Okstotut` Wupnro`r dn Goèkgols Ndugltovls
Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dn Niprnsls ^i Nstud` dn Gls` dl Niprnsl (`iotod`)
Cognkgolturl ni Turosi` ‗ 7.¸ 7.¸ Lk`
^kodldn Gurroguclr8 Tn`rol dls Rnclæþns Oktnrklgo`klos
D`gnktns8 Dr.ª Okès Glrknor` Dr. Nilkunc Jurtld`
Dosgnktn8 Iofunc Âkfnc` dn Lbrnu G`rrnol
Hucm` 25<2 O
Rnsui`
Nstn nstud` pr`gur`u nxlioklr l nstrltïfol dn nxplksç` oktnrklgo`klc dn uil niprnsl m`tncnorl rnfo`klc, ltrlvïs dl lkìcosn d`s dojnrnktns jlt`rns nkv`cvod`s k` snu pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`. oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`. Ulrl ` njnot`, j`o rnlcozldl uil lkìcosn lpr`jukdldl dl cotnrlturl s`brn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, tnkd` ni g`ksodnrlæç` ls nstrltïfols, ls vìrols tn`rols, l sncnæç` d`s inrgld`s, `s i`d`s dn nktrldl n `s prokgoplos `bstìguc`s, dn i`d` l pnrgnbnr qulos ls `pæþns qun nstç` å dosp`soæç` dls niprnsls qun sn qunorli oktnrklgo`klcozlr, ` qun p`ssobocot`u g`ktrlp`r l okj`rilæç` `btodl g`i ls dngosþns t`ildls pncl niprnsl plrl lssoi nktnkdnr ` qun l cnv`u l nssls nsg`cmls.
Ulclvrls-gmlvn8 oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`1 nstrltïfols1 tn`rols1
Lbstrlgt
Tmos study s`ufmt t` nxliokn tmn oktnrklto`klc nxplkso`k strltnfy j`r l rnfo`klc m`tnc g`iplky, by lklcyzokf tmn dojjnrnkt jlgt`rs okv`cvnd ok ots pr`gnss `j oktnrklto`klcozlto`k. T` tmos nkd, l dntlocnd lklcysos `j tmn cotnrlturn `k oktnrklto`klcozlto`k wls pnrj`rind, tlaokf okt` lgg`ukt tmn strltnfons, tmn`rons, sncngto`k `j ilrants, nktry i`dns lkd tmn ilok `bstlgcns, ok `rdnr t` ukdnrstlkd wmlt `pto`ks lrn lvloclbcn t` g`iplkons tmlt wlkt t` f` oktnrklto`klc, wmogm lcc`wnd t` g`iplrn tmn okj`rilto`k `btloknd wotm tmn dngoso`ks tlank by tmn g`iplky s` ls t` ukdnrstlkd wmlt cnd t` tm`sn gm`ogns.
Anyw`rds8 oktnrklto`klcozlto`k1 strltnfons1 tmn`rons1 OO
Ékdogn
<.
Oktr`duæç` ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ............................................ ......................... ... >
2.
Int`d`c`fol.............................................................. ..................................................................................... ............................................. ......................... ... :
7.
Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ................................. ........... = 7.<.
Tn`rols dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ......................................... ............................................................... ................................. ........... ?
7.<.<.
Tn`rols Ng`k÷iogls dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`...................... Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`............................................ ......................... ... ?
7.<.<.<.
Tn`rol d` U`dnr dn Inrgld` ....................... ............................................. ........................................ .................. ?
7.<.<.2.
Tn`rol dl Oktnrklcozlæç` Oktnrklcozlæç` ......................................... ............................................................... ........................... ..... <5
7.<.<.7.
Tn`rol d`s Gust`s dn Trlkslæç`............................................ ........................................................ ............ <<
7.<.<.4.
Tn`rol d` Ulrldofil Ngcïtog` dn Dukkokf ....................................... ....................................... <<
7.<.<.>.
Tn`rol dl @rflkozlæç` Okdustrolc .......................................... ...................................................... ............ <7
7.<.<.:.
Tn`rol d` Gogc` dn Zodl d` Ur`dut`...................................... Ur`dut`.................................................. ............ <7
7.<.2.
Tn`rols G`ip`rtlinktlos dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`.................................... .................................... <4
7.<.2.<.
I`dnc` dn ^ppslcl.................................. ^ppslcl........................................................ .......................................... .................... <4
7.<.2.2.
Tn`rol dls Rndns Okdustrolos ......................................... ............................................................. .................... <>
7.<.7.
Tn`rols Nstrltïfogls dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ............................................ .............................................. <:
7.<.7.<.
Tn`rol d` G`ip`rtlinkt` Nstrltïfog` ............................................. ............................................. <:
7.<.7.2.
Tn`rol Blsnldl ni Rngurs`s n G`ipntèkgols `u RBZ .................... <:
7.2.
Nstrltïfols dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ............................. ................................................... ...................................... ................ <6
7.7.
Blrrnorls å Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ....................... ............................................. ............................................. ........................... .... <=
7.4.
L Wncnæç` d`s Inrgld`s Nxtnrk`s ............................................ ................................................................... ....................... 25
7.>.
I`d`s dn Nktrldl ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................... ..... 22
7.>.<.
Nxp`rtlæç` ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................... ......... 22
7.>.2.
Cognkgolinkt` Cognkgolinkt` ............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ........................ 27
7.>.7.
Jrlkgmosokf .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................... ......... 24
7.>.4.
Ulrgnrols (Lcolkæls Nstrltïfogls `u H`okt Znkturns) ................................ ................................ 2> OOO
7.>.>.
Okvnstoinkt` Dornt` Nstrlkfnor`........................................... ............................................................... .................... 26
7.>.:.
Lquosoæþns ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................... ......... 2=
4.
Turosi` Oktnrklgo`klc......................... Oktnrklgo`klc............................................... ............................................. ............................................. ........................ 75
>.
Glrltnrozlæç` n Lprnsnktlæç` dl Niprnsl ......................................... ............................................................. .................... 7<
:.
Nstrltïfol dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dl Niprnsl ....................................................... ....................................................... 74
6.
G`kgcusç` ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ............................................ ........................ 76
=.
Rnjnrèkgols Bobco`frìjogls............................................ .................................................................. .......................................... .................... 7?
?.
Lknx` .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................... ......... 44 ?.<.
Fuoç` dl Nktrnvostl............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ........................ 44
OZ
<. Oktr`duæç`
L fc`blcozlæç` iud`u rldoglcinktn l ilknorl g`i` ls niprnsls jlzni knf÷go`s. Dnvod` l`s lvlkæ`s kls g`iukoglæþns, k`s trlksp`rtns n kl tngk`c`fol, prltoglinktn t`d`s `s knf÷go`s, snhl qulc j`r l sul doinksç`, p`dni lf`rl dostrobuor bnks, snrvoæ`s `u pr`prondldn oktncngtulc l kévnc oktnrklgo`klc, j`rælkd` l sul nktrldl ni k`v`s inrgld`s dn i`d` l `btnrni uil vlktlfni g`inrgolc dngosovl. Ils codlr g`i `s inrgld`s oktnrklgo`klos ï g`ipcogld`. Ls niprnsls dnvni nstlr pr`ktls plrl supnrlr ls dojnrnkæls rncltovls l`s pr`gndoinkt`s cnflos n rnfuclinktlrns, ås k`rils gucturlos, l`s pr`bcnils dn cokfulfni n l`s pr`bcnils glibolos. W`inktn ls ilo`rns niprnsls dospþni d`s rngurs`s n nxpnroèkgol plrl supnrlr nssns `bstìguc`s p`r g`ktl pr÷prol. Iuotls `utrls niprnsls soipcnsinktn kç` tèi `s ino`s plrl codlr g`i t`dls nssls vlroìvnos, dn i`d` njogonktn, sni l lhudl dn ui plrgnor` dn knf÷go`. Nstn nstud` nkg`ktrl-sn dovodod` ni qultr` plrtns, lprnsnktlkd`-sn kl proinorl plrtn ui nkquldrlinkt` tn÷rog` dls prokgoplos tn`rols n nstrltïfols dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, lb`rdlkd`-sn ls blrrnorls qun p`ssli nxostor å oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, l sncnæç` d`s inrgld`s nxtnrk`s n `s i`d`s dn nktrldl k` inrgld` oktnrklgo`klc. Kl snfukdl plrtn snrì nclb`rldl l glrlgtnrozlæç` d` m`tnc, `bhnt` dnstn nstud` dn gls`, plrl dnp`os, kuil tnrgnorl plrtn, lprnsnktlr l nstrltïfol qun nstn nstì ltulcinktn l oipcninktlr plrl nktrlr k` inrgld` oktnrklgo`klc. L øctoil plrtn g`ksostn kls prokgoplos g`kgcusþns.
>
2. Int`d`c`fol
Nstn nstud` ï blsnld` k` iït`d` qulcotltov`, uil vnz qun l pnsquosl qulcotltovl rnvncl n nxpcogl g`ip`rtlinkt`s, blsnld` kl sup`soæç` dn qun ncns groli l rnlcodldn å indodl qun oktnrlfni g`i libonktns s`golos. @ jnk÷ink` dn nktrldl dn uil niprnsl kuil dntnriokldl jr`ktnorl g`i` plrtn dl sul nstrltïfol ï gnrtlinktn ilkopucld` p`r pnss`ls qun t`ili dngosþns dostoktls. Nxpcoglr nssn g`ip`rtlinkt` rnqunr uil lkìcosn lpr`jukdldl dls prokgoplos dngosþns. @ iït`d` qulcotltov` ï, nktç`, ` ilos ldnquld` plrl nstl joklcodldn. L int`d`c`fol lpcogldl plrl l rnlcozlæç` dnstn nstud` dn gls` j`o l pnsquosl bobco`frìjogl n d`guinktlc nxlustovl, l `bsnrvlæç` dorntl n l rnlcozlæç` dn uil nktrnvostl l ui inibr` dl Dornæç` dl ukodldn m`tncnorl qun j`o `bhnt` dnstn insi` nstud`, dn j`ril l g`iprnnkdnr l nstruturlæç` d` snu pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, ltulcinktn ni gurs`. L utocozlæç` dl pnsquosl bobco`frìjogl n d`guinktlc, kuil proinorl jlsn, pnriotou lpr`jukdlr `s g`kmngoinkt`s s`brn ls dovnrsls tn`rols n g`kgnot`s lgnrgl dl tniìtogl dl oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, ls suls nstrltïfols n nktrlvns, n `s dojnrnktns i`d`s dn nktrldl, lhudlkd`, lssoi, l g`ks`codlr l okj`rilæç` prnsnktn k` nstud`. L rnvosç` dn cotnrlturl njntuldl j`o, dn jlgt`, nxlustovl, pncl nxostèkgol dn iuotls tn`rols dn dovnrs`s lut`rns, ` qun `rofok`u ui nkquldrlinkt` tn÷rog` rncltovlinktn nxtnks`. Kuil snfukdl jlsn, ltrlvïs dl `bsnrvlæç` dorntl njntuldl durlktn ` dng`rrnr d` nstìfo`, j`o p`ssévnc prnsnkgolr dovnrs`s jlt`rns rnclgo`kld`s g`i ` pr`dut` `jnrngod` pncl niprnsl n ` snrvoæ` prnstld` l` gconktn, ` qun jlgocot`u l pnrgnæç` d` snu ncninkt` dojnrnkgold`r ni rnclæç` å g`kg`rrèkgol. L `bsnrvlæç` j`o jukdlinktlc knstn p`kt`, p`os pr`p`rgo`k`u l `p`rtukodldn dn d`guinktlr ls ltovodldns n g`ip`rtlinkt`s, sni tnr qun dnpnkdnr dn v`ktldn n glplgodldn dls pnss`ls plrl rnsp`kdnr l pnrfuktls. L tnrgnorl jlsn g`ksostou kl rng`cml dn dld`s nipérog`s. @s dld`s j`rli g`cntld`s
durlktn l nktrnvostl g`i ui inibr` dl Dornæç` d` M`tnc (`iotod`) qun sn nkg`ktrl dorntlinktn nkv`cvod` k`s prokgoplos pr`gnss`s dn dngosç` dl niprnsl n, ni plrtoguclr, k` okégo` dls suls ltovodldns oktnrklgo`klos. Nstl nktrnvostl j`o snionstruturldl p`os nrl ` iït`d` ldnquld` dn lg`rd` g`i ` pr`p÷sot` dl pnsquosl. Ls pnrfuktls j`rli :
j`riucldls g`i blsn kls doinksþns d` quldr` g`kgnptulc n p`dni snr nkg`ktrldls ni lknx`. G`i nstn nstud` pr`gur`u- sn rnsp`kdnr å qunstç` –\ulc l nstrltïfol n i`d` dn nktrldl qun incm`r sn ldlptli å niprnsl lklcosldl n p`rquè0’.
6
7. Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`
Lcfuks lut`rns nxpcogli l oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` g`i` ` i`voinkt` qun plrtn d` oktnro`r plrl ` nxtnro`r kls `pnrlæþns oktnrklgo`klos dn uil niprnsl (H`mlks`k & Vondnrsmnoi, ). Vncgm n Cu`stlroknk (
g`kduzokd` i`voinkt`s dn jlgt`rns dn pr`duæç` g`i` trlksjnrèkgols dn glpotlc, dnsnkv`cvnkd` pr`hngt`s ni g``pnrlæç` g`i plrgnor`s nstrlkfnor`s `u soipcnsinktn g`inrgolcozlkd` `s snus pr`dut`s k`utr`s plésns.’
