Eucaryotes Et Virologie (Version 1)

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 8 \tavad Bhcc Bht L; R@L

Lmhpktra 8 7 Kdtrj`ultkjd K$ Cas trjks `jehkdas `u vkvhdt 7 Aulhryjtas# bhltërkas at hrlmëads$

Ch pcuphrt `as bhltërkas at hrlmëads sjdt udklaccuchkras$ Kc y h `a taeps ad taeps `a  patkts ikcheadts$ Cas aulhryjtas aulhr yjtas sjdt ad orhd`a ehgjrktë udklaccuchkra ehks kc y h tjut `a eçea  phs ehc `a ckodës euctklaccuchkras$ Cas hrlmëads at cas bhltërkas ijdt phrtks `as prjlhryjtas -5 hvhdt ca djyhu+$ Orhd`a kddjvhtkjd lmaz cas aulhryjtas 7 djyhu# ad`jeadbrhda$ C‛Ad`jeaebrhda C‛Ad`jeaebrhda ast axlcuskva hux aulhryjtas$ Qda laccuca `a bhltërka ju `‛hrlmëads h uda patkta thkcca 7 adtra 6#1 at 2±e ad ejyadda ehks larthkdas bhltërkas ijdt . `a 86 ±e -ehks trís rhra+$ Ch thkcca `‛uda laccuca aulhryjta ast ad ejyadda `a 0 æ 86 ±e -`kheítra+ ehks kc axksta ud aulhryjta `a 6#=±e phr ax$ Cas ad`jeaebrhdas jdt pareks hux aulhryjtas `a `avadkr orjs$ Ad aiiat# ch eaebrhda ast la quk suppjrta cas vjkas lmkekquas l mkekquas quk prj`uksadt `a c‛ëdaroka$ Cas eëthbjckseas ëdar oëtkquas oëtkquas sjdt trís sjuvadt eaebrhdhkras$ Ch surihla quk ast `ëpcjyëa phr ch eaebrhda pchsekqua vh vhrkar hval ca lhrrë `u rhyjd hcjrs qua ca vjcuea laccuchkra vhrka hval ca luba `u rhyjd$ Ch surihla lrjkt . cadtaeadt qua ca vjcuea laccuchkra$ Cas aulhryjtas sjdt hërjbkas strklt$ Kcs d‛utkcksadt qu‛ud sauc typa `a eëthbjcksea skepca$ -Ax 7 lylca `a Nrabs+$ Hu dkvahu ëdaroëtkqua# cas hrlmëads at cas bhltërkas jdt `as eëthbjckseas axlasskvaeadt vhrkhbcas$ Cas hrlmëads at cas bhltërkas pauvadt çtra hërjbkas ju hdhërjbkas$ Ch pmjtjsydtmísa jxyoëdkqua -ckbërhtkjd `‛jxyoída+ ast udkquaeadt ihkta phr cas pchdtas -jrohdksea aulhryjta+$ L‛ast ud ëvídaeadt rëladt `hds c‛ ëvjcutkjd$ Latta pmjtjsydtmísa ast prhtkquëa ëohcaeadt phr uda bhltërka 7 cas lyhdjbhltërkas$ Kc axksta ëohcaeadt `‛hutras `‛hutras typas `a pmjtjsydtmísa$ Lmaz cas hrlmëads# ca eëthbjcksea `a bhsa ast c‛hdhërjbka c‛hdhërjbka strklt eçea sk kc ast trís vhrkhbca$ \‛kc y h prësadla `‛jxyoída `‛jxyoída `hds ca ekckau# cas Hrlmëads eauradt$ Jd padsa qua cas hrlmëads ast ud orjupa trís hdlkad lhr caur eëthbjcksea ast strkltaeadt hdhërjbka at vkvadt `hds `as ad`rjkts phrtkluckars -prjlma `as iueaurs `hds cas jlëhds  bahuljup `a lmhcaur# `hds ca ijd` `as vhsas  bahuljup `a eëtmhda+$ Cas lyhdjbhltërkas sjdt raspjdshbcas `u `ëohoaeadt `‛jxyoída `hds c‛htejspmíra$ L‛ast æ lhusa `a las lyhdjbhltërkas qua cas laccucas hdhërjbkas sa sjdt dklmëas `hds `as ad`rjkts phrtkluckars$

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Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 8 

Yjkr slmëeh 8$

Cas laccucas lac cucas aulhryjtas sjdt ljepjsëas `a pcuskaurs lmrjejsjeas `kiiëradts$ Lmhqua lmrjejsjea lmrjejsjea ast prësadt sjus ijrea `‛ud H@D bklhtëdhkra ckdëhkra$ Kc d‛ast phs vrhkeadt ckdëhkra lhr cas tëcjeíras sjdt `as strulturas ad bjulca$ Cas udklaccuchkras 7 Jd phrt `a O8# kc y h uda lmrjehtk`a puks sa prj`ukt ch rëpcklhtkjd$ Hu sth`a \# ca lmrjejsjea  pjssí`a 2 lmrjehtk`as$ Adsukta# kc y h sëphrhtkjd `as lmrjehtk`as `u lmrjejsjea$ Hu sth`a s th`a E# kc y h sëphrhtkjd `as lmrjehtk`as ad 2 laccucas ikccas$ Ca ladtrjeíra ast kdaxksthdt lmaz cas hrlmëads at cas bhltërkas$ @a la ihkt# ca djebra `a ljpkas `u lmrjejsjea bhltërkad d‛ast phs ikxa$ Ch prësadla `a 2 pmhsas lmaz cas aspílas aulhryjtas# mhpcjê`a at `kpcjê`a# ast pareksa phr uda orhd`a kdvadtkjd 7 ca saxa -5 Ca lylca saxuë+$ Cas orhd`as ëthpas `a la lylca saxuë sjdt 7 ch iëljd`htkjd at ch eëkjsa$ La lylca saxuë ast uda prjprkëtë typkquaeadt aulhryjta$ Cas patkts lmrjejsjeas `kspadshbcas pauvadt pjrtar `as pchsek`as$ Lmaz cas aulhryjtas 7 ijdt phrtka `a ch eçea aspíla# c‛adsaebca c‛adsaebca `as kd`kvk`us quk sa euctkpcka `a ehdkíra saxuë at quk `jdda `as prj`ukts iartkcas$ Latta djtkjd `‛aspíla d‛ast phs hppcklhbca hu ejd`a `as hrlmëads at `as bhltërkas$ Lmaz cas hrlmëads at cas bhltërkas# jd phrca `a phrhsaxuhcktë$ Las ëlmhdoas pauvadt sa ihkra `a `kiiëradtas ihïjds -vu . thr`+$ Kc y h trís pau `a bhrrkíras spëlkikquas æ c‛ëlmhdoa `a ehtërkac oëdëtkqua$ Qd orhd` djebra `a oídas paut çtra ëlmhdoës adtra bhltërkas phr trhdsiart chtërhc$ Ch pcuphrt `u taeps# las trhdsiarts chtërhux vjdt ljd`ukra# `hds cas `aslad`hdlas# æ uda parta `a la oída$ Las trhdsiarts chtërhux chtërhux sarjdt `‛huthdt . ratadus qua cas oídas sjdt prjlmas$ Cas jpërjds ihvjrksadt cas trhdsiarts chtërhux `a oídas$ Jpërjd 7 orjupaeadt `a oídas at `a sëquadlas rëouchtrklas `u oëdjea `as prjlhryjtas lmaz quk latta jrohdkshtkjd ast prkdlkphcaeadt radljdtrëa$ Phd`ks qua lmaz cas aulhryjtas# cas oídas da sjdt phs jrohdksës ad jpërjd$ Cas oídas `a ijdltkjds hpphradtës vjdt çtra `ksparsës -hcjrs qu‛kcs sarhkadt sarhkadt trís prjlmas cas uds `as hutras lmaz cas bhltërkas+$ Ch prjbhbkcktë qua cas aulhryjtas hlqukíradt at `jddadt `u ehtërkac oëdëtkqua phr trhdsiart chtërhc ast bahuljup pcus ihkbca$ Ca trhdsiart sa ihkt phr ca lylca saxuë$ Ch eaebrhda ast ljepjsëa `a pmjspmjckpk`as -5 ejcëluca `a ocylërjc astërkikëa hval `as hlk`a orhs . pmjspmhta sur `ardkar lhrbjda+$ Cas stërjcs sjdt spëlkikquas `as aulhryjtas ehks quacquas bhltërkas Orhe. pjssí`adt `as stërjcs ehks lalk rasta trís rhra$

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Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 8 Ch eaebrhda kdtarda `as hrlmëads ast ljepjsëa `a ckpk`as quk da rassaebcadt dk æ laux `as  bhltërkas dk æ laux `as aulhryjtas$ Kc y h uda ckhksjd ëtmar ëtmar adtra cas 2 lhrbjdas .… Lmaz cas bhltërkas Orhe%# jd trjuva ca paptk`jocylhda `jdt ch ljepjsktkjd ast rachtkvaeadt  bkad ljdsarvëa$ Lmaz cas bhltërkas Orhe.# kc y h hussk uda phrjk ijreëa `a paptk`jocylhda$ paptk`jocylhda$ % Ch eaebrhda axtarda `as Orhe ast ijreëa `a ckpk`as `kiiëradts$ Larthkds `a las ckpk`as sjdt ckës hux cypjshllmhrk`as -ju CV\+ qu‛jd trjuva htthlmë æ ch eaebrhda e aebrhda axtarda$ % Ch eaebrhda axtarda `as bhltërkas Orhe ast pcus pareëhbca qua ch eaebrhda kdtarda$ Lalk ast `þ æ `a orjs trjus ijreës phr `as prjtëkdas 7 cas pjrkdas$ Jd trjuva bahuljup pcus `a  pjrkdas sur ch eaebrhda axtarda$ Cas bhltërkas Orhe. pauvadt hvjkr uda ljulma `a prjtëkdas 5 ljulma \ quk raepchla ch phrjk ijreë `a paptk`jocylhdas$ Vjur cas hrlmëads# ch ljulma `a prjtëkdas æ ch surihla 5 ljulma \ . eaebrhda kdtarda$ Xuacquas hrlmëads jdt ud Vsau`jpaptk`jocylhda $ Lmaz cas aulhryjtas# ch ljepjsktkjd `a ch phrjk ast axlasskvaeadt vhrkhbca$ Kc paut axkstar ud patkt djebra `a ckodës -lmaz cas aulhryjtas# cas hrlmëads at cas bhltërkas+ quk d‛jdt phs `a phrjk$ Qd aulhryjta quk d‛h phs `a phrjk ast hppacë uda hekba$ Hekba 5 laccuca aulhryjta shds phrjk -ax 7 laccuca hdkehca+$ Cas orhd`as `kiiëradlas adtra cas aulhryjtas# cas hrlmëads at cas bhltërkas 7

Vrësadla `‛ud lytjsquacatta ijreë `a pcuskaurs `a pcuskaurs typas `a ikcheadts `kiiëradts 7 % cas eklrjtubucas 7 cas . orjs % cas i kcheadts kcheadts `‛hltkda 7 cas . ikds % cas ikcheadts kdtareë`khkras 7 thkcca adtra cas 2 hutras$ Cas tubuckdas ljepjsadt cas eklrjtubucas$ Cas Ikcheadts Ikcheadts `‛hltkda sjdt assadtkaccaeadt assadtkaccaeadt ljepjsës `‛hltkda$ La lytjsquacatta ast trís kepjrthdt 7 Cas eklrjtubucas jdt pjur pjur ijdltkjd `‛hssurar  ch phrtktkjd… phrtktkjd… $ Ca iusahu ektjtkqua ast raspjdshbca `a ch sëphrhtkjd `as lmrjejsjeas$ Ijdltkjd `as eklrjtubucas 7 jrohdkshtkjd at ijdltkjddaeadt `u ichoacca aulhryjta$ Cas patkts ichoaccas pauvadt hussk çtra hppacës lkcs$ Ca ichoacca aulhryjta ast trís ljepcaxa# ud orhd` djebra `a prjtëkdas pareat hux eklrjtubucas at `jdl hu ichoacca `a bhttra$ Cas laccucas quk d‛jdt phs `a ichoacca sa `ëpchladt phr rapthtkjd orâla hux ikcheadts `‛hltkda$ Ch pcuphrt `as aulhryjtas sjdt lhphbcas `a prhtkquar  c‛ad`jlytjsa ju c‛axjlytjsa$ Larthkds Lart hkds `‛adtra aux sjdt lhphbcas `a ihkra uda vhrkhdta 7 ch pmhojlytjsa$ Pjut lach ast pareks phr ca

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Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 8 systíea ad`jeaebrhdhkra at phr ca lytjsquacatta$ Cas aulhryjtas jdt hcjrs ud ej`a `a vka  prë`htaur quk caur ast spëlkikqua$ Qda bhltërka d‛ast ad hulud lhs lhphbca `a ehdoar uda ehdoar  uda hutra bhltërka -phs `a pmhojlytjsa+$ @as hllk`adts `a pmhojlytjsa pauvadt sa prj`ukra `jdt cas ljdsëquadlas sjdt trís kepjrthdtas cjrs `a c‛ëvjcutkjd c‛ëvjcutkjd$$ Ad aiiat# kcs hurhkadt pareks `‛kdtardar  ch ektjlmjd`rka at ca  pchsta$ Las pmhojlytjsas jdt pareks uda ad`jsyebkjsa ektjlmjd`rkhca at pchstk`khca$ Cjrsqu‛uda laccuca d‛ast phs `koërëa phr `koërëa phr ch pmhojlytjsa# kc sa prj`ukt uda ad`jsyebkjsa$ ad`jsyebkjsa$  L‛ast axlasskvaeadt kepjrthdt$ Rëpcklhtkjd# trhdslrkptkjd# trh`ultkjd 7 Lmaz cas aulhryjtas# la trhdsiart ast ljephrtkeadtë$ Rëpcklhtkjd at trhdslrkptkjd jdt ckau `hds ca djyhu$ Ch trh`ultkjd sa ihkt `hds ca lytjpchsea -`hds RA ju lytjsjc+$ Latta ljephrtkeadthtkjd ljephrtkeadthtkjd d‛h phs ckau lmaz cas bhltërkas at cas hrlmëads$ hrlmëads$ Jrohdkshtkjd `as prjlassus 7 ' Aulhryjtas 7 % Vhs `‛jpërjds# cas oídas sjdt `ksparsës sur c‛H@D$ % Cas . skepcas ijdt 86 Ebp -5 phkras `a bhsa+ at cas . ljepckquës ijdt 8 666 ijks pcus$ % Kcs jdt tad`hdla æ `avadkr trís orjs ju tjut patkt ad huoeadthdt ju ad rë`ukshdt ch quhdtktë `‛H@D$ ' Cas hrlmëad at bhltërkas 7 % Kcs pjssí`adt `as jpërjds$ % Caur quhdtktë `‛H@D ast adlh`rëa adtra 966 Nbp 5 6#9 Ebp at 86 Ebp$ Kc d‛y h phs `a rachtkjd adtra ch quhdtktë `‛H@D at ch ljepcaxktë lhr kc axksta uda rachtkjd adtra ch thkcca `u djyhu at ch quhdtktë `‛H@D$ `‛H@D$ Kc axksta ëohcaeadt uda rachtkjd adtra ca vjcuea dulcëhkra at ca vjcuea `a ch laccuca$ Axaepcas 7 Cas hcvëjcës ljepraddadt < ckodës 7 % cas lkckës % cas hpkljepcaxh quk sjdt phrek cas aulhryjtas quk jdt ca ejkds `‛H@D % cas `kdjichoaccës quk sjdt phrek p hrek cas aulhryjtas quk jdt ca pcus `‛H@D -pcus qua c‛çtra muehkd+ udklaccuchkra$ Ch quhdtktë quhdtktë `‛H@D at ch quhdtktë `a oída d‛ast phs `u tjut ljrrëcë$ Cas `kdjichoaccës sjdt trís orjs lhr la sjdt `a trís orhd`s prë`htaurs at kc vhut ekaux çtra orjs  pjur pmhojlytar at adocjbar cas patkts$ Lmaz cas prjlhryjtas# pjur shvjkr ljebkad kc y h `a oída ` hds 6#9Ebp phr ax 7 Qda prjtëkda ejyadda 5 <66 hh Vjur ud hh# kc ihut < bhsas$ 0

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 8 6#9Ebp 5 966 oídas Kc ihut adtra 9 666 at 26 666 oídas pjur ihkra uda l accuca aulhryjta `a bhsa$ Lmaz cas aulhryjtas at cas hrlmëads# cas adzyeas phrtklkphdt æ ch rëpcklhtkjd# ch trhdslrkptkjd at ch trh`ultkjd sa rassaebcadt$ Lmaz cas bhltërkas# hu ljdtrhkra# cas HRD pjcyeërhsa at cas rkbjsjeas sjdt `ëgæ `kiiëradts$ Cas rkbjsjeas `as aulhryjtas sjdt cëoíraeadt pcus orjs -=6\+ qua cas hutras rkbjsjeas -?6\  pjur cas bhltërkads+$ Cas bhltërkas at cas aulhryjtas sjdt `jdl pcus prjlmas ad la quk ljdlarda ca eëthbjcksea$

1

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 2

Lmhpktra 2 7 Kdtrj`ultkjd æ ch vkrjcjoka$ K$ Kdtrj`ultkjd 7 `ëikdktkjds# strulturas at lchsskiklhtkjd$

Ch ehch`ka quk h pareks `‛hvhdlar  `hds ca `jehkda `a ch vkrjcjoka ast 7 ch ejshêqua `u thbhl$ L‛ast ad rëicëlmksshdt æ ch lhusa `a latta ehch`ka qua c‛jd h `ëljuvart ca vkrus$ Ch ejshêqua `u thbhl ast uda ehch`ka quk lhusa `as lmcjrjsas hux iaukccas -ch lmcjrjpmycca eaura+$ Lalk ijrea `as thlmas ihkshdt rassaebcar r assaebcar ch pchdta æ uda ejshêqua$ Qd horjdjea mjcchd`hks# Ehyar# s‛ast padlmë sur ch ehch`ka var s 8==6$ Kc vh asshyar  `a ejdtrar qua ch ehch`ka ast `ua æ ch prësadla `‛ud hoadt phtmjoída$ Kc vh brjyar `as iaukccas `a thbhl ehch`a$ Ca brjyht ast ikctrë at kc utkcksa ud ikctra æ phpkar lhr ch ehgjrktë `as ehch`kas ljdduas æ latta ëpjqua sjdt `as ehch`kas æ lmhepkodjd$ Cas lmhepkodjds sjdt ratadus phr la  phpkar$ La quk ast kdialtkaux `hds ca brjyht phssa æ trhvars ca ikctra$ Kc irjtta# hval ca brjyht# `as  pchdtas æ c‛hk`a `‛ud  bâtjd `a varra$ Las pchdtas `avkaddadt# accas hussk# ehch`as$ Jd paut `jdl ad ljdlcura qua la d‛ast phs ud lmhepkodjd$ Ehks kc raehrqua ëohcaeadt qua c‛hoadt kdialtkaux ast adljra hltki hprís « kdhltkvhtkjd æ c‛ëtmhdjc ¾$ Ehyar vh ad rastar cæ$ Kvhdjwsnk# `hds ca `ëbut `as hddëas 8=;6# vh raprad`ra las axpërkadlas at cas pjussar  ud pau . cjkd$ Kc vh phssar ca brjyht æ trhvars ud ikctra `a pjrlachkda$ Ch pjrjsktë `u ikctra ast tac qua cas .  patktas bhltërkas ljdduas æ la gjur ca ratkaddadt 5 uctrhikctrhtkjd$ Kc ejdtra qua c‛hoadt kdialtkaux phssa æ trhvars la ikctra  tjthcaeadt djuvahu$ C‛hoadt  phtmjoída ast `jdt ekdusluca# kc da ca vjkt phs hu eklrjsljpa$ Kc vh asshyar `a ca luctkvar  ehks kc d‛y hrrkva phs$ Kc shkt qua c‛hoadt kdialtkaux sa euctkpcka lhr kc ast lhphbca `a quhdtkikar lat hoadt kdialtkaux$ Ca eklrjbkjcjoksta sukvhdt# Bagarkdln# cuk vh raprad`ra cas axpërkadlas$ Kc vh ejdtrar  qua cas prjprkëtës `a c‛hoadt kdialtkaux sjdt trís phrtkluckíras$ Kc prad` ca bâtjddat `a varra# ca traepa `hds ca brjyht puks ca `ëpjsa `hds c‛hohr$ Kc ljupa adsukta ud ejrlahu `‛hohr pcus cjkd quk ljdtkadt hussk c‛hoadt kdialtkaux hcjrs qua latta zjda d‛h phs ët hkt `kraltaeadt eksa ad ljdthlt hval ca brjyht$ C‛hoadt kdialtkaux `kiiusa `jdl æ trhvars cas ehkccas `u oac `‛hohrjsa  jd h ghehks vu ïh$ Ca Ykrus `a ch ejshêqua `u thbhl 5 PEY ju YEP$ \h dhtura pmyskqua rasta kdljddua pad`hdt 06hds$ Ad 8;86# Rjus# ud vëtërkdhkra# `ëljuvra qu‛ud lhdlar phrtkluckar `u pjucat ast trhdseksskbca phr ud hoadt quk æ cas phrtkluchrktës `u vkrus$ Kc s‛hokt ch `ëljuvarta `u 8 ar  rëtrjvkrus 7 ca shrljea `a Rjus$ 8

