e exception @ sa'e as t*at o a# a"'!ss!o# () a art#er7/o!#t-o6#er7/o!#t-"e(tor7a.e#t5 R?*i$i($ ,/ () 9"8(i,! (, #88+'; a5 t*ere '+st (e a# a$t or "e$,arat!o# 'a"e () a $o-$o#s!rator> (5 t*e a$t or "e$,arat!o# '+st re,ate to t*e $o#s!ra$) a#" "+r!#. t*e e=!ste#$e o t*e $o#s!ra$) T*+s t*e e=tra-/+"!$!a, a"'!ss!o# 'a"e () a $o#s!rator ater t*e $r!'e 6as $o#s+''ate" !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e a.a!#st t*e ot*er $o-$o#s!rators re$!se,) (e$a+se s+$* a"'!ss!o# 6as #ot 'a"e "+r!#. t*e e=!ste#$e o $o#s!ra$)  P,8+ v$. *id#(, 2<> SCRA 15> a#" $5 t*ere '+st (e a# !#"ee#"e#t e!"e#$e o t*e $o#s!ra$) ot*er t*a# t*e a$t or "e$,arat!o# 'a"e () t*e $o#ess!#. $o#s!rator  People vs. Guittap, G.R. No.1!!*%1, " Ma$ %&&34 People vs. Michael 2o5ingo, G.R. No.1+#3*, 1& August %&115 6iii7 Adi$$i,! &' P/ivi$ Se$t!o# 31 R+,e 1305 Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

12


Reason for t&e exception @ s!#$e t*e s+$$essor 'ere,) stes !#to t*e s*oes o t*e re"e$essor t*e) are "ee'e" () ,a6 as ossess!#. t*e sa'e !#terest a#" s!'!,ar,) $!r$+'sta#$e" 6!t* rese$t to t*e roert) a$+!re" () t*e or'er ro' t*e ,atter s+$* t*at t*e re!o+s a"'!ss!o# 'a"e () t*e re"e$essor 6*!,e st!,, *o,"!#. t!t,e to t*e roert) !s (!#"!#. a#" a"'!ss!(,e a.a!#st t*e re"e$essor 6*o !s rese#t,) *o,"!#. t*e t!t,e (e$a+se s+$* a"'!ss!o# $a##ot (e "ee'e" as a# a"'!ss!o# () a t*!r" art) ros$r!(e" +#"er t*e res !#ter a,!os a$ta r+,e R?*i$i($ ,/ () 9"8(i,! (, #88+'; a5 t*ere '+st (e a# a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# 'a"e () a re"e$essor-!#-!#terest> (5 t*e a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# re,ates to t*e roert) a#" 'a"e 6*!,e t*e re"e$essor "e$,ara#t5 6as st!,, *o,"!#. t!t,e to t*e roert)> T*+s ! t*e a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# 6as 'a"e &,/ t*e re"e$essor "e$,ara#t5 (e$a'e t*e o6#er o t*e roert) Ci(' , M#!i+# v$. D+ R,$#/i, 5 or #(/ t*e re"e$essor *a" arte" 6!t* t*e o6#ers*! o t*e roert) to *!s s+$$essor-!#-!#terest  Ci(' , M#!i+# v$. D+ R,$#/i, Gv/, v$. IAC5 t*e# s+$* a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e a.a!#st t*e s+$$essor (c) t*e t!t,e to t*e roert) !s #o6 (e!#. tra#serre" to a#" rese#t,) *e," () t*e s+$$essor-!#-!#terest

-' i(ilar Acts or Previous Con/uct Rule -Res 0nter Alios Acta Rule of the econ/ 2ranch Statement of t&e rule - E!"e#$e t*at o#e "!" or "!" #ot "o a $erta!# t*!#. at o#e t!'e !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e to roe t*at *e "!" or "!" #ot "o t*e sa'e or s!'!,ar t*!#. at a#ot*er t!'e S"(i,! 3 R*+ 1305 Reason for t&e rule: E!"e#$e o s!'!,ar a$t s or o$$+re#$es $o'e,s t*e "ee#"a#t to 'eet a,,e.at!o#s t*at are #ot 'e#t!o#e" !# t*e $o',a!#t $o#+ses *!' !# *!s "ee#se ra!ses a ar!et) o re,ea#t !ss+es a#" "!erts t*e atte#t!o# o t*e $o+rt ro' t*e !ss+es !''e"!ate,) (eore !t He#$e t*e e!"e#t!ar) r+,e .+ar"s a.a!#st ra$t!$a, !#$o#e#!e#$e o tr)!#. $o,,atera, !ss+es a#" rotra$t!#. t*e tr!a, a#" ree#t s+rr!se or ot*er '!s$*!e re/+"!$!a, to ,!t!.a#ts  C/* v$. C,*/( , A88#+$ G.R. N,.12>13 2> 4*+' 1<<= 5 W*!,e e!"e#$e o s!'!,ar a$ts or re!o+s $o#"+$t !s !#a"'!ss!(,e to roe t*at t*e erso# "!" or "!" #ot "o t*e sa'e or s!'!,ar $o#"+$t at a#ot*er t!'e !t !s *o6eer a"'!ss!(,e to roe& !5 se$!%$ !#te#t> !!5 k#o6,e".e> !!!5 !"e#t!t)> !5 ,a#> 5 s)ste'> !5 s$*e'e> !!5 *a(!t> !!!5 $+sto'> (ix) +sa.e> a#" t*e ,!ke  S"(i,! 3 R*+ 130 5

OFFER OF COMPROMISE 6S"(i,! 2> R*+ 1307 A. I! Civi+ C#$$ @ o?er o $o'ro'!se !s #ot a# a"'!ss!o# o ,!a(!,!t) a#" !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e a.a!#st t*e o?eror Reason for t&e rule: I# $!!, $ases t*e o,!$) !s to e#$o+ra.e $o'ro'!se B. I! C/ii!#+ C#$$ @ a# o?er o $o'ro'!se () t*e a$$+se" 'a) (e re$e!e" !# Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C. TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$e$!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

13


e!"e#$e as a# !',!e" a"'!ss!o# o .+!,t E9"8(i,!$; !5 !# +as!-o?e#ses7$r!'!#a, #e.,!.e#$e $ases !!5 $ases a,,o6e" () ,a6 to (e $o'ro'!se" s+$* as !# $ases !#o,!#. $r!'!#a, rose$+t!o# or !o,at!o# o t*e Nst!o#a, I#ter#a, Ree#+e Co"e 6*ere $o'ro'!se !s a,,o6e" +#"er Se$t!o# 208 t*ereo !!!5 A ,ea o .+!,t) ,ater 6!t*"ra6# or a# +#a$$ete" o?er o a ,ea o .+!,t) to a ,esser o?e#se> !5 U#"er t*e Goo" Sa'ar!ta R+,e t*at !s a# o?er to a) or t*e a)'e#t o 'e"!$a, *os!ta, or ot*er e=e#ses o$$ass!o#e" () a# !#/+r) !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e !# e!"e#$e as roo o $!!, or $r!'!#a, ,!a(!,!t) or t*e !#/+r) OT5ER FORMS OF OFFER OF COMPROMISE; !5 P,ea or or.!e#ess 'a"e () t*e a$$+se" or () a 'e'(er o *!s a'!,) or a t*!r" art) 6!t* t*e !',!e" a$+!s$!e#$e or rat!%$at!o# o t*e a$$+se"  P8 v$. D G*#!5> !!5 O?er o 'arr!a.e 'a"e () t*e a$$+se" B+t ! t*e o?er o 'arr!a.e 6as 'a"e () a t*!r" art) +s,!' I'a'5 6!t*o+t t*e !#o,e'e#t o t*e a$$+se" s+$* o?er !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e as !',!e" a"'!ss!o# o .+!,t P,8+ v$. D#!!' G,d,' 5> !!!5O?er o a)'e#t o 'o#e) or a#)t*!#. o a,+e ot*er t*a# or 'e"!$a, or *os!ta, e=e#ses o$$ass!o#e" () !#/+r)> !5O?er o rest!t+t!o#

VI. 5EARSAY EVIDENCE RULE eneral Rule: A 6!t#ess $a# test!) o#,) to t*ose a$ts 6*!$* *e k#o6s o *!s erso#a, k#o6,e".e t*at !s 6*!$* are "er!e" ro' *!s o6# er$et!o# Se$t!o# 3L R+,e 1305

Reasons 6*) *earsa) e!"e#$e !s !#a"'!ss!(,e 6E$(/#d# v$ D$i/(,7; 15 ;a$k o $ross-e=a'!#at!o# s!#$e t*e 6!t#ess !s #ot t*e "e$,ara#t a#" t*e "e$,ara#t !s #ot !# $o+rt 25 A(se#$e o "e'ea#or e!"e#$e s!#$e t*e "e$,ara#t !s #ot t*e o#e test!)!#. !# $o+rt 35 A(se#$e o a# oat* s!#$e t*e "e$,ara#t !s #ot t*e o#e test!)!#. !# $o+rt Se$t!o# 1 R+,e 1325 T*e "eter'!#at!o# o 6*et*er a# e!"e#$e !s *earsa) or #ot "ee#"s o# t*e +rose or 6*!$* t*e e!"e#$e !s o?ere"& a5 Hearsa) r+,e a,!es ! e!"e#$e !s or t*e +rose o ro!#. t*e tr+t* o t*e assert!o#7"e$,arat!o#7state'e#t or ot*er6!se o?ere" or *earsa) +roses> (5 I t*e e!"e#$e !s o?ere" or #o#-*earsa) +roses re.ar",ess o t*e tr+t* or a,s!t) o t*e assert!o#7"e$,arat!o#7state'e#t !t !s #ot *earsa) a#" t*ereore a"'!ss!(,e A# e!"e#$e !s "ee'e" to (e o?ere" or #o#-*earsa) +roses ! !t !s o?ere" to roe t*at a state'e#t7assert!o#7"e$,arat!o# 6as 'a"e a#" s+$* state'e#t7assert!o#7"e$,arat!o# !s re,ea#t to t*e $ase re.ar",ess o !ts tr+t* or a,s!t) ea#!#. to sa) s+$* state'e#t7assert!o#7"e$,arat!o# !s INDEPENDENT;Y RE;EVANT TO THE CASE A# assert!o#7"e$,arat!o#7state'e#t !s !#"ee#"e#t,) re,ea#t to t*e $ase re.ar",ess o !ts tr+t* or a,s!t) 6*e#& a5 S+$* assert!o#7"e$,arat!o#7state'e#t !s t*e er) a$t !# !ss+e !# t*e $ase e. rose$+t!o#s or t*e $r!'es o ,!(e, ora, "ea'at!o# t*reats> or (5 S+$* assert!o#7"e$,arat!o#7state'e#t !s a $!r$+'sta#t!a, e!"e#$e o a a$t !# !ss+e s+$* as& a T*e 'e#ta, state e'ot!o#s k#o6,e".e (e,!e !#te#t!o# !,,-6!,, (!as o te* "e$,ara#t> Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

18


( $ " e

P*)s!$a, $o#"!t!o# s+$* as !,,#ess o t*e "e$,ara#t> T*e 'e#ta, $o#"!t!o#7state o '!#" o t*e ,!ste#er> State'e#t s*o6!#. $re"!(!,!t) o a 6!t#ess e. r!or !#$o#s!ste#t stae'e#t> State'e#t 6*!$* 'a) esta(,!s*7!"e#t!) t*e "ate ,a$e a#" erso# !# +est!o#

Cross-e=a'!#at!o# !s #e$essar) to "eter'!#e t*e +a,!t!es o a 6!t#ess () test!#. *!s& a5 Vera$!t) @ s!#$er!t) or 6!,,!#.e#ss to te,, t*e tr+t* t*at !s 6*et*er t*e 6!t#ess *a" a#) reaso# to ,!e> (5 Co'ete#$) @ a(!,!t) to te,, t*e tr+t* 6*!$* "ee#"s o# t*ree 35 a$tors& ! o(serat!o# - t*e a(!,!t) to er$e!e t*e ee#t er$et!o#5 - t*e +est!o# *ere !s "!" t*e 6!t#ess er$e!e 6*at *e "es$r!(es a#" "!" *e er$e!e a$$+rate,) !! 'e'or) - t*e a(!,!t) to reta!# 6*at !s er$e!e" - t*e +est!o# *ere !s *as t*e 6!t#ess reta!#e" a# a$$+rate !'ress!o# o *!s er$et!o# !!! tra#s'!ss!o# - t*e a(!,!t) to tra#s'!t *!s re$o,,e$t!o# o t*e ee#t #arrat!o#5 - t*e +est!o# *ere !s "oes *!s ,a#.+a.e $o#e) t*at !'ress!o# a$$+rate,) He#$e !# or"er to e#$o+ra.e t*e 6!t#ess to "o *!s (est 6!t* rese$t to ea$* o t*ese a$tors a#" to e=ose !#a$$+ra$!es 6*!$* 'a) e#ter !# t*e 6!t#ess s*a,, !"ea,,) (e re+!re" to test!)& a5 +#"er oat*> (5 !# t*e erso#a, rese#$e o t*e tr!er o a$t "e'ea#or e!"e#$e5> a#" $5 +#"er $ross-e=a'!#at!o# T*e r+,e a.a!#st t*e *earsa) !s "es!.#e" to !#s+re $o',!a#$e 6!t* t*ese !"ea, $o#"t!o#s a#" 6*e# o#e o t*e' !s a(se#t t*e *earsa) o(/e$t!o# (e$o'es ert!#e#t T*e r+,e a.a!#st *earsa) e!"e#$e !s to resere t*e r!.*t o t*e art!es to $rosse=a'!#e t*e or!.!#a, erso#s 6*o *ae k#o6,e".e o t*e tra#sa$t!o# or ee#t