Inynr (
Glc`j n Bnliosm (, got. ok Dols, 2556, p. 6 ) –rnjnrni qun l oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ï ` pr`gnss` dn ldlptlæç` dls `pnrlæþns dl niprnsl (nstrlt ïfol, nstruturl, rngurs`s, …) l`s libonktns oktnrklgo`klos.’
Hì Jrnorn (
=
7.<. Tn`rols dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`
L ilo`rol dls tn`rols dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` nxostnktns, qun pr`gurli dnsgrnvnr ` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, tèi ls suls rlézns kl `rflkozlæç` okdustrolc, tnkd` sod` dnsnkv`cvodls kl dïgldl dn
7.<.<. Tn`rols Ng`k÷iogls dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`
K` âibot` dls tn`rols ng`k÷iogls dl oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, dnstlgli-sn l tn`rol d` U`dnr dn Inrgld`, l tn`rol dl Oktnrklcozlæç`, l tn`rol d`s Gust`s dn Trlkslæç`, l tn`rol d` Ulrldofil Ngcïtog` dn Dukkokf, l tn`rol dl @rflkozlæç` Okdustrolc n l tn`rol d` Gogc` dn Zodl d` Ur`dut`. Nstls tn`rols ng`k÷iogls tèi g`i` `bhntov` lklcoslr ls tnkdèkgols ilgr`ng`k÷iogls l kévnc klgo`klc n oktnrklgo`klc.
7.<.<.<. Tn`rol d` U`dnr dn Inrgld`
L tn`rol d` U`dnr dn Inrgld`, dl lut`rol dn Myinr, tni g`i` `bhntov` proi`rdolc nxpcoglr ` kévnc dn g`ktr`c` nkv`cvod` k` okvnstoinkt` oktnrklgo`klc. L insil dnjnkdn qun ls oipnrjnoæþns k`s inrgld`s nxtnro`rns jlgocotli l `btnkæç` dn vlktlfnks g`iplrltovls p`r plrtn dls niprnsls qun prntnkdli sn oktnrklgo`klcozlr ni rnclæç` ås niprnsls dnssns c`glos. Dnstn i`d`, ls niprnsls c`glos sç` prnsso`kldls pncl g`kg`rrèkgol, tlkt` oktnrkl g`i` nxtnrkl, l pr`gurlr k`v`s inrgld`s plrl lssoi rnktlbocozlrni ls suls `pnrlæþns. ?
@ lut`r dnstl tn`rol (…) lgrndotlvl qun k`s nstìfo`s okogolos dn snu grnsgoinkt` ls niprnsls
g`ktokulinktn luinktlroli sul plrtogoplæç` ni snus inrgld`s d`iïstog`s ltrlvïs dn jusþns, lquosoæþns n nxtnksþns dn sul glplgodldn. G`kj`rin luinktlssn l g`kgnktrlæç` okdustrolc n ` p`dnr dn inrgld` dl niprnsl, tlibïi luinktlroli `s cugr`s. Nktrntlkt`, nxostorol ui p`kt` `kdn kç` snrol jìgoc luinktlr lokdl ilos l g`kgnktrlæç` k` inrgld`, p`os lpnkls p`ugls niprnsls pnrilkngnroli. Knstn i`inkt`, `s cugr`s `btod`s d` lct` frlu dn p`dnr i`k`p`céstog` dnktr` d` inrgld` d`iïstog` snroli okvnstod`s ni `pnrlæþns nxtnrkls, fnrlkd` pr`gnss` soioclr dn g`kgnktrlæç` grnsgnktn ni inrgld`s nstrlkfnor`s. (Glrknor` & Dob, 2556, p.>) Glrknor` n Dob (2556, p.=) ljorili lokdl qun –l lb`rdlfni d` U`dnr dn Inrgld` dnsgrnvn ` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` g`i` uil busgl p`r p`soæþns dn qulsn i`k`p÷co` k` inrgld`, dnrovldls dl nxpc`rlæç` dls oipnrjnoæþns dn inrgld` pnc` us` dn vlktlfnks nspngéjogls dl niprnsl, g`i` ls vlktlfnks dn gust` (p`r nx., ng`k`iols dn nsglcl `u p`r nxpnroèkgol dn pr`duæç`) `u g`ipntèkgols (p`r nx., pltnktns). ’
7.<.<.2. Tn`rol dl Oktnrklcozlæç`
L tn`rol dl Oktnrklcozlæç` tni p`r blsn l odnol dn qun ls niprnsls lpr`vnotli ls `p`rtukodldns fnrldls pnc`s inrgld`s oipnrjnot`s, `u snhl, l insil (…) rnsslctl qun l niprnsl tni l jukæç` dn oktnrklcozlr `u
oktnfrlr ls trlkslæþns
qun qulkd` rnlcozldls pnc` covrn inrgld` sç` ilos oknjogonktns `u ilos dospnkdo`sls. Ni `utrls plclvrls, l niprnsl sn oktnrklgo`klcozl plsslkd` d` pr`gnss` dn nxp`rtlæç` plrl `utr`s ilos g`ipcnx`s plrl qun `s rngurs`s n g`kmngoinkt`s g`iplrtocmld`s k` nxtnro`r snhli dn pr`prondldn nxgcusovl dl niprnsl. Oss` jlz g`i qun ls glplgodldns n rngurs`s grold`s k` nstrlkfnor` snhli oktnrklcozld`s. <5
\ulkd` jlcli`s dn trlkslæþns, k`s rnjnroi`s dnsdn pr`dut`s ltï tngk`c`fol, plsslkd` pncls j`rils dn fnstç`, n prokgoplcinktn g`kmngoinkt`. Wnkd` qun qulkt` ilos trlkslæþns blsnldls ni g`kmngoinkt`, ilo`r snrì l pr`pnksç` plrl l oktnrklcozlæç`, c`f` ilo`r l pr`blbocodldn dl niprnsl ld`tlr j`rils dn ltulæç` ilos g`ipcnxls k` nxtnro`r dostlkgolkd`-sn dl soipcns nxp`rtlæç`. (B`roko, G`ncm`, Robnor` & Ur`nkæl, s.d., p.7)
7.<.<.7. Tn`rol d`s Gust`s dn Trlkslæç`
K` qun sn rnjnrn å tn`rol d`s Gust`s dn Trlkslæç`, nstl nkv`cvn `s gust`s qun uil niprnsl sup`rtl qulkd` sn dngodn p`r uil j`ril ink`s g`ipcnxl dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, g`i` ï ` gls` dl nxp`rtlæç`. Wnfukd` Voccolis`k () `s gust`s dn trlkslæç` sç` lquncns qun sn nkg`ktrli lss`gold`s g`i ` g`iïrgo` dn pr`dut`s n snrvoæ`s, kngnssìro`s plrl l supnrlæç` dls oipnrjnoæþns dn inrgld`s. Nxostni tlibïi `s gust`s dn oktnrklcozlæç`, qun sç` `s gust`s qun rnsuctli dn uil nktrldl k` inrgld` dn ui i`d` ilos g`ipr`intod`. Nstns gust`s p`dnrç` snr gust`s dn g`kstruæç` k` nxtnro`r, gust`s g`i okvnstoinkt`s, gust`s kl lquosoæç` dn g`kmngoinkt`s dn inrgld`, nktrn `utr`s. –\ulkd` nstns gust`s dn oktnrklcozlæç` j`rni
ilo`rns qun `s gust`s dn trlkslæç` l niprnsl dngodn kç` sn okstlclr g`i subsodoìrols k` inrgld` n vogn vnrsl. U`rtlkt`, l dngosç` dl niprnsl ni okgrninktlr suls j`rils dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` pnrplssl pnc` trldn-`jj d`s gust`s dn trlkslæç` n oktnrklcozlæç`. ’ (B`roko nt lc., s.d., p.7)
7.<.<.4. Tn`rol d` Ulrldofil Ngcïtog` dn Dukkokf
L tn`rol d` Ulrldofil Ngcïtog` dn Dukkokf, tlibïi dnk`iokldl dn tn`rol @CO (`wknrsmop, c`glto`k n oktnrklcozlto`k ), lp`ktl qun ls niprnsls dnvni p`ssuor vlktlfnks pr÷prols, sujogonktns plrl g`ipnkslr `s gust`s dn okstlclæç` n `pnrlæç` k` <<
nstrlkfnor`, qulkd` g`iplrldls g`i ls niprnsls c`glos, jlznkd` g`i qun l niprnsl sn t`rkn g`ipntotovl k` inrgld` qun prntnkdn oktnfrlr. Nstl tn`rol rnjnrn très vlktlfnks qun sç` `btodls lqulkd` ui ilo`r g`ipr`intoinkt` dls `pnrlæþns k` inrgld` nxtnrk`. <) L vlktlfni dn pr`prondldn ‗ vlktlfni g`ipntotovl qun jorils dn uil klgo`klcodldn p`ssuni ni rnclæç` lquncls dn `utrls klgo`klcodldns k` j`rkngoinkt` dn ui inrgld` plrtoguclr `u g`khukt` dn inrgld`s. Nstl vlktlfni ï tlibïi dnrovldl dl p`ssn provocnfoldl dn ui ltov` oktlkfévnc nspngéjog`, g`i` p`r nxnipc`, lctl tngk`c`fol, njogonktn pr`gnss` dn pr`duæç` n sostnil dn g`inrgolcozlæç`1 2) L vlktlfni dn c`glcozlæç` ‗ ï l nxtnksç` dl vlktlfni rnclgo`kldl å nsg`cml dn c`glcozlæç` dn ltovodldns dn vlc`r lfrnfld` lcïi dn suls jr`ktnorls dn `rofni. Ni sul nsg`cml dn uil c`glcozlæç` k` nxtnro`r plrl suls ltovodldns, uil IKN< ï okjcunkgoldl kç` lpnkls g`i` l c`glcozlæç` d`s rngurs`s n/`u inrgld`s lcïi jr`ktnorls orç` ljntlr snus gust`s, ils tlibïi g`i` ncns ljntlrç` sul mlbocodldn dn lquosoæç` n nxpc`rlæç` dl vlktlfni nspngéjogl dn pr`prondldn –@’ dn ltov`s dl joril1
7) L vlktlfni dn oktnrklcozlæç` ‗ ï l nxtnksç` dl vlktlfni s`brn ls qulos niprnsls pnrgnbni l utocodldn dl oktnrklcozlæç` d`s inrgld`s plrl l fnrlæç` n/`u us` dn suls vlktlfnks nspngéjogls dn pr`prondldn –@’ dn ltov`s. \ulkt` ilo`r ui niprnnkdoinkt` ni ui plés p`ssuo vlktlfnks dn pr`prondldn –@’
s`brn niprnnkdoinkt`s dn `utrls klgo`klcodldns, ilo`r ` okgnktov` ncns tèi plrl oktnrklcozlr ` snu us`. (@covnorl, 255=, p.
<
Iuctoklto`klc Nktnrprosn
<2
7.<.<.>. Tn`rol dl @rflkozlæç` Okdustrolc
L tn`rol dl @rflkozlæç` Okdustrolc lssnktl kl odnol qun qulcqunr `pnrlæç` qun snhl jnotl k` nstrlkfnor` ï sniprn ilos glrl n trlblcm`sl qun qulcqunr `pnrlæç` jnotl k` inrgld` d`iïstog`. C`f`, dn i`d` l tnrni sugnss` k` nxtnro`r, ls niprnsls dnvni –(…)
nxpc`rlr ls vlktlfnks g`iplrltovls ni goil dls oipnrjnoæþns dn inrgld` n pr`dut`s. L niprnsl sn oktnrklgo`klcozl plrl nxpc`rlr ls vlktlfnks dn `utr`s plésns n kç` joglr dnpnkdnktn dls `sgoclæþns dls nxp`rtlæþns n oip`rtlæþns.’ (B`roko nt lc., s.d., p.7)
Ost` qunr doznr qun ls niprnsls dnvni grolr ls suls pr÷prols vlktlfnks ltrlvïs dl nxpc`rlæç` dls oipnrjnoæþns `bsnrvldls k`s pr`dut`s d`s inrgld`s nxtnrk`s.