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 2

Cas bkjcjokstas Pwjrt at @‛Mëracca 7

Pwjrt `ëljuvra ch trhdsijrehtkjd ochssy -kc vjkt æ trhvars ch ljcjdka+ at sa `aehd`a pjurqujk `as ljcjdkas `avkaddadt trhdsphradtas$ Kc tjulma hval sjdt bâtjddat `a varra `u ochssy puks tjulma uda ljcjdka shkda quk `avkadt hcjrs ochssy$ Kc ad `ë`ukt qua la quk prjvjqua ch trhdsijrehtkjd ochly `kiiusa æ trhvars c‛hohr  prjprkëtë `a vkrus$ @‛Mëracca s‛kdtërassa æ la quk prjvjqua ch `khrmëa 7 \mkoacch at trjuva ch eçea lmjsa$ Kc prad` `as axtrhks `a saccas `a sjc`hts ehch`as at prjlí`a æ uda uctrhikctrhtkjd$ Kc ejdt ra qu‛h trhvars la ikctrht# kc y h ca prkdlkpa kdialtkaux$ Kc `kcua ca ikctrht qu‛kc eat ` hds ud ekckau ckquk`a pcakd `a \mkoacca at bkad jphqua$ Ca tjut `avkadt trhdsphradt$ Cas bhltërkas jdt `ksphrus# kc y h `jdl quacqua lmjsa quk ehdoa cas c as bhltërkas$ @ëikdktkjd 7 vkrus 7 phrhskta jbckohtjkra `‛uda laccuca -prjlhryjta ju aulhryjta+ ljepjsë `‛ud ju pcuskaurs hlk`as dulcëkquas `u eçea typa -sjkt `a c‛H@D# sjkt `a c‛HRD ejdj ju  bklhtëdhkra+ adtjurë `‛uda ljqua p rjtëkqua `ëdjeeëa lhpsk`a suslaptkbca `‛çtra advacjppëa

ju djd$ Vhrijks cas oëdjeas `a vkrus sjdt saoeadtës `jdl ca oëdjea ast ljepjsë `a pcuskaurs ejcëlucas `kiiëradtas$ Ad pcus `a latta lhpsk`a# larthkds pjssí`adt uda hutra advacjppa -5 eaebrhda+ quk pjssí`a hussk `as prjtëkdas -sjuvadt `as ocyljprjtëkdas+$ Ch prësadla `a latta advacjppa ast ud lrktíra kepjrthdt k epjrthdt pjur ch lchsskiklhtkjd$ Ax 7 cas rëtrjvkrus sjdt `as vkrus advacjppës$ HD . lhpsk`a 5 dulcëjlhpsk`a \k vkrus djd advacjppë 7 dulcëjlhpsk`a dulcëjlhpsk`a 5 phrtkluca vkrhca ju vkrkjd$ -HD5 hlk`a dulcëkqua+ 8$ C‛hlk`a C‛hlk`a dulcëkqua$

Qd vkrus da sa `kvksa phs# da prj`ukt phs `a prjtëkdas … Vjur sa rëpckquar# kc `jkt hccar æ c‛kdtërkaur `‛8 laccuca pjur utkcksar sh ehlmkdarka$ Ca ehtërkac oëdëtkqua `u vkrus paut ç tra `a c‛H@D ju `a c‛HRD# HRD ejdjbrkd ju  bklhtëdhkra# H@D bklhtëdhkra ju ejdjlhtëdhkra$ Ch dhtura `a c‛HD ast ca lrktíra ca .

kepjrthdt `a ch lchsskiklhtkjd at vh ljd`ktkjddar ca typa `a rëpcklhtkjd$ Kc paut y hvjkr 8 ju pcuskaurs lmrjejsjeas$ lmrjejsjeas$ Ch pcuphrt `u taeps# cjrsqu ‛ud vkrus ast saoeadtë# cas `kiiëradts saoeadts sjdt prësadt æ c‛kdtërkaur `u eçea lhpsk`a -la d‛ast phs tjugjurs ca lhs lhs (+$ Ljepjsktkjd 7 Ch strultura `a c‛H@D ju `a c‛HRD ast `kiiëradta `a c‛H@D ju `a c‛HRD easshoar lchsskqua

`a ch laccuca$ 2

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 2

Vjur larthkds vkrus æ HRD# kc paut hrrkvar  qu‛kc y hk t `as saoeadts hllassjkras$ Kcs sjdt tjut `a eçea `as saoeadts vkrhux$ Jd `kt qua l‛ast ud HRD shtacckta$ 2$ Ch lhpsk`a# c‛adlhpsk`htkjd$ h$ Ch lhpsk`a$

Ch lhpsk`a ast tjugjurs prësadta lmaz ca vkrus$ \k phs `a lhpsk`a# l‛ ast ud vkrjê`a -phs vrhk vkrus+$ Ykrus 5 HD . lhpsk`a$ Pjutas cas lhpsk`as sjdt ljdstruktas sur 2 ej`ícas 7 % ud ej`íca mëckljê`hca -ad mëckla+ % uda lhpsk`a æ syeëtrka s yeëtrka kljshmë`rkqua Mëckljê`hca 7 ax vkrus `a ch ejshêqua `u thbhl 7 @hds ud vkrus# kc y h uda phrtka lj`hdta at uda djd lj`hdta$ Vrjtjeíra 5 prjtëkda ljdstktutkva `a lhpsk`a C‛hssjlkhtkjd `a pcuskaurs prjtjeíras adtra aux 5 lhpsjeíra$ Qd kljshmí`ra 5 ud pjcyí`ra æ 26 ihlas trkhdouchkras hval 82 sjeeats at hval < hxas `a syeëtrka `‛jr`ra 1# <# 2$

Kc y h `kiiëradtas ihïjds `a ljdstrukra `as kljshmí`ras# 2 typas `a lhpsjeíra `kiiëradts 7 % padtjds 5 lhpsjeíra æ syeëtrka padthojdhca % maxjds 5 lhpsjeíra æ syeëtrka maxhojdhca  Yjkr pjcy Ad oëdërhc# cas . patkts vkrus sjdt æ HRD$ b$ Adlhpsk`htkjd$

Ad oëdërhca# c‛adlhpsk`htkjd sa prj`ukt æ ch ikd `u lylca `a rëpcklhtkjd$ C‛adlhpsk`htkjd paut sa ihkra `a 2 ihïjds 7 % ehdkíra spjdthdëa -shds kdtarv adtkjd `‛hutras prjtëkdas+ 5 hutjhssaebchoa

% ehdkíra hsskstëa Ca vkrus `a ch ejshêqua `u thbhl prhtkqua c‛hutjhssaebchoa$ C‛adlhpsk` htkjd ast trís rhpk`a lhr cas prjtëkdas da s ‛hgjutadt phs uda æ uda hutjur `a c‛HRD# kc y h uda ëthpa kdtareë`khkra 7 c‛hssaebchoa `as lhpsjeíras$ Vuks cas lhpsjeíras vjdt s‛hssaebcar sur c‛HD$ Lhpsjeíra 5 `jubca ljulma `a 2 x 8? prjtjeíras hval ud trju hu ladtra$ Cas lhpsjeíras sa ijreadt tju t sauc$ Kcs vjdt adsukta rëhokr ad s‛hssjlkhdt æ c‛HD$ Kc y h ud skta phrtkluckar sur c‛HD `a ch ejshêqua `u thbhl quk ast raspjdshbca `a c‛hejrïhoa `a c‛adlhpsk`htkjd$ La skta ijrea uda patkta bjulca$ <

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 2

Hssaebchoa hsskstëa 7 Ax `u vkrus æ syeëtrka ljepcaxa `u pjcy 7 Cas sydtmísas sa ijdt phrtkas phr phrtkas 7 \ydtmísa `a ch tçta# sydtmísa `a ch ohkda# sydtmísa `as ikbras$ Cas lmkiiras kd`kquadt cas oídas dëlasshkras æ lmhqua ëthpa$ <$ Lylca `a rëpcklhtkjd 7 oëdërhcktës$

Vjur cas vkrjcjouas# cas vkrus sjdt ijrlëeadt kdialtkaux$ Jd phrca `a psau`j vkrus pjur `as vkrus djd kdialtkaux# quk da sjrtadt ghehks `a ch laccuca$ Laux lk jdt ud lylca `a rëpcklhtkjd ad hssjlkhtkjd syebkjtkquas$ Kc paut `jddar ud hvhdthoa sëcaltki æ ud ëcëeadt$ Ehks ch pcuphrt `u taeps la quk lhrhltërksa vërkthbcaeadt ud vkru s ast qu‛kc ast kdialtkaux$ @hds cas lylcas kdialtkaux# jd paut hvjkr 2 typas `a rëpjdsa 7 % vkrus cytkquas 7 pjur sjrtkr kcs ijdt axpcjsar ch laccuca -cysa laccuchkra+ % vkrus djd cytkquas 7 cas phrtklucas vkrhcas sjrtadt shds ihkra axpcjsar ch laccuca quk cas  pjrta -ax 7 pmhoa ju vkrus `a ch laccuca laccuca aulhryjta# ch pcuphrt pcuphrt `as rëtrjvkrus+$ \k ca lylca ijdltkjdda# jd `kt qua l‛ast ud lylca prj`ultki# kc y h `jdl prj`ultkjd `a phrtklucas vkrhcas$ \k phs `a prj`ultkjd `a phrtklucas vkrhcas# jd phrca `a lylca hbjrtki $ Lylca kdialtkaux 7

Ca vkrus da paut phs vkvra `a ehdkíra hutjdjea$ Kc `jkt raljddhktra ch laccuca æ kdialtar$ Qd vkrus ast ehgjrkthkraeadt spëlkikqua$ Ch 8íra kdtarhltkjd sa ihkt adtra quacqua lmjsa sa trjuvhdt æ ch surihla `a ch laccuca lkbca at cas  phrtklucas vkrhcas$ vkrhcas$ Ch strultura raljddua raljddua phr ca vkrus 5 rëlaptaur rëlaptaur `u vkrus$ vkrus$ Ca rëlaptaur paut çtra trís `kvars$ Ehks ca rëlaptaur sur ch laccuca ast dëlasshkra æ hutra lmjsa$ \h ijdltkjd 8íra d‛ast phs ch rëlaptkjd `u vkrus$ C‛adtrëa `u vkrus vhrka sacjd ch strultura `a ch laccuca $ Ca eëlhdksea `‛adtrëa ast trís vhrkhbca$ Cjrsqu‛uda laccuca pjssí`a ud r ëlaptaur ëlaptaur æ ud vkrus# jd phrca `a laccuca sadskbca$ Qda laccuca sadskbca da eída phs ijrlëeadt æ ud lylca prj`ultki$ Ad ijdltkjd `a ch dhtura `a ch laccuca at ch dhtura `u vkrus# pcuskaurs lmjsas sa phssadt 7 % Jd adtra hval ch lhpsk`a# `hd s ca lhs `‛ud vkrus advacjppë l ‛ast ch dulcëjlhpsk`a quk adtra$ % Jd adtra tjut du# ch lhpsk`a rasta æ ch surihla at kdgalta c‛HD æ c‛kdtërkaur$ Xuhd` ch lhpsk`a ju ch dulcëjlhpsk`a adtra# jd hurh adsukta basjkd `a `ëlhpsk`ar ju djd ad ijdltkjd `a ch dhtura `a ch laccuca$

0

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 2 Hprís c‛adtrëa# kc y h `ëlhpsk`htkjd ju djd# puks kc y h c‛axprasskjd `u prjorheea oëdëtkqua

vkrhc quk hbjutkt# æ ch ikd# æ ch prj`ultkjd `a phrtklucas vkrhcas -sk tjut vh bkad+ quk vjdt s‛hssaebcar æ c‛kdtërkaur# puks kc y h sjrtka$

Vjur sjrtkr# kc y h cysa c ysa `a laccuca ju ud hutra eëlhdksea -ax 7 YKM 5 bjuroajddaeadt+$ \k hbjutkssaeadt æ ch prj`ultkjd `a phrtklucas vkrhcas# jd phrca `a laccuca pareksskva$ Qda laccuca sadskbca paut çtra pareksskva ju djd$ Laccuca rësksthdta 5 laccuca shds rëlaptaur$ Latta laccuca paut çtra pareksskva sk jd cuk kdtíora ehduaccaeadt ud vkrus$ \k jd kdialta ad chbjrhtjkra uda laccuca phr `as phrtklucas vkrhcas$ Cas 8ars oídas sarjdt hppacës oídas prëljlas$ Cas sukvhdts sarjdt hppacës ejyads# puks thr`kis$ La da sjdt phs cas eçeas oídas axprkeës cjrs `a las pmhsas$ Kc y h `jdl < pmhsas 7 % Vrëljla % Ejyad % Phr`kva Ca prjorheea `a ch prj`ultkjd `a phrtkluca vkrhca ast rëoucë `hds ca taeps$ Vjurs cas HRD \\ 7 Ch pjchrktë . ast ch pjchrktë easshoíra 5 eçea pjchrktë qua ca oída$ Ch pjchrktë “ ast ch pjchrktë 0$ Cas lylcas `a rëpcklhtkjd$ h$ Cas vkrus æ H@D$ Hcpmh$ Cas vkrus æ H@D `s -bklhtëdhkra+$ Cas laccucas bhltërkaddas 7

Vjur qua ca oëdjea vkrhc s‛axprkea# kc ihut uda adzyea lhphbca `a trhdslrkra 7 ch RDH  pjcyeërhsa H@D `ëpad`hdta$ Kc y h c‛axprasskjd `‛hu ejkds 2 oídas 7 ud oída `a ch lhpsk`a at ud oída pjur ihkra sjrtkr$ Hu dkvahu `a ch rëpcklhtkjd# jd h basjkd `‛H@D pjcyeërhsa H@D `ëpad`hdt quk sa trjuva

`hds ch laccuca$ Jd h `jdl tjut la qu‛kc ihut p jur

prj`ukra `as prjtëkdas$ Kc ihut tjut `a eçea ud eëlhdksea

`a rëouchtkjd$ Lalk ast ca ekdkeue dëlasshkra ehks la d‛ast phs ijrlëeadt ch rëhcktë$

Ad aiiat# ch pcuphrt `as vkrus jdt pcuskaurs oídas$ Kc y h pcuskaurs oídas pjur hccar . vkta$ Ad oëdërhca# jd ljeeadla ch trhdslrkptkjd hval ch RDH pjcyeërhsa laccuchkra ehks trís rhpk`aeadt jd utkcksa sh prjpra prjtëkda -RDH pjcyeërhsa+$

1

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 2 Vhrek cas ijdltkjds  prëljlas# kc y h uda @DH pjcyeërhsa prjpra quk vh pareattra `‛hccar . vkta -surtjut vrhk pjur cas bhltërkjpmhoas+$ Eçea sk ca `ëbut sa ihkt hval ch @DH pjcyeërhsa kdktkhca$ @hds cas ijdltkjds prëljlas# ch RDH pjcyeërhsa vkrhca ast prj`ukta# lacca%lk pareat `a trhdslrkra cas ijdltkjds ejyaddas$ Cas prjejtaurs `a ch ijdltkjd ejyadda sa sjdt hltkvës qua cjrsqua ch ijdltkjd prëljla s‛ast prj`ukta$ H ch ikd `u lylca `a rëpcklhtkjd# kc y h hssaebchoa `a ch lhpsk`a puks hltkjd `u cysjzyea$ cysjzyea$ Cas laccucas aulhryjtas 7

Jd paut trhdslrkra$ Ch laccuca aulhryjta d‛ast phs tjugjurs lhphbca `a rëpckquar lhr kc y h ud lylca `a `kvkskjd laccuchkra$ Cjrs `a la lylca# cas laccucas da pauvadt phs çtra rëpckquar$ Kc trhdslrkt sas oídas hval ch RDH pjcyeërhsa `a ch laccuca at larthkdas prjtëkdas vjdt trhdsijrear ch laccuca pjur ch ihkra sjrtkr `a sjdt ëtht `a rapjs pjur adohoar ch pmhsa O8$ Vhs `a prj`ultkjd `a cysjzyea$ Las vkrus sjdt pjtadtkaccaeadt lhdlërkoída# sk ch prj`ultkjd vkrhca da sa prj`ukt phs at qua ca @DH pjcyeërhsa s‛ast kdtëorë hu oëdjea# ch l accuca d‛ast phs tuëa at paut `jdl ijrear uda tueaur$ Bëth$ Cas vkrus æ H@D ss -ejdjlhtëdhkra+$

La vkrus hrrkva æ c‛kdtërkaur `‛uda laccuca# kc da vh phs pjurvjkr sa rëpckquar lhr ch RDH  pjcyeërhsa raljddhkt `‛hbjr` c‛H@D bklhtëdhkra$

@jdl jd da paut phs kdktkar k dktkar ch trhdslrkptkjd hval la eçea ljepcaxa$ Ch rëpcklhtkjd d‛ast phs djd pcus pjsskbca$ 2 typas 7 % basjkd `a radtrar hval uda prjtëkda % phs basjkd `a radtrar hval uda prjtëkda Lmaz cas bhltërkjpmhoas# kc y h `as pmhoas lhphbca `‛kdktkar uda

`upcklhtkjd -pjur httakd`ra

 bklhtëdhkra+$ 8íra lmjsa 7 sydtmísa `u 2 íea brkd orâla æ uda strultura spëlkhca -`hds ca sads 1‛ <‛+  bklhtëdhkra$ @jdl @jdl ca vkrus da radtra phs adtkíraeadt du$  vjkr slmëeh 2 H phrtkr `a ch RI -H@D bklhtëdhkra+# ch trhdslrkptkjd ast pjsskbca$



H@D

slmëeh < Qda prjtëkda axprkeëa phr ch RI vh hvjkr pjur rðca `a rëpckquar ud sauc brkd -at ca bjd (+$ Ch  prjtëkda vh lckvar c‛H@D at vh c‛hccjdoar$ Ch @DH pjcyeërhsa paut `jdl kdktkar uda rëpcklhtkjd$ Ca eëlhdksea `u larlca rjuchdt pjussa ca brkd$ 

9

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 2 \a pjsa ca prjbcíea `u `ëljuphoa$ H ch ikd# ca « ikc ¾ quk `ëphssa ast pjcyeíra `a oëdjea vkrhux 5 ljdlhtëdhkra$ Ca ljdlhtëdhkra ljdlhtëdhkra ast ijreë `a pcuskaurs udktës `u oëdjea vkrhc$ Kc ihut `jdl ud `ëljuphoa `a las pjcyeíras at ud raljcchoa `a ehdkíra lkrluchkra `a las oëdjeas$ Ca vkrus `ëdu`ë `a sh lhpsk`a da paut phs çtra kdialtkaux æ ejkds qua c‛HD pukssa… Oheeh$ HRD ejdjlhtëdhkra æ pjchrktë . Jd prad` lat HRD# jd adcíva cas p¶ at jd ca ihkt radtrar `hds uda l¶  paut%kc axprkear sjd oëdjea : juk lhr c‛HRD easshoar paut trh`ukra uda ju pcs p¶$ Vaut %kc sa rëpckquar : Djd# lhr  jd h basjkd `‛uda HRD pjcyeërhsa HRD `ëpad`hdta# la qu‛jd da trjuva phs djrehcaeadt `hds uda l¶$ Ehks kc paut prj`ukra sh prjpra adzyea$ c‛ HRD pjcyeërhsa HRD `ëpad`hdta$ Ch 8íra lmjsa qua vh prj`ukra ca vkrus l `a c‛HRD Qda sëquadla æ c‛axtrëektë `a c‛HR   D `jkt çtra spëlkhc -rjsa+# sk rkad `a spëlkhc da sa prj`ukt# c‛adzyea vh prj`ukra ud HRD bklhtëdhkra  aebëthdt$ La qu‛kc sa phssa rëaccaeadt ca brkd rjuoa as ljepcëeadthkra at `jdl phs ljd`hdt$ L‛ast ch rëpcklhsa quk prj`ukt las brkds -rjuoa+$ Cas brkds  “ vjdt sarvkr pr sydtmëtksar `as brkds # la sjdt

`as kdtareë`khkras `a rëpcklhtkjd$ Jd `ëehrra hu ljtë <‛ `as brkds dëjsydtmëtksë -vart+$ Jd prj`ukt æ `a djuvahux HRD .$ Ch trhdslrkptkjd d‛axksta phs klk lhr jd `ëbuta ad HRD$

Ch trh`ultkjd ast rëoucar `hds ca taeps phr ca pkíoa ju djd `as lj`jds \PHRP$ Cas pmhoas HRD gjuadt sur c‛hllasskbkcktë `as HDoëdjekqua pr rëoucar c‛axprasskjd `a caur oëdjea$ \koeh$ Ykrus æ HRD ejdjlhtëdhkra ejdjlhtëdhkra hdtkeasshoar -pjchrktë %+ > C‛HRD% hrrkva `hds uda laccuca$ Vaut%kc çtra rëpckquë :

Djd$ Vaut%kc çtra axprkeë : Djd$ Ch sauca lmjsa ast qua ca vkrus sydtmëtksa ca brkd . æ phrtkr `u %# h phrtkr `a lach kc pjurrh

 prj`ukra `as p¶ ehks kc h basjkd `‛HRD pjcyeërhsa pjcyeërhsa HRD `ëpad`hdt$ La vkrus radtra `l hval sh lhpsk`a jû kc yh ud HRD pjc yeërhsa HRD `ëpad`hdt qua c‛jd vh

hppacar trhdslrkpthsa -at djd rëpcklhbca+$ Ca vkrus da vh phs sjrtkr `a sh lhpsk`a$ L uda p¶ quk ihkt phrtka `a ch lhpsk`a quk vh çtra ch trhdslrkpthsa$ Hu ljurs `a ch pjcyeërkshtkjd# ca brkd paut `jdl çtra axlcus `a ch lh psk`a$ Jd sa ratrjuva `l hval `a c‛HRD. `amjrs$  Yjkr slmëeh < Orhla æ las brkds .# jd paut axprkear ca oëdjea vkrhc at `jdl prj`ukra `as p¶$ Kc ihut adsukta prj`ukra ca Brkd %# quk vh çtra adlhpsk`ar$ Lmhqua … vh phrtklkpar h ch sydtmísa `u brkd %$ Ch prj`ultkjd `u brkd  “  ast ihkta hu ejeadt `a c‛adlhpsk`htkjd$ C‛hltkvktë quk sydtmëtksa ca brkd “  sarh uda hltkvktë rëpcklhsa -HRD  pjcyeërhsa HRD `ëpad`hdt+$ Latta sydtmísa ast trís `kiiëradta lhr ch sydtmísa `u brkd . sa ihkt æ c‛kdtërkaur `a ch lhpsk`a thd`ks qua ch sydtmísa `u brkd  “  sa ihkt æ c‛axtërkaur `a ch lhpsk`a$ L‛ast ch rhksjd pr chquacca jd `kstkdoua c‛hltkvktë `a ch trhdslrkpthsa at lacca `a ch rëpcklhsa -ch rëpcklhsa æ ckau æ c‛axtërkaur `a ch lhspk`a ljeea pr ca vkrus prëlë`adt+$ Ch rëpcklhsa at ch trhdslrkpthsa sjdt `as ijreas `‛HRD pjcyeërhsa HRD `ëpad`hdt$  “ d‛ast phs kdialtkaux at ca brkd . ast kdialtkaux$ Klk# ca brkd “ d‛ast ?