EJCEPTIONS TO 5EARSAY& A7 DYING DECLARATION Se$t!o# 34 R+,e 1305 Reasons for admissibility P8 v$ C/i++# G.R. N,. 1>>1> 2= N,v&/ 200>5& a) #e$ess!t) @ t*e "e$,ara#ts "eat* re#"ers !t !'oss!(,e *!s tak!#. t*e 6!t#ess sta#" a#" !t ote# *ae#s t*at t*ere !s #o ot*er e+a,,) sat!sa$tor) roo o t*e $r!'e A,,o6!#. a"'!ss!o# o a ")!#. "e$,arat!o# t*ereore ree#ts a a!,+re o /+st!$e b) tr+st6ort*!#ess @ #o erso# a6are o *!s !'e#"!#. "eat* 6o+," 'ake a $are,ess a#" a,se a$$+sat!o# Po!#t o "eat* !s so so,e'# a#" a6+, e+a, to a# oat* R?*i$i($; Pp vs Cerilla, G.R. No. 11!, %+ Nove('er %&&4 People vs. alafranca, G.R. No.13!*, %% e'ruar$ %&1%4 People vs. 6e7illo, G.R. No.1+#&&#, 1& 6ece('er %&1% 5& +, T&e declaration must concern t&e cause and surroundin$ circumstances of t&e declarants deat& *not ot&er persons deat&, )&ic& refers not only to t&e facts of t&e assault itself but also to matters bot& before and after t&e assault &avin$ a direct causal connection )it& itC T*+s state'e#ts !#"!$at!#. "e,!(erat!o# a#" 6!,,+,#ess !# t*e atta$k !#"!$at!#. t*e reaso# or 'ot!e or t*e k!,,!#. /+st!)!#. t*e k!,,!#. or !#"!$at!#. t*e a(se#$e o $a+se or t*e a$t are a"'!ss!(,e ., t t&e time t&e declaration )as made t&e declarant must be under t&e consciousness of an impendin$ deat&C T*e r+,e !s t*at a %=e" (e,!e !# !#e!ta(,e a#" !''!#e#t "eat* '+st (e Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C. TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$e$!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

1J


e#terta!#e" () t*e "e$,ara#t It !s t*e (e,!e !# !'e#"!#. "eat* a#" #ot t*e ra!" s+$$ess!o# o "eat* !# o!#t o a$t t*at re#"ers t*e ")!#. "e$,arat!o# a"'!ss!(,e T*e test !s 6*et*er t*e "e$,ara#t *as a(a#"o#e" a,, *oes o s+r!a, a#" ,ooke" at "eat* as $erta!#,) !'e#"!#. B+t take #ote o t*e rat!%$at!o# "o$tr!#e 6*!$* states t*at a state'e#t 'a"e +#"er $!r$+'sta#$es 6*!$* 6o+," #ot re#"er !t a"'!ss!(,e as a ")!#. "e$,arat!o# (e$o'es a"'!ss!(,e as s+$* ! aroe" or reeate" () t*e "e$,ara#t ater *e *a" a(a#"o#e" a,, *oe o re$oer) I# P8 v$ B#&i/# 62 P)i+ <>7  a,t*o+.* t*e state'e#t !# !tse, !s !#a"'!ss!(,e as a# ante mortem "e$,arat!o# !# as '+$* as t*ere !s #ot*!#. to s*o6 t*at at t*e t!'e *e 'a"e !t Seer!#o Haro k#e6 or %r',) (e,!ee" t*at *e 6as at t*e o!#t o "eat* #eert*e,ess ater *a!#. rat!%e" !ts $o#te#ts a 6eek ,ater 6*e# *e 6as #ear "eat* as a res+,t o *!s 6o+#"s sa!" "e$,arat!o# !s a"'!ss!(,e as a art o t*at 6*!$* *e 'a"e ante mortem 2, T&e declarant is competent as a )itnessC W*ere t*e "e$,ara#t 6o+," #ot *ae (ee# a $o'ete#t 6!t#ess *a" *e s+r!e" t*e roerre" "e$,arat!o#s 6!,, #ot (e a"'!ss!(,e A$$or"!#.,) "e$,arat!o# 'a"e () a $*!," too )o+#. to (e a $o'ete#t 6!t#ess or () a# !#sa#e !#$aa(,e o +#"ersta#"!#. *!s o6# state'e#ts are #ot a"'!ss!(,e Ho6eer t*e res+'t!o# !s t*at "e,$ara#t 6o+," *ae (ee# $o'ete#t G/#+d, #!d A/i#( v$ P,8+ G.R. N,. 1>30= 20 N,v&/ 200=5 4, T&e declaration must be o3ered in any case )&ere t&e declarants deat& is t&e subject of inuiry G/#+d, #!d A/i#( v$ P,8+. G.R. N,. 1>30= 20 N,v&/ 200=7  Note& T*e r+,!#. !# Peo,e s Cer!,,a 6*ere t*e S+re'e Co+rt *e," t*at t*e "e$,arat!o# '+st (e o?ere" !# a $r!'!#a, $ase or *o'!$!"e '+r"er or arr!$!"e !# 6*!$* t*e "e$,ara#t !s a !$t!' !s o "o+(t+, a$$+ra$) (e$a+se Se$t!o# 3: R+,e 130 e=ress,) ro!"es t*at ")!#. "e$,arat!o# 'a) (e re$e!e" !# a#) $ase 6*ere t*e "e$,ara#ts "eat* !s t*e s+(/e$t o !#+!r) as e!"e#$e o t*e $a+se a#" s+rro+#"!#. $!r$+'sta#$es o s+$* "eat*

D,"(/i! , C,8+(!$$ i! /+#(i,! (, d'i! d"+#/#(i,! P8 v$ D 4,'# G.R. N,. >02= = N,v&/ 1<<1 5 - U#"er t*!s "o$tr!#e a ")!#. "e$,arat!o# '+st (e $o',ete !# !tse, To (e $o',ete !t "oes #ot 'ea# t*at t*e "e$,ara#t '+st re$!te eer)t*!#.> !t !s e#o+.* t*at !t (e a +,, e=ress!o# o a,, t*at t*e "e$,ara#t !#te#"e" to sa) as $o#e)!#. *!s 'ea#!#. !# rese$t o s+$* a$t - Reason for t&e rule: s!#$e t*e "e$,ara#t 6as ree#te" () "eat* or ot*er $!r$+'sta#$e ro' sa)!#. a,, t*at *e 6!s*e" to sa) 6*at *e "!" sa) '!.*t *ae +a,!%e" () t*e state'e#ts 6*!$* *e 6as ree#te" ro' 'ak!#. T*at !#$o',ete "e$,arat!o# !s #ot t*ereore e#t!t,e" to t*e res+'t!o# o tr+t*+,#ess 6*!$* $o#st!t+tes t*e (as!s +o# 6*!$* ")!#. "e$,arat!o#s are re$e!e" B7 DECLARATION AGAINST INTEREST Se$t!o# 34 R+,e 1305 =asis/Reasons for exception: a5 Tr+st6ort*!#ess @ #o erso# 6o+," 'ake a state'e#t a"erse to *!'se, +#,ess !t !s tr+e (5 Ne$ess!t) @ t*e "e$,ara#t !s a,rea") "ea" or +#a(,e to test!)> a,,o6!#. !t ree#ts a a!,+re o /+st!$e R?*i$i($; 15 T&e declarant is deceased or unable to testify because &e is mentally incapacitated or p&ysically incompetentC B+t 'ere a(se#$e o t*e "e$,ara#t !s #ot e#o+.* T*e roo#e#t '+st ser!o+s e?ort to ro"+$e t*e "e$,ara#t  F*!($ v$ CA7 25 t t&e time t&e declaration )as made it )as a$ainst t&e interest of t&e declarant P#/+ v$ P/*d!"i, 5 C7 ACT OR DECLARATION ABOUT PEDIGREE Se$t!o# 39 R+,e 1305 Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

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Reasons for exception: a5 Tr+st6ort*!#ess7re,!a(!,!t) (5 Ne$ess!t)

Pdi/ reers to re,at!o#s*! a'!,) .e#ea,o.o) (!rt* 'arr!a.e "eat* t*e "ate 6*e# a#" ,a$e 6*ere t*ese a$ts o$$+re" a#" #a'es o re,at!es R?*i$i($; +, T&e declarant must be dead or unable to testify ., T&e pedi$ree is in issue or is relevant t&ereto 2, T&e person )&ose pedi$ree is in uestion must be related to t&e declarant by birt& or marria$e 4, T&e declaration must be made before t&e controversy iCeC ante litem motam not only before commencement of suit but before any controversy &as arisen t&ereon 8, T&e relations&ip bet)een t&e declarant and t&e person )&ose pedi$ree is in uestion must be s&o)n by evidence ot&er t&an suc& declarationC T*!s $o#te',ates o a s!t+at!o# 6*ere t*e art) $,a!'!#. $,a!'a#t5 seeks re$oer) a.a!#st a re,at!e $o''o# to (ot* $,a!'a#t a#" "e$,ara#t t*e re,at!o#s*! o t*e "e$,ara#t to t*e $o''o# re,at!e 'a) #ot (e roe" () t*e "e$,arat!o# !tse, T*!s a,!es 6*ere t*e s+(/e$t o t*e "e$,arat!o# !s t*e re,at!o#s*! e"!.ree5 o a re,at!e !s-a-!s a#ot*er re,at!e E=a',e& I# a# a$t!o# to esta(,!s* t*e stat+s as a# !,,e.!t!'ate "a+.*ter t*e $,a!'a#t 'a) !#tro"+$e !# e!"e#$e a# a$t or "e$,arat!o# 'a"e () *er +rorte" +#$,es 6*o () a$t or "e$,arat!o# a$k#o6,e".e" t*e $,a!'a#t as a# !,,e.!t!'ate "a+.*ter o t*e!r (rot*er Here !#"ee#"e#t e!"e#$e o e"!.ree !s #e$essar) (eore t*e a$t or "e$,arat!o# o t*e $*!,"s +rorte" +#$,es $a# (e a"'!tte" as a# e=$et!o# to *earsa) A# exception to t&e reuirement of independent evidence o e"!.ree !s 6*ere t*e s+(/e$t o t*e "e$,arat!o# !s t*e "e$,ara#ts o6# re,at!o#s!* to t*e $,a!'a#t Here t*e $,a!'a#t seeks to esta(,!s* *!s re,at!o#s*! to t*e "e$,ara#t t*ro+.* t*e "e$,ara#ts o6# "e$,arat!o# "ase s&o)in$ exception: Ti$,! v$ CA 5 T*e #!e$e7#e*e6 $,a!'a#ts5 so+.*t to esta(,!s* t*e!r re,at!o#s*! to t*e!r a+#t t*ro+.* t*e a+#ts o6# "e$,arat!o# !# s+ort o t*e!r $,a!' oer a ort!o# o t*e estate o t*e a+#t 6*!$* t*e) $,a!' to *ae !#*er!te" Here t*ere !s #o #ee" or !#"ee#"e#t e!"e#$e o e"!.ree ot*er t*a# t*e a+#ts o6# "e$,arat!o#

D7 FAMILY REPUTATION OR TRADITION REGARDING PEDIGREE Se$t!o# 80 R+,e 1305 Reasons for t&e Exception: !5 tr+st6ort*!#ess7rea,!(!t) - s!#$e e"!.ree !#o,es 'atters k#o6# () a'!,) 'e'(ers 6*o are !# t*e (est os!t!o# to k#o6 t*e a$ts> t*e) are e=ress!o# o erso#s 6*o '+st k#o6 t*e tr+t* !!5 #e$ess!t) - !t !s t*e (est e!"e#$e t*at t*e #at+re o t*e $ase a"'!ts a#" to ree#t '!s$arr!a.e o /+st!$e

T, 627 8#/($&  4i$,! v$. C,*/( , A88#+$5 !5 test!'o#) o a a'!,) 'e'(er> a#" !!5 a'!,) ossess!o#s Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C. TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$e$!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

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R?*i$i($; P,8+ v$. A+/#d, 5 !5 t*ere '+st (e a $o#troers) !# rese$t to e"!.ree o a#) o a'!,) 'e'(ers> !!5 t*ere '+st (e a re+tat!o# or a tra"!t!o# re.ar"!#. t*e e"!.ree o s+$* a'!,) 'e'(er 6*!$* e=!ste" r!or to t*e $o#troers)> !!!5t*e 6!t#ess test!)!#. as s+$* re+tat!o# or tra"!t!o# '+st (e a 'e'(er o t*e sa'e a'!,) as t*e erso# 6*ose e"!.ree !s !# +est!o# DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN ACT OR DECLARATION ABOUT PEDIGREE 6S"(i,! 3<7 #!d FAMILY REPUTATION OR TRADITION REGARDING PEDIGREE Se$t!o# 805 I# Se$t!o# 39 t*e "e$,ara#t !s "ea" or +#a(,e to test!) a#" t*e 6!t#ess 6*o 'a) (e a a'!,) 'e'(er or #ot test!%es as to t*e a$t or "e$,arat!o# 'a"e () t*e "e$,ara#t a(o+t t*e e"!.ree o a a'!,) 'e'(er> 6*!,e Se$t!o# 80 "oes #ot !#o,e a "e$ease" "e$,ara#t or a "e$,ara#t 6*o !s +#a(,e to test!) (+t a 6!t#ess 6*o '+st (e a a'!,) 'e'(er test!)!#. as to t*e a'!,) re+tat!o# or tra"!t!o# re.ar"!#. t*e e"!.ree o a#ot*er a'!,) 'e'(er E. COMMON REPUTATION Se$t!o# 81 R+,e 1305 Coers (, 627 $*&"($; *i, matters of public or $eneral interest more t&an t&irty *29, years old and *ii, marria$e or moral c&aracterC U#,!ke e"!.ree Se$t!o#s 39 a#" 805 .e#era, re+tat!o# o 'arr!a.e or #o#-'arr!a.e 'a) ro$ee" ro' erso#s 6*o are #ot 'e'(ers o t*e a'!,) !# !e6 o t*e +(,!$ !#terest t*at !s take# !# t*e +est!o#s !#o,!#. 'ar!ta, re,at!o#s  I! R; M#++#/i 5 IN RE; A(('. F+,/!"i, M#++#/i T*e F!,!!#o $!t!
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M#/i(i H A++id S/vi"$5 T*e test !s t*e a(se#$e o t*e o+rt+#!t) to $o#$o$t or a(r!$ate DBP P,,+ v$. R#di, Mi!d#!#, N(,/ T*!s !#o,es a# !#s+ra#$e $,a!' a.a!#st a# !#s+ra#$e $o'a#) 6*o !#oke" as a "ee#se t*e e=$ete" r!sk $,a+se o t*e o,!$) $o#te#"!#. t*at t*e %re 6as $a+se" () re(e,,!o# 6*!$* !s a# e=$ete" r!sk It 6as *e," t*at t*e test!'o#!es o t*e !#est!.ators t*at t*e %re 6as $a+se" () CPP-NPA re(e,s (ase" o# test!'o#!es o so'e ()-sta#"ers are #ot a"'!ss!(,e as art o res .estae !# !e6 o t*e stro#. oss!(!,!t) t*at t*e !#ter!e6 6as #ot 'a"e so#ta#eo+s,) a#" (eore t*e ()-sta#"ers *a" t*e t!'e to $o#tr!e or !#+e#$e" () ot*er a$tors ,!ke e=$*a#.e o !#or'at!o# se$+,at!o# or !",e ta,k For t*!s e=$et!o# to a,) t*e "e$,ara#t '+st *!'se, (e $o'ete#t to test!) *a" *e (ee# rese#te" !# $o+rt so t*at ! t*e "e$,ara#t 'a"e a state'e#t #ot o# *!s o6# erso#a, k#o6,e".e (+t (ase" o# 6*at *e *ear" ro' a#ot*er t*e test!'o#) o t*e 6!t#ess 6*o *ear" t*e state'e#t +ttere" () t*e "e$,ara#t !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e as art o res $estae BAR 20115