7.<.<.:. Tn`rol d` Gogc` dn Zodl d` Ur`dut`
Hì l tn`rol d` Gogc` dn Zodl d` Ur`dut` tni g`i` odnol jukdlinktlc ` jlgt` dn qun ls glrltnréstogls ng`k÷iogls dn ui pr`dut` iudli g`i l` c`kf` d` tnip`, dnvod`, prokgoplcinktn, å nxplksç` n lpr`prolæç`, gldl vnz ilos jìgoc, d`s g`kmngoinkt`s kngnssìro`s å sul pr`duæç`. Wnkd` lssoi, qulkd` ui pr`dut` gmnfl l` joi d` snu gogc` dn vodl, l niprnsl dnvn nxpc`rlr `utrls `p`rtukodldns dn inrgld`, ltrlvïs dl nxp`rtlæç` dls suls `pnrlæþns n tngk`c`fols, dlkd` okégo` l ui k`v` gogc` dn cugrltovodldn. (…) nstn i`dnc` prndoz qun ` gogc` dn vodl dn ui pr`dut` plssl p`r qultr`
ntlpls sugnssovls8 oktr`duæç`, grnsgoinkt`, lildurngoinkt` n dngcéko`. Kl proinorl ntlpl p`dni rnfostrlr-sn nxp`rtlæþns ni pnqunkl nsglcl plrl `utr`s plésns1 durlktn l snfukdl p`dn pr`duzor-sn ui dnsc`glcozlæç` plrgolc `u t`tlc dl jlbroglæç` plrl plésns nstrlkfnor`s, sniprn qun ` gust` dn trlksp`rtn `u ls blrrnorls ldulknorls snhli sujogonktninktn ncnvld`s plrl hustojoglr l dnsgnktrlcozlæç` dl pr`duæç`. ^il glrlgtnréstogl d`ioklktn dl tnrgnorl ntlpl ï l trlkscldlæç` dl jlbroglæç` plrl plésns ni vols dn dnsnkv`cvoinkt` plrl `btnr gnrtls vlktlfnks k`s gust`s. Kl øctoil jlsn l pr`gurl grnsgn k`s plésns ni <7
dnsnkv`cvoinkt`, qun ï `kdn sn jlbrogl ilo`rotlrolinktn ` pr`dut` n l plrtor dn `kdn sn nxp`rtl plrl `s plésns dnsnkv`cvod`s. (Wìkgmnz & Glilgm`, 2556, p.>)
7.<.2. Tn`rols G`ip`rtlinktlos dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`
Nstls tn`rols ljorili qun ` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ï jnot` dn ui i`d` frldulc, dnvod` ås døvodls n okg`rrnæþns dls okj`rilæþns qun sç` rngnbodls s`brn ui k`v` inrgld`. Nktrn nstls dnstlgli-sn ` I`dnc` dn ^ppslcl n l tn`rol dls Rndns Okdustrolos.
7.<.2.<. I`dnc` dn ^ppslcl
@ I`dnc` dn ^ppslcl nxpcogl qun `s ilo`rns `bstìguc`s plrl ` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` sç` l jlctl dn g`kmngoinkt` n dn rngurs`s p`r plrtn dls niprnsls. Dnstn i`d`, nstn i`dnc` nkv`cvn t`d` ui pr`gnss` dn lprnkdozlfni frldulc, jlznkd` g`i qun ls niprnsls tnkmli ilos g`ipntèkgols plrl okvnstor k`vlinktn k` inrgld`, å indodl qun vç` ldquorokd` g`kmngoinkt`s n nxpnroèkgol k` inrgld` nxtnro`r. Wnfukd` Wìkgmnz n Glilgm` (2556) ` insi` dnsgrnvn ui sostnil pr`frnssov` dn dnsnkv`cvoinkt` qun nkv`cvn qultr` ntlpls8 <) ls niprnsls dnsnkv`cvni l sul ltovodldn nxp`rtld`rl nsp`rldoglinktn1 2) l ltovodldn nxp`rtld`rl rnlcozl-sn dn j`ril rnfuclr ltrlvïs dn lfnktns okdnpnkdnktns1 7) lbnrturl dn dnpnkdèkgols g`inrgolos k` nxtnro`r1 4) lbnrturl dn jocolos dn pr`duæç` k` nxtnro`r.
<4
Dnstn i`d`, –tnktlkd` g`rrnr ` iékoi` rosg`, l niprnsl pr`hngtlrol l sul
lgtovodldn
oktnrklgo`klc proinor` k`s plésns ni qun nxostl uil ink`r –blrrnorl psog`c÷fogl’, qun
sç` `s qun `jnrngni ui ilo`r frlu dn snincmlkæl l` klgo`klc, plrl p`stnro`rinktn nstnkdnr-sn l`s ilos dostlktns, ilkojnstlkd`-sn lssoi ` ilos lct` frlu dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` p`ssévnc.’ (odni, 2556, p.:)
7.<.2.2. Tn`rol dls Rndns Okdustrolos
L tn`rol dls Rndns Okdustrolos lssnktl k` jlgt` dn qun nxostn uil rndn dn rnclgo`klinkt`s nktrn niprnsls k`s inrgld`s okdustrolos, k` snktod` qun groli, dnsnkv`cvni, n sustnktli rnclæþns knf`golos s÷codls g`i `utrls niprnsls. Knstn snktod`, l vlktlfni g`ipntotovl dls niprnsls ï glcgucldl pnc`s snus pr÷pro`s rngurs`s n pncl g`ipntèkgol plrl i`voinktlr n g``rdnklr `s rngurs`s dn `utr`s. Wnfukd` G`voncc` n IgLucny (
ï, lssoi, rnsuctld` dl nxtnrklcozlæç` iuctocltnrlc ltrlvïs dn
rndns dn knf÷go` n s`golos (n kç` dl oktnrklcozlæç`). @ jnk÷ink` dl oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` rnsuctl d` nstlbncngoinkt` n dnsnkv`cvoinkt` dn p`soæþns dl niprnsl jlgn l plrgnor`s qun nstnhli ni rndns nstrlkfnorls. @ frlu dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` p`dn snr indod` pncls p`soæþns dntodls pnc`s plrgnor`s dl rndn ni qun l niprnsl nstì, snkd` qun sn `s plrgnor`s nstovnrni iuot` oktnrklgo`klcozld`s, ilo`r ` frlu dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dl rndn. ’ (odni, 2556, p.<:)
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7.<.7. Tn`rols Nstrltïfogls dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`
Nstls tn`rols plrtocmli ui prnssup`st` tn÷rog` prokgoplc, qun ï ` jlgt` dn qun ls nstrltïfols qun ls niprnsls ld`tli p`ssuérni uil oip`rtâkgol jukdlinktlc k`s pr`gnss`s dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`. Nstl g`rrnktn tn÷rogl ï glrlgtnrozldl p`r duls tn`rols8 L tn`rol d` G`ip`rtlinkt` Nstrltïfog` n l tn`rol Blsnldl ni Rngurs`s n G`ipntèkgols `u RBZ (Rns`urgn-Blsnd Zonw).
7.<.7.<. Tn`rol d` G`ip`rtlinkt` Nstrltïfog`
L tn`rol d` G`ip`rtlinkt` Nstrltïfog` –(…) lrfuinktl qun ` pr`gnss` g`ipntotov` nstì blsnld` kl busgl g`ktékul dn vlktlfnks, snkd` ncls rnsuctld`s dn rngurs`s n glplgodldns. C`f`, l oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` trltl-sn dn læþns v`ctldls plrl `btnkæç` dnssls vlktlfnks `u knutrlcozlæç` dls d`s g`kg`rrnktns’ (R`gml & Lcinodl, 255:, got .
ok Aotlmlrl, G`ncm` & Jncdilkk, 25<5). \unr ost` doznr qun nstl tn`rol blsnol-sn kl pr`gurl pncl `btnkæç` dn vlktlfnks g`ipntotovls p`r plrtn dn uil niprnsl, ni rnclæç` l`s snus rovlos. Wnfukd` nstl, ls niprnsls p`dnrç` tlibïi lssuior g`ip`rtlinkt`s odèktog`s l`s d`s snus g`kg`rrnktns, g`i l joklcodldn dn doiokuor rosg`s n okgnrtnzls.
7.<.7.2. Tn`rol Blsnldl ni Rngurs`s n G`ipntèkgols `u RBZ
U`r sul vnz, l tn`rol RBZ nxpcogl qun ï kngnssìro` prnsnrvlr `s jlt`rns nstrltïfog`s rncnvlktns l uil niprnsl, dn i`d` l flrlktor uil vlktlfni g`ipntotovl. Knstn snktod`, –qulkt`
ink`s plssévnos dn g`dojoglæç` n dovucflæç`, ost` ï, qulkt` ilos
tìgotls j`rni ls g`ipntèkgols, ilo`rns snrç` ls p`ssobocodldns dn qun vnkmli l snr ilktodls k` âibot` dl `rflkozlæç`, durlktn ` pr `gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`.’ (Zolkkl & Lcinodl, s.d.) <:
Nktnkdn-sn, p`rtlkt`, qun plrl flrlktor uil vlktlfni g`ipntotovl, ls niprnsls dnvni jlznr g`i qun `s snus rngurs`s snhli oip`ssévnos dn oiotlr pncl g`kg`rrèkgol. Nstl tn`rol dnjokn lokdl qun –`s g`kdut`rns dl nstrltïfol dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, okgcusovn l nsg`cml d`s i`d`s dn nktrldl, sç` `s rngurs`s nxgcusov`s dl joril n dn sul g`ipntèkgol `rflkozlgo`klc. ’ (R `gml & Lcinodl, 255:, p.77, got. ok Aotlmlrl nt lc., 25<5).
7.2. Nstrltïfols dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`
Ï okg`kvnkonktn lb`rdlr ` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, sni lktns j`riuclr uil nstrltïfol, `u snhl, ï kngnssìro` dnsnkv`cvn n nxngutlr ui pclk` dn læç` plrl ltokfor ui dntnriokld` `bhntov`. U`dn-sn doznr qun sni uil nstrltïfol ldnquldl uil niprnsl orì, g`i gnrtnzl, jlcmlr kl sul oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`. L j`riuclæç` dn uil nstrltïfol tlibïi nkv`cvn l dngosç` dn qulkd`, g`i` n qun inrgld`s nktrlr. Nxostni vìro`s i`d`s dn nktrldl k` inrgld` å nsg`cml, tlos g`i` l nxp`rtlæç`, ls h`okt vnkturns, nktrn `utr`s. Wn uil niprnsl prntnkdnr oipcninktlr uil nstrltïfol dn dnsnkv`cvoinkt` g`i vostl å sul oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, tni nssnkgolcinktn très `pæþns8 l ltulæç` os`cldl n okdnpnkdnktn, l grolæç` dn subsodoìrols k` inrgld` nxtnrk` `u l g``pnrlæç` g`i `utrls niprnsls. Wnfukd` Jnrrnorl, Rnos n Wnrrl (25<<), nxostni qultr` nstrltïfols p`ssévnos8 L nstrltïfol oktnrklgo`klc, l iuctod`iïstogl, l fc`blc n l trlksklgo`klc. Ls insils sç` glrltnrozldls dl snfuoktn ilknorl8 Nstrltïfol oktnrklgo`klc ‗ Ls niprnsls nxp`rtli ils kç` tèi `pnrlæþns dorngtlinktn k` nstrlkfnor`. Nstrltïfol iuctod`iïstogl ‗ Ls niprnsls tèi okvnstoinkt`s ni `utr`s plésns, ils ls subsodoìrols k` nstrlkfnor` kç` tèi ui kévnc ncnvld` dn g``rdnklæç` nktrn ncls n ilktèi ui ncnvld` frlu dn okdnpnkdèkgol p`rqun l `jnrtl ï lhustldl l gldl inrgld` okdovodulc. <6
Nstrltïfol fc`blc ‗ Ls niprnsls `pnrli ni vìro`s plésns, ils l `jnrtl k`s dojnrnktns plésns ï odèktogl n pr`vlvncinktn usli ` insi` ilrantokf iox (g`i ldlptlæþns rncltovlinktn orrncnvlktns, g`i` snhl l cékful kui sp`t pubcogotìro`). L èkjlsn ï p`stl kl iokoilcozlæç` dn gust`s n kl njogoèkgol. Nstrltïfol trlksklgo`klc ‗ Ls niprnsls pr`gurli lpr`vnotlr ` incm`r dls nstrltïfols iuctod`iïstogls n dls fc`blos soiuctlknlinktn. Ost` sofkojogl qun vç` pr`gurlr g`khuflr l njogoèkgol kl pr`duæç` g`i l ldlptlæç` k` inrgld` c`glc ‗ `u snhl, dnsgnktrlcozlkd` l rnsp`kslbocodldn dls lgtovodldns dl gldnorl dn vlc`r ilos pr÷xoils d` inrgld` (tlc g`i` ` ilrantokf, vnkdls n snrvoæ` p÷s-vnkdl) ås subsodoìrols ni gldl inrgld`. (Jnrrnorl nt lc., 25<<, p.:?) T`d` ` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` nkv`cvn rosg`s n okgnrtnzls n tni ui oiplgt` sofkojogltov` s`brn l nstrltïfol dl niprnsl. Lssoi, plrl sn oktnrklgo`klcozlr g`i sugnss`, uil niprnsl tni qun doiokuor nssns rosg`s n okgnrtnzls, p`dnkd` jlzè-c` ltrlvïs dl nsg`cml lgnrtldl dl nstrltïfol n d`s iït`d`s. @ g`kmngoinkt` d` inrgld` ï ui ncninkt`-gmlvn plrl sn gmnflr l uil b`l nstrltïfol n iït`d` plrl l oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`. Nxostni tlibïi lcfuks `utr`s jlt`rns oip`rtlktns, tlos g`i`8 l rndn dn knf÷go`s, l nxpnroèkgol lktnro`r n ls g`ipntèkgols dl nquopl dn fnstç`, `s rngurs`s joklkgnor`s, ls lfèkgols f`vnrklinktlos, l odldn n ` tlilkm` dl niprnsl, ls glplgodldns niprnslrolos, nktrn `utr`s. Durlktn l jlsn dn pclknlinkt`, l niprnsl dnvnrì dnjokor ` snu pr÷pro` roti` n i`inkt` dn nktrldl, bni g`i` qulc ` i`d` dn nktrldl l utocozlr.
