Essentials2 Appendix Teachers Guide Single-teacher-license 2015

603

Basic Phonograms With the sounds for each phonogram in order of frequency. Ph P honogram So Sound

Spelling Hint

Sample Words

a

/ă-ā-ä/

ai

/ā/

ar

/är/

au

/ä/

Two-letter /ä/ that may not be used at the end of English words.

author au thor

/ä-ăf/

Used only at the end of a base word or before a T.

taugh aughtt

aw

/ä/

Two-letter /ä/ that may be used at the end of English words.

saw

ay

/ā/

Two-letter /ā/ that may be used at the end of English words.

play pl ay

b

/b/

bu

/b/

c

/k-s/

cat

cei

/sē/

recei re ceive ve

ch

/ch-k-sh/

chiild ch

ci

/sh/

Short /sh/ used only at the beginning of any syllable after the first one.

spaci spa cious ous

ck

/k/

Two-letter /k/ used only after a single, short vowel.

back ba ck

d

/d/

dge

/j/

augh

e

mat Two-letter /ā/ that may not be used at the end of English words.

table

father

lai aid d car

laugh

bat Two-letter /b/.

buyy bu cent

sch chool ool

chef ch ef

dad Hard /j/ used only after a single, short vowel.

edge

/ĕ-ē/

tent

be

ea

/ē-ĕ-ā/

eatt ea

brea br ead d

stea st eak k

ear

/er/

The /er/ of search.

sear earch ch

ed

/ĕd-d-t/

Past tense ending.

traded trad ed

pulled pull ed

pick ed ed

ee

/ē/

Double /ē/.

tree tr ee

ei

/ā-ē-ī/

May not be used at the end of English words.

thei th eirr

protei ein n f eisty eisty

/ā-ī/

Used only at the end of a base word or before a T.

eightt eigh

heigh eightt

eigh

Copyright © 2015 Pedia Learning Inc. All Rights Reserved. Single Teacher License. NonNon-T Transferable.

604

Essentials Teach Teacher’s er’s Guide

Ph P honogram So Sound

Spelling Hint

Sample Words

er

/er/

The /er/ of her.

her

ew

/ö-ū/

May be used at the end of English words.

flew fl ew

f ew ew

ey

/ā-ē/


they th ey

k ey ey

f

/f/

f oot oot

g

/g-j/

big bi g

gn

/n/

gu

/g-gw/

guiide gu

h

/h/

hat

i

/ĭ-ī-ē-y/

it

Two-letter /n/ used at the beginning or the end of a base word.

sign si gn

ie

/ē/

The /ē/ of field.

f ield ield

igh

/ī/

Three-letter /ī/ used only at the end of a base word or before a T.

nigh ightt

ir

/er/

The /er/ of bird.

bir ird d

j

/j/

job j ob

k

/k/

k it it

kn

/n/

l

/l/

lap

m

/m/

me

n

/n/

nut

ng

/ng/

sing si ng

/ŏ-ō-ö/ /ŏ-ōö/

on

o

gym

Two-letter /n/ used only at the beginning of a base word.

i vy

stadium onion

go

do

know kn ow

oa

/ō/


coa oatt

oe

/ō-ö/


toe

oi

/oi/


boi oill

oo

/ö-ü-ō/

f ood ood

or

/or/

lor ord d

ou

/ow-ō-ö /ow-ō-öMay not be used at the end of English words. ŭ-ü/

shoe sh oe

too ookk

floo fl oorr

hou ouse se

sou oull

grou gr oup p

cou ountry ntry

cou ould ld


langu guage age

605

Ph P honogram So Sound

ough

Spelling Hint

Sample Words

/ŏ-ō- ö /ŏ-ō-öUsed only at the end of a base word or before a T. ow-ŭf-ŏf/

though th oughtt th though ough thr through ough bough

rough snow sn ow

ow

/ow-ō/


plow pl ow

oy

/oi/


boy

p

/p/

ph

/f/

qu

/kw/

queen qu een

r

/r/

ran

s

/s-z/

sent

sh

/sh/

Used only at the beginning of a word and at the end of the syllable. Never used at the beginning of any syllable sh she e after the first one, except for the ending -ship.

si

/sh-zh/

Used only at the beginning of any syllable after the first sessi ses sio on one.

t

/t/

pan Two-letter /f/.

phone ph one

Three-letter /ch/ used only after a single vowel that is not long.