6ii7 V/&#+ A"($ Statement of t&e rule  State'e#ts a$$o'a#)!#. a# e+!o$a, a$t 'ater!a, to t*e !ss+e a#" .!!#. !t a ,e.a, s!.#!%$a#$e 'a) (e re$e!e" as art o t*e res $estae S"(i,! 2 $",!d 8#/( R*+ 130 5 G. ENTRIES IN T5E COURSE OF BUSINESS Statement of t&e rule: E#tr!es 'a"e at or #ear t*e t!'e o t*e tra#sa$t!o#s to 6*!$* t*e) reer () a erso# "e$ease" or +#a(,e to test!) 6*o 6as !# t*e os!t!o# to k#o6 t*e a$ts t*ere!# state" 'a)(e re$e!e" as r!'a a$!e e!"e#$e ! s+$* erso# 'a"e t*e e#tr!es !# *!s roess!o#a, $aa$!t) or !# t*e eror'a#$e o "+t) a#" !# t*e or"!#ar) or re.+,ar $o+rse o (+s!#ess or "+t) 6S"(i,! 3 R*+ 130 5 Reasons for t&e Exception: !5 tr+st6ort*!#ess - as t*e e#tr!es 6ere 'a"e !# t*e or"!#ar) $o+rse o (+s!#ess t*e# t*e) are res+'e" to (e a$$+rate !!5 Ne$ess!t) - as t*e e#tr!es 6ere 'a"e !# t*e or"!#ar) $o+rse o (+s!#ess () erso# !# *!s roess!o#a, $aa$!t) or !# t*e eror'a#$e o "+t) s+$* e#tr!es are "ee'e" () ,a6 as t*e (est e!"e#$e aa!,a(,e a#" s!#$e t*e e#tra#t !s "ea" or +#a(,e to test!) a,,o6!#. t*e a"'!ss!o# o s+$* e#tr!es as e!"e#$e ree#ts a a!,+re o /+st!$e R?*i$i($; (i) T&e person )&o made t&e entry must be dead or unable to testify C#!?* v$. C,*/( , A88#+$ To roe t*e a$t o "e,!er) o $erta!# $o#str+$t!o# 'ater!a,s SOCOR a""+$e" !# e!"e#$e !ts Book o Co,,e$t!(,e A$$o+#ts as test!%e" to () !ts (ook keeer T*e S+re'e Co+rt r+,e" t*at t*e Book o Co,,e$t!(,e A$$o+#ts !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e as e#tr!es !# t*e $o+rse o (+s!#ess (e$a+se& a5 t*e e#tra#t 6*o !s t*e (ook keeer *erse, !s #ot "ea" or +#a(,e to test!) as s*e !# a$t *a" test!%e"> a#" (5 t*e 6!t#ess-e#tra#t-(ook keeer a"'!tte" to *a!#. #o k#o6,e".e o t*e e#tr!es 6*!$* 6ere (ase" o# t*e (!,,!#.s +r#!s*e" *er () t*e ro/e$t e#.!#eer> N,/()$( Ai/+i!$ v$. C)i,! W*!,e t*ere !s #o #e$ess!t) to (r!#. !#to $o+rt a,, t*e e',o)ees 6*o !#"!!"+a,,) 'a"e t*e e#tr!es !# t*e Passe#.er a#!est a#" Passe#.er Na'e Re$or" !t !s s+$!e#t t*at t*e erso# 6*o s+er!se" t*e' 6*!,e t*e) are 'ak!#. t*e e#tr!es test!) t*at t*e e#tr!es 6ere reare" +#"er *!s s+er!s!o# a#" t*at t*e e#tr!es 6ere re.+,ar,) e#tere" !# t*e $o+rse Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C. TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$e$!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

19


o (+s!#ess *ii, t&e entries )ere made at or near t&e time of t&e transaction to )&ic& t&ey refer *ii, t&e entrant )as in a position to >no) t&e facts stated in t&e entries *iii, t&e entries )ere made in &is professional capacity or in a performance of a duty *iv, t&e entries )ere made in t&e ordinary or re$ular course of business or dutyC

Fa!,+re to roe t*e e=!ste#$e o a,, t*e ore.o!#. e!"e#$e re#"ers t*e e!"e#$e !#a"'!ss!(,e +#"er *earsa) e!"e#$e r+,e 6Patula vs. People, G.R. No.1*!!#, 11 April %&1%7

5. ENTRIES IN OFFICIAL RECORDS Statement of t&e rule 9 E#tr!es !# o$!a, re$or"s 'a"e !# t*e eror'a#$e o *!s "+t)() a +(,!$ o$er o t*e P*!,!!#es or () a erso# !# t*e eror'a#$e o a "+t) ese$!a,,) e#/o!#e" () ,a6 are r!'a a$!e e!"e#$e o t*e a$ts t*ere!# state" 6S"(i,!  R*+ 1307 Reason for t&e Exception: !ts tr+s6ort*!#ess (ase" o# t*e res+'t!o# o re.+,ar!t) !# t*e eror'a#$e o o$!a, "+t) R?*i$i($; *i, t&e entry )as made by a public o'cer or by a person especially enjoined by la) to do so E=a',es o erso#s e#/o!#e" () ,a6 to 'ake reort& (a) erso#s a+t*or! (b) S*! Cata!#s (e$a+se t*e) are re+!re" () ,a6 to kee a ,o.(ook 6*ere to re$or" a,, !#$!"e#ts o$$+rr!#. o# (oar" t*e esse, a#" a,, "e$!s!o#s t*at *e a"ote"  A/(i"+ 12 C,d , C,/" 5 *ii, t&e entry must be made by a public o'cer in t&e performance of &is duties or by suc& ot&er person in t&e performance of a duty especially enjoined by la) and *iii,t&at t&e public o'cer or ot&er person &ad su'cient >no)led$e of t&e facts t&erein stated )&ic& must &ave been acuired by &im personally or t&rou$& o'cial information iCeC it must come from one under a le$al duty to submit t&e sameC B#/"+,! R,9#$ S"*/i(i$ I!". v$. BIR To roe ser!$e o t*e re+!re" Not!$e o Assess'e#t BIR rese#te" a BIR Re$or" Book $o#ta!#!#. ,!sts o ta=a)ers #a'es #at+re a#" a'o+#t o ta= t*e re.!str) #+'(er a#" "ate o 'a!,!#. o t*e Not!$e o Assess'e#t as test!%e" to () t*e re$or"s $+sto"!a# It 6as r+,e" t*at t*e BIR Re$or" Book !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e as e#tr!es !# o$!a, re$or"s (e$a+se& a5 t*e e#tr!es 'a"e 6ere #ot (ase" o# t*e erso#a, k#o6,e".e o t*e re$or"s $+sto"!a#> a#" (5 t*e re$or"s $+sto"!a# "!" #ot attest to t*e a$t t*at s*e a$+!re" t*e reorts ro' erso#s +#"er a ,e.a, "+t) to s+('!t t*e sa'e P,8+ v$. S#! G#&/i+ A sta((!#. !#$!"e#t o$$+rre" a#" a# e)e6!t#ess reorte" to t*e o,!$e stat!o# 6*ere t*e o,!$e o# "+t) re$or"e" t*e !#$!"e#t !# t*e o,!$e (,otter a"a#$e !#or'at!o# s*eet5 T*e a$$+se" ar.+e" t*at *e s*o+," (e a$+!tte" s!#$e *e !s #ot t*e o#e #a'e" !# t*e o,!$e (,otter (+t a#ot*er erso# It 6as r+,e" t*at t*e o,!$e (,otter !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e as e#tr!es !# o$!a, (+s!#ess $o#s!"er!#. t*at& a5 t*e o,!$e o$er 6*o re$or"e" t*e !#$!"e#t !# t*e o,!$e (,otter *a" #o erso#a, k#o6,e".e o t*e a$ts t*ere!# state"> a#" (5 t*e a$ts state" !# t*e o,!$e (,otter 6ere #ot o(ta!#e" () t*e o,!$e o$er t*ro+.* o$!a, !#or'at!o# s!#$e t*e e)e6!t#ess 6*o reorte" t*e !#$!"e#t !s Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

20


#ot a erso# ese$!a,,) e#/o!#e" () ,a6 to 'ake s+$* reort M#+#'#! I!$*/#!" C,8#!' v$. A+&/(, #!d R'$ G.R. N,.1<320 1 F&/*#/' 2012. T*e o,!$e reort !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e +#"er e#tr!es !# o$!a, re$or"s as t*e o#sot !#est!.ator "oes #ot aear to *ae s+$!e#t erso#a, k#o6,e".e o t*e a$ts state" !# t*e reort

I. COMMERCIAL LISTS AND T5E LIKE Statement of t&e rule: E!"e#$e o state'e#ts o 'atters o !#terest to erso#s e#.a.e" !# a# o$$+at!o# $o#ta!#e" !# a ,!st re.!ster er!o"!$a, or ot*er +(,!s*e" $o'!,at!o# !s a"'!ss!(,e as te#"!#. toroe t*e tr+t* o a#) re,ea#t 'atter so state" ! t*at $o'!,at!o# !s +(,!s*e" or +se () erso#s e#.a.e" !# t*at o$$+at!o# a#" !s .e#era,,) +se" a#" re,!e" +o# () t*e' t*ere!# S"(i,!  R*+ 130 5 Reason for t&e Exception: !ts tr+st6ort*!#ess !t (e!#. .e#era,,) +se" a#" re,!e" +o# () erso#s e#.a.e" !# a# o$$+at!o# R?*i$i($; !5 !t !s a state'e#t o 'atters o !#terest to erso#s e#.a.e" !# a# o$$+at!o#> !!5 s+$* state'e#t !s $o#ta!#e" !# t*e ,!st re.!ster er!o"!$a, or ot*er +(,!s*e" $o'!,at!o#> !!!5s+$* $o'!,at!o# !s +(,!s*e" or t*e +se o erso#s e#.a.e" !# t*at o$$+at!o#> a#" !5!t !s .e#era,,) +se" a#" re,!e" +o# () erso#s !# t*e sa'e o$$+at!o#

PNOC S)i88i! #!d T/#!$8,/( v$. C,*/( , A88#+$ T*!s arose ro' a $o,,!s!o# (et6ee# t6o 25 esse,s res+,t!#. !# t*e "a'a.e a#" s!#k!#. o o#e o t*e $o,,!"!#. esse,s T*e o6#er o t*e s!#k!#. esse, s+e" or "a'a.es rerese#t!#. t*e re,a$e'e#t a,+e o t*e (oat a#" !ts e+!'e#t To roe t*e re,a$e'e#t a,+e t*e ,a!#t!? rese#te" !ts .e#era, 'a#a.er to test!) o# so'e r!$e +otat!o#s ro!"e" () ar!o+s s+,!ers It 6as *e," t*at t*e r!$e +otat!o#s are #ot a"'!ss!(,e as $o''er$!a, ,!sts (e$a+se t*e) 6ere !ss+e" erso#a,,) to t*e ,a!#t!? 6*o re+este" or t*e' ro' "ea,ers o s!'!,ar e+!'e#t T*ese are #ot +(,!s*e" !# a#) ,!sts re.!ster er!o"!$a, or ot*er $o'!,at!o# o# t*e re,ea#t s+(/e$t 'atter oreoer t*e) are #ot sta#"ar" *a#"(ooks or er!o"!$a,s $o#ta!#!#. "ate o eer)"a) roess!o#a, #ee" a#" re,!e" +o# !# t*e 6ork o t*e o$$+at!o# T*e) are 'ere,) ,etters reso#"!#. to t*e +er!es o ,a!#t!?s 'a#a.er 4. LEARNED TREATIES Statement of t&e rule: a +(,!s*e" treat!se er!o"!$a, or a'*,et o# a s+(/e$t o *!stor) ,a6 s$!e#$e or art !s a"'!ss!(,e as te#"!#. to roe t*e tr+t* o t*e 'atter state" t*ere!# S"(i,!  R*+ 130 5 Reason for t&e Exception: tr+st6ort*!#ess !t (e!#. (ase" o# t*e 6orks o e=erts P+(,!s*e" treat!se er!o"!$a,s or a'*,ets o# t*e s+(/e$t o *!stor) ,a6 s$!e#$e or art are a"'!ss!(,e !& !5 t*e $o+rt takes /+"!$!a, #ot!$e o t*e'> or !!5 a 6!t#ess e=ert o# t*e s+(/e$t test!%es t*at t*e 6r!ter o t*e state'e#t !# t*e treat!se er!o"!$a, or a'*,et !s re$o.#!
K. TESTIMONY OR DEPOSITION AT A FORMER PROCEEDING Statement of t&e rule @ t*e test!'o#) or "eos!t!o# o a 6!t#ess "e$ease" or +#a(,e to test!) .!e# !# a or'er $ase or ro$ee"!#.s /+"!$!a, or a"'!#!strat!e !#o,!#. t*e sa'e art!es a#" s+(/e$t 'atter 'a)(e .!e# !# e!"e#$e a.a!#st t*e a"erse art) 6*o *a" t*e oort+#!t) to $ross-e=a'!#e Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C. TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$e$!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