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 2

@acth$ Ykrus æ HRD bklhtëdhkra$ Las vkrus pauvadt%kcs çtra trhdslrkts ad HRD. : Çtra rëpckquë : C‛HRD bklhtëdhkra ast uda strultura trís sthbca at da vh `jdl phs çtra sëphrë sk ihlkcaeadt$ La vkrus `jkt adtrar hval sh lhpsk`a$ Ca vkrus vh prj`ukra `s sh lhpsk`a `u brkd .$ Ch trhdslrkpthsa vkrhc hssjlkë æ ch lhpsk`a `jkt raljddhktra c‛axtrëektë <‛ `u brkd hdtkeasshoar  -acca shkt `jdl qua c‛HRD ast bklhtëdhkra+ at adsukta pjcyeërkshtkjd `u brkd easshoar ad ca pjusshdt$  Yjkr slmëeh 0$ Jd sydtmëtksa `as brkds . -mjrs `a ch lhpsk`a+ at jd vh `jdl pjuvjkr axprkear ca oëdjea vkrhc orâla æ uda trhdslrkpthsa vkrhc$ Ch rëpcklhtkjd `u 2 íea brkd sa ihkt æ ch ikd hu ejeadt `a c‛adlhpsk`htkjd# sa ihkt phr uda HRD  pjcyeërhsa HRD `ëpad`hdta rëpcklhsa quk raljddhkt c‛axtrëektë <‛ `u brkd .-rjuoa+$ .-rjuoa+$

=

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra <

Lmhpktra < 7 Jrkokda at lchsskiklhtkjd `as aulhryjtas$ K$ Kdktkhtkjd æ ch pmycjoëdka ejcëluchkra$

Jd rhdoa cas aulhryjtas æ trhvars `kiiëradtas bjktas$

Lmhqua dkvahu `a lchsskiklhtkjd s‛hppacca udktë thxjdjekqua ju thxjd$ Ch `kslkpckda quk s‛jllupa `a rhdoar `hds las thxjds s‛hppacca ch thxjdjeka$ Ca thxjd ast uda djtkjd hrbktrhkra kdvadtë phr c‛Mjeea$ Cas `kiiëradts dkvahux utkcksës sjdt 7 oadra# aspíla# ihekcca# jr`ra# aebrhdlmaeadt# `jehkda# ríoda# lchssa$ Ch djtkjd `‛aspíla ast kepjrthdta lhr acca as t bhsëa sur ca lylca saxuë$ Jd utkcksa `as lhrhltíras `kslrkekdhdt pjur lchssar `hds cas `kiiëradts thxjds$ Jd `kshkt qua cas lhrhltíras ëthkadt gu`klkausaeadt lmjksks$ @hds ch thxjdjeka lchsskqua# jd lmjksksshkt cas lhrhltíras gu`klkaux$ @hds ch thxjdjeka dueërkqua# quk ast pcus rëladta# jd da ihkt phs `a ch eçea ihïjd$ Jd prad` tjus cas lhrhltíras$ \k jd prad` ud trís orhd` djebra `a lhrhltíras# jd paut ihkra `as arraurs ehks la d‛ast phs orhva lhr cas arraurs ihktas `‛ud ljtë sarjdt ljepadsëas phr `as ar raurs

ihätas `a c‛hutra ljtë$ Vmëdëtkqua 7 ljdsksta æ lchssar cas çtras vkvhdts ad ijdltkjd `a caur hpphradla$ Ch lchsskiklhtkjd `as aspílas ihkt hpphrhätra ud larthkd djebra `a dkvahux mkërhrlmkquas$ Jd  paut ihkra hpphrhätra las mkërhrlmkas sjus ijrea `‛uda hrbjrasladla$ hrbjrasladla$

Cjrsqua ch tmëjrka `a c‛ëvjcutkjd h ëtë raprësadtëa$ Mhalnac `kt qu‛kc h axkstë# æ ud ejeadt `jddë# ud hdlçtra ljeeud# quk d‛axksta pcus hugjur`‛muk# æ lmhqua dŜu`$ Latta hrbjrasladla radsakoda `jdl sur ca trhgat$ Kc aepcjk ca tarea `a pmycjoëdísa$

C‛hrbra raprësadthdt c‛adsaebca `as pmycues s‛hppacca c‛hrbra `a vka$ Jd sa rad` ljepta qua lat hrbra ast ljepcítaeadt ihux lhr cas dkvahux `a lchsskiklhtkjd -jr`ra# aspíla#

aebrhdlmaeadt…+ aebrhdlmaeadt…+ jdt ëtë ljepcítaeadt kdvadtës `a ehdkíra hrbktrhkra$ Kc sarhkt `jdl ekaux ek aux `‛hbjutkr æ uda lchsskiklhtkjd quk ljrraspjd` æ ch pmycjoëdka$ 8$ Phxjdjeka lchsskqua at dueërkqua$ h$ Phxjdjeka dueërkqua$

Vjur pjuvjkr ihkra `as `kstkdltkjds -ax 7 adtra 2 bhltërkas+# kc ihut ud trís orhd` djebra `a lhrhltíras$ Jd da paut `jdl phs utkckskar saucaeadt `as lhrhltíra pmyskquas$ Jd ihkt ud tast `a lrjksshdla sur cas bhltërkas$ Ch lchsskiklhtkjd sa iarh `jdl ad ijdltkjd `a ch lrjksshdla -.+ ju `a ch djd lrjksshdla -%+ sur `as ekckaux `jddës$ Jd paut tastar uda kdikdktë `a ljebkdhksjds# jd h `jdl pcuskaurs ladthkdas `a lhrhltíras$

Jd ihkt `a ch pmëdëtkqua# læ` qu‛jd da sa `aehd`a phs sk ca lhrhltíra utkcksë ast gu`klkaux ju djd$ Jd jbtkadt ud thbcahu hval ad jr`jddëa cas tasts at ad hbslkssa cas `kiiëradtas bhltërkas$ La thbcahu ast raepck `a . at `a %$ Jd vh `ëohoar `a la thbcahu `as ljaiiklkadts `a skekcktu`a$

8

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra < Ljaiiklkadt `a skekcktu`a -\+ 5 djebra `a ijks -tjugjurs lhclucë adtra 2 sjulmas+ qua cas 2 sjulmas sjdt skeucthdëeëdat pjsktkva … jd da ljepthbkcksa phs ca dbr ` a ijks jû cas sjulmas sjdt skeucthdëeadt dëohtkva -lhr phs ljdsk`ërë ljeea skekcktu`a+$ \ 5 db -.#.+ * ^ db -.#.+ . db -.#%+ . db -%#.+ U Jd utkcksh adsukta ud 2 íea thbcahu `hds caquac jd rhdoa las ljai `a skekcktu`a$ s kekcktu`a$ Jd eat ad hbslkssa at ad jr`jddë cas a spílas$ Jd ljephra c‛aspíla H hval H  866!$ Vuks

H hval B… Jd raohr`a cas phkras `a sjulmas pr casquacs cas quacs caurs ljai sjdt ëcavës at `u ee jr`ra$ Jd ijrea `jdl `as orjupas$ Ch thxjdjeka dueërkqua pareat `jdl ch lchsskiklhtkjd `a eklrjjrohdkseas tacca qua cas  bhltërkas$ 2$ Ch lch`kstkqua$ Xuhd` jd lchssa# cas jrohdkseas ad ilt `a caur trhgat ëvjcutki# jd ihkt `a ch lch`kstkqua$ Cas lch`as `kvars phr phkras# jd da trjuva ghehks ud çtra ljeeud æ < aspílas$ Lmhqua brhdlma 5 ud lch`a$ C‛jr`ra `hds casquacs cas lch`as jdt `kvaroës ast raprësadtë sur ud lch`jorheea$ \k ch thkcca `as saoeadts skodkika qqlm -ax 7 ca tps ju ca dbr `a `kiiëradlas+ hcjrs jd phrca

`‛hrbra pmycjoëdkqua$ Cjrsqua ch thkcca `as saoeadts d‛h phs `a skodkiklhtkjd jd phrca `a lch`jorheea$ Vjur ljdstrukra las hrbras pmycjoëdkquas ju lch`jorheeas jd utkcksa `as lhrhltíras$ Jd ihkt ch `kstkdltkjd adtra cas lhrhltíra hpjejrpmas -`ërkvës + at cas lhrhltíras pcusjejrpmas -jrtmj+ -hdlastrhux+$ Cjrsqua 2 udktës thxjdjekqua ljepjrta cas ee… ::: La sjdt cas sydhpjejpmkas -jtmj+ `as hpjejprmkas quk pareattadt `a `ëohoar cas djuvahux lch`as$ Ca prkdlkpa `a phrskejdka `kt qua ca lch`jorheea ljrralta sarh lacuk quk ihkt kdtarvadkr ca ejkds `a lmhdoaeadts pjsskbcas$

Jd vh ljephrar ch oradjukcca# c‛Mjeea at ca lmavhc$ Cas lhrhltíras utkcksës sarjdt 7 % ch prësadla ju c‛hbsadla c‛ hbsadla `‛uda quaua % ch prësadla `‛ud ju 1 `jkots % ch prësadla `‛uda eâlmjkra kdiërkaura ijreëa `a pcuskaurs js kd`ëpad`hdts ju `‛ud sauc js sju`ë$ Cas hpjejrpmkas -`ërkvës+ sjdt % hbsadla `a quaua % prësadla `‛ud `‛ud `jkot % prësadla `‛uda eâlmjkra kdiërkaura ijreëa `a pcuskaurs js Cas pcaksjejrpmkas -hdlastrhc+ sjdt 7 % prësadla `a quaua % 1 `jkots % pcuskaurs js sju`ës  vjkr slmëeh 8$

kd`ëpad`hdts kd`ëpad`hdts

2

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra <

\ljra `a J pr uda pcaksjejrpmka at sljra `a 8 pr uda hpjejrpmka$

Jd lhcluca ca dbr `a lmoet 5 `‛hpjejrpmka sur lmhqua lch`jorheea$ Jd lmjkskt adsukta lacuk quk h ca ejkds `‛hpjejrpmka$ 2 `as < hrbras sjdt pcus phrlkejdkaux$ Cjrsqua c‛jd euctkpckarh cas lhrhltíras# jd trjuvarh caquac ast cas pcus phrlkejdkaux$ h$ Cas lch`jorheea adrhlkdës$ Cas lch`jorheeas adrhlkdës sjdt laux `u typa ihkt ad s lmëeh 8$ b$ Cas lch`jorheeas djd adrhlkdës$ Cas lch`jorheeas djd adrhlkdës sjdt laux `u typa ihkt ad slmëeh 2$

Jd paut phssar `‛ud typa `a lch`jorheea æ c‛hutra$ 

Raohr`ar ljephrhksjd -ad vkjcat+ `as `a typas sur cas slmëehs 8 at 2$ Vjur ca lch`jorheea adrhlkdë ad slmëeh 2# cas trhkts sjdt mjrkzjdthux pjur pjuvjkr ëlrkra  pcus `a lmjsas$ Ch `kiiëradla adtra ud lch`jorheea at ud hrbra pmycjoëdëtkqua 7 % ch thkcca `as « brhdlmas ¾ ast prjpjrtkjddacca æ qqlm lch`jorheea thd`ks qua pr ud hrbra ch `ksthdla da skodkika rkad$

-ca taeps…+ pjur ud

Adrhlkdë 5 quk jdt uda rhlkda 5 ca dŜu` `‛kdtarsaltkjd æ ch bhsa `a tjutas cas c as brhdlmas$ Hval 0 udktës thxjdjekquas HBL@ 7  slmëeh < Jd prj`ukt < lch`jorheeas djd adrhlkdës `kiiëradts at ehks 81 lch`jorheeas adrhlkdës (  D5 djebra `a lch`jorheea  D-shds rhlkdas+ 5 ^ -2d%1+ ( U * ^ 2d%< -d%<+ (U  D -hval rhlkdas+ 5 ^ -2d%<+ ( U * ^ 2d%2 -d%2+ ( U <$ Ch pmycjoëdka ejcëluchkra 7

Vjur 82 udktës thxjdjekquas# jd jbtkadt 7 % 866 rhlkdas pju 910 ?2; 6?1 hrbras djd adrhlkdës % 8< ?0; <86 1?1 hrbras adrhlkdës Vjur `a tacs lmkiiras# kc ëthkt dëlasshkra `a sa sarvkr `a c‛kdijrehtkqua$ L‛ast pjurqujk  pmycjoëdka ejcëluchkra ast trís rëladta$ Ca but `a ch pmycjoëdka ejcëluchkra ast `jdl `a lmjkskr ca bjd hrbra phrek ca orhd` djebra$

ch

<

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra < Jd hdhcysa pcus `as lhrhltíras ejrpmjcjokquas ehks c h

dhtura `‛uda bhsa æ uda pjsktkjd

`jddëa `hds c‛H@D$ \acjd qua c‛jd lmjkskt ch sëquadla `‛ud oída# jd vh hvjkr `as hrbras `kiiëradts quk da raicëtarjdt phs ch rëhcktë$ Xuacs sjdt hcjrs cas bjds oídas :

La sarjdt `‛hbjr` laux quk da sarjdt phs suslaptkbca `a trhdsiart chtërhux$ -Ca trhdsiart chtërhc sa prj`ukt sjuvadt lmaz ch bhltërka+$ Jd vh `jdl lmjkskr ud oída quk da ihkt phs `a trhdsiarts chtërhux$ @jdl ud oída quk kdtarhokt hval ud trís orhd` djebra `a phrtadhkras$ Kc ihut hussk ud oída quk vhrka pau ad ijdltkjd `u taeps$ -Ax 7 c‛H@D pjcyeërhsa…+ pjcyeërhsa…+ C‛HRD rkbjsjekqua ast ud axlaccadt lhd`k `ht lhr 7 % kdtarhokt hval ud trís orhd` djebra `a phrtadhkras -pcs `kzhkdas+  6 trhdsiarts chtërhux$ % ch prjbhbkcktë qu‛ud HRD rkbjsjekqua muehkd sjkt substktuë phr ud HRD rkbjskekqua `a lmkephdzë ju hutra ast ducca % kc ast prësadt phrtjut# lmaz tjut ca ejd`a at vhrka pau `‛ud kd`kvk`u æ c‛hutra$

Jd vh `jdl pjuvjkr ljephrar ud trís orhd` djebra `‛jrohdksea lhr kc vhrka pau at raejdtar  cjkd `hds ca taeps lhr kc d‛y h phs `a trhdsiarts chtërhux$ Jd padshkt hcjrs qua c‛jd pjurrhkt ljddhätra ch pmycjoëdka `a c‛adsaebca `as aspílas ehks kc y h `as prjbcíeas eëtmj`jcjokquas 7 % \k jd raohr`a cjkd `hds ca

phssë# phssë# ca dbr `a ijks qu‛uda pjsktkjd `jddëa `jddëa `‛uda sëquadla vh lmhdoar vh çtra `a . ad . kepjrthdta$ Ch dhtura `a ch bhsa ju `a c‛hh `avkadt hcjrs hcëhtjkra la quk ihussa i hussa tjuta c‛hdhcysa$ % Ca pmëdjeída `‛httrhltkjd `as cjdouas brhdlmas$ Ch vktassa `‛ëvjcutkjd `as  brhdlmas d‛ast phs ch eçea pjur tjus cas jrohdkseas$ Cas ckodëas da lmhdoadt phs æ ch eçea vktassa$ Ax 7 Lmaz cas aulhryjtas# sur ud taeps rachtkvaeadt ljurt jd `kiiëradlka ud trís orhd` djebra `a ckodëas puks hprís lach vh blp . cadtaeadt$ Kc vh `jdl y hvjkr `as `kiikluctës pjur `ëikdkr ch  pchla `a lmhqua brhdlma lhr cas `kiiëradlas sjdt ekdkeas at `kiiklkcas æ parlavjkr$ Ch ckodëa -8+ h hllueucë bahuljup pcus `a lmhdoaeadt qua ch ckodëa -2+$  \lmëeh 0$

C‛httrhltkjd `as cjdouas brhdlmas 5 cas trís cjdouas brhdlmas sjdt httkrëas hrtkiklkaccaeadt æ ch  bhsa `a c‛hrbra$ c‛hrbra$ Ch pmycjoëdka ejcëluchkra ast ud ëdjrea prjorís ehks acca d‛ast phs tjuta pu ksshdta# jd hrrkva vkta æ sas ckektas$ 2 typas `a eëtmj`as sjdt utkcksës pr hdhcysës cas hrbras \ëquadla utkckshdt cas bhsas ju cas hh$ % `ksthdla % phrlkejdka 0

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra < Vhrlkejdka 7 Eëtmj`a bhsëa sur ca prkdlkpa `a phrlkejdka$ Kc ihut trhktar tjus cas hrbras p jsskbcas# l‛ast ch eëtmj`a ch pcus ojurehd`a ad lhcluc$ Ch puksshdla `a lhcluc ast `jdl ud prjbcíea$ Kc ihut utkcksar ud jr`kdhtaur  Eëtmj`a `a lch`kstkqua$ @ksthdla 7 Eëtmj`a bhsëa sur ca dbr `a `kiiëradla adtra adtr a 2 sëquadlas dulcëjtk`kquas ju sëquadlas ad hh$