/ch/

th

/th-TH/

ti

/sh/

u

/ŭ-ū-ö-ü/

ui

/ö/

Two-letter /ö/ that may not be used at the end of English words.

frui fr uitt

ur

/er/

The /er/ of hurt.

hur urtt

v

/v/

van

w

/w/

wall

wh

/wh/

wor

/wer/ /r/

as

divisi sion on

tip

tch

wr

trough tr ough

butch bu tcher er thin th in

this th is

Tall /sh/ used only at the beginning of any syllable after parti par tial al the first one. up

Used only at the beginning of a base word.

pupil

flute

put

whisper wh isper worm wor m

Two-letter /r/ used only at the beginning of a base word.

write wr ite

x

/ks-z/

fox fo x

xylophone

y

/y-ĭ-ī-ē/

yard

gym

z

/z/

zip


by

baby bab y

606

Essentials Teac Teacher’s her’s Guide


607

Spelling Rules Rule 1

C always softens to /s/ when followed by E, I, or Y. Y. Otherwise, C says /k/.

Rule 2

G may soften to /j/ only when followed by E, I, or Y. Otherwise, G says /g/.

Rule 3

English words do not end in I, U, V, or J.

Rule 4

A E O U usually say their long sounds at the end of a syllable.

Rule 5

I and Y may say /ĭ/ or /ī/ at the end of a syllable.

Rule 6

When a one-syllable word ends in a single vowel Y, it says /ī/.

Rule 7

Y says /ē/ only only at the end end of a multi-syllable multi-syllable word. word. I says /ē/ at the end end of a syllable that is followed by a vowel and at the end of foreign words.

Rule 8

I and O may say /ī/ and /ō/ when followed by two consonants.

Rule 9

AY usually spells the sound /ā/ at the end of a base word.

Rule 10

When a word ends with the phonogram A, it says /ä/. A may also say /ä/ after a W or before an L.

Rule 11

Q always needs a U; U; therefore, U is not a vowel vowel here.

Rule 12

Silent Final E Rules

12.1 The vowel says its long sound because of the E. 12.2 English words do not end in V or U.

12.3 The C says /s/ and the G says /j/ because of the E.

12.4 Every syllable must have a written vowel.

12.5 Add an E to keep singular words that end in the letter S from looking look ing plural.

12.6 Add an E to make the word look bigger.

12.7 TH says its voiced sound sound /TH/ because of the E.

12.8 Add an E to clarify meaning.

12.9 Unseen reason.

Rule 13

Drop the silent final E when adding a vowel suffix only if it is allowed by other spelling rules.

Rule 14

Double the last consonant when adding a vowel suffix to words ending in one vowel followed by one consonant only if the syllable before the suffix is stressed. * *This is always true for one-syllable words.

Rule 15

Single-vowel Y changes changes to I when adding any ending, unless the ending begins begins with I. Copyright © 2015 Pedia Learning Inc. All Rights Reserved. Single Teacher License. NonNon-T Transferable.

608


Rule 16

Two I’I’ss cannot cannot be next to one another in English words.

Rule 17

TI, CI, CI, and and SI are used only at the beginning of any any syllable syllable after the first first one.

Rule 18

SH spells /sh/ at the beginning beginning of a base word and at the end of the syllable. syllable. SH never spells /sh/ at the beginning of any syllable after the first one, except for the ending -ship.

Rule 19

To make a verb past tense, add the ending -ED unless it is an irregular irregular verb. verb.

Rule 20

-ED, past tense ending, forms another syllable when the base word ends in /d/ or /t/. Otherwise, -ED says /d/ or /t/.

Rule 21

To make a noun plural, add the ending -S, unless the word hisses hisses or changes; then add -ES. Some nouns have no change or an irregular spelling.

Rule 22

To make a verb 3rd person singular, singular, add the ending ending -S, unless the word hisses hisses or changes; then add -ES. Only four verbs are irregular.

Rule 23

AL- is a prefix prefix written with one L when preceding another syllable.

Rule 24

-FUL is a suffix written with one L when added to another syllable.

Rule 25

DGE is used only after a single vowel which says its short sound.

Rule 26

CK is used only after a single vowel which says its short sound.