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*!'S"(i,! > R*+ 130 5 Reasons for t&e Exception!5 Ne$ess!t) @ s!#$e t*e 6!t#ess7"eo#e#t !s a,rea") "ea" a#" +#a(,e to test!) a,,o6!#. !ts a"'!ss!o# as e!"e#$e ree#ts a a!,+re o /+st!$e !!5 Tr+st6ort*!#ess @ s!#$e t*e a"erse art) *a" t*e oort+#!t) to $rosse=a'!#e t*e 6!t#ess7"eo#e#t

R?*i$i($; *i, t&e )itness/deponent is dead T#! v$. C,*/( , A88#+$ T*e S+re'e Co+rt r+,e" t*at s+(se+e#t a!,+re or re+sa, to aear at t*e rese#t $ase or *ost!,!t) s!#$e test!)!#. at t*e %rst tr!a, "oes #ot a'o+#t to !#a(!,!t) to test!) (+t s+$* !#a(!,!t) ro$ee"!#. ro' a .rae $a+se a,'ost a'o+#t!#. to "eat* as 6*e# t*e 6!t#ess !s o," a#" *as ,ost t*e o6er o see$* Here t*e 6!t#ess !# +est!o# 6ere aa!,a(,e O#,) t*e) re+se" to test!) No ot*er erso# t*at ree#te" t*e' !s $!te"Certa!#,) t*e) "o #ot $o'e 6!t*!# t*e +r!e6 o t*ose +#a(,e to test!) *ii, &is testimony or deposition )as $iven in a former case or proceedin$ judicial or administrative bet)een t&e same parties or t&ose representin$ t&e same interests M#!+i"+i" v$. C#+#*!#! T*e TSNs o t*e test!'o#!es o t*e 6!t#esses !# t*e $r!'!#a, $ase 6*o are #o6 +#aa!,a(,e to test!) !# t*e $!!, $ase5 are #ot a"'!ss!(,e  $o#s!"er!#. t*at t*e e',o)er 6as #ot a art) to t*e $r!'!#a, $ase a#" *a" #o oort+#!t) to $ross-e=a'!#e t*ese 6!t#esses *iii, t&e former case involved t&e same subject matter as t&at in t&e present case alt&ou$& on a di3erent cause of action *iv, t&e former case involved t&e same issue involved in t&e present case *v, t&e adverse party &ad t&e opportunity to cross5examine t&e )itness/deponentC L. ADMISSION AGAINST INTEREST Statement of t&e rule @ A# a$t "e$,arat!o# or o'!ss!o# o a art) as to a#) re,ea#t a$t 'a) (e .!e# !# e!"e#$e a.a!#st *!' S"(i,! 2 R*+ 130 5 Reasons for t&e Exception: !5 tr+st6ort*!#ess @ #o erso# 6o+," 'ake a state'e#t a"erse to *!'se, +#,ess *e (e,!ees !t to (e tr+e !!5 t*e re+!re'e#t o $ross-e=a'!#at!o# "oes #ot a,) s!#$e t*e "e$,ara#t !s #ot e=e$te" to $ross-e=a'!#e *!'se, W*!,e #ot o#e o t*ose e#+'erate" +#"er t*e R+,es o Co+rt as e=$et!o#s to *earsa) e!"e#$e r+,e a"'!ss!o# a.a!#st !#terest +#"er Se$t!o# 2L R+,e 130 6as "e$,are" () t*e S+re'e Co+rt as a# e=$et!o# to *earsa) !# t*e $ase o E$(/#d# v$. D$i/(,

M. 5EARSAY EJCEPTION IN C5ILD ABUSE CASE Se$ 24 R+,es !# t*e E=a'!#at!o# o C*!," W!t#ess5 Statement of t&e rule - A state'e#t 'a"e () a $*!," 6!t#ess "es$r!(!#. a#) a$t or atte'te" a$t o $*!," a(+se #ot ot*er6!se a"'!ss!(,e +#"er t*e *earsa) r+,e 'a)(e a"'!tte" !# e!"e#$e !# a#) $r!'!#a, or #o#-$r!'!#a, ro$ee"!#. s+(/e$t to t*e o,,o6!#. r+,es& a5 (eore s+$* *earsa) state'e#t 'a)(e a"'!tte" !ts roo#e#t s*a,, 'ake k#o6# to t*e a"erse art) t*e !#te#t!o# to o?er s+$* state'e#t a#" !ts art!$+,ars to ro!"e *!' a a!r oort+#!t) to o(/e$t (5 ! t*e $*!," !s aa!,a(,e t*e $o+rt s*a,, +o# 'ot!o# o t*e a"erse art) re+!re t*e $*!," to (e rese#t at t*e rese#tat!o# o t*e *earsa) e!"e#$e7state'e#t or $ross-e=a'!#at!o# Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

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$5

! t*e $*!," !s +#aa!,a(,e t*e a$t o s+$* $!r$+'sta#$e '+st (e roe" () t*e roo#e#t B+t *!s *earsa) test!'o#) s*a,, (e a"'!tte" o#,) ! $orro(orate" () ot*er a"'!ss!(,e e!"e#$e

T) ")i+d i(!$$ $)#++ & ",!$id/d *!#v#i+#&+ *!d/ () ,++,i! $i(*#(i,!$; !5 !s "e$ease" s+?ers ro' *)s!$a, !#%r'!t) ,a$k o 'e'or) 'e#ta, !,,#ess or 6!,, (e e=ose" to seere s)$*o,o.!$a, !#/+r)> or !!5 !s a(se#t ro' t*e *ear!#. a#" t*e roo#e#t o *!s state'e#t *as (ee# +#a(,e to ro$+re *!s atte#"a#$e () ro$ess or ot*er reaso#a(,e 'ea#s

F#"(,/$ (, ",!$id/ i! /*+i! ,! () #di$$i&i+i(' , $*") )#/$#' $(#(!(; a5 6*et*er t*ere !s a 'ot!e to ,!e> (5 t*e .e#era, $*ara$ter o t*e "e$,ara#t $*!,"> $5 6*et*er 'ore t*a# o#e 15 erso# *ear" t*e state'e#t> "5 6*et*er t*e state'e#t 6as so#ta#eo+s> e5 t*e t!'!#. o t*e state'e#t a#" t*e re,at!o#s*! (et6ee# t*e "e$,ara#t $*!," a#" t*e 6!t#ess> 5 $ross-e=a'!#at!o# $o+," #ot s*o6 t*e ,a$k o k#o6,e".e o t*e "e$,ara#t $*!,"> .5 t*e oss!(!,!t) o a+,t) re$o,,e$t!o# o t*e "e$,ara#t $*!," !s re'ote> a#" *5 t*e $!r$+'sta#$es s+rro+#"!#. t*e state'e#t are s+$* t*at t*ere !s #o reaso# to s+ose t*e "e$,ara#t $*!," '!srerese#te" t*e !#o,e'e#t o t*e a$$+se"

N. IN PROCEEDINGS INVOLVING WRIT OF AMPARO G!. Av+i!, R#,! ( #+. v$. M#/' 4#! T#i(i$ ( #+. G!e# t*e +#!+e e!"e#t!ar) "!$+,t!es rese#te" () e#or$e" "!saeara#$es $ases t*e a!r a#" roer r+,e !s to $o#s!"er a#) e!"e#$e ot*er6!se !#a"'!ss!(,e +#"er o+r +s+a, r+,es to (e a"'!ss!(,e ! !t !s $o#s!ste#t 6!t* t*e a"'!ss!(,e e!"e#$e a""+$e" I# ot*er 6or"s 6e re"+$e" o+r r+,es to t*e 'ost (as!$ test o reaso#- !e to t*e re,ea#$e o t*e e!"e#$e to t*e !ss+e at *a#" a#" !ts $o#s!ste#$) 6!t* a,, ot*er !e$es o e!"e#$e a""+$e" T)*$ v! )#/$#' vid!" "#! & #di((d i i( $#(i$%$ ()i$ &#$i" i!i* ($( A$$or"!#.,) t*e S+re'e Co+rt *e," !t "+,) esta(,!s*e" t*at Co, as!' !#or'e" t*e reso#"e#t a#" *er r!e#"s &#$d ,! () i!,/#!($ +((/ t*at Ta.!t!s re+te",) a ,!aso# or t*e I a#" 6*o *a" (ee# +#"er s+re!,,a#$e s!#$e a#+ar) 200: 6as !# .oo" *a#"s a#" +#"er $+sto"!a, !#est!.at!o# or $o',!$!t) 6!t* t*e I ater *e 6as see# ta,k!#. to o#e O'ar Pat!k a#" a $erta!# Sa#tos o B+,a$a#a Ba,!k-Is,a' $*ar.e" 6!t* terror!s' T*!s "es!te t*e a$t t*at t*e !#or'a#ts ,etter 6as a,,e.e",) a,rea") "estro)e" a#" t*e ro(at!e a,+e t*ereo 6as #ot (ase" o# t*e erso#a, k#o6,e".e o t*e 6!t#esses (+t o# t*e k#o6,e".e o so'e ot*er erso# #ot o# t*e 6!t#ess sta#" t*e !#or'a#t5 VII. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE T$(i,!i#+ vid!" @ $o#s!sts o a 6!t#ess er$et!o# o ast ee#ts as re$o,,e$te" a#" $o''+#!$ate" () *!' ora,,) or !# s+$* ot*er or's o $o''+#!$at!o# It !s a re-$o#str+$t!o# o ast ee#ts 'a"e () a 6!t#ess eneral rule& t*e test!'o#) o a 6!t#ess '+st (e .!e# ora,,)  S"(i,! 1 R*+ 1325 Exceptions&S"(i,! 1 R*+ 132 5 !5 6*e# 6!t#ess !s !#$aa$!tate" to seak> !!5 6*e# +est!o#s $a,, or a "!?ere#t 'o"e o a#s6er> !!!5 6*ere t*e r+,es a,,o6 test!'o#) to (e .!e# !# a"a!t or' s+$* as !# $ases .oer#e" () t*e R+,es o# S+''ar) Pro$e"+re5

Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C. TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$e$!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

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UALIFICATIONS OF A WITNESS& !5 $a# er$e!e o(serat!o# a$+!re" ro' erso#a, k#o6,e".e5 !!5 a#" !# er$e!!#. *e $a# 'ake k#o6# *!s er$et!o# to ot*ers 'e'or) a#" $o''+#!$at!o#5 !!!5 *e '+st take a# oat* or ar'at!o# !5 '+st #ot ossess a#) o t*e "!s+a,!%$at!o#s !'ose" () ,a6 or t*e r+,es T*e o,,o6!#. are NOT /,*!d$ ,/ di$?*#+i%"#(i,! o a 6!t#ess& a5 re,!.!o+s (e,!e> (5 o,!t!$a, a,!at!o#> $5 !#terest !# t*e o+t$o'e o t*e $ase> "5 $o#!$t!o# o a $r!'e 9"8(& !5 a erso# $o#!$te" o t*e $r!'es o a,s!%$at!o# er/+r) or a,se test!'o#) !s "!s+a,!%e" ro' (e!#. a 6!t#ess !# a W!,, T*+s *e !s "!s+a,!%e" ro' test!)!#. !# a ro(ate ro$ee"!#.s> !!5 a erso# $o#!$te" o a#) $r!'e !#o,!#. 'ora, t+r!t+"e !s "!s+a,!%e" ro' (e!#. a state 6!t#ess T*+s *e $a##ot test!) as a state 6!t#ess !# a $r!'!#a, $ase %,e" a.a!#st *!' a#" *!s ot*er $o-a$$+se"

DISUALIFICATIONS OF A WITNESS; 6A7 Di$?*#+i%"#(i,! &' /#$,! , !(#+ i!"#8#"i(' ,/ i!$#!i(' S"(i,! 21 R*+ 1305 A erso# !#$aa(,e o 'ak!#. k#o6# *!s er$et!o# to ot*ers !s "!s+a,!%e" as a 6!t#ess ro!"e" t*e !#$aa$!t) or !#sa#!t) '+st e=!st at t*e t!'e o *!s ro"+$t!o# or e=a'!#at!o# I#$aa$!t)7!#sa#!t) at t*e t!'e o o(serat!o# o t*e ee#t t*at t*e 6!t#ess !s aske" to test!) "oes #ot "!s+a,!) t*e 6!t#ess ro' test!)!#. so ,o#. as *e !s $o'ete#t at t*e t!'e o *!s ro"+$t!o# as a 6!t#ess (+t !t a?e$ts *!s $re"!(!,!t)

6B7 Di$?*#+i%"#(i,! &' /#$,! , i#(*/i(' S"(i,! 21 R*+ 130 5 Reers to $*!,"re# 6*ose 'e#ta, 'at+r!t) !s s+$* as to re#"er t*e'& !5 !#$aa(,e o er$e!!#. t*e a$ts rese$t!#. 6*!$* t*e) are e=a'!#e"> a#" !!5 o re,at!#. t*e' tr+t*+,,) B+t +#"er t*e R+,es o# t*e E=a'!#at!o# o a C*!," W!t#ess A No00-0:SC5 eer) $*!," !s res+'e" $o'ete#t T*+s t*e art) 6*o a,,e.es t*e $o#trar) '+st roe t*at t*e $*!," 6!t#ess !s "!s+a,!%e" () reaso# o *!s 'e#ta, !''at+r!t)