7.7. Blrrnorls å Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`
Wnfukd` Gyrok` n @covnorl (2552, got. ok Ur`nkæl & Rli`s, s.d., p.:) p`dni-sn lfruplr ls blrrnorls å oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ni très frup`s8 <) Blrrnorls `rflkozlgo`klos1
<=
2) Blrrnorls klgo`klos1 7) Blrrnorls k` plés dn dnstok`1 Ls blrrnorls `rflkozlgo`klos ninrfni k` oktnro`r dl niprnsl n nktrlvli ls okogoltovls k` nxtnro`r n p`dni nstlr rnclgo`kldls g`i l bur`grlgol nkv`cvodl, g`i l jlctl dn glpotlc, g`i l jlctl dn okj`rilæþns s`brn `s inrgld`s nxtnrk`s, nktrn `utr`s. Ls blrrnorls klgo`klos nkv`cvni sotulæþns oktnrkls d` plés dn `rofni tlos g`i` l jlctl dn lssostèkgol n `u okgnktov`s d` nstld`, `s hur`s ncnvld`s qun p`dnrç` dojoguctlr ` joklkgolinkt` `u l bur`grlgol c`glc. Hì ls blrrnorls k` plés dn dnstok` rnjnrni-sn ås rnstroæþns ng`k÷iogls nxtnrkls, tlos g`i` ls tlxls n tlrojls dls lcjâkdnfls n d`s inrgld`s nxtnrk`s, n å g`kg`rrèkgol dls niprnsls c`glos. I`oko () ^il blrrnorl iuot` g`iui å oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ï l pr÷prol gucturl. \ulkd` uil niprnsl sn lvnkturl plrl j`rl dls suls jr`ktnorls klgo`klos, tnrì qun sn lhustlr l t`dl uil gucturl nstrlkfnorl, k` snktod` dn qun nkg`ktrlrì uil gucturl klgo`klc n niprnslrolc dojnrnktn dl sul, nkv`cvnkd`, lssoi, t`d` ui pr`gnss` dn lgucturlæç` p`r plrtn dl niprnsl, qun lglrrntlrì, p`r sul vnz, gust`s plrl l insil.
Ls blrrnorls gucturlos dng`rrni dls dojnrnkæls kls vlroìvnos gucturlos (gucturl iltnrolc, `rflkozlæç` s`golc, rncofoç`, cokfulfni, nstïtogl, gucturl p`puclr, ntg.), nktrn ` lkjotroç` n ` plés dn `rofni. \ulkt` ilo`rns ls dojnrnkæls dnstls vlroìvnos gucturlos, ilo`r snrì l dostâkgol gucturlc nktrn ` plés nioss`r n ` rngnt`r n ilo`r snrì ` dnsljo` dn sn oktnrklgo`klcozlr. Dnstlgl-sn ` jlgt` dn qun t`dls ls blrrnorls å oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` p`dni nxostor ni qulcqunr jlsn d` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`.
7.4. L Wncnæç` d`s Inrgld`s Nxtnrk`s
Kl sncnæç` d`s inrgld`s nxtnrk`s, ls niprnsls tèi qun dngodor qulos `s top`s dn plésns qun dnvni snr g`ksodnrld`s, tnkd` ni g`ktl dovnrs`s jlt`rns, tlos g`i` l fn`frljol, l p`puclæç`, l gucturl, ` gcoil p`cétog` n s`golc, ls glrltnréstogls dn pr`dut` qun sç` lgnotns k` inrgld`, nktrn `utr`s. Dn lg`rd` g`i H`mlks`k n Zlmckn (, got. ok Wgmknodnr, 2552, p.2<), (…) nsg`cmnr ` inrgld` n l ilknorl dn nktrlr g`rrntlinktn kncn jlz plrtn dl
nstrltïfol g`ipntotovl dl niprnsl. ^il pnsquosl guodld`sl s`brn `s plésns ni qun sn prntnkdn nktrlr ï nssnkgolc ni jukæç` dls dovnrsodldns dn inrgld`s lprnsnktldls. Nssl pnsquosl nkv`cvn l lquosoæç` dn okj`rilæþns, sul lkìcosn n l nclb`rlæç` dn dojnrnktns lctnrkltovls dn læç`, lssoi g`i` l incm`r nstoiltovl p`ssévnc d`s rnsuctld`s qun gldl lctnrkltovl p`dn pr`p`rgo`klr. Nstn plss` nxtrnilinktn oip`rtlktn tni qun snr t`ild` lktns dl nsg`cml d` i`d` dn nktrldl. Nstl sncnæç` `brofl l ui g`ipr`ioss` p`r plrtn dl niprnsl plrl g`i ui 25
dntnriokld` inrgld`, nstlbncngnkd` uil blsn plrl l sul nstrltïfol ni rnclæç` å g`ipntoæç` qun orì nkg`ktrlr n okdoglkd` l sul p`soæç` ni rnclæç` å g`kg`rrèkgol. Ulrl tlc, ï kngnssìro` pr`gndnr å odnktojoglæç` d` inrgld` lcv`, bni g`i` d`s gconktns qun sn prntnkdni ltokfor. Lp÷s nstl odnktojoglæç` ï kngnssìro` p`kdnrlr ls glrltnréstogls p`sotovls n knfltovls d` inrgld` nsg`cmod`, `u snhl, lklcoslr `s pr÷s n `s g`ktrls. Lpnslr d`s vìro`s i`dnc`s nxostnktns plrl nxpcoglr l sncnæç` dn inrgld`s nxtnrk`s, plrl I`tl (2556), lpnkls ` i`dnc` dn Ulpld`p`uc`s, Gmnk n Tm`ils (2552) ï g`ksodnrld`, p`r snr ui i`dnc` ilos ltulc qun sn pr`pþn l incm`rlr ls coiotlæþns d`s i`dnc`s lktnro`rns n p`r p`dnr snr lpcogld` l dojnrnktns sngt`rns dn ltovodldn. Wnfukd` nstn i`dnc` dn Ulpld`p`uc`s nt lc. (2552, got ok. I`tl, 2556, p.<5), nxostni vìrols vlroìvnos qun dnvni snr todls ni g`ktl, lprnsnktldls s`b ` k`in d`s g`kstrugt`s –dnilkdl p`tnkgolc’ n –blrrnorls l` g`iïrgo`’8
U`r ui cld`, plrl dntnrioklr ls glrlgtnréstogls p`sotovls d`s inrgld`s oktnrklgo`klos, dnk`iokldls g`i` –dnilkdl p`tnkgolc’, `s lut`rns okgcuni ls snfuoktns vlroìvnos8 g`ksui` nstoild`1 pnkntrlæç` dl oip`rtlæç`1 vlktlfnks dn `rofni1 snincmlkæls d` inrgld`. U`r `utr` cld`, plrl dnsgrnvnr `s pr`bcnils qun ` inrgld` nstrlkfnor` p`dn lprnsnktlr, g`ipocld`s dnktr` d` g`kstrut` –blrrnorls l` g`iïrgo`’, `s pr`i`t`rns d` i`dnc` pr`pþni ls snfuoktns vlroìvnos8 blrrnorls
tlrojìrols1 blrrnorls kç` tlrojìrols1 dostâkgol fn`frìjogl1 top` dn glibo`. Wlconktl-sn qun l `ronktlæç` nstrltïfogl dl niprnsl ï tlibïi ui jlt`r l snr g`ksodnrld`, uil vnz qun l nsg`cml d` inrgld` ï uil `pæç` vokgldlinktn nstrltïfogl. I`tl (2556, p.<<) ljoril qun l (…)
sncnæç` dn inrgld`s oktnrklgo`klos kç` sn blsnol ni rnfrls fnknrlcozldls dn
lpcoglæç` plrl t`dls ls niprnsls. Nstl dngosç` dnvn snr g`ksodnrldl dnktr` dn gldl niprnsl, ni plrtoguclr, klquncl guhl `ronktlæç` nstrltïfogl ltun g`i` uil vlroìvnc dn g`ktokfèkgol qun dntnriokl ` pns` dn gldl g`kstrut` n suls indodls.
2<
7.>. I`d`s dn Nktrldl
@ i`d` dn nktrldl ï ` glklc qun uil niprnsl qun qunorl `pnrlr k`s inrgld`s nxtnrk`s dnvn utocozlr plrl g`ksnfuor nktrlr plrl ui k`v` inrgld` oktnrklgo`klc. \ulkd` uil niprnsl dngodn nxpc`rlr ui inrgld` nstrlkfnor`, l nsg`cml d` incm`r i`d` dn nktrldl ï dngododl pncl sul nstrltïfol dn nxplksç`. @ `bhntov` prokgoplc dn qulcqunr `rflkozlæç` niprnslrolc ï nstlbncngnr-sn k` inrgld` fc`blc. Lssoi, ` pr`gnss` rnqunr ` dnsnkv`cvoinkt` dn uil nstrltïfol njoglz dn ilrantokf oktnrklgo`klc, l joi dn odnktojoglr ls `p`rtukodldns oktnrklgo`klos, nxpc`rlr rngurs`s n glplgodldns, n utocozlr g`ipntèkgols, plrl incm`r oipcninktlr ls suls nstrltïfols oktnrklgo`klos. L nsg`cml d` i`d` dn nktrldl dnpnkdn iuot` dls i`tovlæþns dls niprnsls n l dngosç` dn g`i` nktrlr ni ui inrgld` nstrlkfnor` p`dn tnr ui oiplgt` sofkojogltov` s`brn `s rnsuctld`s dl insil. T`d`s `s i`d`s dn nktrldl lglrrntli vlktlfnks n dnsvlktlfnks, qun dnvni snr g`ksodnrldls. \ulcqunr qun snhl ` i`d` nsg`cmod`, tnrì sniprn oipcoglæþns kl qulktodldn dn rngurs`s qun uil niprnsl dnvn dnspnkdnr, k`s rosg`s qun dnvn lssuior n k` frlu dn g`ktr`c` qun p`dn nxnrgnr. Nstl nxplksç` plrl inrgld`s nstrlkfnor`s p`dn snr lcglkældl ltrlvïs d`s snfuoktns inglkosi`s8 Nxp`rtlæç`, Cognkgolinkt`, Jrlkgmosokf, Ulrgnrols (Lcolkæls `u H`okt Znkturns), Okvnstoinkt` Dornt` n
Lquosoæþns.
7.>.<. Nxp`rtlæç`
L nxp`rtlæç` ï l vnkdl n g`inrgolcozlæç` dorntl dn bnks pr`duzod`s kui plés plrl ui `utr` plés. Nxp`rtlr ï ui iït`d` trldogo`klc n bni nstlbncngod` dn ltokfor inrgld`s nstrlkfnor`s. Kç` mì kngnssodldn dn l niprnsl okvnstor kui plés nstrlkfnor` p`rqun ` lt` dn nxp`rtlr kç` nxofn qun ls inrgld`rols snhli pr`duzodls k` plés dn dnstok`. L ilo`rol d`s gust`s lss`gold`s l nstl t`il l j`ril dn dnspnsls dn ilrantokf.