Rule 27

TCH is used only only after a single vowel which says its short short or broad sound.

Rule 28

AUGH, EIGH, IGH, OUGH: Phonograms ending in GH are used only at the end of a base word or before the letter T. The GH is either silent or pronounced /f/.

Rule 29

Z, never S, spells /z/ at the t he beginning of a base word.

Rule 30

We often double F, L, and S after a single, single, short or broad vowel at the end of a base word. Occasionally other letters also are doubled.

Rule 31

Schwa Rules

31.1 Any vowel may say one of the schwa sounds, /ŭ/ or /ĭ/, in an unstressed 31.1 syllable or unstressed word.

31.2 O may say /ŭ/ in in a stressed syllable next to a W, TH, M, N, or V.

31.3 AR and OR may say their schwa sound, /er/, in an unstressed syllable.


609

Advanced Phonograms Used only in a limited number of words or only in advanced vocabulary. Advanced Phonograms are letters or groups o letters that represent a sound in just a ew English words, or only in advanced or technical technic al vocabulary. Most advanced phonograms are are borrowed rom the phonetic systems o other languages and are used primarily in l oan words rom those languages. A number o the advanced phonograms are introduced in Essentials lessons in Level C. A more complete list is provided here or your reerence in case you would like to teach any o them as you and your students encounter them in words. Some people may also choose to teach and practice all o the Advanced Phonograms ater their students complete Essentials . You You can do this using the Advanced Phonogram Flash Cards and games rom the Phonogram and Spelling Game Book. Keep in mind that while they are ascinating tools or urther understanding our written language, the Advanced Phonograms do not need to be memorized in order or students to become successul readers and spellers. Phonogram

Sound

Sample Words

Language of Origin

aa

/ä/

naa aan n

Dutch, Persian

ae

/ā-ē-ĕ/

aerrial ae

ah

/ä/

hallelujah halleluj ah

ai

/ī-ă/

aissle ai

/ā/

straigh str aightt

au

/ō-ow/

chau ch auvvinism

ay

/ī/

cay aye enne

French

bt

/t/

doubt dou bt

Latin, Old French

cc

/k-ch/

stacc sta ccaato

ce

/sh/

oce ceaan

cu

/k-kw/

biscu bis cuit it

cuiisine cu

French

e

/ā/

caf é

latte latt e

French, Italian

eau

/ō/

plateau plat eau

ée

/ā/

matinée matin ée

puree pur ee

French

ei

/ĭ-ĕ/

forf eit eit

hei eiffer

Middle English

eo

/ē-ĕ/

peo eop ple

leo eop pard

Middle English

et

/ā/

gourmet gourm et

aigh

algae

aesthetic

Greek, Latin Hebrew, Hindi

plai aid d

Old French, Japanese Old English

sau auerkr erkrau autt

cappucc cciino

French and German

Italian Latin

French


French

610


Phonogram

Sound

Sample Words

eu

/ö-ū/

neu euttral

feu eud d

Latin, Middle English

eur

/yer-er/

Euro Eur ope

chauffeur

French

ge

/j-zh/

surge sur geo on

camouflage

French

gh

/g/

ghaastly gh

Old English, Italian

gi

/j/

regi re gio on

French, Latin

gn

/ny/

poign poi gnaant

French, Italian

ie

/ĕ/

frie fr ien nd

Old English

j

/h-y/

jaalapeno j

kh

/k/

khaaki kh

Persian

mb

/m/

bomb bo mb

Old English

mn

/m-n/

hym hy mn

oe

/ē/

subpoe subp oen na

Latin

oi

/wä/

memoi mem oirr

French

ot

/ō/

depot dep ot

French

our

/er/

jour ourn ney

French, English

pn

/n/

pne pn eumonia

Greek

ps

/s/

psyychology ps

Greek

pt

/t/

pte pt erodactyl

Greek

qu

/k/

critiqu criti que e

Spanish, French

rh

/r/

rhyythm rh

Greek

silent

debriss debri

French

/s-sh/

sce sc ene

sch

/sh/

schw sch wa

German

sci

/sh/

consci con scie ence

Latin

th

/t/

thyyme th

Middle English

ut

/ū/

debut deb ut

French

xi

/ksh/

anxi an xio ous

Latin

yr

/er/

myr yrttle

Greek

z

/s/

quartzz quart

German

s sc

Language of Origin

f j jo o rd

mnemonic

cresc sce endo


Spanish, Norwegian

Greek and Latin

Latin

6111 61

List of Morphemes Units of meaning taught in Essentials vocabulary lessons. Morpheme