6C7 Di$?*#+i%"#(i,! &' /#$,! , #//i# ,()/i$ !,! #$ #/i(#+ di$?*#+i%"#(i,! /*+ ,/ $8,*$#+ i*!i(' S"(i,! 22 R*+ 1305 Purposes of t&e rule: a5 resere 'ar!ta, re,at!o#s a#" ro'ote "o'est!$ ea$e> (5 ree#t er/+r)

R?*i$i($; *i, must be le$ally married A+v#/ v$. R#i/ Ee# ! t*e so+ses are st!,, ,e.a,,) 'arr!e" (+t t*e!r re,at!o#s*! !s a,rea") stra!#e" t*e 'ar!ta, "!s+a,!%$at!o# r+,e or so+sa, !''+#!t) "oes #ot a,) a#" t*ereore t*e 6!e 'a) test!) a.a!#st *!s *+s(a#" T*e reaso# or t*!s r+,e !s t*at 6*e# t*e so+ses are a,rea") estra#.e" t*ere !s #o 'ore "o'est!$ ea$e to resere *ii, t&e )itness5spouse could eit&er be a party to t&e case or not but t&e ot&er spouse must be a party *iii,t&e testimony may be for or a$ainst t&e party5spouse and Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

28


*iv,t&e testimony is o3ered durin$ t&e marria$e not before and not after its dissolutionC A,!es to a#) $ase7a$t!o#7ro$ee"!#.s a#" $oers test!'o#!a, o(/e$t or "o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e T*+s e!t*er so+se 'a) #ot (e $o'e,,e" to ro"+$e "o$+'e#ts or o(/e$t e!"e#$e 'a) (e !#$r!'!#ate t*e ot*er T*e 'ar!ta, "!s+a,!%$at!o# r+,e or so+sa, !''+#!t) $eases +o# "!sso,+t!o# o t*e 'arr!a.e e!t*er () "eat* or ot*er .ro+#"s

E9"8(i,!$ (, M#/i(#+ Di$?*#+i%"#(i,! R*+ ,/ S8,*$#+ I*!i(' & !5 !# a $!!, $ase () o#e so+ses a.a!#st t*e ot*er> a#" !!5 !# a $r!'!#a, $ase !#o,!#. a $r!'e $o''!tte" () o#e so+se a.a!#st t*e 6!t#ess-so+se or a.a!#st t*e "!re$t "es$e#"a#ts or as$e#"a#ts o t*e 6!t#essso+se 6D7 Di$?*#+i%"#(i,! &' R#$,! , D#() ,/ I!$#!i(' ,()/i$ !,! #$ () D#d M#! S(#(*( ,/ S*/viv,/$)i8 Di$?*#+i%"#(i,! R*+ 6S"(i,! 23 R*+ 1307 Purpose of t&e rule: !5 to ao!" er/+r) s!#$e t*e ot*er art) !s a,rea") "ea" t*e te'tat!o# o# t*e art) o t*e s+r!!#. art) to resort to a,se*oo" !s *!.*> !!5 to ,ee, ,a)!#. %e," as t*e "ea" art) !s #o ,o#.er aro+#" to te,, *!s o6# ta,e a#" re+te t*at o t*e s+r!!#. art) R?*i$i($; *i, t&e defendant in t&e case is t&e executor administrator or a representative of t&e deceased or person of unsound mind G*///, v$. S(. C+#i/ R#+(' ( #+. T*e Dea" a# Stat+te "oes #ot a,) a#" t*ereore a 6!t#ess 'a) test!) o# a a$t 6*!$* took ,a$e r!or to t*e "eat* o t*e "e$ease" $o#s!"er!#. t*at t*e "ee#"a#ts !# t*e $ase 6ere s+e" !# t*e!r erso#a, a#" !#"!!"+a, $aa$!t) as (+)ers o t*e ,ot !# +est!o# a#" #ot as rerese#tat!es o t*e "e$ease" ro' 6*o' t*e) +r$*ase" t*e s+(/e$t ,ot *ii, t&e suit is upon a claim by t&e plainti3 a$ainst t&e estate of t&e deceased person or of unsound mindC Co#erse,) ! t*e estate o t*e "e$ease" erso# or t*e erso# o +#so+#" '!#" !s t*e $,a!'a#t or $o+#ter-$,a!'a#t t*e r+,e "oes #ot a,) T,!", v$. Vi#!,! Dea" a# Stat+te or S+r!ors*! D!s+a,!%$at!o# R+,e "oes #ot a,) s!#$e t*e ,a!#t!? or $,a!'a#t !s t*e estate o t*e "e$ease" *+s(a#" as rerese#te" () t*e e=e$+tor a#" t*e $ase or re$oer) o roert) !s %,e" a.a!#st t*e 6!"o6 R#,! v$. IAC Dea" a# Stat+te or S+r!ors*! D!s+a,!%$at!o# R+,e "oes #ot a,) s!#$e t*e ,a!#t!? or $,a!'a#t !# t*e $ase !s t*e estate o t*e "e$ease" erso# a#" t*e $ase !s %,e" a.a!#st t*e "ee#"a#t to re$oer t*e s*ares o sto$ks (e,o#.!#. to t*e "e$ease" #o6 (e!#. rerese#te" () *!s estate G,!i v$. C,*/( , A88#+$ Dea" a# Stat+te or S+r!ors*! D!s+a,!%$at!o# R+,e "oes #ot a,) (e$a+se t*e 6!t#ess test!%e" to s+(sta#t!ate t*e $o+#ter$,a!' o t*e estate o t*e "e$ease" a.a!#st t*e ,a!#t!? !# t*e $ase T*+s !#soar as t*e $o+#ter$,a!' !s $o#$er#e" t*e estate o t*e "e$ease" erso# !s "ee'e" to (e t*e $,a!'a#t a,t*o+.* !t !s t*e "ee#"!#. art) !#soar as t*e $o',a!#t o t*e ,a!#t!? !s $o#$er#e" *iii, t&e )itness is t&e plainti3 or t&e assi$nor of t&at party5plainti3 or a Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C. TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$e$!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

2J


person in )&ose be&alf t&e case is prosecutedC 1f t&e )itness is somebody else t&e rule does not applyC G*///, v$. S#i!( C+#i/ R#+(' Dea" a# Stat+te or S+r!ors*! D!s+a,!%$at!o# r+,e "oes #ot a,) s!#$e t*e 6!t#ess !s a# or"!#ar) 6!t#ess #ot t*e ,a!#t!? #or t*e ass!.#or o t*e ,a!#t!? #or t*e erso# !# 6*ose (e*a, t*e $ase !s rose$+te" Li")#*", v$. A(+#!(i" G*+ Dea" a# Stat+te or S+r!ors*! D!s+a,!%$at!o# R+,e "oes #ot a,) s!#$e t*e ,a!#t!? !s a Cororat!o# a#" t*e 6!t#ess a,t*o+.* o$er o t*e Cororat!o# !s #ot t*e ,a!#t!? !tse,

O()/ i8,/(#!( 8/i!"i8+$ /+#(iv (, D#d M#! S(#(*( ,/ S*/viv,/$)i8 Di$?*#+i%"#(i,! R*+; a5 O(/e$t!o# (ase" o# Dea" a# Stat+te or S+r!ors*! D!s+a,!%$at!o# R+,e !s "ee'e" 6a!e" () a!,+re to o(/e$t t!'e,) or () $ross-e=a'!#!#. t*e 6!t#ess o# t*e 'atter ot*er6!se !#a"'!ss!(,e +#"er t*e r+,e A&/#)# v$. R"(,-K#$(! 5 (5 T*e r+,e "oes #ot a,) ! t*e 'atter s+(/e$t o t*e test!'o#) o a# ot*er6!se "!s+a,!%e" 6!t#ess reers to a tra#sa$t!o# or ee#t e#tere" !#to () t*e "e$ease" t*ro+.* a# a.e#t a#" t*e a.e#t !s st!,, a,!e T*e reaso# or t*!s r+,e (e!#. t*at s!#$e t*e a.e#t *as erso#a, k#o6,e".e o t*e tra#sa$t!o# *a!#. e#tere" !#to t*e sa'e o# (e*a, o t*e r!#$!a, t*e a.e#t $a# er) 6e,, rote$t t*e !#terest o *!s r!#$!a, 6*o !s #o6 "e$ease" a#" t*ereore t*e estate o t*e "e$ease" $a##ot (e "ee'e" to (e at a "!sa"a#ta.e as t*e a.e#t $a# a,6a)s $o#troert 6*ateer a,se*oo" t*e s+r!!#. art) 'a) e"",e !# t*e $o+rt a(o+t t*e tra#sa$t!o# !# +est!o#  G,!i v$. C,*/( , A88#+$ 5 $5 T*e "!s+a,!%$at!o# $oers test!'o#) re.ar"!#. a$ts t*at ,""*//d or (/#!$8i/d r!or to t*e "eat* o t*e "e$ease" a.a!#st 6*ose estate t*e $ase !s %,e"> !t "oes #ot a,) ! t*e 6!t#ess 6o+," test!) t*at a $erta!# a$t or ee#t did !,( ,""*/  M!d,!# v$. Vd# D G,i(i# 5 6E7 Di$?*#+i%"#(i,! &' R#$,! , P/ivi+ C,*!i"#(i,! 6S"(i,! 2 R*+ 1307 Purpose/s of t&e rule: !5 to e#$o+ra.e +,, "!s$,os+re o !#or'at!o# #e$essar) or e?e$t!e eror'a#$e o "+t!es7o(,!.at!o#s> !!5 to resere a#" rote$t $o#%"e#t!a, !#or'at!o# G!/#+ P/i!"i8+$ C,,! T, A++ Ki!d$ , P/ivi+ C,*!i"#(i,!$; *1, %&o may assert/invo>e t&e privile$eG !5 Be!#. erso#a, !# #at+re t*!s $a# o#,) (e $,a!'e" () t*e *o,"er o t*e r!!,e.e t*at !s t*e erso# 6*ose !#terest or re,at!o#s*! !s so+.*t to (e rote$te" !e $o''+#!$at!#. so+se $,!e#t at!e#t e#!te#t5> !!5 I# $ase t*e *o,"er !s a(se#t 6*e# t*e test!'o#) !s so+.*t t*e $o+rt or ot*er art) 'a) assert a,t*o+.* t*e r!!,e.e !s erso#a,> !!!5 t*e erso#s to 6*o' t*e r!!,e.e $o''+#!$at!o# 6as tra#s'!tte" t*e re$!!e#t so+se ,a6)er *)s!$!a# r!est5 ro!"e" t*e *o,"er !s a,!e a#" *as #ot 6a!e" t*e r!!,e.e *11, T&e privile$e communication rule survives t&e deat& of t&e A&olderBC *111, T&e privile$e communication rule cannot be invo>ed to perpetrate crime or injusticeC

P/ivi+d C,*!i"#(i,!; 6A7 M#/i(#+ P/ivi+ C,*!i"#(i,! R?*i$i($; *a, spouses must be le$ally marriedC *b, t&e case involves communication oral or )ritten made durin$ t&e Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

2L


marria$eC *c, t&e communication )as made con(dentiallyC P8 v$. C#/+,$ T*e ,etter o t*e 6!e a""resse" to t*e *+s(a#" 6*!$* 6as se! !!5 $r!'!#a, $ase $o''!tte" () o#e a.a!#st t*e ot*er or t*e ,atters "!re$t as$e#"a#ts7"es$e#"a#ts

6B7 A((,/!'-C+i!( P/ivi+ C,*!i"#(i,! R*+ R?*i$i($; *a, t&ere must be a communication made by client to t&e attorney or an advice $iven by t&e attorney to a client *b, t&e communication or advice must &ave been $iven in con(denceC B#/(,! v$. L'( A$8)#+( H Mi!/#+ Oi+ a ,etter o a $,!e#t se#t to *!s ,a6)er 6*!$* ee#t+a,,) o+#" !ts 6a) to t*e *a#"s o t*e a"erse art) 6as *e," to (e a"'!ss!(,e !# e!"e#$e (e$a+se a $o#%"e#t!a, !#or'at!o# 6*!$* e,, to t*e *a#"s o a stra#.er 6*et*er ,e.a,,) or !,,e.a,,) $eases to (e $o#%"e#t!a, *c, T&e communication or advice must &ave been $iven eit&er in t&e course of professional employment or )it& a vie) of professional employment respectin$ past acts or crimesC P8 v$. S#!di#!&#'#! t*e test!'o#) o t*e ,a6)er erta!#!#. to t*e !#or'at!o# re,a)e" to *!' () *!s $,!e#t a(o+t t*e "eta!,s o a# o#-.o!#. $r!'e 6as *e," to (e #ot $oere" () t*e attor#e)-$,!e#t r!!,e.e $o''+#!$at!o# r+,e as t*!s r+,e a,!es o#,) to !#or'at!o# rese$t!#. ast a$ts or $r!'es !,( 8/$!( ,/ *(*/ "/i$  I8,/(#!( P/i!"i8+$ /+#(iv (, L#'/-C+i!( P/ivi+ C,*!i"#(i,! R*+; !5 !"e#t!t) o a $,!e#t !s #ot r!!,e.e e=$et ! "!s$,os+re o !"e#t!t) 6o+," !',!$ate t*e $,!e#t to t*e er) a$t!!t) or 6*!$* t*e ,a6)er !s e#.a.e" () t*e $,!e#t  R#+# v$. S#!di#!&#'#! 5 !!5 t*e r!!,e.e !s 6a!e" () a!,+re to seaso#a(,) o(/e$t or () $rosse=a'!#!#. t*e 6!t#ess re$!se,) o# t*e 'atter ot*er6!se $oere" () t*e $o#%"e#t!a,!t) r+,e  O/i!( I!$*/#!" v$. Rvi++# 5 6C7 P)'$i"i#!-P#(i!( P/ivi+ C,*!i"#(i,! R*+ R?*i$i($; *i, t&e person a$ainst )&om t&e privile$e is claimed is a person aut&ori-ed to practice medicine sur$ery or obstetricsC K/,)! v$. C,*/( , A88#+$ t*e *+s(a#" 6as #ot "!s+a,!%e" ro' test!)!#. o# t*e s)$*!atr!$ ea,+at!o# reort reare" () *!s 6!es *)s!$!a# 6*o e=a'!#e" *er (e$a+se t*e *+s(a#" !s #ot a erso# a+t*or!
2:


ree#t!e treat'e#t T*+s a+tos) #ot $oere" a#" o#,) t*e te#or o t*e a"!$e treat'e#t or !#or'at!o# !s ro*!(!te" ro' (e!#. "!s$,ose" #ot t*e a$t o $o#s+,tat!o#  Li v$. C,*/( , A88#+$5 *iii, t&e information sou$&t to be disclosed )ould tend to blac>en t&e reputation of t&e patientC *iv, t&e privile$e is claimed or invo>ed only in civil cases or special proceedin$s for t&e rule does not apply in criminal casesC