22
Ls nxp`rtlæþns p`dni snr gclssojogldls g`i` dorntls `u okdorntls. Ls dorntls sç` rnlcozldls ltrlvïs dn ui oktnrindoìro` qun sn nkg`ktrl j`rl d` plés dn `rofni (dostrobuod`rns, lfnktns, rnprnsnktlktn g`iosso`kld`, jocolc dn vnkdls, nxp`rtlæþns dorntls plrl ` g`ksuiod`r joklc). Wnfukd` Wgmknodnr (2552, p.44), ost` pnriotn ui ilo`r g`ktr`c` s`brn `s glklos dn dostrobuoæç` qun sç` utocozld`s bni g`i` s`brn ` inrgld` plrl ` qulc sn nxp`rtl. Hì ls nxp`rtlæþns okdorntls sç` rnlcozldls ltrlvïs dn ui oktnrindoìro`, ils qun dnstl vnz sn nkg`ktrl k` plés dn `rofni ( trldokf g`iplkons , br`anrs,
g`inrgolc oip`rtld`rl/nxp`rtld`rl). Wgmknodnr (2552, p.44) ljoril qun – l
frlkdn vlktlfni dn sn rnlcozlr nxp`rtlæþns dn j`ril okdorntl ï qun l kngnssodldn dn g`kmngoinkt` dls k`rils n trâiotns d` g`iïrgo` oktnrklgo`klc sç` dn rnsp`kslbocodldn dnssns lfnktns, kç` kn gnssotlkd` ` jlbroglktn dn uil nstruturl pr÷prol.’ L nxp`rtlæç` ï, p`os, uil `pæç` qun kç` nkv`cvn frlkdns rosg`s kni rnqunr ui frlkdn g`ipr`intoinkt` p`r plrtn dls niprnsls, snkd` lssoi l proinorl nsg`cml dls niprnsls qun prntnkdni sn oktnrklgo`klcozlr. Wnfuni-sn ls suls prokgoplos vlktlfnks n dnsvlktlfnks8 Zlktlfnks
Dnsvlktlfnks
Bloxl nxp`soæç` joklkgnorl1
Zucknrlbocodldn l tlrojls, qu`tls, ntg.1
Unriotn nktrldl frldulc1
G`ipcnxodldn n gust`s c`féstog`s1
Kç` rnqunr ` g`kmngoinkt` d` inrgld` c`glc n p`dn ldquoror lcfuil jliocolrodldn U`tnkgolos g`kjcot`s g`i dostrobuod`rns1 g`i ` inrgld` c`glc1 Nvotl rnstroæþns l` ODN1
Jrlgl lquosoæç` dn g`kmngoinkt` d` inrgld` nxtnrk`1
J`ktn8 Ldlptld` dn Jnrrnorl nt lc. (25<<)
7.>.2. Cognkgolinkt`
@ cognkgolinkt` ï ui lg`rd` dn knf÷go`s nktrn niprnsls (cognkgold`r n cognkgold`), ni qun uil dncls gndn `s dornot`s å pr`duæç` n g`inrgolcozlæç` d`s snus pr`dut`s, kuil ìrnl nspngéjogl, qun p`dn nkfc`blr ui økog` inrgld` `u ltï vìro`s plésns. L cognkæl 27
p`dn okgcuor l utocozlæç` dn uil ilrgl rnfostldl, pltnktns, tïgkogls dn jlbrog` n dn ilrantokf. @ cognkgold` plfl uil tlxl ni tr`gl d`s dornot`s dn utocozlæç` dl pr`prondldn oiltnrolc n, rnfrl fnrlc, usujruo dn lssostèkgol tïgkogl qulkd` kngnssìro`. Zlktlfnks Blox` rosg` joklkgnor` n bloxl kngnssodldn dn glpotlc1 J`ril dn blox` gust` plrl nktrlr n lvlcolr ` p`tnkgolc dn ui dld` inrgld` nxtnrk`1 Kç` tni kngnssodldn dn lprnkdnr s`brn ` inrgld` c`glc1
Dnsvlktlfnks Cugr`s rncltovlinktn coiotld`s1 Dnpnkdèkgol d` cognkgold` n p`ug` g`ktr`c`1 U`tnkgolos g`kjcot`s g`i ` cognkgold`1
Nvotl tlrojls, blrrnorls kç` tlrojìrols n U`ssobocodldn dn grolr ui jutur` g`ipntod`r rnstroæþns l` okvnstoinkt` nstrlkfnor`1
n/`u pnrdnr tngk`c`fol1
@ cognkgold` j`rkngn ` g`kmngoinkt` d` inrgld` c`glc1 J`ktn8 Ldlptld` dn Jnrrnorl nt lc. (25<<)
7.>.7. Jrlkgmosokf
L` okvïs d` cognkgolinkt`, ` jrlkgmosokf nkv`cvn g`ipr`ioss`s dn c`kf` prlz`. U`dnsn doznr qun jrlkgmosokf ï ` dornot` qun uil niprnsl ldquorn dn `utrl niprnsl qun cmns pnriotn jlznr ltovodldns g`inrgolos, tlc g`i` l vnkdl dn ui bni `u dn ui snrvoæ`, s`b ` k`in dn uil niprnsl nspngéjogl, l` qulc sç` ldogo`kld`s l prnstlæç` rnfuclr dn snrvoæ`s n ` j`rkngoinkt` dn pr`dut`s. @ jrlkgmosokf ï uil j`ril nspngolcozldl dn cognkæl, ni qun ` jrlkgmosld` sn g`ipr`intn l snfuor ls rnfrls nstrotls s`brn g`i` pr`gndnr g`i ls ltovodldns g`inrgolos8 ` top` dn snrvoæ`, l dnjokoæç` dn nsplæ` jésog`, nktrn `utrls. L niprnsl qun vnkdn ` jrlkgmosokf rngnbn ui plflinkt` dn r`ylctons2 , qun nstì rnclgo`kld` g`i l rngnotl d` jrlkgmosld`, n nvotl iuot`s d`s gust`s n rosg`s qun tnrol sn lbrossn ` knf÷go` pnc`s snus pr÷pro`s ino`s. ^il niprnsl guh` i`d` dn nktrldl ï ` jrlkgmosokf p`dn g`kstruor uil rndn fc`blc ni ui gurt` nsplæ` dn tnip`, g`i gust`s n rosg`s rncltovlinktn blox`s. ^i d`s pr`bcnils 2
Nspïgon dn g`iossç` s`brn l jlturlæç` brutl, pnc` us` g`ktokuld` dl ilrgl.
24
l` utocozlr ` jrlkgmosokf ï ` g`ktr`c` dn qulcodldn, p`os `s gconktns dn uil dntnriokldl ilrgl pr`gurli ` insi` top` dn snrvoæ` qulkd` nkg`ktrli l insil ni dojnrnktns plrtns d` iukd`. Dnstlgli-sn, k` quldr` lblox`, ls prokgoplos vlktlfnks n dnsvlktlfnks plrl ` jrlkgmosld`r. Zlktlfnks Nxplksç` ilos jlgocotldl n rìpodl1 Ilos njogoèkgol n ink`s rosg`s trlblcmostls, rnjnrnktns l jukgo`kìro`s1 Nktrldl ni k`v`s inrgld`s, sni rnlcozlr frlkdns okvnstoinkt`s1 J`rtlcngoinkt` dl ilrgl1
Dnsvlktlfnks Unrdl dn g`ktr`c` s`brn `s p`kt`s dn vnkdl1 Dovosþns dl rngnotl1 Rnt`rk` l prlz`s ilos c`kf`s1 U`ssobocodldns
dn
dosputl
g`i
`s
jrlkgmosld`s1
J`ktn8 Ldlptld` dn Ilrgmo`rnt` & B`rt`clkæl (25<<)
7.>.4. Ulrgnrols (Lcolkæls Nstrltïfogls `u H`okt Znkturns)
Jnrrnorl, Rnos n Wnrrl (255<, p. >:) rnjnrni qun ls niprnsls p`dni prnjnror nstlbncngnr uil plrgnrol g`i `utrls, snhli ncls d`iïstogls `u nstrlkfnorls, dn i`d` l nktrlrni k`s inrgld`s nxtnrk`s. Dozni lokdl qun ls –plrgnrols p`dni snr ilos `u ink`s
nxtnksls (ost` ï, lbrlkfnr lpnkls uil jukæç` `u vìrols jukæþns) n nxofor ilo`r ( h`okt vnkturn) `u ink`r (lcolkæl) g`ipr`ioss` dn rngurs`s.’
Lcolkæls Nstrltïfogls ‗ Ls lcolkæls nstrltïfogls sç` dnjokodls g`i` uil j`ril niprnslrolc dn g``pnrlæç` nktrn duls `u ilos niprnsls dn dojnrnktns plésns, `kdn gldl plrgnor` pr`gurl luinktlr ls suls g`ipntèkgols ltrlvïs dl g`iboklæç` dn snus rngurs`s g`i `s d`s `utr`s plrgnor`s, ltokfokd` lssoi `bhntov`s qun okdovodulcinktn kç` snroli ltokfévnos. Ls niprnsls p`dni g`iboklr `s snus nsj`ræ`s plrl uil vlrondldn dn joks, okgcuokd`, ils kç` sn coiotlkd`, l plrtocml dn g`kmngoinkt`, nxpnroèkgol n dnspnsls, bni g`i` plrl lgndnr l k`v`s inrgld`s `u plrl flkmlr uil vlktlfni g`ipntotovl kui dnssns inrgld`s. Lcïi doss`, l grolæç` dn uil lcolkæl nstrltïfogl p`dn jlznr g`i
2>
qun g`kg`rrnktns rnlos `u p`tnkgolos sn t`rkni ni plrgnor`s, trlblcmlkd` lssoi plrl ui `bhntov` g`iui. ^il lcolkæl dojnrn dn uil h`okt vnkturn k` snktod` dn qun kç` nxostn ` nstlbncngoinkt` dn uil k`vl niprnsl. Zlktlfnks
Dnsvlktlfnks
Ulrtocml d`s gust`s n rosg`s d` pr`hnt`1
Grol g`ipntod`r1
Jlgocotl l nktrldl ni k`v`s inrgld`s1
Okg`ipltobocodldn n g`kjcot` g`i plrgnor`1
Lgnss` ås j`ræls, g`kmngoinkt` n rngurs`s d` plrgnor`1 Ur`i`vn soknrfols1
Unrdl dn lut`k`iol1 Dostrobuoæç` dn cugr`s1 Rosg` dn dojukdor g`kmngoinkt` votlc1
J`ktn8 Ldlptld` dn Jnrrnorl nt lc. (25<<)
H`okt Znkturns -
^il h`okt vnkturn ï qulkd` sn nstlbncngn uil niprnsl qun pnrtnkgn l
duls `u ilos niprnsls okdnpnkdnktns. Nstl hukæç` rnqunr uil plrtocml dn gust`s n cugr`s, bni g`i` uil fnstç` g`khuktl nktrn `s plrgnor`s. Lcïi doss`, uil vnz qun uil h`okt vnkturn ï ui g`okvnstoinkt` nktrn niprnsls dojnrnktns, gldl uil p`dn utocozlr ls suls mlbocodldns nspngéjogls plrl fnror l niprnsl groldl dn j`ril njogonktn. Ls h`okt vnkturns sç` nspngolcinktn p`puclrns kls niprnsls rnclgo`kldls g`i `s snt`rns dn trlksp`rtn n dn volfni qun `pnrli ni dojnrnktns plésns, p`os `jnrngni iuotls vlktlfnks ås niprnsls qun l g`kstotuni. Ni proinor` cuflr, ls niprnsls p`dni ldquoror g`kmngoinkt`s nspngéjog`s uil dl `utrl, k` qun sn rnjnrn l` g`kmngoinkt` d` knf÷go` n tlibïi dl gucturl d` plés lkjotroç`, d` snu sostnil p`cétog` n dl sul rndn dn knf÷go`s. Ni snfukd` cuflr, uil vnz qun nxostn uil plrtocml dn rngurs`s joklkgnor`s, muilk`s n tngk`c÷fog`s, ls niprnsls p`dni rnduzor `s rosg`s n gust`s. U`r øctoi`, pnriotn uil nktrldl ilos jìgoc ni plésns nstrlkfnor`s qun dosp`kmli dn blrrnorls plrl ` okvnstod`r nxtnrk`. U`r `utr` cld`, ls h`okt vnkturns p`dni grolr lcfuks `bstìguc`s ltrlvïs dl coiotlæç` dl fnstç` n g`kjolkæl l`s plrgnor`s nstrlkfnor`s. ^il h`okt vnkturn guhl fnstç` ï d`iokldl p`r qulcqunr uil dls plrtns, `u guhls dngosþns s`brn qunstþns `pnrlgo`klos s÷ p`ssli snr t`ildls g`i l g`kg`rdâkgol dn libls ls plrtns, dojogocinktn tnrì sugnss`. Lcïi doss`, sn ls nstrltïfols n intls dn gldl plrgnor` dn knf÷go` s`jrnrni lctnrlæþns, p`dnrç` `g`rrnr dovnrfèkgols. 2:
Zlktlfnks
Dnsvlktlfnks
Ulrtocml dn rosg`s n gust`s dn g`kstruor uil k`vl `pnrlæç`/jìbrogl1 Ulrtocml dn rngurs`s g`ipcninktlrns n `utr`s ltov`s,
luinktlkd`
soknrfols
n
l
pr`blbocodldn dn sugnss`1
Ilo`r okvnstoinkt` d` qun cognkgolinkt`1 Rnqunr l plrtocml dn cugr`s sn ` k`v` knf÷go` j`r bni sugndod` (kç` lpnkls gust`s n rosg`s)1 @s plrgnor`s plrtocmli ` g`ktr`c` s`brn ls
U`ssobocodldn dn lprnkdnr1
`pnrlæþns (lokdl qun p`ssovncinktn ni kévnos dojnrnktns)1
U`dn snr l økogl j`ril dn nktrlr kui Rosg` dn dossnioklr g`kmngoinkt` n ak`winrgld`, dldls ls blrrnorls1
m`w grétog` l` plrgnor`1
G`kjcot` nktrn plrgnor`s1 J`ktn8 Ldlptld` dn Jnrrnorl nt lc. (25<<)
7.>.>. Okvnstoinkt` Dornt` Nstrlkfnor`
@ okvnstoinkt` dornt` nstrlkfnor` (ODN) ï l pr`prondldn dorntl dn okstlclæþns k` plés dn dnstok` n nkv`cvn okvnstoinkt`s dn glpotlc, tngk`c`fol n pnss`lc. @ ODN p`dn snr jnot` ltrlvïs dl lquosoæç` dn uil nktodldn hì nxostnktn `u l ltrlvïs dl grolæç` dn uil k`vl niprnsl n s÷ ï g`kstotuéd` qulkd` ` okvnstod`r dntïi <5% `u ilos dls læþns `rdokìrols `u d` dornot` l v`t` kuil niprnsl. L pr`prondldn dorntl, qun p`dn snr plrgolc `u t`tlc, pr`p`rgo`kl ui frlu ncnvld` dn g`ktr`c` dls `pnrlæþns, bni g`i` l glplgodldn dn g`kmngnr incm`r `s g`ksuiod`rns, ` libonktn g`ipntotov` n ` inrgld` ni fnrlc. K` nktlkt`, rnqunr ui ncnvld` kévnc dn rngurs`s n ui ncnvld` frlu dn g`ipr`ioss`. Dnktr` d` okvnstoinkt` dornt` nkg`ktrli-sn `s okvnstoinkt`s frnnkjoncd , qun sç` `s okvnstoinkt`s dn rloz. Nstn top` dn okvnstoinkt` p`dn snr dnjokod` g`i` uil j`ril dn okvnstoinkt` dornt` nstrlkfnor` k` qulc uil niprnsl-içn okogol ui k`v` niprnnkdoinkt` kui plés nstrlkfnor` ltrlvïs dl g`kstruæç` dn k`vls okstlclæþns `pnrlgo`klos. Lcïi dn g`kstruor k`vls okstlclæþns, l ilo`rol dls niprnsls-içn tlibïi grol k`v`s niprnf`s l c`kf` prlz` k` plés nstrlkfnor`. 26
^i okvnstoinkt` dn rloz ï ui i`d` dn nktrldl cnkt` n rnqunr okvnstoinkt`s ncnvld`s. K` nktlkt`, pnriotn j`rilr uil subsodoìrol i`cdldl plrl sltosjlznr ls kngnssodldns dl niprnsl d`iïstogl. G`i` rnsuctld`, l njogoèkgol `pnrlgo`klc p`dn luinktlr. Znhli-sn ls vlktlfnks n dnsvlktlfnks d` okvnstoinkt` dornt`8 Zlktlfnks U`tnkgolc dn cugr`s ncnvld`1 Ilktïi g`ktr`c` t`tlc s`brn ls `pnrlæþns1 Ldquorn g`kmngoinkt` s`brn ` inrgld` c`glc1 Nvotl tlrojls, qu`tls n `utrls rnstroæþns1
Dnsvlktlfnks Ncnvld`
okvnstoinkt`
ni
rngurs`s
joklkgnor`s, muilk`s n dn fnstç`1 Ncnvldl nxp`soæç` l rosg`s p`cétog`s1 Zucknrlbocodldn ås rnstroæþns l` ODN1 Ilo`r g`ipcnxodldn dn fnstç` n g``rdnklæç`1
J`ktn8 Ldlptld` dn Jnrrnorl nt lc. (25<<)
7.>.:. Lquosoæþns
^il lquosoæç` ï uil ilknorl rìpodl dn nktrlr kui k`v` inrgld`. L niprnsl klgo`klc (ldquornktn) nktrl k` inrgld` nxtnrk` ltrlvïs dl lquosoæç` dn uil niprnsl hì nstlbncngodl. Dnstl j`ril, ` ldquornktn p`dn torlr pr`vnot` d`s glklos dn dostrobuoæç`, dl j`ræl dn trlblcm` qulcojogldl, dl nxpnroèkgol ni fnstç`, d` g`kmngoinkt` c`glc n d` k`in dl ilrgl hì nstlbncngodl (rnputlæç`). Dnstn i`d`, nktnkdn-sn qun ls lquosoæþns sç` jnotls jrnqunktninktn g`i` plrtn dl nstrltïfol dn grnsgoinkt` dl niprnsl, k` snktod` dn qun snrì ilos bnkïjog` lssuior ls `pnrlæþns dn uil niprnsl hì nxostnktn d` qun l nxplksç` p`r g`ktl pr÷prol. K` nktlkt`, uil lquosoæç` ï uil `pæç` glrl n nkv`cvn rosg`s ncnvld`s. L oktnfrlæç` dl niprnsl ldquorodl (niprnsl-lcv`) p`dn snr prnhudogldl p`r dojnrnkæls gucturlos. Lcïi doss`, ls dojnrnkæls gucturlos tlibïi p`dni cnvlr l pr`bcnils dn g`iukoglæç` n g``rdnklæç`.