Ax `‛hrbra pmycjoëdkqua# sëquadla `a bhsa 7 

slmëeh 1 H 7 sëquadla 5 OLOOHLHHH B 7 sëquadla 8 íra ëthpa 7 hckodë ljdvadhbcaeadt cas sëquadlas$ Xuhd` kc y h uda kdsartkjd# jd ch ihkt shutar$ Lmhqua pjsktkjd ast uda kdijrehtkjd$ Cas pjsktkjds sjdt ljephrhbcas$ Ad `ksthdla# jd jubcka

ch lch`kstkqua l‛ast `jdl uda eëtmj`a `a pmëdëtkqua$ Eëtmj`a QVOEH 7  slmëeh 1h$ Jd utkcksa ch eëtmj`a QVOEH -5 udwaroma` phkr orjup hdhcysks wktm hrktmeat kl eahd+$ Jd ljepta ca djebra `a `kiiëradlas adtra cas bhsas$ Jd prad` ch phkra pr chquacca ch `ksthdla ast ch . ihkbca -klk L@+# jd cas eat adsaebca$ @hds ch eëtmj`a QVOEH# j d astkea qu‛h phrtkr `u ee dŜu`# ch `ksthdla hu dŜu` ast ch ee  pr cas 2$ Jd ralhcluca tjut æ phrtkr `a L at @$ Ch `ksthdla adtra H at L@ ast ch `ksthdla adtra H at L . ch `ksthdla adtra H at @ ca tjut `kvksë  phr 2$ @ksthdla H -L#@+ 5 -9 . 1+ * 2 5 88 * 2 Jd raprad` ch pcus ihkbca `ksthdla# klk H at B$ Kc ihut lhclucar ch `ksthdla adtra H at B at adtra L at @ l‛ast ch ejyadda `as `ksthdlas 7 -88*2 . ;*2+ * 2 5 1 Kc y h `jdl 1 `a `ksthdla tjthca adtra cas 2 orjupas$ Latta eëtmj`a cæ d‛ast pcus aepcjyë hugjur`‛muk lhr ch vktassa `‛ëvjcutkjd `as ckodëas d‛ast  phs ëohca$ Jr klk# cas ckodëas H at B sjdt `a eçea cjdouaur$ cjdouaur$ Eëtmj`a `a phrlkejdka 7  \lmëeh 1 b$ Kc y h < slëdhrkjs pjsskbcas 7 8 bjd at 2 ehuvhks$ Latta eëtmj`a ast ch pcus prëlksa$

Ch eëtmj`a `a `ksthdla ch pcus utkcksëa hugjur`‛muk ast 7 ch eëtmj`a `a Dakombjr gjkdkdo$ 1

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra < Latta eëtmj`a h ëtë ljdstrukta pjur pjuvjkr hvjkr `as cjdouaurs `a saoeadts `kiiëradts æ  phrtkr `u eçea dŜu`$ Acca ast bahuljup pcus ljepckquëa$ Acca ast bahuljup . cëoíra ad lhcluca$ Hdhcysa `a bjjtstrhp -5chlat `a lmhussura+ 7

Ca djebra `a bjjtstrhp kccustra ch ijrla `u dŜu`$ Jd lhcluca ljebkad `a ijks jd ratrjuva ca eçea dŜu` sur `kiiëradts hrbras$ 

\lmëeh 1 l$ Jd lrëë uda djuvacca sëquadla ad pkjlmhdt lmhqua skta hu mhshr` æ phrtkr `a chquacca jd `jkt raihkra ud hrbra pmycjoëdkqua$ Hu%`acæ `a 96!# l‛ast uda bjdda vhcaur `a bjjtstrhp$ KK$ Cas jrkokdas$

Las tmëjrkas vjdt `avjkr axpckquar 7 % ca oëdjea `as aulhryjtas ast mybrk`a# ud orjupa `a oída ast pcutðt hpphrkë hux hrlmëads at ud hutra hux bhltërkas$ % hu dkvahu `a c‛jrkokda `as aulhryjtas# c‛ad`jsyebkjsa ektjlmjd`rkhca 5 lhptura `‛uda bhltërka quk hbjutkt æ ch ijrehtkjd `‛ud djuvac jrohdkta 7 ch ektjlmjd`rka$ Acca saebca ijd`htrkla `u ejd`a aulhryjta$ Lapad`hdt# hutraijks# jd padshkt qua ca ejd`a aulhryjta ëthkt hpphru hvhdt ch ektjlmjd`rka$ Larthkdas l¶ aulhryjtas da pjssí`adt phs `a ektjlmjd`rkas ehks jd padsa qu‛acc as ad hvhkadt

`hds ca phssë at qu‛accas jdt ëvjcuës vars uda l¶ shds ektjlmjd`rka$ Ehks las laccucas  pjssí`adt ud ektjsjea ju ud my`rjoadjsjea 5 ljephrtkeadts ektjlmjd`rkhux quk da sjdt  phs kepckquës `hds ch raspkrhtkjd$ Kcs jdt uda `jubca eb axtarda -ljeea ch ektjlmjd`rka+$ Hu

dkvahu `a ch eb kdtarda `a ch ektjlmjd`rka kc y h ch lmhkda `a trhdspjrt `‛ëcaltrjds qu‛jd da trjuva phs klk$ @hds ch ektjlmjd`rka# jd trjuva `a c‛H@D ektjlmjd`rkhc at `as rkbjsjeas# jr  `hds ca ektjsjea ju ca my`rjoadjsjea jd da trju va rkad$ Ca ihkt qu‛jd ast sur qua l‛ast uda ektjlmjd`rka ud pau bkzhrra l qu‛jd h lj`ë `as oídas `jdt cas p¶ sjdt advjyë `s la ljephrtkeadt$ La ektjsjea ju my`rjoadjsjea ast ud vastkoa `a ch ektjlmjd`kra quk h par`u sjd H@D ektjlmjd`rkhc$ H c‛kdtërkaur `a la ektjsjea ju my`rjoadjsjea sa `ërjuca uda iareadthtkjd$

\K ch iareadthtkjd da s‛hlljephod s ‛hlljephodaa phs `a ch prj`ultkjd `‛my`rjoída 5 ektjsjea$ \k ch iareadthtkjd s‛hlljephoda `a ch prj`ultkjd `‛my`rjoída 5 my`rjoëdsjea$ C‛adzyea quk prj`ukt lat my`rjoída 5 my`rjoëdhsa$ Kc y h ud axlís `a pjuvjkr rë`ultaur quk ast prj`ukt#

c‛axlís `a pjuvjkr rë`ultaur ast `ëohoë phr c‛my`rjoëdhsa c‛my`rjoëdhsa sjus ijrea `‛my`rjoída$ Vjurqujk las jrohdktas jdt par`us lat H@D ektjlmjd`rkhc at phs cas hutras : Mypjtmísa 7 jd cjrs `a ch pmjspmjrychtkjd jxy`htkva paut phr hllk`adt prj`ukra `as Ca trhdspjrt `‛ëcaltr jd RJ\ -5 aspíla rëhltkva `a c‛jxyoída# `ërkvë `a c‛jxyoída quk sjdt horasski at jxy`a blp `a ljepjshdts `a ch L¶+$ \k las RJ\ sjdt prj`ukts# ch l¶ eaurt$ Vjur qua las RJ\ da sa  prj`uksadt phs# kc ihut qua ca systíea oëdëtkqua sjkt hu eçea ad`rjkt qua ch prj`ultkjd `u 9

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra <

RJ\ læ` mjrs `u djyhu$ L‛ast pjurqujk jd trjuvarhkt ud H@D ektjlmjd`rkhc æ c‛kdtërkaur `as ektjlmjd`rkas$ 8$ \lëdhrkj 8 7 C‛mypjtmísa `a Ehroucks$

Cydd Ehroucks h uda mypjtmísa ihdthksksta$

Acca `kt qu‛kc y h prësadla `‛ud hrlmëads hdlastrhc hdlastrhc quk h uda ejbkcktë rë`ukta$ Acca kehokda qua larthkdas bhltërkas# cas spkrjlmítas# vjdt adtrar `hds uda rachtkjd syebkjtkqua hval lat hrlmëad$ Cas spkrjlmítas jdt jdt uda jrohdkshtkjd `a bhltërka typa Ohe% at jdt `as ichoaccas  bhltërkads$ Latta ad`jsyebkjsa ast bhsëa sur ch ejbkcktë$

Larthkdas syebkjsas `a la typa sjdt jbsarvhbcas hugjur`‛muk ehks adtra `as spkrjlmítas at `‛hutras bhltërkas$ Acca kehokda qua la systíea vh ëvjcuar$ Cas spkrjlmítas adtradt `hds ch laccuca# ëvjcuadt ad ichoaccas# iuskjddadt at hbjutkssadt hbjutkssadt æ ch ijrehtkjd `‛ud djuvahu ljephrtkeadt$ ljephrtkeadt$ La djuvahu djuvahu ljephrtkeadt vh `ëckektar ca djyhu$ Acca suppjsa qua c‛hrlmëad ast raspjdshbca `a skodhc pmycjoëdkqua at qua cas spkrjlmít as vjdt

`jddar… Ljepcítaeadt

hbsur`a$ Qd spkrjlmíta da paut ad hulud lhs sa trhdsijrear trhds ijrear ad ichoacca$

L‛ast ch 8íra æ hvjkr ëeks c‛mypjtmísa `a ch syebkjsa adtra uda bhltërka at ud hrlmëad$ 2$ \lëdhrkj 2 7 Cas dëjeurkads at c‛mypjtmísa `a Lhvhckar%\ektm$ Lhvhckar%\ektm$

Vhrek cas bhltërkas# ud orjupa æ uda pjsktkjd phrtkluckíra 7 cas hltkdjeylítas$ La sjdt `as bhltërkas Orhe. -phs `a 2 íea eb+$ Accas ijdt phrtkas `as rhras bhltërkas quk jdt uda jrohdkshtkjd ikcheadtausa# quk prj`uksadt `as stërjcs# jdt `as hdlçtras `a ch tubuckda at `a

c‛hltkda$ La quk ihkt qua las bhltërkas sjdt cas . prjlmas `as aulhryjtas$ \acjd Lhvhckar%\ektm# c‛hlquksktkjd `a ch pmhojlytjsa Ch pmhojlytjsa dëlasskta ud hssjupckssaeadt `as advacjppas$ Cas bhltërkas Orhe. jdt ud orjs patptk`jocylhda æ caur surihla quk ast axtrëeaeadt rkok`a  cas bhltërkas orhe. d‛jdt `l

 phs c‛jllhskjd `a prhtkquar ch pmhojlytjsa$ pmhojlytjsa$ Larthkdas hltkdjbhltërkas hu ckau `u paptk`jocylhda jdt uda ljulma \ -ocyljp¶+ quk jdt ch

 prjprkëtë `‛Ç blp . sjupca qua ca patk`jjlocylhda$ patk`jjlocylhda$ Kc `kt qua ca 8 ar  ëvadaeadt ast 7 hssjupckssaeadt `u eur at hpphrktkjd `u lytjsquacatta$ Kc vh aepcjyar ca tarea `a dëjeurkads -5 laux quk jdt `as djuvahux eurs+$ L\ `kt qua 2 lmjsas sa sjdt phssës adsukta# cas djëeurkads jdt 7 % sjkt ëvjcuar `hds `as advkrjddaeadts axtrçeas pjur `jddar cas hrlmëads$ % sjkt kcs jdt ëvjcuar ch pmhojlytjsa æ phrtkr `a caur lytjsquacatta# puks kc y h au ad`jsyebkjsa ektjlmjd`rkhc quk h eadë hux aulhryjtas$  slmëeh 9$

?

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra < \acjd cuk cas hrlmëdas jdt `ëvacjppës ud eëthbjcksea trís spëlkikqua pjur pjuvjkr survkvra æ ud advkrjddaeadt trís axtrçea$

L‛ast uda mypjtmísa trís bkad ljdstrukta ehks kc y h ud larthkds djebra `a prjbcíeas 7 % \acjd LY cas hrlmëads ast ud orjupa hussk rëladt qua cas aulhryjtas$ Jr cas hrlmëads sjdt axtrçeaeadt hdlkads$ % Ch pjsktkjd `a c‛ad`jsyebkjsa ektjlmjd`rkhc ast ëohcaeadt ud prjbcíea$ \acjd LY# jd paut kehokdar qua `as ckodëas hurhkadt ëvjcuëas æ larthkds ad`rjkts `a la systíea ëvjcutki$ @jdl qua `as orjupas hurhkadt `kvaroë hvhdt c‛ad`jsyebkjsa ektj lmjd`rkhc$ Vad`hdt trís

cjdotaeps jd h padsë qua l‛ëthkt ca c a lhs$ Jr jd da trjuva phs las orjupas quk hurhkadt `kvaroës$ La d‛ast `jdl phs c‛ad`jsyebkjsa ektjlmjd`rkhc quk ijd`a cas aulhryjtas$ <$ \lëdhrkj < 7 Ch sydtrjpmka ju mypjtmísa `a c‛my`rjoída$

Bkcc Ehrtkd at @hvk` Ejrakh jdt ëthbckt latta mypjtmísa$

\acjd aux# c‛ad`jsyebkjsa ektjlmjd`rkhca ast ijd`htrkla `u `jehkda aulhryjta$ @jdl kc sarhkt kepjsskbca `a trjuvar ud aulhryjta quk d‛hkt phs au `hds ca phssë `a ektjlmjd`rka$ Bkcc Ehrtkd kehokda uda syebkjsa quk kepckqua 7 % ud hrlmëad quk ast uda eëtmhdjbhlëtrka læ` quk prj`ukt `u eëtmhda  eëlhdksea hutjtrjpma quk rë`ukt ca LJ2 ad eëtmhda 7 LJ2 . 0 M2  LM0 . 2 M26$ C‛ëdaroka dëlasshkra æ ch rë`ultkjd `u LJ2 ast c‛ëdaroka hppjrtëa phr c‛my`rjoída$ -Hdhërjbka strklta+ % uda bhltërka lchsskqua -pcutðt orhe%+ quk utkcksa `as hlk`as jrohdkquas -`ërkvë `a ch EJ+ adljra rklma ad ëdaroka$ Las bhltërkas bhltërkas sjdt `ktas hdhërjbka ihlucthtkvas$ Hu ljurs `a ch iareadthtkjd# las bhltërkas jdt basjkds `a rëoëdërar cas e¶ raspjdshbcas -DH@VM…+ `u

 pjuvjkr rë`ultaur$ Ch prj`ultkjd `‛my`jroída ejcëluchkra phr c‛my`rjoëdhsa -hltkva ad hdhërjbka+ pareat ch rëjllk`htkjd `u DH@VM$ Lat my`rjoída vh çtra `ëohoë$ La pmëdjeída sa `ërjuca `hds ca ijd` `as vhsas$ C‛my`rjoída `ëoh oë phr ch bhltërka lchsskqua ast hcjrs utkcksë phr cas hrlmëads pjur prj`ukra ch sydtmísa `a caur jrohdksea at ca eëtmhda$ Cas hlk`as jrohdkquas prj`uks phr cas hrlmëads ast hcjrs utkcksë phr cas bhltërkas$ Lalk ijrea ud lylca$ Kc y h `as hssjlkhtkjds jû c‛hrlmëad `ëvacjppa uda strultura quk pareat `a ralavjkr ch bhltërka Orhe% `a ihïjd æ ehxkeksar ch c h quhdtktë `‛my`rjoída qua c‛hrlmëad vh pjuvjkr lhptar$  slmëeh ?$8

Latta syebkjsa ast udkquaeadt hdhërjbka# lh` `kra qu‛kc d‛y d‛ y h phs `‛jxyoída `hds ca ekcka u$ Kc kehokda qua latta syebkjsa paut hllk`adtaccaeadt eadar æ c‛kdtardhckshtkjd `a ch bhltërka 5 ad`jsyebkjsa hllk`adtacca$ Jr cas hrlmëads da prh tkquadt phs ch pmhojlytjsa$  slmëeh ?$2 Latta syebkjsa ast bhsëa sur ch prj`ultkjd `‛ my`rjoída$ =

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra <

`a ch vka `a ch Parra# kc y h au uda prj`ultkjd ehsskva `‛J2 lhusë phr  c‛hpphrktkjd `as lyhdjbhltërkas $ Las jrohdkseas jdt hcjrs ëtë ljdirjdtës æ c‛J2$ La sjdt `as jrohdkseas hdhërjbkas strklts læ` qu‛ kcs eauradt ad prësadla `‛J2$ Accas jdt `u rëskstar æ c‛J2$ Ca eëthbjcksea jllk`htki `a c‛ad`jsyebkjdta -5 ch bhltërka lchsskqua+ 5 ch raspkrhtkjd# vh prjtëoar c‛hrlmëad `a c‛jxyoída$ Ch bhltërka ljdsjeea `jdl c‛J2 la quk rë`ukt ch ljdladtrhtkjd `‛J2 hutjur `a c‛hrlmëad$ Jd vh prjorassar `‛ud advkrjddaeadt hdh ërjbka strklt æ ud advkrjddaeadt jû kc y h `a . ad . `‛J2$ Ca eëthbjcksea `a c‛hrlmëad `avkadt `avka dt `jdl `a . ad . kdh`hptëa   prasskjd `a sëcaltkjd pjur raepchlar r aepchlar prjorasskvaeadt c‛adtkíratë `as vjkas eëthbjckquas `a c‛hrlmëads phr cas vjkas eëthbjckquas `a c h bhltërka$ Lalk ast lhusë phr ca trhdsiart hllk`adtac `a c‛H@D adtra ch c h bhltërka at c‛hrlmëad$ H ud ejeadt

@hds ca prjlassus# jd kehokda qua ca eëthbjcksea hrlmëad `ksphrhkt at ast substktuë phr ca eëthbjcksea bhltërkad$ Jd hbjutkt ikdhcaeadt æ uda L¶ bhltërkadda quk æ kdtardhcksë ud

 bhltërka lchsskqua quk vh ëvjcuar ad ektjlmjd`rka ehks `jdl ch ijdltkjd kdktkhca d‛ëthkt phs `a raspkrar ehks `a prj`ukra `a c‛my`rjoída$ Lalk ast uda mypjtmísa ijrek`hbca$ % axpckqua pjurqujk c‛H@D ljdtkadt `as phrtkas hrlmëaddas at bhl tërkaddas$ % jd da paut phs axpckquar qu‛ud aulhryjta d‛ast phs au `a ektjlmjd`rka lhr

tjut ast

 bhsëa sur c‛kdtardhckshtkjd$ c‛kdtardhckshtkjd$ Vrjbcíeas 7 % cas

hrlmëads jdt tjus uda ljepjsktkjd ckpk`kqua trís phrtkluckíra quk d‛h rkad h vjkr  hval c‛advacjppa aulhryjta$ % ch ihïjd `jdt ch bhltërka radtra lhr cas hrlmëads da d a ijdt phs ch pmhojlytjsa$

@hvk` Ejrakh# hu ckau `a padsar uda syebkjsa æ 2# padsa æ ud ljdsjrtkue `a pcs laccucas `jdt ud hrlmëad at uda θ prjtëjbhltërka . `‛hutras jrohdkseas$ C‛adsaebca C‛adsaebca adtra adtra ad syeb kjsa$ KKK$ Lchsskiklhtkjd Lchsski klhtkjd at pmycjoëdka pmycj oëdka ejcëluchkra aulhryjta 7 ca ejd`a `as udknjdtas at bknjdtas$ 

\lmëeh = Hrlmhapchstk`h 5 rmj`jpmylha rmj`jpmylha -Hcouas rjuoas+ . Lmcjrjpchstk`h . ochuljpmytas Lmrjehcvëjcës orjupa ljepradhdt 7 Lmrjekstas . hcvëjcës$ Jû ast ch rhlkda `a lat hrbra : Jpkstmjnjdtas 7 ca ichoacca ast pjstërkaur hu sads `a ch dhoa -ax 7 sparehtjzjê`a+$ Jd `jdda ca sthtut `a ríoda hux lmhepkodjds at hdkehux$ Cas < orjupas `as udknjdtas sjdt trís sjck`as# kcs da bjuoarjdt ghehks$ Bknjdtas 7 2 ichoaccas at 2 ljrps bhshux

;

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra < Hrlmhapchstk`h 7

Jrohdksea quk pjrta c‛hdlkad pchsta# kcs `ërkvadt `kraltaeadt `a c‛ad`jsyebkjsa c‛ad`jsyebkjsa prkehkra `u pchsta$ Ad`jsyebkjsa adtra ud aulhryjta mëtërjtrjpma udkichoaccë quk h kdtardhcksë# suraeadt phr pmhojlytjsa# pmhojlytjsa# c‛hdlçtra `‛uda bhltërka hltuacca$ Vhrek las hrlmhapchstk`h# jd trjuva 7 % cas lmcjrjpchstk`h -pchsta vart+ la sjdt cas hcouas vartas at cas pchdtas tarrastras$ % Rmj`jpmylaha 7 hcouas rjuoas$ % Ochuljpmytas 7 udklaccuchkras# pkoeadthtkjd `a pchsta bcau