R+#(d P/,vi$i,!$ *!d/ R*+ 2= , () 1<<> R*+$ , Civi+ P/,"d*/ 6M!(#+ #!d P)'$i"#+ E9#i!#(i,!7 a5 Section 2C Report of (ndin$s  I re+este" () t*e art) e=a'!#e" t*e art) $a+s!#. t*e e=a'!#at!o# to (e 'a"e s*a,, "e,!er to *!' a $o) o a "eta!,e" 6r!tte# reort to t*e e=a'!#!#. *)s!$!a# sett!#. o+t *!s %#"!#.s a#" $o#$,+s!o#s Ater s+$* re+est a#" "e,!er) t*e art) $a+s!#. t*e e=a'!#at!o# to (e 'a"e s*a,, (e e#t!t,e" +o# re+est to re$e!e ro' t*e art) e=a'!#e" o ,!ke reort o a#) e=a'!#at!o# re!o+s,) or t*ereater 'a"e o t*e sa'e 'e#ta, or *)s!$a, $o#"!t!o# I t*e art) e=a'!#e" re+ses to "e,!er s+$* reort t*e $o+rt o# 'ot!o# a#" #ot!$e 'a) 'ake a# or"er re+!r!#. "e,!er) o# s+$* ter's as are /+st a#" ! t*e *)s!$!a# a!,s or re+ses to 'ake s+$* reort t*e $o+rt 'a) e=$,+"e *!s test!'o#) ! o?ere" at t*e tr!a, (5 Section 4C %aiver of Privile$e B) re+est!#. a#" o(ta!#!#. a reort o t*e e=a'!#at!o# so or"ere" or () tak!#. t*e "eos!t!o# o t*e e=a'!#er t*e art) e=a'!#e" 6a!es a#) r!!,e.e *e 'a) *ae !# t*at a$t!o# or a#) ot*er !#o,!#. t*e sa'e $o#troers) re.ar"!#. t*e test!'o#) o eer) ot*er erso# 6*o *as e=a'!#e" or 'a) t*ereater e=a'!#e *!' !# rese$t o t*e sa'e 'e#ta, or *)s!$a, e=a'!#at!o# 6D7 P/i$(-P!i(!( P/ivi+ C,*!i"#(i,! R*+ R?*i$i($; *i, t&ere must be a confession made to or advice $iven by a priest or minister in his professional character in t&e course of a discipline enjoined by t&e c&urc& to )&ic& &e belon$s *ii, t&e priest/minister must be duly ordained or consecrated by &is sectC 6E7 P/ivi+ C,*!i"#(i,! R*+ &' R#$,! , P*&+i" O:" R?*i$i($; *i, t&ere must be a communication made to t&e public o'cer in o'cial con(dence *ii, t&e public interest )ould su3er by t&e disclosure of suc& information *iii, t&e disuali(cation attac&es durin$ t&e o'cers term or o'ce or even after)ardsC 6F7 T$(i,!i#+ P/ivi+ S"(i,! 2 R*+ 1305 No erso# 'a) (e $o'e,,e" to test!) a.a!#st *!s are#ts ot*er "!re$t as$e#"a#ts $*!,"re# or ot*er "!re$t "es$e#"a#ts Re,ate" ro!s!o# +#"er A/(i"+ 21 , () F#i+' C,d & No "es$e#"a#t s*a,, (e $o'e,,e" !# a $r!'!#a, $ase to test!) a.a!#st *!s are#ts a#" .ra#"are#ts e=$et 6*e# s+$* test!'o#) !s !#"!se#sa(,e !# a $r!'e a.a!#st t*e "es$e#"a#t or () o#e are#t a.a!#st t*e ot*er E!t*er +#"er Se$t!o# 2J R+,e 130 o t*e R+,es o Co+rt or +#"er Art!$,e Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

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21J o t*e Fa'!,) Co"e test!'o#!a, r!!,e.e !s #ot a "!s+a,!%$at!o# r+,e (+t o#,) a r!!,e.e #ot to (e $o'e,,e" to test!) as a 6!t#ess T*+s ! t*e *o,"er o t*e r!!,e.e 6!s*es to test!) t*e art) a.a!#st 6*o' *!s test!'o#) !s o?ere" !# e!"e#$e $a##ot o(/e$t

VIII. OPINION RULE enerally  o!#!o# o a 6!t#ess !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e  ection !+, Rule 13& 5 Reason - $ases s*o+," (e "e$!"e" (ase" o# a$ts Exceptions to t&e $eneral rule: 6i7 E98/( ,8i!i,! - t*e o!#!o# o a 6!t#ess o# a 'atter re+!r!#. se$!a, k#o6,e".e sk!,, e=er!e#$e or tra!#!#. 6*!$* *e !s s*o6# to ossess 'a)(e re$e!e" !# e!"e#$e  ection !", Rule 13& 5> 6ii7 O8i!i,! , ,/di!#/' i(!$$; a5 t*e o!#!o# o a 6!t#ess or 6*!$* roer (as!s !s .!e# 'a) (e re$e!e" !# e!"e#$e re.ar"!#. @ 15 t*e !"e#t!t) o a erso# a(o+t 6*o' *e *as a"e+ate k#o6,e".e> 25 a *a#"6r!t!#. 6!t* 6*!$* *e *as s+$!e#t a'!,!ar!t)> a#" 35 t*e 'e#ta, sa#!t) o a erso# 6!t* 6*o' *e !s s+$!e#t,) a$+a!#te" (5 t*e 6!t#ess 'a) a,so test!) o# *!s !'ress!o#s o t*e e'ot!o# (e*a!or $o#"!t!o# or aeara#$e o a erso#

IJ. C5ARACTER EVIDENCE; enerally  e!"e#$e o a erso#s $*ara$ter !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e 6ection #1, Rule 13&7. Reaso# - $ases s*o+," (e "e$!"e" (ase" o# t*e a$ts or o'!ss!o#s $o',a!#e" o a#" #ot o# t*e $*ara$ter or erso#a,!t!es o t*e art!es !#o,e" Exceptions to t&e $eneral rule: 6#7 I! C/ii!#+ C#$$; 15 T*e a$$+se" 'a) roe *!s .oo" 'ora, $*ara$ter 6*!$* !s ert!#e#t to t*e 'ora, tra!t !#o,e" !# t*e o?e#se $*ar.e"> 25 U#,ess !# re(+tta, t*e rose$+t!o# 'a) #ot roe *!s (a" 'ora, $*ara$ter 6*!$* !s ert!#e#t to t*e 'ora, tra!t !#o,e" !# t*e o?e#se $*ar.e"> 35 T*e .oo" or (a" 'ora, $*ara$ter o t*e o?e#"e" art) 'a) (e roe" ! !t te#"s to esta(,!s* !# a#) reaso#a(,e "e.ree t*e ro(a(!,!t) o t*e o?e#se $*ar.e" Corre,ate t*!s 6!t* t*e  Rape hiel/ Rule +#"er RA No4J0J ot*er6!se k#o6# as Rae V!$t!' Ass!sta#$e a#" Prote$t!o# A$t o 1994 6*!$* ro!"es t*at I# rose$+t!o# or rae e!"e#$e o $o',a!#a#ts ast se=+a, $o#"+$t o!#!o# t*ereo or o *!s7*er re+tat!o# s*a,, #ot (e a"'!tte" +#,ess a#" o#,) to t*e e=te#t t*at t*e $o+rt %#"s t*at s+$* e!"e#$e !s 'ater!a, a#" re,ea#t to t*e $ase 6&7 I! Civi+ C#$$; E!"e#$e o t*e 'ora, $*ara$ter o art) !# a $!!, $ase !s a"'!ss!(,e o#,) 6*e# ert!#e#t to t*e !ss+e o $*ara$ter !#o,e" !# t*e $ase 6"7 Evid!" , ,,d ")#/#"(/ , # i(!$$; E!"e#$e o t*e .oo" $*ara$ter o a 6!t#ess !s #ot a"'!ss!(,e +#t!, s+$* $*ara$ter *as (ee# !'ea$*e"  ection 1!, Rule 13% 5 Reason @ t*e .oo" $*ara$ter o a 6!t#ess !s res+'e"

J. PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE; 6A7 O/d/ i! () 9#i!#(i,! , #! i!divid*#+ i(!$$ ection !, Rule 13%5& !5 "!re$t e=a'!#at!o# () t*e roo#e#t> Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C. TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$e$!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

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!!5 $ross-e=a'!#at!o# () t*e oo#e#t> !!!5 Re-"!re$t e=a'!#at!o# () t*e roo#e#t> !5 Re-$ross e=a'!#at!o# () t*e roo#e#t 6B7 R"#++i! # i(!$$ @ ater t*e e=a'!#at!o# o a 6!t#ess () (ot* s!"es *as (ee# $o#$,+"e" t*e 6!t#ess $a##ot (e re$a,,e" 6!t*o+t ,eae o $o+rt T*e $o+rt 6!,, .ra#t or 6!t**o," ,eae as t*e !#terest o /+st!$e 'a) re+!re  ection ", Rule 13%5 6C7 O&"(i,!#&+ ?*$(i,!$; 6i7 L#di! ?*$(i,! @ a +est!o# 6*!$* s+..ests to t*e 6!t#ess t*e a#s6er 6*!$* t*e e=a'!#er "es!res !s #ot a,,o6e"  S"(i,!10 R*+ 132 5 Exceptions& A ,ea"!#. +est!o# 'a)(e a,,o6e"15 O# $ross-e=a'!#at!o#> 25 O# re,!'!#ar) 'atters> 35 6*e# t*ere !s "!$+,t) !# .ett!#. "!re$t a#" !#te,,!.!(,e a#s6er ro' a 6!t#ess 6*o !s !.#ora#t or a $*!," o te#"er )ears or !s ee(,e '!#" or "ea-'+te> 85 o a# +#6!,,!#. or *ost!,e 6!t#ess> J5 o a# a"erse art)- 6!t#ess 6ii7 Mi$+#di! ?*$(i,! @ a +est!o# 6*!$* ass+'es as tr+e a a$t #ot )et test!%e" to () t*e 6!t#ess or $o#trar) to t*at 6*!$* *e *as re!o+s,) state" !s #ot a,,o6e" 6D7 I8#")!( , #dv/$ 8#/('$ i(!$$ 6ection 11, Rule 13%7; A 6!t#ess 'a) (e !'ea$*e" () t*e art) a.a!#st 6*o' *e 6as $a,,e" ()& !5 $o#tra"!$tor) e!"e#$e> !!5 e!"e#$e t*at *!s .e#era, re+tat!o# or tr+t* *o#est) or !#te.r!t) !s (a"> or !!!5 e!"e#$e t*at *e *as 'a"e at ot*er t!'es state'e#ts !#$o#s!ste#t 6!t* *!s rese#t test!'o#) A 6!t#ess 'a) !,( (e !'ea$*e" () e!"e#$e o art!$+,ar 6ro#.+, a$t e=$et t*at t*e 6!t#ess 'a) (e roe" to *ae (ee# $o#!$te" o a# o?e#se ()& !5 () t*e e=a'!#at!o# o t*e 6!t#ess re.ar"!#. t*e a$t o r!or $o#!$t!o#> or !!5 () t*e re$or" o t*e $o+rt "e$!s!o# $o#!$t!#. *!' o a# o?e#se 6E7 R?*i$i($ ,/ i8#")i! () i(!$$ , () #dv/$ 8#/(' &' vid!" , i!",!$i$(!( $(#(!(; !5 t*e state'e#t '+st (e re,ate" to *!' 6!t* t*e $!r$+'sta#$es o t*e t!'es a#" ,a$es a#" t*e erso#s rese#t> !!5 t*e 6!t#ess '+st (e aske" 6*et*er *e 'a"e s+$* state'e#ts> !!!5 a#" ! a"'!ts t*at *e "!" so t*e# *e '+st (e a,,o6e" to e=,a!# t*e !#$o#s!ste#$) (et6ee# *!s r!or state'e#t a#" *!s rese#t test!'o#) ection 13, Rule 13% 5 6F7 A 8#/(' #' !,( i8#") )i$ ,! i(!$$ 6S"(i,! 12 R*+ 1327. Reason& () $a,,!#. t*e 6!t#ess to t*e sta#" t*e roo#e#t o+$*es to t*e $re"!(!,!t) a#" *o#est) o *!s 6!t#ess Exceptions& ection 1%, Rule 13% 5 !5 ! t*e 6!t#ess !s *ost!,e or +#6!,,!#.> or !!5 ! t*e 6!t#ess !s t*e a"erse art) or t*e o$er "!re$tor 'a#a.!#. a.e#t o a $ ororat!o# or art#ers*! or asso$!at!o# 6*!$* !s a# a"erse art)