2=
Dls suls vlktlfnks n dnsvlktlfnks dnstlgli-sn ls snfuoktns8 Zlktlfnks Rìpodl nktrldl k`s inrgld`s nxtnrk`s1
Dnsvlktlfnks Dojogucdldns dn oktnfrlæç` p÷s-lquosoæç`1
@btnkæç` dn dovnrsojoglæç` qulkd` l W`brnstoilæç` d`s bnknjégo`s ng`k÷iog`s dl niprnsl kç` tni gnrtls g`ipntèkgols1 Ink`r rosg` qun ` grnsgoinkt` oktnrk` (ltrlvïs dn okvnstoinkt`s dn rloz)1 J`ril dn uctrlplsslr blrrnorls å nktrldl1
lquosoæç`1 Gust`s ncnvld`s1 Ur`bcnils oknrnktns l uil sncnæç` okg`rrntl dl niprnsl l ldquoror1
J`ktn8 Ldlptld` dn Jnrrnorl nt lc. (25<<)
2?
4. Turosi` Oktnrklgo`klc
@ turosi` ï g`ksodnrld` uil dls okdøstrols dn ilos rìpod` grnsgoinkt` snkd`, m`hn ni dol, ` prokgoplc g`ktrobuoktn plrl ` pr`dut` oktnrk` brut` iukdolc. Ï dn slconktlr qun, plrl lcfuks dnstok`s, l qu`tl d` inrgld` turéstog` p`dn snr l økogl ilknorl dn ilktnr vovl l rnfoç`. L nxplksç` fnknrlcozldl d` turosi`, huktlinktn g`i l grnsgnktn dospnrsç` d`s turostls n l dovnrsojoglæç` d`s dnstok`s turéstog`s, tni cnvld` l uil grnsgnktn oip`rtâkgol d`s dnstok`s. @ jnk÷ink` dl fc`blcozlæç` luinkt`u l oktnrdnpnkdèkgol nktrn `s plésns, ng`k`iols n p`v`s. Tlc jlgt` kç` nkv`cvn lpnkls ls frlkdns g`rp`rlæþns, ils tlibïi ls pnqunkls n iïdols niprnsls, tlc g`i` ls niprnsls jliocolrns. Nstn pr`gnss` g`kduzou å grolæç` n `pnrlgo`klcodldn d` inrgld` fc`blc dn turosi`, `kdn dnstok`s jukgo`kli dn j`ril oktnrltovl. L grolæç` dn uil s`gondldn fc`blc sofkojogl qun ls niprnsls dn turosi` tèi l glplgodldn dn `pnrlr fc`blcinktn. Ost` jlz g`i qun `s dnstok`s g`ipotli uks g`i `s `utr`s k` inrgld` fc`blc, ni busgl dn turostls oktnrklgo`klos. Unrgnbn-sn, nktç`, l oip`rtâkgol qun ` turosi` tni, snkd` lssoi dnsnhldl l nxplksç` d` turosi` oktnrklgo`klc, prokgoplcinktn p`r rlzþns ng`k÷iogls.
75
>. Glrltnrozlæç` n Lprnsnktlæç` dl Niprnsl
@ M`tnc (`iotod`) pnrtnkgn l pnqunkl niprnsl jliocolr n l sul most÷rol tni okégo` mì gnrgl dn <>5 lk`s. L (`iotod`) `kdn ` insi` nstì oksnrod` j`o g`kstruédl k` lk` dn <=::, tnkd` sod` p`stnro`rinktn lknxldl l uil (`iotod`), qun ltulcinktn nkg`ktrl-sn j`rl dl pr`prondldn, kuil rul cltnrlc. Ni >, l jliécol (`iotod`), ilos pr`prolinktn (`iotod`), trlksj`ri`u-l ni lcbnrflrol, tnkd` knstl lcturl ldquorod` ` k`in dn (`iotod`). Okogolcinktn `s snrvoæ`s gnktrlvli-sn kl glsl içn n ni lcfuks qulrt`s gorgukdlktns, dosp`kd` dn <4 qulrt`s, ils l` c`kf` d` tnip` ` m`tnc j`o lcv` dn rni`dnclæþns, tnkd` vokd` l luinktlr ` snu køinr` dn qulrt`s n snrvoæ`s dosp`kévnos, ils ilktnkd` sniprn l sul trlæl `rofoklc. @ tnrrnk` nkv`cvnktn j`o tlibïi lcv` dn trlksj`rilæç` g`i ` plsslr d`s lk`s, dlkd` `rofni l hlrdoks tr`poglos, g`i lcfuils pclktls nkdïiogls rnfo`klos. @ m`tnc nstì sotuld` kl godldn d` Jukgmlc, l 755 intr`s d` gnktr` urblk`. L sul c`glcozlæç` provocnfoldl, pnrt` d` p`rt` d` Jukgmlc, `jnrngn uil nspcèkdodl vostl ilr l`s snus gconktns n p`ssobocotl tlibïi ui jìgoc lgnss` pnd`klc l`s p`kt`s dn oktnrnssn turéstog`s qun l godldn g`ktïi. Nstn m`tnc dn 4 nstrncls dospþn ltulcinktn dn 6> qulrt`s n ui – jclt ’ g`i g`zokml
nquopldl, t`d`s dupc`s. @s qulrt`s sç` glrlgtnrozld`s p`r dojnrnktns top`c`fols, snkd` nstls8 Wupnro`r vostl ilr1 Tnrrlæ` `u Blcgç`1 Zostl hlrdoi1 \ulrt`s gmuvnor` n vostl ilr sni blcgç` (nstns øctoi`s d`os lpnkls kl glsl içn). T`d`s `s qulrt`s nstç` nquopld`s g`i tncnvosç` p`r glb`, tncnj`kn, g`jrn (indolktn lcufunr), iokoblr, sngld`r dn glbnc` n lr g`kdogo`kld`. @s qulrt`s nstç` dospnrs`s pncl pr`prondldn, nstlkd` lcfuks dncns c`glcozld`s k` ndojégo` prokgoplc, kl glsl içn, n tlibïi k` hlrdoi. @ m`tnc `jnrngn uil dovnrsodldn dn snrvoæ`s, tlos g`i` posgokl g`i ìful d` ilr lqungodl, s`cìro`, slcl plrl g`kjnrèkgols, slcç` dn h`f`s, rnstlurlktn n blr, oktnrknt frltuotl (lpnkls kl z`kl dl rngnæç`) n nstlgo`klinkt`. G`i ` plsslr d` tnip` n g`i ` grnsgnktn sugnss` dl sul ukodldn m`tncnorl, l jliécol (`iotod`) dngodou okvnstor kl g`kstruæç` dn ilos ui m`tnc, dnstl vnz hukt` l` (`iotod`), g`i ` k`in dn M`tnc (`iotod`), lbnrt` l` pøbcog` dnsdn iokut`s d` gnktr`, nstl ukodldn, tlibïi dn 4 nstrncls, tni ui nstoc` ilos i`dnrk`, 7<
`jnrngnkd` 75 qulrt`s dupc`s vostl ilr n 7 høko`r suotns, t`d`s nquopld`s å snincmlkæl d` M`tnc (`iotod`). K` qun rnspnotl l`s snrvoæ`s `jnrngod`s, ` m`tnc dospþn dn t`d`s lquncns qun (`iotod`) tlibïi tni, l` qun lgrnsgn ui (`iotod`), uil posgokl dn ìful d` ilr g`i 2> intr`s dn g`iproinkt`, uil posgokl plrl grolkæls n lgnss` dornt` l` ilr. @s m`tïos nkg`ktrli-sn oktnrcofld`s, p`ssobocotlkd` l`s snus gconktns l utocozlæç` d`s snrvoæ`s dn lib`s, sni qulcqunr rnstroæç`. Ltulcinktn, `s m`tïos g`ktli g`i 6= g`clb`rld`rns k` t`tlc, dovodod`s pncls dojnrnktns sngæþns. Lpnslr dl snplrlæç` d`s m`tïos, l ilo`rol d`s snrvoæ`s sç` g`iuks l`s d`os, lpnkls l rngnæç`, g`zokml, rnstlurlktn n blr sç` okdovodulos. @s m`tïos trlblcmli, ilo`rotlrolinktn, g`i @pnrld`rns Turéstog`s, tlos g`i` l Tm`ils G``a, l T^O, l Tm`is`k n l Gclssog M`codlys. K` nktlkt`, l ilo`rol d`s gconktns qun gmnfli l`s m`tïos jlzni ls suls rnsnrvls ltrlvïs dl B``aokf.g`i, lfèkgol `kcokn dn rnsnrvls m`tncnorls, rnprnsnktlkd` nstl ilos dn 7>% dls gmnfldls inkslos. Lcfuks gconktns rnsnrvli dorntlinktn g`i ` m`tnc, ils ni ink`r køinr`. @ prokgoplc inrgld` dn lib`s `s m`tïos ï ` okfcès, snfuod` pnc` jrlkgès n ` lcniç`. @ M`tnc (`iotod`) tni ui køinr` ncnvld` dn gconktns rnpntnktns, qun sn nxpcogl pnc` jlgt` dn nstn tnr ui glroz jliocolr n trldogo`klc, nxostokd` gls`s dn turostls qun jogli k` m`tnc vìrols vnzns durlktn ` insi` lk`. L prokgoplc i`tovlæç` pncl nsg`cml dnstn m`tnc p`r plrtn d`s snus gconktns rnsodn kl qulcodldn d` snu snrvoæ`, p`ssobocotlkd` ui ltnkdoinkt` pnrs`klcozld`, trltlkd` ` gconktn g`i` sn j`ssn ui inibr` dl jliécol. K` qun rnspnotl å sul nstruturl `rflkozlgo`klc, `s m`tïos sç` fnrod`s pncl Dornæç`, qun ï luxocoldl pnc` Lssostnktn dn Dornæç`, tnkd` nstn l snu glrf` ` ng`k`ilt`, `s rngurs`s muilk`s n l g`ktlbocodldn (dn slconktlr qun l ilo`r plrtn dl g`ktlbocodldn ï rnlcozldl ltrlvïs dn `uts`urgokf 7). Nxostn lokdl ui rnsp`ksìvnc plrl gldl dnplrtlinkt`. @ wnbsotn dl niprnsl nstì dosp`kévnc ni qultr` odo`ils (p`rtufuès, okfcès, jrlkgès n lcniç`) n kncn p`dni-sn nkg`ktrlr okj`rilæþns dn libls ls ukodldns m`tncnorls, tlos g`i` ls linkodldns `jnrngodls, snrvoæ`s dosp`kobocozld`s, dovnrsls j`t`frljols,
7
Wubg`ktrltlæç` dn plrtn dls jukæþns dn uil niprnsl, l `utrl niprnsl nspngolcozldl nxtnrkl.