Vjur ca orjupa \HR hdlkaddaeadt hppacë cas lmrjejhcvëjcës$ Las lmrjejhcvëjcës ljepraddadt 7 lmrjekstas . hcvëjcës$ Lmrjekstas 7 orjupa hssaz mëtërjoída quk ljeprad` `as hcouas -djd varta at djd rjuoa+ at `as  phrhsktas$ \trheadjpkcas . mhptjpmytas at lryptjpmytas$ Ehks prjbcíea# cas mhptjpmytas at

lryptjpmytas da sa ratrjuvadt phs hval cas strheadjpkcas la qu‛jdt da ljeprad` phs bkad$ Hkdsk cas lmrjekstas d‛axkstadt pcus kc rasta cas strheadjpkcas$ Lmrjekstas 7 \trheadjpkcas . mhptjpmytas at lryptjpmytas$ lr yptjpmytas$ Kc axksta ehkdtadhdt ud djuvahu orjupa 7 Rmkzhrkh$ Qd tjut djuvahu orjupa ast ijreë 7 \HR 5 \trheadjpkcas . Hcvëjcës . Rmkz hrkh$ Ca orjupa `as axlhvhth ljeprad` 2 orhd`s sjus orjupas 7 eatjejdh`as at `ksljbh$ Jû ast ch rhlkda `a lat hrbra : Ch tad`hdla hltuacca 7 ch rhlkda sa trjuva hu ekckau$

Lalk d‛h phs ëtë `ëtarekdë hval `as `jddëas pmycjoëdkquas -lhr ëvëdaeadt trjp hdlkad pjur  `kspjsar ljrraltaeadt ch rhlkda+$

\k jd trjuva `as hpjejrpmkas ejcëluchkra ljeeuda h tjut ud orjupa `a c‛hrbra hcjrs jd paut lchssar$ @as Hpjejrpmkas ejcëluchkras jdt ëtë utkcksë pr trjuvar ch rhlkda % iuskjd `hds ch vjka `a bkjsydtmísa b kjsydtmísa `a c‛urhlkca

Latta bkjsydtmísa `a c‛urhlkca sa ihkt ad pcuskaurs ëthpas$ Cas < praekíras ëthpas sa ijdt orâla æ < adzyeas 7 % hsphrthta trhdslhrbheychsa -HLP+ % lhrbhejyc pmjspmhta sydtmhsa % @kmy`rjjrjthsa @MJ

Kc hrrkva qua cas adzyeas sjkadt lj`ë phr ud oída hu ckau `a < oídas `kiiëradts$ Jd `kt qu‛kc y h uda iuskjd `a oída$ Pjus cas udknjdtas jdt latta iuskjd$

Pjut ca rasta `a c‛hrbra d‛h phs latta ius kjd$ sydtmísa `a ch tmyekda - 5 eëtmychtkjd `a c‛urhlkca 5 tmyekda+$ C‛adzyea quk ihkt latta eëtmychtkjd `a c‛urhlkca ast ch Pmyek`kchta sydtmhsa -P\+$ Kc y h ud `jddaur `a eëtmyc 5

%

Patrhmy`rjijchta 5 ljihltaur# kc ast hltki sjus ijrea rë`ukta$ Cjrsqua ch rëhltkjd sa prj`ukt ca ljihltaur ast sjus ijrea jxy`ë at s‛hppacca hcjrs `kmy`rjijchta$ Ch `kmy`rjijchta rë`ulthsa 5 86

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra < @MIR$ Adtra ch @MIR at ch Pmyek`kchta sydtmhsa# kc y h uda iuskjd hval ud sauc pjcypatk`a hval cas 2 adzyeas$ La oída iuskjddë sa ratjuv a phrtjut `hds ch phrtka ohulma `a c‛hrbra ehks

da sa ratrjuva phs `hds ch phrtka `rjkta `a c‛hrbra$ Las 2 hpjejrpmkas pareattadt `a `kra qua ch rhlkda ast trís larthkdaeadt adtra cas 2$ KY$ Lylcas `a vka 7 mhpcjbkjdtka# mhpcj`kpcjbkjdtka# `kpcjbkjdtka# mjejtmhccksea# at mëtërjtmhccksea$ Ca saxa ast uda pmhsa mhpcjê`a d jû kc y h 2 l¶ quk vjdt iuskjddar$ Cjrsqua las l¶ sjdt ljepëtadtas `a ch iuskjd sjdt hppacë oheíta at vjdt `jddar ud zyojta$  iartkckshtkjd$ Ca zyojta vh ratjurdar æ ch pmhsa mhpcjê`a 5 eë êjsa$  slmëeh ;$ Pjus cas aulhryjtas quk jdt ud lylca saxuë# jdt ud lylca saxuë `a la typa cæ$ Jd h < orhd`s `kiiëradts lylca `a vka 7 % mhpcjbkjdtkqua 7 ektjsa saucaeadt ad pmhsa mhpcjê`a# kc ast strkltaeadt `ëiad`u `‛hvjkr ud zyojta quk adthea `as ektjsas$ Vjur ud euctklaccuchkra# ca tmhcca ast `jdl mhpcjê`a$ % mhpcj`kpcjbkjdtkquas 7 jrohdskae quk paut ihkra `as ektjsas ad Tpmhsa mhpcjê`a at `kpcjê`a$ Kc paut `jdl y hvjkr `as euctklaccuchkras hval `as tmhccas `kpcjê`as at `as tmhccas mhpcjê`as$ % `kpcjbkjdtkquas 7 jrohdksea jû ca zyojta ihkt `as ektjsas$ Ca zyojta ihkt ch eëkjsa at prj`ukt `as oheítas$ Cas oheítas da pjurrjdt phs sa euctkpckar$ euct kpckar$ -Ax 7 c‛Mjeea+$

Las lycas `ëpad`adt `a c‛ad`rjkt jû æ ckau cas ektjsas -at djd ch eëkjsa+$ Pmhcca 5 ijrea pcurkl¶R `a ehdkíra trís oëdërhca$

@‛hutras lhrhltërkstkquas `u lylca aulhryjta `ëpad`adt `as oheítas$ Ksjoheítas 7 eçea vjcuea at eçea ijrea$ Kc y h 2 pjchrktës saxuaccas quk pareattadt `a rëhcksar ca lylca saxuar$ Hdksjoheítas 7 2 oheítas `kiiëradts$ Orjs oheíta 5 saxa iaeacca# patkt oheíta 5 saxa eâca$

\acjd cas lylcas# ch djtkjd `‛mjej at `‛mëtërjtmhccksea da sarh phs ch eçea$ % lylca mjejtmhcckqua 7 cjrsqu‛jd ksjca ud tmhcca `‛ud jrohdksea$ \k hval la tmhcca udkqua jd hrrkva h raprj`ukra tjutas cas pmhsas `u lylca `a vka# l‛ast ud lylca mjejtmhcckqua$ 

Hdlkadda `ëikdktkjd$

Vjur cas mhpcjbkjdtkquas mhpcjbkjdtkquas at cas mhpcj`kpcjbkjdtkquas mhpcj`kpcjbkjdtkquas -ehks phs pr cas `kpcjbkjdtkquas+ `kpcjbkjdtkquas+ 7 % mhpcjbkjdtkquas 7 Jd h ud tmhcca mhpcjê`a -lhr cas ektjsas sa ijdt ad pmhsa mhpcjê`a+$ Cj rsqu‛kc y h ud ëcëeadt `a iartkckshtkjd# jd h basjkd `a 2 pjchrktës saxuaccs pjur prj`ukra ud zyojta$ \jk jd h ud tmhcca eâca -quk prj`ukt `as oheítas eâcas at ud tmhcca iaeacca -quk prj`ukt `as oheítas iaeaccas+$  lylca mëtërjtmhcckqua$ Basjkd `a 2 tmhccas `a saxas `kiiëradts pjur   bjulcar ca lylca `a lat jrohdksea mhpcjbkjdtkqua$ 88

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra < \jkt jd h `as jrohdkseas quk jdt ud tmhcca quk ast lhphbca `a p rj`ukra cas 2 typas `a oheíta$  mjejtmhccksea$ Qda laccuca paut `jddar cas 2 saxas ju 2 pjchrktës saxuaccas$

C‛mjejtmhccksea ast uda rëpjdsa æ c‛ksjcaeadt$ % Mhpcj`kpcjbkjdtkquas 7 Mjejtmhccksea 7 Qda sjulma ast lhphbca `a lmhdoar `a pjchrktë ju `a saxa$ Ca lylca `a vka

 paut `jdl sa ihkra æ phrtkr `‛uda laccuca laccuca `kpcjê`a$ Mëtërjtmhccksea 7 Vrësadla `a 2 saxas$ 

Eçea `ëikdktkjd pjur cas mhpcjbkjdtkquas at pjur cas mhpcj`kpcjbkjdtkquas$

Vjur cas `kpcjbkjdtkquas 7 Vcus `a pmhsa mhpcjê`a hval `as ektjsas$ Qd tmhcca `kpcjê`a quk prj`ukt 2 typa `a oheítas 5 l ylca mjejtmhcckqua$ Qd tmhcca `kpcjê`a quk prj`ukt qu‛ ud sauc typa `a oheíta 5 lylca mëtërjtmhcckqua$ Mjeea 5 mëtërjtmhcckqua$

82

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0

Lmhpktra 0 7 @kvarsktë `u ejd`a aulhryjta$ K$ Cas udknjdtas$ 8$ Cas hekbas$

@kltyjstackue `ksljk`aue -pjcy+ 7 Ch spjra oarea at uda patkta hekba sjrt$ Latta hekba ljeeadla æ sa `ëpchlar at æ sa djurrkr$ \hprjpmyta 5 jrohdksea quk sa djurrkt `a `ëlmats jrohdkquas$ Cas hekbas vjdt sydtmëtksar `as ejcëlucas quk vjdt skodhcar c‛ëtht dutrktki æ `‛hutras hekbas `a ch eçea aspíla$ Cjrsqua ca ekckau dutrktki dutrktk i ast bjd# c‛hekba vh sydtmëtksar `as ejcëlucas `hds ca ekckau pjur hvartkr cas hutras hekbas$ Cas patktas ejcëlucas parïuas phr cas hutras hekbas vjdt ëcjkodar cas hekbas cas udas `as hutras$ Lhr quhd` ca ekckau ast bjd# cas hekbas jdt tad`hdla æ ljcjdksar ch . orhd`a phrtka `a tarrktjkra$ Cjrsqua cas ljd`ktkjds `u ekckau sjdt ehuvhksas# ehuvhksas # `‛hutras `‛hutras substhdlas sjdt sydtmëtksëas at jdt c‛aiiat kdvarsa$ Cas hekbas ljdvaroadt vars ca eçea eçea pjkdt at ijreadt hcjrs ud ths$ L‛ast `hds la ths qu‛hurh ckau ch raprj`ultkjd saxuëa$ saxuëa $ Jd da paut phs k`adtkikar uda hekba eâca `‛uda `‛uda hekba iaeacca$ Kcs jdt uda pjchrktë saxuacca$ Ca zyojta vh sa djurrkr `‛hutras `‛hutras hekbas -lhddkbhcksea+# kc orjsskt ehks da ihkt phs `a ektjsa ( Vuks kc ihkt ch eëkjsa$ \acjd c‛hllueuchtkjd `a sas rësarvas# kc ckbíra 0# = ju 89 prj`ukts$ \k ca ekckau rasta `ëihvjrhbca# cas hekbas vjdt sa eattra tjutas adsaebcas pjur ijrear ud jrohdksea$ Lat jrohdksea s‛hppacca ca psau`j%pchsej`a psau`j%pchsej`a ju scuo -5ckehla+ -uda tçta at uda quaua quk hvhdla `a ehdkíra ljjr`jddëa+$ \k cas ljd`ktkjds sjdt adljra adljra ehuvhksas# ch scuo vh ijrear ijrear uda vadtjusa at vh `kiiëradlkar ud jrohda 5 ca spjrhdoa -5 jrohda quk prj`ukt cas spjras+$ @hds ca spjrhdoa# kc vh y hvjkr  `kiiëradlkhtkjd laccuchkra `as hekbas `hds cas spjras 5 `kiiëradlkhtkjd `‛uda phrjk  ijrea `a rësksthdla$ Cas spjras vjdt çtra `ksparsëas `hds ca ekckau$  Lylca mhpcjbkjdtkqua -ksjoheíta+ mjejtmhcckqua$ -Ad 8 sur ca pjcy# c‛hekba ast mhpcjê`a+$ L‛ast uda uda hekba laccuchkra$ C‛hekba ast ch praekíra ckodëa æ hvjkr `kvaroëa phr rhppjrt æ ch rhlkda prjbhbca `a c‛hrbra$ Kc y h pcus `a `kvarsktë lmaz c‛hekba qua lmaz c‛Mjeea$ C‛hek`a ast uda ckodëa trís hdlkadda `as aulhryjtas$ Vmyshrue pjcylapmhcue 7 L‛ast uda hekba hlaccuchkra lhr cas laccucas laccucas da sjdt phs bkad kd`kvk`uhcksëas$ Qda spjra mhpcjê`a oarea$ Ad ijdltkjd `u `aorë `‛my`rhthtkjd# c‛hekba vh sjkt `kiiëradlkar  `as ichoaccas# sjkt rastar uda hekba quk ast lhphbca `a ektjsa -`ëpchlaeadt phr rapthtkjd+$ Vaut kepjrta ch ijrea# kc y h iuskjd `a las laccucas mhpcjê`as pjur ijrear ud zyojta `kpcjê`a$ La zyojta `kpcjê`a vh subkr `as ektjsas 7 `kvkskjd dulcëhkra ehks phs `kvkskjd `as laccucas  ijrehtkjd `‛ud jrohdksea quk ljdtkadt uda sauca laccuca oëhdta hval `as ekcckars `a djyhux æ c‛kdtërkaur 5 Vchsej`a$ 8

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0 Cjrsqua cas ljd`ktkjds `u ekckau sjdt `ëihvjrhbcas# lrjksshdla `‛ud spjrhdoa$ Ehks ljdtrhkraeadt æ c‛hutra# ch `kiiëradlkhtkjd `u spjrhdoa s‛hlljephoda `u pmëdjeída `a eëkjsa$ Cas djyhux prësadts `hds ca pchsej`a ijdt uda eëkjsa$ Cas spjras vjdt çtra mhpcjê`as$ Vuks cas spjras sjdt ckbërëas$  Lylca mhpcj`kpcjbkjdtkquas ksjoheítas mjejtmhcckqua$ @hds cas 2 lhs# kc axksta ëohcaeadt `as sjulmas mëtërjtmhcckquas$ Adtjejbah mkstjcytklh 7 Hrlmhekba udklaccuchkra# phtmjoída$  D‛h phs `a ektjlmjd`rkas lchsskquas ehks quk jdt `as ektjsjeas -iareadthtkjd+$ Prís utkca pjur pjur pjsktkjddar cas hekbas sur c‛hrbra$ 2$ Cas lmhepkodjds$

Jd padshkt padshkt qu‛kc y hvhkt 0 orhd`s orjupas `a lmhepkodjds ejdjpmycëtkquas 7 % hsljeylítas 7 ejdjpmycëtkqua % bhsk`kjeylítas 7 ejdjpmycëtkqua % zyojeylítas 7 phs ejdjpmycëtkqua % lmrytrk`kjeylítas 7 phs ejdjpmycëtkqua Cas 2 `ardkars orjupas d‛axkstadt phs ad thdt qua qu a tac$ Ca ríoda ijdokqua ast ch ckodëa sŜur `u ríoda hdkehc$ Cas lmrytrk`kjeylítas ljdtkaddadt cas lmhepkodjds qu‛jd padsa cas . hdlastrhux$ Kcs sa `ëikdkssadt phr uda ijrea udk%ichoaccëa æ ud ejeadt `a caur lylca$ Cas zyojeylítas sjdt vus ljeea `as ijreas `a ljepcaxktë kdtareë`khkra$ Kc y h `a ch euctk% laccuchrktë ehks sjuvadt sjus ijrea `a ikcheadt$ Hsljeylítas at bhsk`kjeylítas sjdt cas . ëvjcuës$ Jd y trjuva `as ijreas udklaccuchkras# ikcheadtausas at hussk `as irultkiklhtkjds -cas lmhepkodjds ehlrjslj pkquas qua c‛jd vjkt+$ Cas lmhepkodjds sjdt shprjpmytas ju phrhsktas$ h$ Cas lmrytrk`kjeylítas$

Hccjeylas -pjcy+ 7 Kc sa trjuva `hds ud advkrjddaeadt trís muek`a$ Jd ljeeadla hval uda spjra mhpcjê`a 5 zjjspjra$ Cjrsqua cas ljd`ktkjds sjdt bjddas# ch zjjspjra par` sjd ichoacca at adtra `hds ud lylca ektjtkqua pjur ijrear ud tmhcca mhpcjê`a -ju eylëckue+$ Cas ikcheadts quk ljdstktuadt las eylëckues e ylëckues sjdt `as mypmas$ 2

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0 La tmhcca mhpcjê`a d‛ast phs saoeadtë# phs `a lcjksjd$ Vcuskaurs djyhux vjyhoas ckbraea dt `hds cas mypmas$ H c‛axtrëektë `as mypmas# kc y h `as strulturas quk prj`uksadt `as oheítas 7 ca oheëthdoa iaeacca -. orjs+ at ca oheëthdoa eâca -. patkt+$ Kc y h `jdl ud vërkthbca saxa lhr cas oheítas d‛jdt phs ch eçea eçea ejrpmjcjoka$ Ca oheíta eâca prj`ukt `a patktas laccucas ichoaccëas$ Ca oheíta iaeacca prj`ukt ëohcaeadt `as laccucas ichoaccëas ehks . orjssa$ Las 2 oheítas pauvadt iuskjddar ad ud zyojta quk d‛ast phs bk ichoaccë -kc par` cas 2 ichoaccas+$ La zyojta vh sa `ëpchlar puks sa ikxar at ijrear ud jrohdksea 5 tmhcca `kpcjê`a$ H c‛axtrëektë `a la tmhcca# kc y h 2 strulturas 7 % strultura hsaxuëa quk ijrea `as spjras `kpcjê`as quk lmhluda vh pjuvjkr ijrear ud djuvahu tmhcca$ Cas spjrhdoas hsaxuës ijreadt las spjras `kpcjê`as$ % strultura saxuëa eëkjsas# spjra mhpcjê`a# prj`ukt `as zjjspjras zjjspjra s -d+ quk d‛jdt phs ch lhphlktë `a iuskjd# quk da ijreadt phs `as oheítas$ Lylca mhpcj`kpcjbkjdtkqua hdksjoheíta mjejtmhcckqua$ 2 tmhccas 7 8 -d+ at 8 -2d+ b$ Cas zyojeylítas$

Rmkzjpus -pjcy+ 7 Vjussa æ ch surihla `as irukts eþrs$ Qda spjra oarea at djus `jdda `as mypmas$ Kc y h 2 typas `a tmhcca mhpcjê`as mh pcjê`as `kiiëradts$ C‛jrohdksea sa prj phoa æ ch surihla `u substrht ad prjgathdt `as mypmas mjrkzjdthcaeadt 5  psau`jstjcjd$ Kc y h `as spjrhdoas æ c‛axtrëektë `a las mypmas hërkads$ Las spjrhdoas vjdt prj`ukra `as spjras hsaxuëas$ Las spjras hsaxuëas vjdt oarear at ijrear `a djuvahux eylëckues$ 2 typas `a eylëckue 7 % typa . % typa “  typa “  Jd phrca `a pjchrktë saxuacca lhr cas c as oheítas hurjdt uda ijrea k`adtkqua$ Cjrsqu‛ud Cjrsqu‛ud eylëckue . radljdtra ud % 7 Ca oheëthdoa sa sëphra `u rasta `as mypmas$ H c‛kdtërkaur c‛kdtërkaur `as oheëthdoas# kc y h pcuskaurs oheítas quk vjdt çtra prj`uktas quk sjdt ljepëtadtas pjur ch iuskjd$ Kc y h ljdthlt hval cas 2 oheëthdoas# ijrehtkjd `‛ud zyojta quk ljdtkadt bahuljup `a djyhux `kpcjê`as$ @a la zyojta ëearoa ud spjrhdoa quk ljdtkadt tjus las djyhux `kpcjê`as$ @hds ca spjrhdoa# ch eëkjsa vh sa `ëlcadlmar$ Vrj`ultkjd `a spjras mhpcjê`as$ Kc d‛y h phs `a ektjsa ad pmhsa `kpcjê`a `jdl ca lylca ast mhpcjbkjdtkqua$ mhpcjbkj dtkqua$ Lylca mhpcjbkjdtkqua ksjoheíta mëtërjtmhcckqua$ <