JI. OFFER AND OB4ECTION T*e $o+rt s*a,, $o#s!"er #o e!"e#$e 6*!$* *as #ot (ee# or'a,,) o?ere" T*e +rose or 6*!$* t*e e!"e#$e !s o?ere" '+st (e se$!%e"  S"(i,! 2 R*+ 1325 I t*e +rose !s #ot se$!%e" t*e e!"e#$e '+st (e e=$,+"e"  U!iid S#+$ v$. Ti(#!-Id#5 Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

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Exception& As ,o#. as t*e e!"e#$e *as (ee# roer,) !"e#t!%e" () test!'o#) "+,) re$or"e" a#" !#$ororate" !# t*e re$or"s o t*e $ase t*e e!"e#$e 'a) st!,, (e $o#s!"ere" () t*e $o+rt ee# ! #ot or'a,,) o?ere" 6P8 v$. Li&!#,7. Reasons )&y t&e purpose must be speci(ed: !5 To e#a(,e t*e a"erse art) to 'ake !#te,,!.e#t o(/e$t!o# to t*e or'a, o?er> !!5 To e#a(,e t*e $o+rt to r+,e roer,) o# t*e o(/e$t!o# s!#$e a# e!"e#$e 'a)(e a"'!ss!(,e or o#e +rose (+t !#a"'!ss!(,e or a#ot*er +rose +#"er t*e r!#$!,e o '+,t!,e a"'!ss!(!,!t)  U!iid S#+$ v$. Ti(#!Id# 5

Ti (, # # ,/#+ ,/ , vid!" S"(i,! 3 R*+ 132 5 @ t*e t!'e to 'ake a or'a, o?er "ee#"s o# t*e k!#" o e!"e#$e (e!#. or'a,,) o?ere"& *+, 1f evidence consists of oral testimony of )itnesses H t&e o3er must be made at t&e time t&e )itness is called to testifyC K+er)& W*at !s t*e e?e$t ! t*e 6!t#ess 6as a,,o6e" to test!) 6!t*o+t t*e roo#e#t 'ak!#. a or'a, o?er o t*e roose" test!'o#) (+t t*e a"erse art) "!" #ot a,so o(/e$t t*ereto (eore t*e 6!t#ess 6as a(,e to test!) a#" $o',ete *!s test!'o#) A#s6er& T*e test!'o#) !s a"'!ss!(,e as t*e a"erse art) 6as "ee'e" to *ae 6a!e" *!s r!.*t to t*e o(/e$t!o# Concepcion Catuira vs. CA Fa$ts& Cat+!ra 6as $*ar.e" 6!t* t6o 25 $o+#ts o Estafa or !ss+!#. (o+#$!#. $*e$ks D+r!#. t*e tr!a, t*e rose$+t!o# rese#te" t*e r!ate $o',a!#a#t 6*o $o',ete" *er test!'o#) 6!t*o+t a or'a, o?er *a!#. (ee# 'a"e As soo# as t*e rose$+t!o# reste" !ts $ase t*e a$$+se" %,e" a De'+rrer to E!"e#$e o# t*e .ro+#" t*at t*e test!'o#) o t*e 6!t#ess !s !#a"'!ss!(,e !# e!"e#$e or ,a$k o or'a, o?er R+,!#.& !5 T*e reaso# or re+!r!#. t*at e!"e#$e (e or'a,,) o?ere" !s to e#a(,e t*e $o+rt to r+,e !#te,,!.e#t,) o# t*e o(/e$t!o# to t*e +est!o#s aske" !!5 As a .e#era, r+,e t*e roo#e#t '+st s*o6 !ts re,ea#$) 'ater!a,!t) a#" $o'ete#$) W*ere t*e roo#e#t o?ers e!"e#$e "ee'e" () $o+#se, o t*e a"erse art) to (e !#a"'!ss!(,e or a#) reaso# t*e ,atter 'a) o(/e$t to !ts a"'!ss!o# B+t t*!s !s a 'ere r!!,e.e 6*!$* $a# (e 6a!e" Ne$essar!,) t*e o(/e$t!o# '+st (e 'a"e at t*e ear,!est oort+#!t) ,est s!,e#$e 6*ere t*ere !s oort+#!t) to seak 'a) oerate as a 6a!er o t*e o(/e$t!o# !!!5 W*!,e !t !s tr+e t*at t*e rose$+t!o# a!,e" to o?er t*e +est!o#e" test!'o#) 6*e# r!ate $o',a!#a#t 6as $a,,e" to t*e 6!t#ess sta#" t*e a$$+se" 6a!e" t*!s ro$e"+ra, error () a!,!#. to o(/e$t at t*e aror!ate t!'e !e 6*e# t*e .ro+#" or o(/e$t!o# (e$a'e reaso#a(,) 'a#!est t*e 'o'e#t 6!t* 6!t#ess 6as $a,,e" to test!) 6!t*o+t a#) r!or o?er *a!#. (ee# 'a"e () t*e roo#e#t *., Object/documentary evidence H t&e formal o3er must be made after t&e presentation of a partys testimonial evidence or )itnessesC S+$* o?er '+st (e "o#e ora,,) +#,ess a,,o6e" () t*e $o+rt to (e 'a"e !# 6r!t!#. Ti (, # ,&"(i,! S"(i,! 3 R*+ 132 5 @ It "ee#"s o# t*e k!#" o e!"e#$e (e!#. o(/e$te" to& *+, 1f oral testimony: !5 o(/e$t!o# to e!"e#$e o?ere" ora,,) '+st (e 'a"e !''e"!ate,) ater t*e o?er !s 'a"e C#(*i/# v$. CA5 Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C. TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$e$!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

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!!5o(/e$t!o# to +est!o# roo+#"e" !# t*e $o+rse o t*e ora, e=a'!#at!o# o a 6!t#ess s*a,, (e 'a"e as soo# as t*e .ro+#"s t*ereore s*a,, (e$o'e reaso#a(,) 'a#!est *., 1f object/documentary evidence: !5 o(/e$t!o# to o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e o?ere" ora,,) s*a,, (e 'a"e !''e"!ate,) ater t*e o?er !s 'a"e> !!5 o(/e$t!o# to o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e o?ere" !# 6r!t!#. s*a,, (e 'a"e t*ree 35 "a)s ater #ot!$e o t*e o?er +#,ess a "!?ere#t er!o" !s a,,o6e" () t*e $o+rt K+er)&

W*at !s t*e e?e$t ! a# !#a"'!ss!(,e o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e 6as o(/e$te" to at t*e t!'e !t 6as !#tro"+$e" !"e#t!%e" a#" 'arke" as e=*!(!t (+t #ot o(/e$te" to 6*e# or'a,,) o?ere" A#6er& T*e e!"e#$e ot*er6!se !#a"'!ss!(,e '+st (e a"'!tte"7$o#s!"ere"  I!(/8#"i%" T/#!$i( I!". v$. Avi+$5 Reason& O(/e$t!o# to o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e '+st (e 'a"e at t*e t!'e !t !s or'a,,) o?ere" #ot ear,!er O(/e$t!o# r!or to or'a, o?er !s re-'at+re T*e !"e#t!%$at!o# o t*e o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e (eore !t !s 'arke" as a# e=*!(!t "oes #ot $o#st!t+te or'a, o?er O(/e$t!o# to t*e !"e#t!%$at!o# a#" 'ark!#. !s #ot e+!a,e#t to o(/e$t!o# to t*e o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e 6*e# !t !s or'a,,) o?ere" W*at rea,,) 'atters !s t*e o(/e$t!o# 'a"e at t*e t!'e !t !s or'a,,) o?ere" as a# e!"e#$e K+er)& W*at !s t*e e?e$t ! a# !#a"'!ss!(,e o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e 6as #ot o(/e$te" to "+r!#. !ts !#tro"+$t!o# !"e#t!%$at!o# a#" 'ark!#. (+t 6as o(/e$te" to "+r!#. t*e or'a, o?er Does t*e a!,+re to o(/e$t "+r!#. t*e !#tro"+$t!o# !"e#t!%$at!o# a#" 'ark!#. $o#st!t+te a 6a!er o t*e r!!,e.e to o(/e$t res+,t!#. !# t*e e!"e#$e ot*er6!se !#a"'!ss!(,e (e$o'!#. a"'!ss!(,e A#s6er& T*e o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e '+st (e e=$,+"e" M#"#$i/#' v$. P,8+ , () P)i+i88i!$ 5  Reason& S!#$e o(/e$t!o# to o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e '+st (e 'a"e o#,) ater t*e o?er !s 'a"e a#" #ot at a#) ot*er t!'e #o 6a!er o t*e r!!,e.e to o(/e$t s*a,, take ,a$e () t*e a!,+re to o(/e$t 6*e# t*e o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) e!"e#$e 6as 'arke" !"e#t!%e" a#" !#tro"+$e" "+r!#. t*e tr!a, o(!o+s,) (e$a+se !t 6as #ot t*e roer t!'e to 'ake o(/e$t!o# K+er)& W*at '+st a# a"erse art) "o 6*e# !t (e$o'es reaso#a(,) aare#t !# t*e $o+rse o t*e e=a'!#at!o# o a 6!t#ess t*at t*e +est!o#s (e!#. roo+#"e" are o t*e sa'e $,ass as t*ose to 6*!$* o(/e$t!o# *as (ee# 'a"e 6*et*er s+sta!#e" or oerr+,e" () t*e $o+rt A#s6er& It s*a,, #ot (e #e$essar) to reeat t*e o(/e$t!o# (+t !t !s s+$!e#t to re$or" a $o#t!#+!#. o(/e$t!o# to s+$* $,ass o +est!o#s S"(i,! 3> R*+ 1325 K+er)& W*e# '+st t*e $o+rt 'ake a r+,!#. o# t*e o(/e$t!o# A#s6er& It '+st (e .!e# !''e"!ate,) ater t*e o(/e$t!o# !s ra!se" +#,ess t*e $o+rt "es!res to take reaso#a(,e t!'e to !#or' !tse, o# t*e +est!o# rese#te" S"(i,! 3= R*+ 132 5 K+er)& a) t*e $o+rt s+se#" t*e r+,!#. () s!',) stat!#. t*at t*e o(/e$t!o# !s #ote" or t*at t*e o(/e$t!o# 6!,, (e $o#s!"ere" 6*e# t*e $o+rt reso,es t*e $ase o# t*e 'er!ts A#s6er& No t*e reserat!o# or *o,"!#. !# a(e)a#$e o a r+,!#. o# a# o(/e$t!o# !s "!sa"a#ta.eo+s a#" re/+"!$!a, to t*e art) !#teros!#. t*e o(/e$t!o# W!t*o+t t*e "e%#!te r+,!#. t*e art) o(/e$t!#. 6o+," (e ,et !# t*e "ark as to 6*at roer $o+rse o a$t!o# to take +#"er t*e Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

32


$!r$+'sta#$es K+er)& W*at !s t*e re'e") o t*e roo#e#t ! *!s roose" e!"e#$e !s e=$,+"e" () t*e $o+rt A#s6er& T*e roo#e#t 'a) resort to  T!d/ , E9"+*dd Evid!" ot*er6!se k#o6# as  O/ , P/,,  S"(i,! 0 R*+ 1325 !# t*e o,,o6!#. 'a##er& !5 ! t*e e=$,+"e" e!"e#$e !s o(/e$t7"o$+'e#tar) @ () atta$*!#. !t to 'ak!#. !t art o t*e re$or"s o t*e $ase> !!5 ! t*e e=$,+"e" e!"e#$e !s test!'o#!a, @ () stat!#. or t*e re$or" t*e #a'e a#" ot*er erso#a, $!r$+'sta#$es o t*e 6!t#ess a#" t*e s+(sta#$e o t*e roose" test!'o#) JII. AUT5ENTICATION AND PROOF OF DOCUMENTS & For +roses o t*e!r rese#tat!o# !# e!"e#$e "o$+'e#ts are e!t*er +(,!$ or r!ate T*e o,,o6!#. are P*&+i" D,"*!($& S"(i,! 1< R*+ 1325 !5 6r!tte# o$!a, a$ts or re$or"s o o$!a, a$ts o soere!.# a+t*or!t!es o$!a, (o"!es7tr!(+#a,s a#" +(,!$ o$ers o t*e P*!,!!#es or ore!.# $o+#tr)> !!5 "o$+'e#ts a$k#o6,e".e" (eore a #otar) +(,!$ e=$et 6!,,s a#" testa'e#t> !!!5 +(,!$ re$or"s o r!ate "o$+'e#ts ket !# t*e P*!,!!#es A P/iv#( D,"*!( !s o#e #ot a,,!#. +#"er a#) o t*e ore.o!#. e#+'erat!o#s o +(,!$ "o$+'e#ts K+er)& A#s6er&

W*at !s t*e ro(at!e a,+e o +(,!$ "o$+'e#ts as e!"e#$e !5 "o$+'e#ts $o#s!st!#. o e#tr!es !# +(,!$ re$or"s 'a"e !# t*e eror'a#$e o a "+t) () a +(,!$ o$er are r!'a a$!e e!"e#$e o t*e a$ts state" t*ere!#> !!5 a,, ot*er +(,!$ "o$+'e#ts are e!"e#$e ee# a.a!#st a t*!r" erso# o t*e a$t 6*!$* .ae r!se to t*e!r e=e$+t!o# a#" o t*e "ate o t*e ,atter

K+er)& Ho6 'a) a +(,!$ "o$+'e#t (e roe" !# $o+rt A#s6er& It "ee#"s o# t*e k!#" o +(,!$ "o$+'e#t so+.*t to (e roe" @ -a 0f it consists of :ritten o;cial acts or recor/s of o;cial acts, it (a$ 'e prove/9 a5 () !ts o$!a, +(,!$at!o# 6*et*er t*e +(,!$ "o$+'e#t !s ket !# t*e P*!,!!#es or a(roa"> or (5 ! !t !s ket !# t*e P*!,!!#es () !ts $ert!%e" tr+e $o) "+,) #(($(d () t*e ,e.a, $+sto"!a# t*ereo> or $5 ! !t !s ket o+ts!"e o t*e P*!,!!#es () !ts $ert!%e" tr+e $o) "+,) #(($(d () t*e ,e.a, $+sto"!a# a#" '+st (e a$$o'a#!e" () a $ert!%$at!o# !ss+e" () t*e P*!,!!#e Co#s+,ar O$er stat!o#e" !# t*e $o+#tr) 6*ere t*e "o$+'e#t !s ket t*at t*e $+sto"!a# !s ,e.a,,) a+t*or!
33