72
glcnkdìro` dn nvnkt`s nspngolos, okj`rilæþns s`brn l Ocml dl Ildnorl n ui sostnil dn rnsnrvls `kcokn.
77
:. Nstrltïfol dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dl Niprnsl
L niprnsl ni lkìcosn, g`i l dnk`ioklæç` s`golc dn (`iotod`), nstì ltulcinktn dlkd` `s plss`s okogolos k` snu pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, qun sn nkg`ktrl lokdl ni jlsn sofoc`sl, ltrlvïs dl rnlcozlæç` dn uil plrgnrol g`i ui frup` nsplkm`c, tlibïi cofld` l` sngt`r m`tncnor`. L tn`rol dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` snfuodl plrl l lkìcosn dnstn gls` j`o l Tn`rol d` Ulrldofil Ngcïtog` dn Dukkokf, p`os ï uil tn`rol qun hì mlvol sod` rof`r`slinktn tnstldl ni sngt`rns rnclgo`kld`s g`i `s snrvoæ`s, k` qulc sn okgcuo l m`tnclrol. Nstn i`dnc` `jnrngn ui b`i lhustn g`i ` turosi` n ` sngt`r m`tncnor` ltrlvïs dl èkjlsn dldl å oip`rtâkgol d` c`glc g`i` ui dn snus très poclrns prokgoplos. @ pr÷pro` pr`dut` qun l niprnsl p`ssuo, `u snhl, ls suls glrlgtnréstogls pr÷prols rnjnrodls ni snfuodl, p`dn snr nkglrld` g`i` l sul vlktlfni dn pr`prondldn. L c`glcozlæç` nsg`cmodl plrl l sul nxplksç` oktnrklgo`klc j`o ` l Okfcltnrrl, tnkd` sod` lktnro`rinktn rnlcozldl uil lkìcosn dntlcmldl ås vlktlfnks nvodnktns dl rnfoç` (vlktlfnks dn c`glcozlæç`), pnc` qun tovnrli ni g`ktl très vlroìvnos oip`rtlktns8 ` tlilkm` n l klturnzl dl godldn ni qun sn sotulrì ` m`tnc, ls okjrlnstruturls kl rnfoç` n l pnrgnæç` dl rnfoç` g`i` ui c`glc dn knf÷go`s ltrltov`. Ls ukodldns m`tncnorls pnrtnkgnktns l nstl niprnsl tèi glrlgtnréstogls iuot` pr÷prols, k` snktod` dn qun `jnrngni ui snrvoæ` dojnrnktn dls frlkdns gldnols, `u snhl, ` trltlinkt` d` gconktn ï iuot` ilos pnrs`klcozld` n pnss`lc, ` qun jlz g`i qun ` insi` sn soktl g`i` sn nstovnssn ni glsl. @ jlgt` dn kç` ld`tlrni cokmls g`ktnip`râknls kl sul lrquotnturl n rnhnotlrni l dng`rlæç` iokoilcostl, pr`i`vnkd` uil lrquotnturl gcìssogl g`i rlézns trldogo`klos, n `ptlrni p`r dng`rlæç` dn ïp`gl tlibïi tni ui p`dnr ltrltov` plrl ` gconktn, p`os nstn nstoc`, gmlild` dn frlkky gmog, nstì iuot` ni v`fl. Nstls glrlgtnréstogls sç` iuot` pr`gurldls pnc`s snus prokgoplos inrgld`s nioss`rns (okfcès, jrlkgès n lcniç`). L Dornæç` odnktojog`u ` snu snfinkt` dn inrgld`, ltrlvïs dn uil g`kstlktn lkìcosn dls glrlgtnréstogls fn`frìjogls n dni`frìjogls d`s snus gconktns, g`ksnfuokd` lssoi ilktnr uil `jnrtl qun vlo l` nkg`ktr` dls kngnssodldns n `rælinkt`s d`s insi`s. @s snus gconktns pnrtnkgni l uil gclssn iïdol/lctl, g`i kévnos dn nsg`clrodldn supnro`r, dn uil jloxl ntìrol lgoil d`s >5 lk`s. @ prokgoplc i`tov` plrl l dnsc`glæç` dnstns ï l rnlcozlæç` dn jïrols plrl dnsglks` n clznr. L ilo`rol 74
hì rnsnrvl ls suls nstldols `kcokn, snhl k` sotn d` m`tnc `u ltrlvïs d`s `pnrld`rns turéstog`s. K` qun rnspnotl å oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, l niprnsl nkglr`u-l g`i` uil nstrltïfol dn grnsgoinkt` n `p`rtukodldn dn nxplksç`, p`os lp÷s hì tnr rnlcozld` ui okvnstoinkt` prïvo` kl Rnfoç`, ltrlvïs dl g`kstruæç` dn `utrl ukodldn m`tncnorl, kç` sn hustojoglvl k`v` okvnstoinkt` oktnrk`, tnkd` ni g`ktl ls g`kdoæþns prnsnktns d` inrgld` p`rtufuès n l pr÷prol slturlæç` d` inrgld` rnfo`klc. L `pæç` dn rnlcozlr uil plrgnrol surfou kl snquèkgol dn vìro`s jlt`rns8 Ni plrtn, l g`khukturl ng`k÷iogl ltulc fnr`u uil lprnnksç` kl dngosç` dn okvnstor k` inrgld` nxtnrk`. @ jlgt` dn l niprnsl snr pnqunkl, jliocolr n kç` tnr `s rngurs`s, l nxpnroèkgol n j`ræl dn fnstç` plrl nktrlr ni inrgld`s oktnrklgo`klos j`o tlibïi dngosov` kl nsg`cml d` i`d` dn nktrldl. Lssoi, ` i`d` dn nktrldl nsg`cmod` j`o l rnlcozlæç` dn uil h`okt vnkturn g`i ui plrgnor` m`tncnor` c`glcozld` ni Nsplkml, snkd` ` inrgld`lcv` l Okfcltnrrl. Nstl lcolkæl dn knf÷go`s pnriotorì å niprnsl lgndnr l` inrgld` fc`blc dn j`ril ilos rìpodl, ng`k÷iogl n njoglz, pr`gurlkd` ltokfor vlktlfnks g`ipntotovls k` inrgld`-lcv`. L odnol blsn ï l grolæç` dn ui k`v` pr`dut` knssn insi` inrgld`, snincmlktn l` pr`dut` `jnrngod` kl Rnfoç`, qun, g`i` rnjnrod` lktnro`rinktn, tni glrltnréstogls iuot` ltrltovls plrl ` inrgld` okfcès n jrlkgès, ils g`i uil ilrgl dostoktl dl hì nxostnktn. @ okvnstoinkt` kngnssìro` å oipcninktlæç` dn uil k`vl nstruturl, qun snrì groldl dn rloz, snrì njntuld` g`i glpotlc pr÷pro`, rnplrtod` ni 45% plrl l niprnsl c`glc n :5% plrl l niprnsl nsplkm`cl. L nsg`cml dl niprnsl nsplkm`cl surfou ltrlvïs dn ui g`ktlgt` g`i l insil, njntuld` kuil jnorl oktnrklgo`klc dn turosi` mì lcfuks lk`s, tnkd` dnsnkv`cvod`, g`i ` tnip`, ui b`i rnclgo`klinkt` nktrn libls. Nstl hì `pnrl kl Okfcltnrrl n hì mlvol odnktojogld` uil `p`rtukodldn dn g`khuflæç` dn j`ræls g`i vostl åquncn inrgld`, n g`i` hì tni nxpnroèkgol dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`, bni g`i` ` g`kmngoinkt` d` inrgld` n dls prìtogls c`glos, jlgocotl l oktnfrlæç` dn uil k`vl niprnsl klquncn plés. Nstn j`o ` plrgnor` lgnrtld`, p`os dospþn dn rngurs`s n lptodþns qun g`ipcninktli ` d` `utr` plrgnor`.
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Nstn lg`rd` dn plrgnrol oktnfrl lokdl uil nstrltïfol dn ilrantokf g`khuktl, ltrlvïs dl qulc snrì p`ssévnc l grolæç` dn plg`tns dn jïrols (nstldols + volfnks) oktnrcofld`s nktrn `s m`tïos dn libls ls niprnsls, ltrlvïs d` dorngo`klinkt` dn gconktns nktrn m`tïos. Nstl nstrltïfol tni g`i` `bhntov` prokgoplc l grolæç` dn vlc`r plrl `s gconktns. Dnstn i`d` lib`s p`dnrç` plrtocmlr l sul blsn dn dld`s d`s gconktns plrl g`inrgolcozlrni ` snu pr`dut` n tlibïi p`dnrç` `jnrngnr `s pr`dut`s d` snu plrgnor` l`s snus ltulos gconktns. Dn i`inkt`, ls suls læþns dn ilrantokf blsnoli-sn kl pubcogodldn jnotl pncls lfèkgols n pnc`s `pnrld`rns turéstog`s, bni g`i` ltrlvïs d` snu wnbsotn. Ulrtogopli tlibïi, g`i lcfuil rnfuclrodldn, ni jnorls dn turosi` oktnrklgo`klos, snrvokd` nstls g`i` ui p`kt` dn nkg`ktr` fc`blc plrl `s pr`josso`klos dn turosi`. Kç` mì døvodl dn qun ls jnorls sç` uil jnrrlinktl dn vnkdls n ilrantokf nxtrnilinktn p`dnr`sl. Kncls, `s rnclgo`klinkt`s sç` g`kstruéd`s, `s g`ktrlt`s sç` lssokld`s n `s knf÷go`s sç` jnot`s. Libls ls niprnsls trlblcmli g`i `s insi`s `pnrld`rns turéstog`s, ` qun orì jlgocotlr nstl `pnrlæç`, pnc` qun nstns ltulrç` g`i` ` prokgoplc glklc dn dostrobuoæç` dnstl nstrltïfol. L grnsgnktn nsg`cml pnc` dnstok` Ildnorl p`r plrtn dn lcfuks `pnrld`rns, qun tèi lp`stld` ni v``s g`i `rofni d` Rnok` ^kod`, orì sni døvodl g`ktrobuor plrl l b`l ilkutnkæç` dl nstrltïfol pclknldl, luxocolkd` l oktnrcoflæç` nktrn `s d`os dnstok`s g`i l rnfuclrodldn prntnkdodl. L pr`i`æç` dl k`vl ukodldn qun orì surfor snrì njntuldl p`r nstns insi`s glklos, rnjnrod`s lgoil, tnkd` lf`rl l vlktlfni dn snr tlibïi njntuldl k` inrgld` d` plrgnor`, ` qun lgrnsgnktlrì ilos ui p`ssévnc inrgld`-lcv`, ltï lf`rl oknxpc`rld` pncl niprnsl rnfo`klc. K` qun rnspnotl l`s rngurs`s muilk`s, libls ls niprnsls lg`rdlrli ni g`ktrltlr k` plés-lcv` n orç` grolr pr`frlils dn j`rilæç` oktnksovl, c`glcozld`s kls ukodldns m`tncnorls hì nxostnktns. L durlæç` dl j`rilæç` snrì vlroldl, dn lg`rd` g`i ls rnspntovls jukæþns, n vosl l ukoj`riozlæç` d` snrvoæ` dn lg`rd` g`i `s stlkdlrds d` M`tnc (`iotod`), uil vnz qun l Dornæç` lssuin qun l fnstç` njoglz d`s rngurs`s muilk`s ï l gmlvn plrl l g`kstruæç` dn nxgncèkgol kl okdøstrol dn snrvoæ`s. @ `bhntov` ï pr`duzor pnss`lc lctlinktn g`ipntnktn, qun snhli qulcojogld`s n i`tovld`s plrl dnsnipnkmlr ls suls jukæþns dnktr` dl `rqunstrlæç` fc`blc dl `rflkozlæç`, dn i`dl l dlr l iìxoil sltosjlæç` l` gconktn.