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0

l$ Cas hsljeylítas$

Kcs ljdtkaddadt 2 orhd`as lhtëojrkas 7 % cas prjtjhsljeylítas % cas auhsljeylítas Las 2 orjupas d‛jdt huluda rëhcktë pmycjoëdkqua$ Cas prjtjhsljeylítas sjdt `as udklaccuchkras 7 cas cavuras$ Cas auhsljeylítas sjdt `as ijreas pcurklaccuchkras 7 Lmaz cas cavuras# cas spjras mhpcjê`as mhpcjê`as sjdt prj`uktas æ c‛kdtërkaur `‛uda hsqua$ Qda cavura ast uda ijrea udklaccuchkra `‛hsljeylíta$ Ax `a cavuras 7 \hllmhrjeylas# \lmkzjshllmhrjeylas# \lmkzjshllmhrjeylas# Lhd`k`h… Lylca `a vka sa \hllmhrjeylas laravkskha -prjtjhsljeylítas+ 7 Kc ast lhphbca `a sa `ëvacjppë ` ëvacjppë phr ektjsa$ @kvkskjd hsyeëtrkqua hval 2 pjchrktës `kiië radtas$ Qd oheíta θ at ud oheíta h$ Cjrsqua cas cavuras sa iartkcksadt# jd `kt qu‛accas sa ljdguouadt ljdguouadt 5 ljdguohksjd$ Jd jbtkadt ud zyojta quk ast 2 ijks pcus orjs qua ca oheíta$ La zyojta ast hsaxuë at  bjuroajdda$ \k c‛jd c‛jd eat ca zyojta `hds ud ekckau `ëihvjrhbca# ca zyojta vh spjrucar 5 eëkjsa$ Ch eëkjsa `a la zyojta ijrea 0 zyojspjras adrjbëas adrjbë as `‛uda `‛uda hsqua 5 ch tëtrh`a$ Ch ejktkë `as hsljspjras sarjdt hcpmh at c‛hutra ejktkë h$  \lmëeh 86  \lmëeh 88 Ch phrjk ijdokqua ast axtrçeaeadt rkok`a$ Acca ast ljepjsëa 7 `‛uda irhltkjd `a ocyljprjtëkqua quk sjdt `as ehddjprjtëkqua \hllmhrjeylas ast ud hdhërjbka ihlucthtki$ Acca prëiíra ch iareadthtkjd ehks paut ëvadtuaccaeadt raspkrar$ Ca prj`ukt ikdhc `a ch iareadthtkjd 5 ëtmhdjc$ Cjrsqu‛acca prj`ukt pcus pcus `a 82! `‛ëtmhdjc# c‛ëtmhdjc `avkadt tjxkqua p jur ch laccuca -phs pcus `a 82¶ `‛hcljjc+$ Ch iareadthtkjd h ud rad`aeadt ëdaroëtkqua `ëshstraux$ Ca substrht ca . utkcksë ast ca oculjsa$ Ch vktassa æ chquacca acca prj`ukt `a c‛HPV phr iareadthtkjd ast a st supërkaura qua ch vktassa æ chquacca acca prj`ukt `a c‛HPV ad raspkrhtkjd$ Eçea sk ca rad`aeadt `a ch raspkrhtkjd raspkrhtkjd ast eakccaur$ Ch iareadthtkjd utkcksa `jdl bahuljup `a oculjsa$ L‛ast cjrsqua ca oculjsa oc uljsa `avkadt ckekthdt qua ch cavura prhtkqua ch raspkrhtkjd$ Cjrs `a raspkrhtkjd# kc y h `jdl `ëohoaeadt `‛J 2$ 0

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0 \hllmhrjeylas laravkskha ast utkcksëa ad bjuchdoarka pjur ihkra cavar ch phta orâla hu `ëohoaeadt `‛J2 cjrs `a ch raspkrhtkjd$ Cas auhsljeylítas 7 Lylca phoa ? pjcy 7 Cjrsqua c‛hsqua ast eþra# eþra# acca ckbíra cas hsljspjras$ Las hsljspjras vjdt ijrear ud tmhcca mhpcjê`a$ Kc y h 2 typas `a eylëckue -tmhcca+ 7 ud typa “  typa “ at at ud typa .$ H c‛axtrëektë `as mypmas# kc y h `a patkts ljcckar s ljcckar s `a parcas jû ch saoeadthtkjd ast bahuljup . rkojurausa  ch phrjk ijdokqua `a las strulturas ast bahuljup . orjssa at bahuljup . rkok`a$ Las patktas parcas 5 ljdk`kas -jd hurhkt hurhkt pu cas hppacar spjras+$ Cas ljdk`kas sjdt `as spjras quk vjdt euctkpckar vëoëthtk vaeadt ca tmhcca$ \ur lmhqua typa `a tmhcca# kc y h uda strultura kepc kquëa `hds ca lylca saxuëa$ Vjur ca tmhcca . 5 hsljojda -ju prjtjpërktmíla+# pjur ca tmhcca % 5 hdtmërk`ka -oheíta eâca+$ Cas djyhux vjdt s‛hpphrkar at s‛k`adtkikar ehks da vjdt phs iuskjddar$ Cas ikcheadts quk ëearoadt `u prjtjpërktmíla sjdt lcjksjddës at ljdtkaddadt `as laccucas æ 2 djyhux hlljcës$ 2 djyhux - 8 . at 8 % +* saoeadt$ H c‛axtrëektë c‛axtrëektë `u ikcheadt hsljoída# kc y h uda `kvkskjd laccuchkra# sauca ch laccuca tarekdhca vh hvjkr cas 2 djyhux quk iuskjddadt$ Latta laccuca tarekdhca 5 zyojta `kpcjê`a$ La zyojta subkt 2 eëkjsas 5 0 laccucas$ Vuks uda ektjsa 5 = laccucas$ Cas ikcheadts hsljoídas sjdt `klhryjtkqua `klhr yjtkqua 5 `klhryjd$ Ca përktmíla ast ud prjtjpërktmíla eþr 5 hu ejeadt jû cas hsquas sjdt ijreëas$ Lylca mhpcjbkjdtkqua -lhr ud `klhryjd 5 2 djyhux mhpcjê`as+ mëtërjtmhcckqua -lhr 2 tmhccas `a  pjchrktës `kiiëradtas+ ksjoheíta$ `$ Cas bhsk`kjeylítas$

Qda spjra mhpcjê`a quk d‛ast phs radiareëa `hds uda hsqua$ Cas spjras sjdt sur ch bhsk`a$ C‛axtrëektë `a ch bhsk`a sa `kiiëradlka ad bhsk`kjspjra$ Ch bhsk`kjspjra vh ihkra ud patkt eylëckue e ylëckue mhpcjê`a$ Cas eylëckues pauvadt hvjkr 2 typas `a pjchrktë saxuacca$ Cas eylëckues sjdt bkad saoeadtës# lmhqua djyhu ast bkad ksjcë `as hutras$ Cjrsqua 2 eylëckues sa radljdtradt# kc y h hdhstjejsa -iuskjd+$ Hval pchejoheka 5 iuskjd laccuchkra$ Ehks kc d‛y h phs `a iuskjd laccuchkra ( Jd h `jdl ud `klhryjd$ H phrtkr `a latta strultura# sa `ëvacjppa `as ikcheadts$ Lmhqua laccuca `a la ikcheadt ljdtkadt 2 djyhux$ Cjrsqua cas ljd`ktkjds `a taepërhtura sjdt ihvjrhbcas# kc y h ijrehtkjd `‛uda irultkiklhtkjd quk ast acca hussk `klhryjtkqua$ 1

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0 \jus ca lmhpahu `u lmhepkodjd# kc y h `as cheaccas jû vjdt sa `kiiëradlkar cas bhsk`as$ @hds las bhsk`as# cas 2 djyhux vjdt hcjrs iuskjddar at ijrear ud zyojta$ Ca zyojta prësadt `hds lmhqua bhsk`a vh rhpk`aeadt adtrar ad eëkjsa pjur `jddar 0 laccucas$ Las 0 laccucas sa eattadt æ ch surihla `a ch laccuca puks vjdt sa `kiiëradlkar ad bhsk`jspjra$ Lylca mhpcjbkjdtkqua mëtërjtmhcckqua ksjoheíta$ a$ Cas eklrjspjrk`kas$

La sjdt `as lmhepkodjds phrhsktas `a `kiiëradts typas `‛aspílas -surtjut hdkehca+$ Kcs d‛jdt phs `a ektjlmjd`rkas at da prhtkquadt phs ch raspkrhtkjd$ Jd h sëquadlë caur oëdjea -trís patkt+# la quk h pareks `a shvjkr qua la sjdt `as lmhepkodjds$ Vjcy p ; 7 Laccuca udkqua hval uda phrjk axtrçeaeadt ëphkssa 5 eklrjspjra$ Latta eklrjspjra ast lhphbca `a parlavjkr ud jrohdksea lkbca quk ast æ prjxkektë$ Cjrsqu‛ud Cjrsqu ‛ud jrohdksea lkbca phssa æ ljtë# ljtë# acca ca raljddhkt at `ëlmhroa ca tuba pjchkra# radtra æ c‛kdtërkaur  c‛kdt ërkaur  `‛uda laccuca lkbca at ca parijra$ Ca lytjpchsea `a ch eklrjspjra radtra `hds ch laccuca lkbca  parijrëa$ Cas laccucas sa `kvksadt$ Qda ijks qua cas eklrjspjras sjdt sydtmëtksëas# ch laccuca ëlchta pjur cas ckbërar$ Eërjojdka 7 `kvkskjd laccuchkra shds `kiiëradlkhtkjd \pjrjojdka 7 `kvkskjd laccuchkra hval `kiiëradlkhtkjd <$ Cas lmjhdjichoaccës$

Yjkr slmëeh = caur pjsktkjd sur c‛hrbr a$ a$ Vjcy p ;$ Qdklaccuchkra# ad ahu `a ear$ Qd ichoacca udkqua at uda euctktu`a `a patkts lkcs 5 cas tadthlucas$ Ch cjrklh prjtíoa ch laccuca at c‛hk`a æ sa ejuvjkr$ Cas lmjhdjichoaccës phrtklkpadt æ ch ikctrhtkjd `a c‛ahu at sjdt ratrjuvës sjus ijrea `a laccucas udkquas `jdt jd da ljddhkt phs ca lylca saxuë$ KK$ Cas bknjdtas$ 8$ C‛ad`jsyebkjsa pchstk`khca prkehkra at ca ríoda vëoëthc$

C‛ad`jsyebkjsa pchstk`khca ast ud ëvëdaeadt udkqua$ Qda laccuca aulhryjta bkichoaccëa quk sa djurrksshkt prjbhbcaeadt `a lyhdjbhltërkas$  \lmëeh 82 Kdtardhckshtkjd `a ch lyhdjbhltërka æ c‛kdtërkaur `‛uda vhlujca `a pmhojlytjsa$ 9

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0 Kc s‛ast prj`ukt prj`ukt ud hllk`adt$ Ch lyhdjbhltërka vh s‛ëlmhppar `a ch vhlujca$ Ch eaebrhda kdtarda `u pchsta `‛hugjur`‛muk rassaebca axtrçeaeadt æ ch eaebrhda `as lyhdjbhltërkas$ Ch vhlujca `a pmhojlytjsa `ksphrhkt$ Ch eaebrhda axtarda `as pchstas `‛hugjur`‛muk sarrhkt hcjrs ch eaebrhda eaebrhda axtarda `as lyhdjbhltërkas$ Ju paut çtra qua cas eaebrhdas `a ch vhlujca at `a ch eaebrhda `a ch lyhdjbhltërka jdt iuskjddëas$ L‛ast ud ëvídaeadt udkqua$ Ca `jddaur `a oída `a pmjtjsydtmísa -ch lyhdjbhltërka+ ast uda laccuca udkqua at ch laccuca aulhryjta mðta ast udkqua$ Jd `ëtarekda lach orâla æ ud adsaebca `‛hrbras pmycjoëdëtkquas$ Qd ëvídaeadt udkqua h `jddë ckau æ tjus cas aulhryjtas pmjtjsydtmëtkquas -cas pchdtas+  tarrkbcaeadt kepjrthdt$ Ca paptk`jocylhda da vh phs `ksphrhätra tjut `a sukta$ Lhr cas oídas `u paptk`jocylhda sjdt kepckquës `hds ch rëpcklhtkjd `u pchsta$ Las oídas jdt `jdl ëthkt ehkdtadu eçea sk cas pchstas da prj`uksadt pcu `a paptk`jocylhda$ L‛ast ch syebkjsa quk h ëtë ohr`ëa ohr`ëa phr ch sëcaltkjd dhturacca$ Ch bhsa `a ch syebkjsa ast ca ihkt qua ch lyhdjbhltërka ast lhphbca `a lhptar `u LJ 2 at `a ihkra `u sulra -pmjtjsydtmísa+$ Ch syebkjsa kepckqua `u LJ 2 lhptë phr ch lyhdjbhltërka quk `jdda la LJ2 æ ch laccuca mðta$ Ch laccuca mðta `jdda ad ëlmhdoa `a c‛hzjta rë`ukt -lhr quhd` q uhd` ch lyhdjbhltërka `jdda `u L# acca d‛ast pcu lhphbca `a ikxar `a c‛D# `jdl `jdl ch laccuca bhltërkadda cuk `jdda `u D rë`ukt+$ Cas lyhdjbhltërkas jdt bahuljup `a ehc æ sa `ëvacjppar `hds `as ekckaux hlk`as$ Hkdsk#  prjtëoëa phr ch laccuca bhltërkadda# acca vjyhoa æ `as ad`rjkts jû huluda lyhdjbhltërka hurhkt survëlu$ H la sth`a# ch lyhdjbhltërka d‛ast phs adljra ud jrohdkqua# l‛ast ud ad`jsyebkjdta$ Qd ad`jsyebkjdta ast uda laccuca kd`ëpad`hdta$ Lat ad`jsyebkjdta ljdtkadt adljra bahuljup `a oídas$ Acca ljdtkadt advkrjd 1 666 oídas ljdstktuës `a 8 166 oídas kd`kspadshbcas -pjur ch `kvkskjd laccuchkra at ch pmjtjsydtmísa+$ Cas < 166 hutras oídas sarvadt hu ehkdtkadt `a ch laccuca `hds ud advkrjddaeadt dhturac$ Las oídas da sarjdt pcus kd`ks padshbcas æ c‛kdtërkaur `a ch laccuca mðta$ Las oídas vjdt hcjrs çtra  par`us lhr ch prasskjd `a sëcaltkjd d‛hokt pcu pjur pjur caur ehkdtkad$ Cas 8 166 oídas rasthdt sjdt ehkdtadus orâla æ ch prasskjd `a sëcaltkjd$ @hds ud pchsta hltuac# kc y h ejkds `a 866 oídas$ Ljeeadt phssar `a 8 166 oídas kd`kspadshbcas æ 866 oídas : Lach ast pjsskbca orâla æ ch trhdscjlhtkjd `as prjtëkdas sydtmëtksëas hu dkvahu `u lytjsjc vars c‛kdtërkaur `a ch lyhdjbhltërka$ Latta trhdscjlhtkjd æ eks ëdjreëeadt `a taeps æ sa ihkra -pcuskaurs ekcckjds `‛hddëas+$ ?

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0 Kc vh hcjrs çtra pjsskbca `‛hvjkr `as saoeadts saoeadt s `‛H@D prj`ukts prj`ukt s phr ch lyhdjbhltërka h ëtë trhdsiërë hu djyhu$ Kc ast hcjrs pjsskbca pjss kbca qua ch lyhdjbhltërka par`a la saoeadt `‛H@D# lhr ca saoeadt ast hcjrs sydtmëtksë `hds ca lytjpchsea at ch prjtëkda prj`ukta ast hcjrs advjyëa vars ca « pchsta ¾$ @kiiëradla adtra ad`jsyebkjdta at jrohdkta$ L‛ast qua `hd ` hdss c‛jrohdkta kc y h latta trhdscjlhtkjd `a prjtëkda `u lytjpchsea hu pchsta$ C‛kdvadtkjd `a latta trhdscjlhtkjd h ëtë quacqua quacqua lmjsa `a ijd`headthc quk h pareks `a phssar  `a c‛ad`jsyebkjdta æ c‛jrohdkta -pchsta+$ Cas pchstas sjdt kepckquës `hds ca trhdspjrt `as a % sur cas eaebrhdas `as tmychnjê`as -trís `hdoaraux pjur ch laccuca lhr paut `jddar ckau æ `as ijreas rëhltkva `a c‛J 2+$ < ckodëas `a pchstas vjdt sa `ëvacjppar 7 % ochuljpmyta % rmj`jpmylaha % lmcjrjpchstk`kh C‛adsaebca `as las < orjupas ast raorjupë phr ud tmarea 7 Hrlmha pchstk`h -hutraijks ríoda vëoëthc+$ Hrlmha pchstk`h 5 hdlkad pchsta$ Ca systíea `‛kepjrt `as prjtëkdas hu pchsta kepckqua `as djuvaccas prjtëkdas$ Cas ljepcaxas `a ch trhdscjlhtkjd `a ch eaebrhda kdtarda at `a ch eaebrhda axtarda `u pchsta 7 systíea PKL  “ PJL$  “ PJL$ La systíea ast ratrjuvë `hds cas < ckodëas$ @kiiëradla adtra cas < ckodëas 7 ch ehdkíra `jdt c‛ëdaroka cuekdausa ast rëljctëa$ Ch pmjtjsydtmísa ast quacqua lmjsa `a trís ljepckquë$ Rësueë 7  \lmëeh 8<$ Acca sa phssa æ c‛kdtërkaur `u pchsta -5 strjeh+ hu dkvahu `a ch eaebrhda `as tmychnjê`as$ @as ehlmkdas ejcëluchkras sa trjuvadt sur ch eaebrhda `as tmychnjê`as# pcuskaurs ljepcaxas 7 % V\KK % lyt 69i  % V\K Las ljepcaxas sjdt ljdstktuës `a prjtëkdas quk jdt ch lhphlktë `a trhdspjrtë `as a %$ @as substhdlas cypjsjcubcas vjdt hccar `u V\2 hu lyt69i at vjdt ad eçea taeps `ëpchlar cas a%$ La vjyhoa ast pjsskbca orâla æ ch pchstjqukdjda -VX+$ Ca vjyhoa `a lyt æ V\K sa ihkt phr VL$ Cas a% vkaddadt `a c‛ahu phr ud prjlassus `a pmjtjcysa -2 M 2J  J2 . 0 M.+$ Ca V\KK vh hvjkr  ch lhphlktë `‛hrrhlmar cas a% `a ch ejcëluca `‛ahu# lalk dëlasskta bahulju bahulju p `‛ëdaroka$ % Hprís caur hrrkvë hu V\K# cas a sjdt prks ad lmhroa phr ch iara`jxkda quk vh rë`ukra ca DH@V ad DH@VM$ Ca orh`kadt `a prjtjds prjtjds ljd`ukt æ ch sydtmísa `‛HPV# lalk orâla æ c‛HPVhsa$ =

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0 @hds ch V\KK at ch V\K# kc y h `as prjtëkdas quk vjdt çtra lhphbcas `a lhptar c‛ëdaroka cuekdausa ljeea ch lmcjrjpmycca h$ @as hdtaddas sa trjuvadt sur V\KK at V\K# la sjdt `as ljepcaxas ljdstktuës `a prjtëkdas jû kc y h hussk `as substhdlas substhdlas lhphbcas `a lhptar c‛ëdaroka cuekdausa$ Hu dkvahu `a las hdtaddas# uda orjssa phrtka `a c‛ëdaroka c‛ëdaroka cuekdausa ast rëljctëa# quk vh çtra trhdsiërëa æ uda lmcjrjpmycca$ Ch lmcjrjpmycca quk vh hrrhlmar cas a % æ ch ejcëluca `‛ahu$ Pjut lalk ast ljeeud hux < ckodëas$ La quk lmhdoa# lmhdoa# l‛ast ch dhtura `as hdtaddas$ % Lmcjrjpchstk`h 7 CML -5 Ckomt Mhrvastkdo Ljepcaxa+ sa sjdt `as prjtëkdas spëlkikquas `as lmcjrjpchstk`h$ Kcs vjdt ljdtadkr `a ch lmcjrjpmycca B$ % Ochuljpmytas 7 kc y h `as hdtaddas `a lyhdjbhltërka 5 Vmyljbkcksjeas$ % Rmj`jpylha 7 Hu dkvahu `as hdtaddas# kc y h `as Vmyljbkcksjeas at quacquas CML$ 

Yjkr pjcy 7 ikoura 9%20$ Qd jrohdksea rklma ad pmyljarytmrkda d‛hbsjrba phs ch eçea cuekíra qu‛ud jrohdksea rklma ad pmyljlyhdkda phr ax$ Vrjtëkda suppjrt `a pmyljlyhdjbkckda . pmyljlyhdjbkckda 5 pmyljlyhdkda$ Vrjtëkda suppjrt `a pmyljarytmrjbkckda . pmyljarytmrjbkckda 5 pmyljarutmrkda$