A#s6er& T*e attestat!o# '+st state !# s+(sta#$e t*at t*e $o) !s a $orre$t $o) o t*e or!.!#a,  S"(i,! 2 R*+ 1325 K+er)& state7$o#ta!#

W*at '+st a $o#s+,ar $ert!%$at!o# A#s6er& It '+st state t*at t*e o$er 6*o atteste" a $ert!%e" tr+e $o) o a +(,!$ "o$+'e#t !s a# a+t*or!
-' 0f it consists of /ocu(ent ac5no:le/ge/ 'efore a notar$ pu'lic, !t 'a) (e rese#te" !# e!"e#$e 6!t*o+t +rt*er roo $o#s!"er!#. t*at t*e $ert!%$ate o a$k#o6,e".e'e#t !s r!'a a$!e e!"e#$e o !ts "+e e=e$+t!o# 6ection 3&, Rule 13%7. -c 0f it consists of pu'lic recor/s, 5ept in the Philippines, of so(e private /ocu(ents, it (a$ 'e prove/ & a5 () t*e or!.!#a, re$or"> or (5 () a $o) t*ereo atteste" () t*e ,e.a, $+sto"!a# o t*e re$or" 6!t* a# aror!ate $ert!%$ate t*at s+$* o$er *as t*e $+sto") ection %, Rule 13% 5 K+er)& Ho6 'a) a r!ate "o$+'e#t (e roe" A#s6er& It "ee#"s o# t*e +rose o t*e o?er& -a if the private /ocu(ent is o=ere/ to 'e authentic, its /ue e>ecution an/ authenticit$ (ust 'e prove/ either & 15 () a#)o#e 6*o sa6 t*e "o$+'e#t e=e$+te" or 6r!tte#> or 25 () e!"e#$e o t*e .e#+!#e#ess o t*e s!.#at+re or *a#"6r!t!#. o t*e 'aker  ection %%, Rule 13% 5 to 6!t& a5 () a#) 6!t#ess 6*o (e,!ees !t to (e t*e *a#"6r!t!#. o s+$* erso# (e$a+se *e *as see# t*e erso# 6r!te> (5 () a#) 6!t#ess 6*o *as see# 6r!t!#.s +rort!#. to (e t*ose o s+$* erso# +o# 6*!$* t*e 6!t#ess *as a$te" or (ee# $*ar.e" a#" *as t*+s a$+!re" k#o6,e".e o t*e *a#"6r!t!#. o s+$* erso#> $5 () $o'ar!so# 'a"e () t*e $o+rt or a 6!t#ess 6!t*& !5 6r!t!#.s a"'!tte" or treate" as .e#+!#e () t*e art) a.a!#st 6*o' t*e e!"e#$e !s o?ere"> or !!5 6r!t!#.s roe" to (e .e#+!#e to t*e sat!sa$t!o# o t*e /+".e Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

38


I!$(#!"$ )/ 8/iv#( d,"*!( #' & /"ivd i! vid!" i(),*( #*()!(i"#(i,!; !5 I# $ase o a# a#$!e#t "o$+'e#t t*at !s a r!ate "o$+'e#t 'ore t*a# t*!rt) 305 )ears o," ro"+$e" ro' a $+sto") !# 6*!$* !t 6o+," #at+ra,,) (e o+#" ! .e#+!#e a#" !s +#(,e'!s*e" () a#) a,terat!o#s or $!r$+'sta#$es o s+s!$!o# ection %1, Rule 13% 5> !!5 6*ere t*e r!ate "o$+'e#t !s #ot o?ere" as a# a+t*e#t!$ "o$+'e#t !# 6*!$* $ase !t o#,) #ee"s to (e !"e#t!%e" as t*at 6*!$* !t !s $,a!'e" to (e  ection %&, Rule 13%5 K+er)& A#s6er&

W*at !s t*e r+,e ! a "o$+'e#t o?ere" !# e!"e#$e !s 6r!tte# !# a# +#o$!a, ,a#.+a.e #e!t*er !# E#.,!s* #or !# F!,!!#o5 T*e "o$+'e#t !s !#a"'!ss!(,e !# e!"e#$e +#,ess a$$o'a#!e" () a tra#s,at!o# !#to F!,!!#o or E#.,!s*  ection 33, Rule 13% 5

JIII. WEIG5T AND SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE 5i/#/")' , Evid!"; 15 roo (e)o#" reaso#a(,e "o+(t @ a,!e" !# $r!'!#a, $ases 25 reo#"era#$e o e!"e#$e @ a,!e" !# $!!, $ases 35 s+(sta#t!a, e!"e#$e @ a,!e" !# a"'!#!strat!e $ases a#" !# ro$ee"!#.s !#o,!#. Wr!t o A'aro ection 1, A(paro Rule5 K+er)& A#s6er&

W*at !s t*e e!"e#t!ar) 6e!.*t o a# e=tra-/+"!$!a, $o#ess!o# It !s #ot s+$!e#t to $o#!$t t*e a$$+se" +#,ess $orro(orate" () e!"e#$e o corpus delicti S"(i,! 3 R*+ 133 5 K+er)& W*at #ee"s to (e $orro(orate" () corpus delicti t*e e=tra-/+"!$!a, $o#ess!o# !tse, or t*e test!'o#) o t*e erso# 6*o *ear" t*e e=tra-/+"!$!a, $o#ess!o# A#s6er& W*at '+st (e $orro(orate" !s t*e e=tra/+"!$!a, $o#ess!o# a#" #ot t*e test!'o#) o t*e erso# to 6*o' t*e $o#ess!o# 6as 'a"e a#" t*e $orro(orat!e e!"e#$e re+!re" !s #ot t*e test!'o#) o a#ot*er erso# 6*o a,so *ear" t*e $o#ess!o# (+t t*e e!"e#$e o corpus delicti People vs. Lorenzo 5

A#s6er&

K+er)& A#s6er&

K+er)& Is !t re+!re" t*at a,, e,e'e#ts o t*e $r!'e $*ar.e" '+st (e esta(,!s*e" () !#"ee#"e#t e!"e#$e aart ro' t*e e=tra/+"!$!a, $o#ess!o# Se$t!o# 3 R+,e 133 o t*e R+,es o Co+rt "oes #ot 'ea# t*at eer) e,e'e#t o t*e $r!'e $*ar.e" '+st (e $,ear,) esta(,!s*e" () !#"ee#"e#t e!"e#$e aart ro' t*e $o#ess!o# It 'ea#s 'ere,) t*at t*ere s*o+," (e so'e e!"e#$e te#"!#. to s*o6 t*e $o''!ss!o# o t*e $r!'e aart ro' t*e $o#ess!o# Ot*er6!se t*e +t!,!t) o t*e $o#ess!o# as a se$!es o roo 6o+," a#!s* ! !t 6ere #e$essar) !# a""!t!o# to t*e $o#ess!o# to a""+$e ot*er e!"e#$e s+$!e#t o /+st!) a $o#!$t!o# !#"ee#"e#t,) o s+$* $o#ess!o# I# ot*er 6or"s t*e ot*er e!"e#$e #ee" #ot  !#"ee#"e#t,) o t*e $o#ess!o# esta(,!s* t*e corpus delicti (e)o#" reaso#a(,e "o+(t  People vs. Lorenzo 5

Is $!r$+'sta#t!a, e!"e#$e s+$!e#t or $o#!$t!o# Yes $!r$+'sta#t!a, e!"e#$e !s s+$!e#t or $o#!$t!o# ! t*e o,,o6!#. re+!s!tes are rese#t& !5 t*ere '+st (e 'ore t*a# o#e $!r$+'sta#$e> !!5 t*e a$ts ro' 6*!$* t*e !#ere#$es are "er!e" are roe#>

a#" !!!5t*e $o'(!#at!o# o a,, $!r$+'sta#$es !s s+$* as to ro"+$e a $o#!$t!o# (e)o#" reaso#a(,e "o+(t Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C. TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$e$!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

3J


PRINCIPLES RELEVANT IN DETERMINING WEIG5T AND SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE; 6i7 E?*i8,i$ R*+ @ 6*ere t*e e!"e#$e o# a# !ss+e o a$t !s !# !ss+e or t*ere !s "o+(t o# 6*!$* s!"e t*e e!"e#$e reo#"erates t*e art) *a!#. t*e (+r"e# o roo ,oses He#$e ! t*e !#$+,ator) a$ts a#" $!r$+'sta#$es are $aa(,e o t6o 25 or 'ore e=,a#at!o#s o#e o 6*!$* !s $o#s!ste#t 6!t* !##o$e#$e a#" t*e ot*er $o#s!ste#t 6!t* .+!,t t*e or'er s*o+," rea!, or t*e# t*e e!"e#$e "oes #ot s+$e to ro"+$e a $o#!$t!o#  A'ar?uez vs. People5 6ii7 A"(,/$ R*+ - 6*ere t*e test!'o#!es o 6!t#esses o# o#e a#" t*e sa'e a$t+a, !ss+e are !#$o#s!ste#t 6!t* ea$* ot*er t*e test!'o#) o t*e 6!t#ess 6*ose a$t!o# !s 'ore $o##e$te" to t*e o!#t at !ss+e s*o+," (e .!e# 'ore $re"e#$e T*+s as (et6ee# t*e $are#ter a#" t*e te#a#t t*e ,atter s*o+," (e .!e# 'ore $re"e#$e (e!#. 'ore $,ose,) $o##e$te" to t*e o!#t at !ss+e t*at !s 6*et*er t*e !'roe'e#ts are o+#" o# t*e ,!t!.ate" ,ot For 6*!,e a $are#ter 6o+," #ot $o#$er# *!'se, 6!t* t*e t!t,e o t*e roert) a ,essee 6o+," #or'a,,) ,ook !#to t*e t!t,e o t*e roert) ,ease" !#$,+"!#. !ts re$!se ,o$at!o# a#" (o+#"ar!es  Heirs of @icente Re$es vs. Court of Appeals5 JIV. ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE RULE 6A7 A88+i"#&+ (,; a5 $!!, a$t!o#s7ro$ee"!#.s (5 +as!-/+"!$!a, a#" a"'!#!strat!e $ases $5 $r!'!#a, a$t!o#s A'e#"'e#t took e?e$t o# O$to(er 18 20025 6B7 D%!i(i,! , T/$; a5 Electronic data messa$e @ reers to !#or'at!o# .e#erate" se#t re$e!e" r store" () e,e$tro#!$ ot!$a, or s!'!,ar 'ea#s (5 Electronic document - reers to !#or'at!o# or rerese#tat!o# o !#or'at!o# "ata %.+res s)'(o,s or ot*er 'o"es o 6r!tte# e=ress!o# "es$r!(e" or *o6eer rerese#te" () 6*!$* a r!.*t !s esta(,!s*e" or a# o(,!.at!o# e=t!#.+!s*e" or () 6*!$* a a$t 'a) (e roe" a#" ar'e" 6*!$* !s re$e!e" re$or"e" tra#s'!tte" store" ro$esse" retr!ee" or ro"+$e" e,e$tro#!$a,,) It !#$,+"es "!.!ta,,) s!.#e" "o$+'e#ts or a#) r!#t-o+t or o+t+t rea"a(,e () s!.*t or ot*er 'ea#s 6*!$* a$$+rate,) ree$ts t*e e,e$tro#!$ "ata 'essa.e or e,e$tro#!$ "o$+'e#t NPC v$. C,di++# T*e oerat!e a$t t*at 'akes a "o$+'e#t e,e$tro#!$ !s t*at !t !s $o',ete,) ro$esse" e,e$tro#!$a,,) T*+s a 'a#+a,,) s!.#e" r!#t-o+t o a $o'+ter-.e#erate" "o$+'e#t $a##ot (e $o#s!"ere" as e,e$tro#!$ "o$+'e#t re$!se,) (e$a+se #ot a,, t*e "ata o+#" t*ere!# are ro$esse" e,e$tro#!$a,,) MCC S#+$ v$. S-S#!'*! T*e !#te#t!o# o t*e ra'ers !# e#a$t!#. t*e E,e$tro#!$ Co''er$e A$t !s to ro'ote a#" treat a aer,ess 6r!t!#. as +#$t!o#a, e+!a,e#t o a aer-(ase" "o$+'e#t T*+s a# ,/di!#/' a$s!'!,e tra#s'!ss!o# 6*!$* !#o,es a aer-(ase" !#or'at!o# or "ata 6*!$* !s s$a##e" se#t t*ro+.* te,e*o#e ,!#e a#" rer!#te" at t*e re$e!!#. $a##ot (e $o#s!"ere" as e,e$tro#!$ "o$+'e#t (e$a+se !t !#o,es a paper 'ase/ original infor(ation as sent an/ a paper'ase/ facsi(ile cop$ as receive/  $5 Ep&emeral electronic communication - reers to te,e*o#e $o#ersat!o#s te=t 'essa.es $*at roo' sess!o#s strea'!#. a+"!o strea'!#. !"eo a#" ot*er e,e$tro#!$ or's o $o''+#!$at!o# the evi/ence of :hich is not recor/e/ or retaine/  6C7 R?*i$i($ ,/ #di$$i&i+i(' , #! +"(/,!i" d,"*!(; Preare" ()& ATTY. 4OSEP5 RANDI C TORREGOSA Professor - Co,,e.e o ;a6 U#!ers!t) o Sa# Car,os - Ce(+ Partner @ Torre.osa Ga,eo# Graa"or  To'a#e#. ;a6 O$es Former Senior ssociate @ A#.ara A(e,,o Co#$et!o# Re.a,a a#" Cr+< ACCRA5 ;a6

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Evidence 2013 Bar Torregosa Notes

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