Meaning

Sample Words

-er

comparative adjective; more

shorter

plainer plain er

Old English

-er

noun suffix

player

catcher catch er

Old English

-est

superlative adjective; the most

fastest

tallest tall est

Old English

-ful

full of

restful

forgetful forget ful

Old English

-ish

adjective & verb suffix; like, characterized by

boyish boy ish

tallish tall ish

Old English

-less

without, devoid of

treeless

childless child less

Old English

-ness

noun suffix

sadness

neatness neat ness

Old English

pre-

before

pretest pre test

prevview pre

Latin

re-

again, back, backward

revisit re visit

rew re wind

Latin

un-

not, opposite, lacking

unkind un kind

unffair un

Old English

Morpheme

Variations

Variations

Meaning

Language

Sample Words

Language

-ed

past tense suffix

visited

watched watch ed

Latin

-er

comparative adjective; more

faster

shorter short er

Old English

-est

superlative adjective; the most

fastest

tallest tall est

Old English

-ful

full of

restful

forgetful forget ful

Old English

-ing

verb ve rb suff suffix ix,, forms forms the pa past st part partic icip iple le

march mar ching ing

waiting wait ing

Old English

-less

without, free from, devoid of

treeless

childless child less

Old English

-ness

noun suffix

sadness

neatness neat ness

Old English

-or

noun suffix

actor

instructor instruct or

Latin

over-

over, too much

overhang over hang

overh over heat

Old English

quart

four

quarter quart er

quarte quart et

Latin

re-


revisit re visit

rew re wind

Latin

-ress

feminine noun suffix

actress

waitress wait ress

Latin


6122 61


Morpheme

Variations

Meaning from

ab-

abs-

ad-

a-, ac-, af-, ag-, to, toward, add al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-

Sample Words

Language

abnormal ab normal

absttain abs

advent, amass, advent, acclimatize, ac climatize, af flict, flict, al allure, lure, aggressive, ag gressive,

announce, announce, append, ap pend, ar arrive, rive, Latin assimilate, as similate, attain at tain