H ch bhsa# tjus las jrohdkseas sjdt ehrkds$ @hds c‛ahu# c‛ëdaroka cuekdausa ast hbsjrbëa sëcaltkvaeadt ad ijdltkjd `a ch prjijd`aur$ Ca spaltra cuekdaux vhrka ad ijdltkjd `a ch prjijd`aur$ Cas lyhdjbhltërkas sjdt ehgjrkthkraeadt `a ljucaur bcau# ehks tjutas da sjdt phs bcauas$ Ch ljucaur ast h`hptëa æ caur dklma ëljcjokqua$ Jrohdkshtkjd `as pmyljbkcksjeas 7  Vjcy phoa 1$ Ch pmyljarytmrkda ast æ ch përkpmërka `as hdtaddas# ch pmyljlkhdkda ast hu dkvahu `as brhdlmas at c‛hccjpmyljlyhdkda c‛hccjpmyljlyhdkda ast hu ladtra$ Ch pmyljarytmrkda -H 101de  “ 1?1  “  1?1 de+ trhdseat c‛ëdaroka cuekdausa æ ch pmyljlkhdkda pmyljlkhdkd a -111  “ 9<6+#  “  9<6+# c‛ëdaroka cuekdausa ast adsukta trhdseksa æ c‛hccjpmyljlkhdkda c‛hccjpmyljlkhdkda## c‛ëdaroka cuekdausa vh adsukta çtra trhdseks æ ch lmcjrjpmycca h -V\KK+$ Pjuta latta ëdaroka rëljctëa sa ratrjuva hcjrs hu eçea ad`rjkt$ La ljd`adsë `‛ëdaroka pareat hcjrs `‛hrr hlmar cas a% æ c‛M2J$ 2$ Cas ochuljpmytas$

Cas ochuljpmytas ljdtkaddadt uda lyhdacca$ Lyhdacca 7 rassaebca taccaeadt æ uda lyhdjbhltërka hcjrs qua l‛ast ud pchsta qu‛jd cas h hppacës ljeea ïh$ Cas rmj`jpchstas at cas lmcjrjpchstas jdt par`u ca papty`jocylhda$ ;

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0 Cas ochuljpmyta jdt adljra la  paptk`jocylhda$ Jd suppjsa qua l‛ast æ lhusa `a ch ljdladtrhtkjd ad LJ2$ C‛adzyea quk lhpta ca LJ 2 Rubkslj$ Ad ikxhdt ca LJ 2# ch rubkslj æ uda hltkvktë phrhskta 7 acca  paut utkcksar c‛J2  l‛ast uda rëhltkjd ljepëtktkva `a ch prj`ultkjd `a LJ 2$ Acca ihkt lach lhr  acca h `ua ëvjcuëa `hds ud advkrjddaeadt quk da ljdtadhkt phs `‛J 2$ -Ch rubkslj axksthkt hvhdt ch lrëhtkjd `‛J2 `hds `hds c‛hkr+$ Cas jrohdkseas pjrthdt ch rubkslj jdt `ëvacjppës `as systíeas pjur prjtëoar ch rubkslj `a c‛J c‛J2$ Kcs ljdladtradt ca LJ 2 hutjur `a latta rubkslj$ Cas lyhdjbhltërkas jdt kdvadtë ca lhrbjxysjea$ L‛ast ud horëoht `a rubkslj prasqua kdsjcubca hval uda ju 2 prjtëkdas ad .$ Vhrek las prjtëkdas ad .# kc y h c‛hdmy`rhsa lhrbjdkqua quk vh  prad`ra ca lhrbjdhta -sac `kssjus `hds `hds c‛ahu+ at at vh ca ljdvartkr ad LJ 2$ Ch ljdladtrhtkjd ad LJ2 h hcjrs huoeadtëa$ Kc ihut pjepar ca lhrbjdhta `hds ch lyhdjbhltërka$ La pjephoa ljd`ukt æ ud strass jsejtkquas pjur ch lyhdjbhltërka$ Vjur rëskstar æ las prjbcíeas `a vhrkhtkjd jsejtkqua# accas pjssí`adt uda phrjk trís sjck`a 7 ca papty`jocylhda$ Cas rmj`jpmytas at cas lmcjrjpmytas d‛jdt phs `a paptk`jocylhda lhr kcs kc s d‛utkcksadt d‛utkcksadt phs `a lhrbjxysjea ehks ud pyradjê`a quk da ljdtkadt phs `‛hdmy`rhsa lhrbjdkqua `jdl phs `a strass jsejtkqua$ Ochuljpmytas 7 Vaptk`jocylhda# phs `a lylca saxuë ljddu# lyhdacca# udklaccuchkra# `kichoaccë$ 82 aspílas ljdduas vkvhdt ad ahu ehrkda$ <$ Cas Rmj`jpmylaha$

Hcouas rjuoas$ Accas sjdt rjuoas lhr accas ljdtkaddadt ud rmj`jpchsta$ Cas hcouas rjuoas sa trjuvadt `hds ud advkrjddaeadt advkrj ddaeadt jû c‛ëdaroka cuekdausa ast bkad rëljctëa  phr ch pmyljarytmrkda$ Accas jdt par`u caur ichoacca$ Qdklaccuchkra ju pcurklaccuchkra$ Vcuskaurs orjupas ljddus 7 % Lyhdk`khcas 7 Hcoua rjuoa udklaccuchkra quk vkt `hds ud advkrjddaeadt ëtrhdoa 5 sjurla lmhu`a `hds ud advkrjddaeadt vjclhdkqua$ Ykt `hds uda ahu shcë$ % Icjrk`ajpmylk`ha 7 % Bhdokhcas 7 ax 7 Vjrpmyrh % Vjrpmyrk`khcas$ Pjutas cas hcouas rjuoas jdt `as phrjks$ Ch phrjk ast trís rklma ad ohchlthda -pjcyeíra `u ohchltjsa+$ Las ohchlthdas sjdt . ju  “  sucihtës$ Cas ohchlthdas sucihtës sjdt spëlkikquas `as hcouas rjuoas$ Vhrek las ohchlthdas# jd trjuva cas lhrrhomëdhdas ljeea c‛hohr quk æ ch  phrtkluchrktë `a da phs çtra sucihtë$ 86

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0 h$ Vjrpmyrh$ 

Yjkr pjcy phoa 0$ @hds cas oheëtjpmytas# kc y h `a patktas « cjoattas ¾ `hds casquaccas kc y h `as laccucas$ @a taeps ad taeps# uda cjoatta vh axpucsar uda laccuca `jdt ca but sarh `a ihkra uda prjphohtkjd vëoëthtkva 5 ejdjspjra$ \ur cas bjr`s `u oheëtjpmyta# kc y h `as laccucas saxuëas$ Cas laccucas saxuëas sjdt sur ca eçea tmhcca$ \parehtka 5 patkta laccuca shds ichoacca$ Lhrpjojda 5 orjssa laccuca saxuëa$ Cas sparehtkas vjdt çtra ckbërëas at vjdt vadkr iëljd`ar ca djyhu `a ch lhrpjojda at ijrear ud zyojta$ Ca zyojta vh ijrear uda spjra 5 lhrpjspjra$ Ch lhrpjspjra ast ckbërëa ast vh hccar `hds ca ekckau axtërkaur$ Acca h basjkd `a sa ikxar sur ud suppjrt 7 ud ejccusqua$ Ch lhrpjspjra vh hcjrs ihkra ud tmhcca 7 ca spjrjpmyta -`kpcjê`a+$ Ca spjrjpmyta `kpcjê`a vh hvjkr uda hccura trís `kiiëradta `u oheëtjpmyta$ \ur la spjrjpmyta kc y h `as rëokjds jû `as laccucas vjdt subkr ch eëkjsa$ Las laccucas quk jdt subkt ch eëkjsa sjdt hppacëas ljdlmy`kspjra -LJ\V+$ La ljdlmy`kspjra vh oarear pjur  `jddar ud tmhcca mhpcjê`a$ Lylca mhpcj`kpcjbkjdtkqua mjejtmhcckqua hdksjoheíta$ Lylca `kpmhskqua$ Lylca `‛Hu`jukdacch `‛Hu`jukdacch 7 L‛ast uda Icjrk`ajpmylk`ha$ Qd oheëtjpmyta jû kc y h pcuskaurs typas `a … Ca ejdj%spjrhdoa prj`ukt `as ejdjspjras -EJ\V+$ Oheíta eâca 5 sparehtka prj`ukt æ c‛axtrëektë `as ikcheadts$ Qda strultura iaeacca 7 ca lhrpjojda -LH+$ Ch ejdjspjra vh oarear pjur ra`jddar ud jrohdksea$ Ca cjdo lhdhc hcchdt `a ch lhrpjojda æ ch sparehtka ast hppacë trklmjoyda$ Ca djyhu iaeacca `a ch lhrpjojda vh iuskjddar hval ca djyhu `a ch sparehtka quk ast `aslad`u `hds ch trklmjoyda$ trklmjoyda$ Ijrehtkjd `‛ud zyojta$ Ca zyojta vh keeë`khtaeadt keeë`khtaeadt subkr `as ektjsas at lrëar ud patkt jrohdksea jrohdksea tjugjurs brhdlmë sur ca oheëtjpmyta$ La patkt jrohdksea 5 lhrpjspjrjpmyta$ Ca lhrpjspjrjpmyta quk pjussa sur ca oheëtjpmyta vh ckbërar `as lhrpjspjras `kpcjê`as$ Las lhrpjspjras vjdt oarear at `jddar ud tëtrhspjrjpmyta `kpcjê`a$ Qd tëtrhspjrjpmyta ast ljepjsë 7 % spjrhdoa hsaxuëa quk ljdtkadt `as ejdjspjras `kpcjê`as$ % rëokjds spëlkhcksëas `hds ch raprj`ultkjd saxuëa$ PAP\ 5 tatrhspjras -mhpcjê`as+$ Cas tëtrhspjras vjdt çtra ckbërëas at oarear pjur prj`ukra ud oheëtjpmyta$ Lylca mhpcj`kpcjbkjdtkqua mjejtmhcckqua hdksjoheíta$ 88

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0

0$Cas Lmcjrjphstk`h$

Hdlkaddaeadt cas lmcjrjpmytas$ Ljepjsë `as hcouas vartas . pchdtas tarrastras 5 wkrk`kpchdtha -vrhk pchdta+ < orhd`s orjupas 7 % straptjpmytas % Vrhskdjpmytas % Lmcjrjpmytas Las orjupas d‛jdt phs `a ckads pmycjoëdkquas prëlks$ Vrhskdjpmytas 7 Kcs sjdt tjus udklaccuchkras at bkichoaccës$ Vhrek aux 7 Jstrajljllus thurk$ \traptjpmytas 7 L‛ast æ p æ phrtkr hrtkr `‛aux qua vh sa ihkra ch cjdoua ëvjcutkjd gusqu‛hu pchdtas tarrastras$ Qdklaccuchkras at pcurklaccuchkras$ Lmcjrjpmytas 7 Qdklaccuchkras at pcurklaccuchkras$ La sjdt cas hcouas vartas$ Ax 7 Lmchey`jejdhs rakdmhr`tkk$ Lmchey`jejdhs rakdmhr`tkk 7 Jrohdksea udklaccuchkra trís utkcksë ad chbjrhtjkra$ \a `ëvacjppa trís rhpk`aeadt$ \a prësadta `hds ch dhtura sjus ijrea mhpcjê`a$ Laccuca bkichoaccëa -bknjdta+$ Qd sauc orjs lmcjrjpchsta$ Ch tâlma djkra hu ladtra `u lmcjrjpchsta 5 pyradjê`as 5 Ljdladtrhtkjd `u lhrbjda kdjrohdkqua$ Ch `kvkskjd laccuchkra h ckau ad ikd `a pmhsa jbslura -æ ch ikd `a ch dukt+$ \ukvhdt c‛kdtadsktë `a ch cuekíra pad`hdt ch pmhsa lchkra# ch laccuca iarh 8# 2 ju < `kvkskjds ektjtkquas ad ikd `a pmhsa jbslura$ Cas laccucas sjdt ckbërëas ad `ëbut `a gjurdëa sjus ijrea `a zjjspjras$ \k jd eat latta laccuca mhpcjê`a `hds `hds ud ekckau ad lhradla `‛hzjta at ad cuekíra vkva  `kvkskjd laccuchkra . `kiiëradlkhtkjd quk `jdda ckau æ `as laccucas . patktas at . ejbkcas 7 cas oheítas$ Kc y h 2 pjchrktës saxuaccas 7 dt. ju dt%$ \k jd eëchdoa `as oheítas `a luctura dt% hval `as lucturas dt. 7 las oheítas vjdt sa raljddhktra  phr c‛kdtareë`khkra `as ichoaccas# s‛hssjlkar 2 æ 2 at iuskjddar  pjur `jddar ud zyojta$ Kc d‛y hcjrs pcu `a ichoacca$ La zyojta eurk æ c‛jbslur ktë$ ktë$ Latta ehturhtkjd `ura 2 saehkdas$ Vuks sk jd ëlchkra ca zyojta# kc vh subkr ch eëkjsa at kc vh y hvjkr 0# = ju 89 laccucas sukvhdt cas substhdlas dutrktkvas qu‛hvhkt ca zyojta$ 82

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0 L‛ast uda hcoua `‛ahu `jula$ Acca pjussa sur `as ichquas `‛ahu at ast `jdl sugat æ bahuljup `a `ësmy`rhthtkjd$ L‛ast ud jrohdksea ej`íca pjur 7 pjur  7 % ca prjlassus pmjtjsydtmëtkqua % ch ejbkcktë phr cas ichoaccas Lhucarph thxkijckh 7 Jd padsa qua l‛ast ud jrohdksea `kpcjê`a$ Kc sa `ëvacjppa `hds ud ekckau ehrkd$ Vsau`j%`kiiëradlkhtkjd$ Vchdta vkskbca æ c‛Ŝkc du at pjurthdt ud « tmhcca ¾ 5 uda laccuca$ L‛ast ud sauc ljephrtkeadt ljephrtkeadt laccuchkra quk ljdtkadt pcuskaurs djyhux$ L‛ast uda pchdta subtrjpklhca$ Latta hcoua sart æ `ëljrar cas hquhrkues$ Acca sarhkt raspjdshbca `a c‛kdialtkjd `a c‛hquhrkue `a Ejdhlj at `jdl `a ch Eë`ktarrhdëa$ Latta pchdta ijrea ud rëac thpks sur ca sjc at `ëtrukt tjut la quk ast vkvhdt$ @a pcus acca d‛ast  phs ljeastkbca -tjxkqua+$  @ëshstra ëljcjokqua$ Kc hejrla ch raprj`ultkjd saxuëa# kc ast lhphbca `a ckbërar cas oheítas eâcas ad vk`hdt tjut ca lytjpchsea$ Kc y h `as kd`kvk`us eâcas ehks phs `‛kd`kvk`us iaeaccas$ Cas straptjpmytas ljeeadladt æ eattra ad pchla uda phrjk laccucjskqua `a typa pchdta la quk d‛ast phs ca lhs `as Vrhskdjpmytas at `as lmcjrjpmytas$ lmcjrjpmytas $ 1$ Cas ad`jsyebkjsas saljd`hkras# lryptjpmytas at lmcjrhrhlmdkjpmytas$

Ad`jsyebkjsa saljd`hkra 7 uda hcoua aulhryjta skepca h ëtë kdtardhcksëa phr ud hutra aulhryjta quk cuk ast mëtërjtrjpma at bkichoaccë$ Cas hrlmhapchstk`h sjdt ch sjurla `a c‛ad`jsyebkjsa c‛ad`jsyebkjsa saljd`hkra -hcoua rjuoa# varta+$ 

\lmëeh 80$

C‛hcoua rjuoa quk ast lhphbca `a pmjtjsydtmísa vh `jddar … Ch eaebrhda `a pmhojlytjsa d‛h phs `ksphru$ \jkt latta eaebrhda `a pmhojlytjsa rasta tacca quacca$ La quk s‛ast prj`ukt pjur ca orjupa `as hcvëjcës$ Vjur cas hutras orjupas -strheëdjpkcas# mhptjpmytas at lryptjpmytas+# kc y h au iuskjd `a ch vhlujca `a pmhojlytjsa hval ca rëtklucue ad`jpchsekqua -RA+$

8<

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0 Las jrohdkseas jdt tjus 0 eaebrhdas eaebrhdas hu dkvahu `a caurs pchstas -qu‛kc -qu‛kc y hkt iuskjd ju djd+$ L‛ast la djebra `a eaebrhdas quk h suooërë hux lmarlmaurs qu‛kc y hvhkt uda ad`jsyebkjsa saljd`hkra$ @hds @hds ca pchsta# la quk ast kepjrthdt ast ca rmj`jpchsta lhr kc ihkt ch pmjtjsydtmísa$ L‛ast  pjurqujk# ch pcuphrt `u lytjsjc -ektjlmjd`rka…+ at `u rasta rëorassa gusqu/æ `ksphrhktra$ @hds larthkds jrohdkseas# `hds `hds ca pchsta kc rasta ud djyhu vastkokhc qua c‛jd vh hppacar ca dulcëjejrpma$ Cas oídas quk ëthkadt `hds `hds ca djyhu `a c‛hcoua c‛h coua rjuoa vjdt prjorasskvaeadt çtra trhdsiërës hu djyhu `a c‛aulhryjta$ Vjur cas hcvëjcës . \trheëdjpmkcas . mhptjpmytas at lryptjpmytas# jd padsa qu‛kc s ‛ast prj`ukt latta ad`jsyebkjsa saljd`hkra$ Kc d‛y h phs `‛ad`jsyebkjsa `‛ ad`jsyebkjsa qua `as hcouas rjuoas# `as orjupas saebcadt `aslad`ra `as hcouas vartas 7 % auocídas % lmcjrhrlmdkjpmytas Lryptjpmytas at lmcjrhrhlmdkjpmytas 7 % Cas lryptjpmytas 7 Kcs sjdt tjus udklaccuchkras$ Bkichoaccës$ Ca djyhu `a c‛hcoua rjuoa ast adljra prësadt 5 dulcëjejrpma$  Vjcy phoa 86 C‛hdlkad lytjsjc `a c‛hcoua rjuoa 5 përkpchsta$ Ca pyrëdjê`a -V+ sa trjuva æ c‛kdtërkaur `u pchsta$ Cas lryptjpmytas jdt `as hdtaddas prasqua saebchbcas hux hcouas rjuoas$ % Cas lmcjrhrhlmdkjpmytas 7 Kcs ijdt phrtk `u orjupa Rmkzhrkh$ Ch eaebrhda axtarda `u pchsta d‛h phs iuskjddëa hu RA$ @aslad` `‛uda ad`jsyebkjsa saljd`hkra `‛hcoua varta$  Vjcy phoa 86 Cas oídas quk lj`adt pjur cas HRD rkbjsjekquas `u dulcëjejrpma sa trjuvadt hux axtrëektës `as lmrjejsjeas -tëcjeíras+  ëvëdaeadt `‛ëvjcutkjd axtrhjr`kdhkra$ Ca dulcëjejrpma `avkadt ud oëdjea hval ch eçea strultura lmaz cas lryptjpmytas at cas lmcjrhrhlmdkjpmytas$ Jd da ljeprad` phs adljra pjurqujk las oëdjeas `a dulcëjejrpmas sjdt ehkdtadus$ 80

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0

9$ Cas mhptjpmytas$

Kc y h ud lylca saxuë ehks kc k c d‛ast phs ljddu$ Vhrtklkpadt `a ehdkíra ehsskva æ ch pmjtjsydtmísa `hds cas jlëhds$  Vjcy phoa 82$ Ca lylca `a lhrbjda ast trís kepjrthdt$ Las jrohdkseas sjdt raspjdshbcas `a 21! `a ch së`keadthtkjd `u lhrbjdhta `a lhclkue `hds ca ijd` `as jlëhds$ Ijrea 7 % shds lhrhphla# bkichoaccë % hval lhrhphla `a lhrbjdhta `a lhclkue 5 ljlljcktmas$ Latta lhrhphla ast raspjdshbca `a ch ljcjrhtkjd `u shbca -bchdl `hds cas trjpkquas+$ Kcs prëiíradt c‛ahu lmhu`a$ Vjurqujk acca ijd` `as ohdouas `a lhrbjdhta `a lhclkue : % mëtërjljlljcktmas 7 ijreas `as pchquas % mjcjljlljcktmas 7 uda ljulma Cjrsqu‛kc y h ch rëhltkjd 7 MLJ< . Lh2.  LhLJ< . LJ2 . M2J Cas mhptjpmytas ijdt latta rëhltkjd pjur ljdladtrar ca LJ 2$ Kc y h prëlkpkthtkjd `u LhLJ < at `ëohoaeadt `a LJ2$ L‛ast ud ejyad pjur p jur ljdladtrar ca LJ2 `hds c‛advkrjddaeadt `a ch rubkslj$ @u LhLJ< ast sëlrëtë# sëlrëtë# kc c‛utkcksa pju pjurr s‛ad ijrear uda ohdoua$ Ch ohdoua ast sydtmëtksëa sjus ijrea `a pchqua 7  Vjcy phoa 82 -mhut+ 7 ijrehtkjd `a ch ohdoua Qda vëskluca sa « pjsa ¾ sur ca djyhu at ijrea ch ohdoua quk adsukta sa `ëthlma `u djyhu$ ?$ Cas \trheëdjpkcas -mëtërjnjdtas+$