7:
6. G`kgcusç`
Nstn trlblcm` tnvn g`i` `bhntov`, p`r ui cld`, rnvnr g`kgnot`s n tn`rols rnclgo`kldls g`i ` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`. U`r `utr` cld` prntnkdnu-sn lklcoslr l nstruturlæç` n oipcninktlæç` dnssn insi` pr`gnss` kuil niprnsl m`tncnorl dl Rnfoç` Lut÷k`il dl Ildnorl, g`i ` `bhntov` dn g`khuflr l tn`rol l uil rnlcodldn prìtogl, pr`gurlkd` rnsp`kdnr å qunstç` dn qulc l nstrltïfol n i`d` dn nktrldl qun incm`r sn ldlptli å insil n p`rquè. T`ilkd` p`r blsn l lkìcosn dnstn nstud` dn gls`, g`i t`dl l g`ip`knktn tn÷rogl lktnro`rinktn lprnsnktldl, p`dn-sn g`kgcuor qun l oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ï ui plss` kngnssìro` plrl l g`ipntotovodldn n s`brnvovèkgol l c`kf` prlz`. J`o p`ssévnc vnrojoglr qun ` tlilkm` dl niprnsl n l dosp`kobocodldn dn rngurs`s dnsnipnkmli ui plpnc oip`rtlktn kl ilo`rol dls doinksþns dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`. G`kgcuo-sn tlibïi qun kç` nxostn uil nstrltïfol dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` ukoj`rin plrl ls niprnsls dn pnqunk` n iïdo` p`rtn. Gldl niprnsl dnvn snfuor l sul pr÷prol nstrltïfol g`i blsn kl sul dosp`kobocodldn dn rngurs`s, kls suls vlktlfnks g`ipntotovls n `p`rtukodldns. K` qun sn rnjnrn l` pr`gnss` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` d` M`tnc (`iotod`), n rnsp`kdnkd` å pnrfuktl dn plrtodl, l nstrltïfol snfuodl j`o uil nstrltïfol fc`blc, uil vnz qun nstl prntnkdn nstlkdlrdozlr l sul `jnrtl, ltrlvïs dl grolæç` dn ui pr`dut` ofulc k` inrgld`lcv`. @ m`tnc `pt`u p`r rnlcozlr uil h`okt vnkturn, `u snhl, gro`u ui lg`rd` g`i ui plrgnor` plrl uil g`ktrobuoæç` g`khuktl dn glpotlc n g`kmngoinkt` plrl l grolæç` dn uil k`vl uil niprnsl. Tnkd` ni g`ktl l tn`rol nstudldl, nstl plrgnrol i`str`u snr ` incm`r iït`d` dn nktrldl k` inrgld` oktnrklgo`klc, tnkd` ni g`ktl l jlctl dn nxpnroèkgol dn ltulæç` k` nstrlkfnor` n l jlctl dn glpotlc pr÷pro` plrl l grolæç` dn ui okvnstoinkt` dornt`. Dnstn i`d`, l niprnsl trlz ` g`kmngoinkt` d` pr`dut` n ` plrgnor` nsg`cmod` g`ktrobuo g`i ` g`kmngoinkt` c`glc n nxpnroèkgol oktnrklgo`klc, pnriotokd` lssoi qun gldl plrtn iokoiozn ` rosg`, l` g`kg`rdlr ni g`iplrtocmlr t`d`s `s gust`s n dnspnsls dl k`vl niprnsl.
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Ltulcinktn, `s lg`rd`s dn g``pnrlæç` sç` uil nstrltïfol oknvotìvnc n njoglz plrl ls niprnsls. D` p`kt` dn vostl nstrltïfog`, uil h`okt vnkturn ï ui lg`rd` v`cuktìro` nktrn niprnsls, qun nkv`cvn nquodldn, tr`gl, plrtocml, `u g`dnsnkv`cvoinkt` dn pr`dut`s n snrvoæ`s. Ï gnrt` qun kç` s÷ rnduz `s rosg`s dn `pnrlæç` n `s gust`s oknrnktns å g`ipcnxodldn n okgnrtnzl, ils tlibïi bnknjogol ls niprnsls plrl qun g`ksofli grolr vlc`r n vlktlfni g`ipntotovl k` p`sogo`klinkt` dl okdøstrol. Dnstn i`d` g`kgcuo-sn, k` qun sn rnjnrn l` m`tnc, qun nstl plrgnrol p`dnrì rnsuctlr kui luinkt` sofkojogltov` d` vlc`r dl niprnsl, p`ssobocotlkd` uil vlktlfni g`ipntotovl ni rnclæç` å g`kg`rrèkgol.
7=
=. Rnjnrèkgols Bobco`frìjogls
Lbrlktns, L. (, Hucm` dn Plrq2.mti QG`ksuctld` ni 5>/5:/25<2Y.
B`roko, J., G`ncm`, J., Robnor`, J., & Ur`nkæl, N. (s.d.). @ Urosil dl Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`. Trlblcm` gonktéjog`-g`iïrgo` nxtnro`r. ZOO WNIN LD - Wniokìro`s ni
Ldiokostrlæç`.
Brlsoc.
QNi
cokmlY.
Dosp`kévnc
ni8
mttp8//www.nld.jnl.usp.br/sninld/6sninld/plfokls/lrtof`s%25rngnbod`s/G`inrgo`%2 5nxtnro`r/G@IN]56-%25`%25prosil%25dl%25oktnrklgo`klcozlgl`.pdj QG`ksuctld` ni <2/5:/25<2Y.
Brldcny, J. (). Oktnrklto`klc ilrantokf strltnfy. 2. nd. C`kd`k8 Urnktogn-Mlcc Oktnrklto`klc.
Glc`j, H. & Bnliosm, U. (). Ldlptokf t` J`rnofk Ilrants8 Nxpclokokf Oktnrklto`klcozlto`k. Oktnrklto`klc Busoknss Rnvonw, 4 (2), pp. <<>-<7<.
Glrknor`, H. & Dob, C. (2556). Lvlcolæç` g`iplrltovl d` nsg`p` dnsgrotov` n nxpclklt÷ro` d`s prokgoplos i`dnc`s dn oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dn niprnsls. OKTNRKN]T ‗ Rnvostl Ncntrôkogl dn Knf÷go`s Oktnrklgo`klos dl NWUI, Wç` Uluc`, v. 2, k. <, pp. <-
2>.
QNi
cokmlY.
Dosp`kévnc
mttp8//oktnrknxt.nspi.br/okdnx.pmp/oktnrknxt/lrtogcn/vonwJocn/<:/<>
ni8 QG`ksuctld`
ni
<7/5:/25<2Y.
Gyrok`, L. & @covnorl I. (2552). Unsquosl Fc`blc Uclynrs8 Okvnstoflæç` s`brn Ur`gnss`s dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dn Niprnsls k` Brlsoc. NKLKULD. 7?
Dols, I. (2556). L Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` n `s Jlgt`rns dn G`ipntotovodldn8 @ Gls` Ldorl.
Dossnrtlæç` dn Instrld` ni Goèkgols Niprnslrolos ‗ Nspngolcozlæç` ni
Ilrantokf. Jlgucdldn dn Ng`k`iol dl ^kovnrsodldn d` U`rt`. QNi cokmlY. Dosp`kévnc ni8 mttp8//www.jnp.up.pt/d`gnktns/gbrot`/Tnsn%25Ilkuncl%25Dols.pdj QG`ksuctld` ni 5>/5:/25<2Y.
Jnrrnorl, I., Rnos, K. & Wnrrl, J. (25<<). Knf÷go`s oktnrklgo`klos n oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` plrl ls ng`k`iols ninrfnktns. Cosb`l8 Codnc Nd.
Tïgkogls.
Jrnorn, L. (
Flcc`, I. & Flrgél-U`kt, G. (
H`mlks`k, H., & Vondnrsmnoi, J. (). Tmn oktnrklto`klcozlto`k `j tmn jori8 j`ur Wwndosm glsns. H`urklc `j Ilklfninkt studons, Z`c. <2 k. 7, p. 75>.
M`tnc (`iotod`) QNi cokmlY Dosp`kévnc ni8 mttp8//www.(`iotod`).g`i/ QG`ksuctld` ni <=/5:/25<2Y.
Aotlmlrl, H., G`ncm`, D. & Jncdilkk, U. (25<5). Ng`k`iol Fc`blc n Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dn Niprnsls8 uil pr`p`stl dn top`c`fol dn niprnsls oktnrklgo`klcozldls. ]OOO WNIN LD ‗ Wniokìro`s ni Ldiokostrlæç`. Brlsoc. QNi cokmlY. Dosp`kévnc ni8 mttp8//www.nld.jnl.usp.br/sninld/<7sninld/rnsuctld`/trlblcm`sUDJ/727.pdj QG`ksuctld` ni <7/5:/25<2Y.
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Cn Ilorn, H. (
Ilrgmo`rnt`, J. & B`rt`clkæl, H., (25<<). Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dn Jrlkquols. Gliplkml Klgo`klc dn Nsg`cls dl G`iukodldn, Jlgucdldn Gnkngostl dn Glpovlro, Wç` Uluc`. Brlsoc.
QNi
cokmlY.
Dosp`kévnc
ni8
mttp8//www.f``fcn.g`i/urc0sl9t&rgt9h&q9oktnrklgo`klcozl%G7%L6%G7%L7`%25jr lkgmosokf%25vlktlfnks%25dnsvlktlfnks&s`urgn9wnb&gd9<&vnd95GJ4\JhLL&urc 9mttp%7L%2J%2Jcobdof.gkngglpovlro.br%2Jokdnx.pmp%7J`pto`k%7Dg`iPrubbnrd`g %2:vonw%7Dd`g%2:od%7D76>%2:j`rilt%7Drlw&no9C
QG`ksuctld`
ni
<:/5:/25<2Y.
Ilz`k, J. & Wocvl, V. (255?). Blrrnorls n I`tovlæþns plrl Oktnrklgo`klcozlr8 ^i Nstud` Iuctossnt`rolc ni Okdøstrols dn Unqunk` n Iïdo` U`rtns. WOIU@O LKLOW 255? . Brlsoc.
Inynr, R. (
I`oko, L. (
I`tl, R. (2556). Dngosþns Nstrltïfogls k` Ur`gnss` dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dn Niprnsls8 –J`ril dn Nktrldl’ n –Wncnæç` dn Inrgld`’ . 7N‟s ‗ LKULD.
QNi cokmlY.
Dosp`kévnc ni8 mttp8//pt.sgrobd.g`i/d`g/226<5/5:/25<2Y.
4<
@covnorl, H. (255=). Oktnrklcozlæç` n Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç`8 Nstud` dn Gls`s Iøctopc`s . Dossnrtlæç` dn Instrld` Ur`josso`klcozlktn ni Ldiokostrlæç`, Jlgucdldn dn Ng`k`iol n Joklkæls OBING. Ro` dn Hlknor`, Brlsoc. QNi cokmlY. Dosp`kévnc ni8 mttp8//www.obingrh.br/sub/RH/jocns/dossnrtPinstrld`/LDIPh`l``covnorlPk`v.pdj QG`ksuctld` ni <7/5:/25<2Y.
Ulpld`p`uc`s, K., Gmnk, M. & Tm`ils, D., (2552). T`wlrd l Trldn`jj I`dnc j`r Oktnrklto`klc Ilrant Wncngto`k. Oktnrklto`klc Busoknss Rnvonw << (7), pp.72>-74>.
Ur`nkæl, N. & Rli`s, M. (s.d.). @ Ur`gnss` dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` k` Brlsoc - ^i Nstud` Nxpc`rlt÷ro` kl Dndoko. ZOO WNINLD ‗ Wniokìro`s ni Ldiokostrlæç`. Brlsoc. QNi
cokmlY.
Dosp`kévnc
ni8
mttp8//www.nld.jnl.usp.br/sninld/6sninld/plfokls/lrtof`s%25rngnbod`s/Ldi%25Fnr lc/LDI
QG`ksuctld`
ni <4/5:/25<2Y.
R`gml, L. & Lcinodl, Z. (255:). Nstrltïfols dn nktrldl n dn `pnrlæþns ni inrgld`s oktnrklgo`klos. Wç` Uluc`8 Wlrlovl.
Wìkgmnz, L. & Glilgm`, N. (2556). Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` niprnslrolc8 ui i`dnc` nxpcogltov` d` i`d` dn nktrldl. Rnvostl Nkg`ktr`s Gonktéjog`s, k¸ 7, pp. :>-6:. QNi cokmlY.
Dosp`kévnc
ni8
mttp8//www.umu.ns/lcj`ks`Pvlrfls/lrgmov`s/Lrtof`PNkg`ktr`sPGonktojog`sP7.pdj QG`ksuctld` ni <7/5:/25<2Y.
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Wgmknodnr, L. (2552). @ Ur`gnss` dn Oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dn uil Niprnsl d` Wnt`r I`vncnor`8 ^i Nstud` dn Gls`.
^kovnrsodldn Jndnrlc d` Ro` Frlkdn d` Wuc ‗
Ur`frlil dn U÷s-Frldulæç` ni Ldiokostrlæç`. Instrld` ni Ldiokostrlæç`. U`rt` Lcnfrn.
Brlsoc.
QNi
cokmlY.
mttp8//www.nl.ujrfs.br/tnsnsPnPdossnrtlg`ns/td/555=25.pdj
Dosp`kévnc QG`ksuctld`
ni8 ni
<>/5:/25<2Y.
Zolkkl, K. & Lcinodl, W. (s.d.). L dngosç` dn oktnrklgo`klcozlr. Fc`blcozlæç` n oktnrklgo`klcozlæç` dn niprnsls. ]OO WNIN LD ‗ Wniokìro`s ni Ldiokostrlæç`. Brlsoc. QNi
cokmlY.
Dosp`kévnc
ni8
mttp8//www.nld.jnl.usp.br/sninld/<2sninld/rnsuctld`/trlblcm`sUDJ/47?.pdj QG`ksuctld` ni <4/5:/25<2Y.
Vncgm, C., & Cu`stlroknk, R. (>.
Voccolis`k, @. (). Ilrants lkd Monrlrgmons8 Lklcysos lkd Lktotrust Oipcoglto`ks. Knw _`ra8 Tmn Jrnn Urnss.
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