Ijreas udk ju pcurklaccuchkras$ Vhrek cas udklaccuchkras 7 @khtjeëas$ Vhrek cas pcurklaccuchkra 7 cas hcouas brudas$ Cas jjeylítas quk jdt par`us ch ihluctë `a ihkra ch pmjtjsydtmísa$ Kcs `aslad`adt `‛uda ad`jsyebkjsa saljd`hkra quk `aslad`adt jd ca padsa `‛uda hcoua rjuoa$ Cas `khtjeëas 7 Kcs sjdt raspjdshbcas `a ch ehgaura hltkvktë pmjtjsydtmëtkqua `a c‛jlëhd$ La sjdt `jdl `as jrohdkseas trís kepjrthdts$ 81

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0 Kcs sjdt ljepjsës `‛uda eaebrhda eaebrhda at `‛uda phrjk# hutjur `a lacca%lk# lacca %lk# kc y h uda hutra phrjk 5 ch irustuca$ Irustuca 7 % ëpktmíqua 5 phrtka supërkaura % mypjtmíqua 5 phrtka kdiërkaura Ch irustuca ast ijreëa `a skckla$  \lmëeh 81$ Cas `khtjeëas sjdt raspjdshbcas `a `a ch ljucaur « ghuda ¾ `u `u shbca `a djs pchoas$ 2 orhd`s orjupas `a `khtjeëas 7 % cas ladtrkquas % cas paddëas Las 2 ijreas ljrraspjd`adt æ 2 orjupas pmycjoëdëtkquaeadt `kstkdlts$ C‛jrohdksea ej`íca `as `khtjeëas ladtrkquas 5 Pmhchsskjskrh$ C‛jrohdksea ej`íca `as `khtjeëas paddëas 5 Vmhaj`hltycue Cjrs `a ch `kvkskjd laccuchkra# uda ejktkë `a ch irustuca ast ljdsarvëa phr uda laccuca ikcca at c‛hutra phrtka `a ch irustuca ast pjur pjur uda hutra laccuca ikcca$ Lmhqua ejktkë `a ch laccuca vh sarvkr `‛ëpktmíqua pjur pjur ch djuvacca laccuca$ Qda djuvacca mypjtmíqua vh `jdl çtra sydtmëtksëa$ \ur cas 2 laccucas ikccas 7 % uda sarh `a ch eçea thkcca qua ch laccuca prëlë`adta % uda sarh . patkta$ La rhpatkssaeadt s‛hrrçta æ uda thkcca iartkca 5 æ latta thkcca ch `khtjeëa hrrçta latta `kekdutkjd `a thkcca at ljeeadla ch eëkjsa$ Ch `khtjeëa `hds sh irustuca ast ud `kpcjê`a$  Vjcy phoa 80 Lylca `a Pmhchsskjskrh 7 @as patkts oheítas eâca vjdt vars ch iaeacca at vjdt ch iartkcksar$ Hprís iartkckshtkjd# ijrehtkjd `a c‛huxjspjra$ Vuks vh `jddar ch laccuca kdktkhc a$ Lylca `kpcjbkjdtkqua# mëtërjtmhcckqua Lylca `a Lyebacch 7 Vhs `a ijreas ichoaccëas$ Kc yh `as eëkjsas# eëkjsas# `as oheítas quk d‛jdt phs `a ijreas `kiiëradtas$ `kiiër adtas$ Lylca `kpcjbkjdtkqua mëtërjtmhcckqua hdksjoheíta$

89

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0 Cas hcouas brudas 7 Accas sjdt tjutas pcurklaccuchkras$ Accas sjdt brudas$  Vjcy phoa 8< Lylca `‛Altjlhrpus `‛Altjlhrpus 7 2 zjjspjras mhpcjê`as 7 8 zjjspjra `‛ud saxa at 8 zjjspjra `a c‛hutra saxa$ Xuk vjdt ijreës ud oheëtjpmyta eâca at ud oheëtjpmyta iaeacca$ Las oheëtjpmytas sjdt `as tmhccas mhpcjê`as$ \ur cas tmhccas ikcheadtaux mhpcjê`as# jd trjuva `as oheëthdoas jû vjdt sa ijrear sjkt `as oheítas eâcas sjkt `as oheítas iaeaccas$ Cas oheëthdoas sjdt Vcurkcjluchkra læ` qua `hds ca oheëthdoa# kc y h pcuskaurs cjoattas -8 laccuca*cjoatta+$ Cas oheítas jdt uda thkcca `kiiëradta$ Qd Ŝui ast iëljd`ë at a t i jrehtkjd jrehtkjd `‛ud jrohdksea euctklaccuchkra 5 spjrjpmyta `kpcjê`a$ @hds lacuk%lk# lacuk%lk# kc y h `as … quk prj`uksadt `as zjjspjras$ @‛hutras jdt `as oheëthdoas udkcjluchkras# udkcjluchkras# las laccucas ijdt ch eëkjsa  tmhcca eâca ju tmhcca iaeacca$ Lylca mhpcj`kpcjbkjdtkqua mëtërjtmhcckqua hdksjoheíta$ 

Vjcy phoa 81

Lylca `a Darajlystks 7 Vmhsa prë`jekdhdta 7 `kpcjê`a$ Ijrehtkjd `a oheíta sur ca spjrjpmyta$ Ca eçea spjrjpmyta paut prj`ukra 2 typas `a laccucas mhpcjê`as quk jdt ud saxa `kiiëradt -phr adljra oheíta+$ Lmhqua typa `a laccuca mhpcjê`a vh  bjuoar at ijrear ud tmhcca$ Las tmhccas vjdt lmhlud `jddar `jddar cas oheítas eâcas ju iaeaccas$ Las oheítas vjdt iuskjddar at ijrear ud Ŝui pjur p jur raijrear ud orhd` spjrjpmyta$ Lylca mhpcj`kpcjbkjdtkqua mëtërjtmhcckqua hdksjoheíta$ Vjcy

phoa 89

Lylca `a iulus 7 \ur cas spjrjpmytas jdt ckau ch eëkjsa quk sarh ad ihkta uda oheëtjoëdísa$ \ur ud eçea spjrjpmyta# kc y hurh `jdl `as strulturas quk prj`uksadt `as oheítas eâcas at `‛hutras strulturas quk ijreadt cas oheítas iaeaccas$ Las oheítas oheítas vjdt iuskjddar at ijrear ud Ŝui hprís iartkckshtkjd at ijrear ud djuvahu spjrjpmyta$ 8?

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0 Lylca `kpcjbkjdtkqua mjejtmhcckqua hdksjoheíta$

Cas Jjeylítas 7 Kcs sjdt tjus euctklaccuchkras at djd pmjtjsydtmëtkquas$ Ch pcuphrt ast phrhskta$ Vhrek aux# kc y h < sub`kvkskjds kepjrthdtas 7 % Vytmkhcks % Varadjspjrhcas % \hprjckodkhcas Kcs `aslad`adt `‛uda ad`jsyebkjsa saljd`hkra `‛uda hcoua rjuoa# ehks kcs jdt par`us ca pchsta at ch ihluctë `a ch pmjtjsydtmísa$ Kcs jdt quacqua lmjsa quk rassaebcadt æ ud eylëckue# jd h `jdl `jd l cjdotaeps padsë qu‛kcs ëthkadt `as lmhepkodjds$ Kcs jdt 2 ichoaccas hsyeëtrkquas ljeea lmaz cas hcouas brudas$ 

Vjcy phoa 82

Lylca `a Vytmkue 7 Kc htthqua cas pchdtas$ C‛htthqua C‛htthqua ljeeadla phr ud hpprassjrkue$ @hds hds c‛hpprassjrkue# kc advjk uda prasskjd eëlhdkqua suiiksheeadt ijrta pjur ihkra ëlchtar ch phrjk vëoëthca$ C‛jjeylíta vh hcjrs adtrar sjus ijrea `kpcjê`a$ C‛jjeylíta ijrea ud eylëckue at vh advhmkr t juta ch pchdta$ Kc vh ijrear `as zjjspjras `kichoaccëas quk vkaddadt `as spjrhdoas laux%lk pauvadt hvjkr uda ijrea `a `jrehdla 5 ca lysta$ Ca lysta oarea adsukta 5 raprj`ultkjd vëoëthtkva `u tmhcca `kpcjê`a$ Kdktkhtkjd `u lylca saxuë sacjd c‛advkrjddaeadt$ Oheëthdoa eâca at oheëthdoa iaeacca sjdt sur ca eçea tmhcca$ Cas oheítas eâcas iartkcksadt cas oheítas iaeaccas$ Qd jrohdksea ast ijreë 5 jjspjra$ C‛jjspjra vh oarear 7 oarear 7 % sjkt vh ijrear uda jjspjra ichoaccëa pjur htthquar `a djuvaccas pchdtas % sjkt ast prj`ukt prjlma `‛uda pchdta at vh `kraltaeadt c‛htthquar$ Lylca `kpcjbkjdtkqua mjejtmhcckqua hdksjoheíta$

=$ Cas hcvëjcës$

Ca orjupa `as hcvëjcës ast kssu kss u `‛uda ad`jsyebkjsa saljd`hkra$ Kc ast sëphrë ad < ríodas 7 % `kdjichoaccës % hpkljepcaxas % lkckës 8=

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0

Ca orjupa `as lmrjehcvëjcës d‛axksta pcu$ Qd djuvahu orjupa h ëtë kdvadtë 7 \HR$  \lmëeh 81 [ h%t%kc au uda ju pcuskaurs ad`jsyebkjsa saljd`hkra : Jd c‛kodjra$ Cas hcvëjcës sjdt tjus udklaccuchkras at jdt `as hcvëjcas ad `assjus `a caur eaebrhda  pchsekqua$ \ur ca pchd pmycjoëdkqua# kcs ijreadt ud orjupa hval uda jrkokda udkqua$ C‛mkstjkra ad`jsyebkjtkqua d‛ast phs trís lchkra$ % Pjus cas lkckës sjdt djd pmjtjsydtmëtkquas$ Kcs da prësadtadt hulud oída prjvadhdt `‛hcoua rjuoa$ Cas lkckës da sjdt paut çtra phs ljdlardë phr latta ad`jsyebkjsa$ C‛ad`jsyebkjsa `‛hcoua rjuoa hurhkt `jdl au ckau hprís ch brhdlma `as lkckës$ Ad aiiat# cas hpkljepcaxas at cas `kdjichoaccës jdt aiialtuës c‛ad`jsyebkjsa saljd`hkra `‛uda hcoua rjuoa$ Ehks kdlarthkd# cas lkckës jdt paut çtra par`us cas oídas prjvadhdt `a c‛hcoua rjuoa$ Lmaz cas lkckës# jd h ëtu`kë 2 jrohdkseas 7 % tatrhmapeadh % Vhrheklkue hurackh Jd padshkt qua l‛ëthkt `a bjds ej`ícas pjur ljeprad`ra ch vka hdkehca Cas lkckës sa trjuvadt `hds cas advkrjddaeadts ehrkds# `‛ahu `jula$ Jd cas hppacca ljeea lalk lhr tjut hutjur `a ch laccuca kc y h `as ichoaccas 5 cas lkcs$ Kcs prhtkquadt ch pmhojlytjsa `a ehdkíra kdtadskva# prë`htaurs$ Cas phrhsktas hpkljepcaxas sjdt tjus djd pmjtjsydtmëtkquas$ h$ Cas `kdjichoaccës$

Cas `kdjichoaccës sjdt tjus udklaccuchkras$ H c‛kdtërkaur `a caur hcvëjca# kcs jdt `as  pjcyshllmhrk`as -laccucjsa+ quk caur `jdda uda hreura ehks quk d‛aepçlma phs ch  pmhojlytjsa$ Vjssí`a 2 ichoaccas# ud ad pjsktkjd ëquhtjrkhca -sart `a ojuvardhkc+ at ud hutra quk ast ad ejuvaeadt ljdsthdt$ Ch pmhojlytjsa ast axtrçeaeadt rëphd`ua$ Kcs pauvadt  pmhojlytar `as prjkas quk sjdt pcuskaurs ijks pcus orjssas qu‛aux$ Kepjrthdla ëljcjokqua trís orhd`a pjur cas hutjtrjpmas$ Caurs pchstas sjdt trís `kvars$ Larthkds `as pchstas rassaebcadt æ ud pchsta `‛hcoua rjuoa -quk sarhkt `ërkvës `a c‛ad`jsyebkjsa c‛ad`jsyebkjsa saljd`hkra+$ saljd`hkra+$ @‛hutras pchstas d‛jdt rkad æ vjkr hval laux `a c‛hcoua rjuoa$ Jd padsa qua las `ardkars pchstas s jdt kssus `‛uda ad`jsyebkjsa tartkhkra$ Ad`jsyebkjsa tartkhkra 7 jrohdksea quk h `ëgæ subkt c‛ad`jsyebkjsa saljd`hkra `‛uda hcoua rjuoa raihkt uda ad`jsyebkjsa `‛hcoua$ Ad ijdltkjd `u typa `‛hcoua# ca pchsta vh vhrkar$ Cas hutjtrjpmas prhtkquadt bahuljup ch syebkjsa s yebkjsa hval `as hdkehux$ hdkeh ux$ Ax 7 syebkjsa s yebkjsa `kdjichoaccës * ljrhkc$ 8;

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0 Kcs sjdt ëohcaeadt trís kepjrthdts sur ca pchd `a ch tjxkljcjoka$ Cas `kdjichoaccës sydtmëtksadt cas daurjtjxkdas cas . puksshdtas ljdduas$ Las daurjtjxkdas sa ratrjuvadt `hds cas ejccusquas at phrijks `hds cas pjkssjds$ Vaut prjvjquar ch phrhcyska vjkr ch ejrt$ Cas ehrëas rjuoas sjdt sjuvadt lhusëas phr las `kdjichoaccës$ b$ Cas hpkljepcaxas$

Cas phrhsktas hpkljepcaxas sjdt `as `aslad`hdts phrhskthkras djd pmjtjsydtmëtkquas `‛jrohdkseas quk ëthkadt gh`ks pmjtjsydtmëtkquas at ehrkds$ Kcs ljdtkaddadt ud pchsta quk d‛ast phs pmjtjsydtmëtkqua$ La pchsta s‛hppacca 7 c‛hpkljpchsta$ Lat hpkljpchsta pjssí`a `a c‛H@D# 0 eaebrhdas$ e aebrhdas$ Kcs sjdt cas . orhd`s tuaurs sur Parra$ Ca pchsej`kue ast ca . orhd` phtmjoída ljddu$ Pjxjpchseh ojd`kk prjvjqua ch tjxjpchsejsa$ Las jrohdkseas jdt sjuvadt pcuskaurs mðtas quk sjdt phrhsktës$ Ca lylca `a vka `a las phrhsktas ast trís ljepckquë$ Kc y h sjuvadt ud mðta jû ch raprj`ultkjd saxuëa h ckau 5 mðta phrihkt$ Vjur ch tjxjpchsejsa 5 ca lmht$ Ch tjxjpchsejsa d‛ast `hdoarausa qua pjur cas iŜtus ju cas  parsjddas keeudj`ëprkeëas$ Vhrek cas hoadts hdtkphrhskthkras cas . aiiklhlas# jd trjuva `as marbklk`as$ Ca lylca `as `kdjichoaccës 7  Vjcy phoa 88 -mhut+$ Jrohdksea mhpcjê`a$ Ca . orhd` oëdjea aulhryjta ljddu$ Kc paut y hvjkr uda ijrea djd ichoaccëa 5 l ysta taepjrhkra$ Kc y h `as skodhux `hds `hd s c‛advkrjddaeadt c‛advkrjddaeadt quk prjvjquadt ch oheëtjoëdísa$ \k ch taepërhtura `a c‛ahu bhkssa ju … lach paut adoad`rar uda `kiiëradlkhtkjd quk vh ca rad`ra ljepëthdt pjur p jur ch iuskjd  ca `kdjichoaccë `avkadt hcjrs ud oheíta$ H phrtkr `‛uda sauca luctura# cas 2 typas `a oheítas sjdt ijreës æ phrtkr `‛uda luctura$ Ch iuskjd saxuëa `jdda uda pchdjzyojta quk da vh phs sa `kvksar$ Kc vh dhoar at vh phrijks  pjuvjkr adtrar `hds uda ijrea `a rapjs jû kc y h parta `a ichoacca 5 mypdjzyojta$ Cjrsqu‛kc Cjrsqu‛kc ast eþr# kc subkt ch eëkjsa pjur `jddar `a djuvahux jrohdkseas mhpcjê`as$ Lylca mhpcjbkjdtkquas mjejtmhcckqua ksjoheíta$ Lylca `as phrhsktas hpkljepcaxas 7  Vjcy phoa 88 -bhs+ Kcs sjdt phrhsktas jbckohtjkras$ Cas phrhsktas sa `kvksadt æ c‛kdtërkaur `a ch vhlujca phrhsktjijra$ Kc tua ch laccuca pjur pjuvjkr adtrar `hds uda hutra laccuca$ Cjr squ‛kcs Cjr squ‛kcs sjdt æ c‛axtërkaur `a ch laccuca# kcs da sa `kvksadt phs# kcs dhoadt vars uda hutra laccuca$ Ax `u ejustkqua 7 Ca ejustkqua djus pkqua at las phrhsktas sjdt kdgaltës hval ch shckva `u ejustkqua$ Las  phrhsktas kdgaltëas kdgalt ëas 5 spjrjzjêtas$ Las spjrjzjêtas dhoadt `hds ca shdo pjur hrrkvar hu ijka$ Kcs 26

Eklrjbkjcjoka 8 7 Aulhryjta . Ykrjcjoka 7 Lmhpktra 0 kdialtadt uda laccuca `u ijka$ \k c‛Mjeea ast ad pcakda ijrea$ Ca phrhskta httad` `hds ch laccuca gusqu‛æ la qua c‛mðta sjkt . ihkbca 5 mypdjzjêta$ Cjrsqua c‛m ypdjzjêta sa rëvakcca pjur   phrhsktar# kc `avkadt ca eërjzjêta$ Ca eërjzjêta vh çtra ckbërë ck bërë `a ch laccuca `a ijka quk ast tuëa at vh hccar `hds ca shdo$ Ca eërjzjêta vh kdialtar ud ocjbuca rjuoa$ La eërjzjêta sa djurrkt at orjsskt at `avkadt ud trjpmjzjêta$ Vuks kc `avkadt ud slmkzjdta quk vh sa `kvksar$ Kc vh sjrtkr `u ocjbuca rjuoa quk ast cysë$ Larthkds pchsej`kues sjdt ckbërës `hds ca shdo `a ehdkíra sydlmrjda tjutas cas 20m ju 0=m$ Kc y h ud axlís `a ikívra æ lhusa l husa `a ch cysa `a ocjbuca rjuoa$ Larthkdas laccucas ëlmhppas æ la lylca cæ 7 la sjdt `as trjpmjzjêtas quk sa sjdt `kiiëradlkës ad eklrjoheëtjlyta -5 iutur oheíta eâca+ at ad ehlrjoheëtjlyta -5 iutur oheíta iaeacca+$ Lmaz c‛çtra muehkd rkad da sa phssa# lhr kc d‛y h phs `a lylca saxuë$ V jur qua ca lylca saxuë ljdtkdu# kc ihut qu‛ud ejustkqua pkqua at prëcíva ud ehlrj at ud eklrjoheëtjlyta$ Ca shdo adtra `hds ca ejustkqua# ch taepërhtura at ch tadaur ad LJ 2 lmhdoa# cas eklrj at ehlrjoheëtjlytas `avkaddadt ljepëthdts  eklrj at ehlrj oheítas$ Cas eklrjoheítas eâcas vjdt hccar iartkcksar ud ehlrjoheíta iaeacca at vjdt ijrear ud zyojta$ La zyojta vh s‛hllrjlmar æ ch phrjk kdtastkdhca `u ejustkqua at vh ihkra ch eëkjsa at adsukta ijdt `as spjrjzjêtas$ Las spjrjzjêtas# s‛kc y h pkqura# vjdt pjuvjkr kdialtar c‛çtra muehkd$ Lylca mhpcjbkjdtkqua mjejtmhcckqua hdksjoheíta$

Kd`klhtkjds sur c‛axhead 7 \ërka `a `ëikdktkjds `a phs . `a 2 ju < pmrhsas$ -adtra 1 at 86 `ëikdktkjds+$ Qda quastkjd hval ud lylca `a vka$ Kc paut çtra `‛ud jrohdksea ljddu ju djd$ \k phs ljddu  cas `kiiëradtas pmhsas sarjdt kd`kquëas$ @aehd`a `a quhckikar cas lylcas$ \k lylca ljddu# quhckikar ca lylca at axpckquar pjurqujk$ \hvjkr `a quac jrohdksea kc s‛hokt$ Xua shvaz%vjus sur la typa `‛jrohdksea : Kc ast pjsskbca `‛hvjkr uda tjuta patkta tjuta  patkta quastkjd `a sydtmísa$ Kc paut y hvjkr `as quastkjds `a pmycjoëdka$

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