characterized by, kind of

musical music al

seasonal season al

Latin, Greek

year

annuaal annu

biannu annuaal

Latin

noun & adjective suffix; characterized by

servant serv ant

confident confid ent

Latin

fitted, suited

ada ad apt

aptitude

Latin

star

aster

astronaut

Greek

bark

sailing vessel

embark em bark

disembark disem bark

Middle French

bene

good, well

benefactor bene factor

benefficial bene

Latin

two, twice

biannual bi annual

binaary bin

Latin

cept

take, seize

concept con cept

intercept inter cept

Latin

claim

cry out, shout

procclaim pro

claimant

Latin

com-, cor-

with, together, completely

contest, contest, compact com pact

corrrelate cor

Latin

contra-

contro-

against

contradict contra dict

controvversy contro

Latin

cred

credul

believe, entrust

crediit cred

incredul credulo ous

Latin

guilt

culprit culp rit

culpaable culp

Latin

lie down

succumb suc cumb

recumb re cumbe ent

Latin

away from, out of

descend de scend

dep de plane

Latin

damage

condemn con demn

indemn in demniity

Latin

dict

say, speak

dictiionary dict

predict

Latin

dis-

apart, away, opposite

disagree dis agree

dis jointed

Latin

domain, state of

kingdom king dom

freedom free dom

Old English

-eer

noun suffix that denotes a person

engineer engin eer

mountaineer mountain eer

French

en-

in, within

envelop en velop

emp em power

Greek

-er

noun suffix

painter paint er

mixer mix er

Old English

out, up

exit, ex it, emit

ef fluent

Latin

make

facto fact or y

manufact factu ure

Latin

-al annu -ant

-ent

apt aster

bi-

con-

astr

bin-

culp cumb dedemn

dom

exfact

domin

e-, ef-


Latin

6133 61

Morpheme

Variations

Meaning

Sample Words

Language

fend

strike

defend de fend

of fend fend

Latin

fess

admit, reveal

confess con fess

profess pro fess

Latin

flict

strike

conflict con flict

af flict flict

Latin

flue

flow

af fluent fluent

fluiid flu

Latin

-ic

adjective, noun, & verb suffix

pathetic pathet ic

prophetic prophet ic

Latin, Greek

-iff

noun suffix that denotes a person

sheriff sher iff

bailiff bail iff

Old English

in-

im-

in

inspect in spect

imp im press

Latin

in-

im-, il-, ir-

not

intolerant, intolerant, impossible, im possible,

illiterate, illiterate, irregular ir regular

Latin

verb suffix, forms the past participle

claiming claim ing

park ing ing

Old English

between, among

interact inter act

enterttain enter

Latin

just

right

justiify just

un just

Latin

male

evil

malevolent male volent

maled male diction

Latin

mand

order, control

command com mand

demand de mand

Latin

hand

manual manu al

maniipulate man

Latin

heal

medic med ic

mediication med

Latin

mindful, remember

memo mem o

memoryy memor

Latin

noun suffix

appointment appoint ment

commitment commit ment

Latin, French

measure

speedometer speedo meter

biometric bio metricss

Greek

sailor, pertaining to ships

nautical naut ical

nautiilus naut

Latin

obstruct, omit, of fense, obstruct, fense, occlude oc clude oppose op pose

Latin

-ing inter-

manu

enter-

man

med mem

memor

-ment meter naut ob-

metric

o-, oc-, of-, op- against, toward

ocul

eye

oculaar ocul

binocul oculaar

Latin

-oid

like, resembling

humanoid human oid

asteroid aster oid

Latin

-or

noun suffix

inspector inspect or

behavior behavi or

Latin

continuous continu ous

Latin

-ous

adjective suffix; full of, characterized by peril perilous ous

pact

press

compact com pact

impact im pact

Latin

part

separate, part

partn part ner

apart partm ment

Latin

pend

hang

pendu pend ul um

suspend

Latin

per-

through, thoroughly, very

persist per sist

perm per meate

Latin


6144 61


Morpheme

Variations

Meaning

plaint

plain

lament

plaintiiff plaint

complain

Latin

plaud

plause

clap

app ap plaud

plausible

Latin

plex

parts, entwine

complex com plex

duplex du plex

Latin

port

carry

portaage port

export

Latin

pre-

before

preview pre view

prep pre pare

Latin

press

press

oppress op press

suppress sup press

Latin

pro-

in front, in favor of, forward

protrude pro trude

prod pro duce

Latin


revisit re visit

rettract re

Latin

give, make, perform

render

surrender sur render

Latin

wheel

rotate rota te

rotu rot u nd

Latin

break, broken

ruptu rupt ure

erupt

Latin

-es

plural noun suffix, 3rd person singular verb suffix

myths, myths wishes wish es

controls, controls reaches reach es

Old English

saurus

lizard

dinosaur dino saur

allosaurus allo saurus

Latin

scrib

write

prescript pre scription ion

scribb scrib ble

Latin

sent

feeling

sentiiment sent

dissent

Latin

shroud

cover

shroude shroud ed

enshroud

Middle English

sign

mark

signal sign al

signaature sign

Latin

sist

stand

assist as sist

subsist sub sist

Latin

spect

look, see

spectaacles spect

inspect

Latin

struct

build

consstruct con

structure

Latin

subway, subway, suspect, su spect, succumb, suc cumb, suf fer, fer,

supplant, supplant, surrender, sur render, sustain sus tain

Latin

together, with, united

symmetry sym metry

syno syn onym

Greek

tain

hold

maintain main tain

obtain ob tain

Latin

tent

hold

intent in tent

content con tent

Latin

terra

earth, land

terrain terra in

terracce terra

Latin

toler

bear

tolerant toler ant

toleraate toler

Latin

tract

pull

contract con tract

detract de tract

Latin

rerender rota

rot

rupt -s saur script

sub-

su-, suc-, suf-, below, under, beneath, secondary sup-, sur-, sus-

sym-

syn-

Sample Words


Language

6155 61

Morpheme

Variations

Meaning

Sample Words

Language

trans-

across

translate trans late

transiit trans

Latin

tyran

tyrant

tyrannical tyran nical

tyrann tyran ny

Latin

wrap, fold

develop de velop

envelope en velope

Latin

true

verify ver ify

verd ver dict

Latin

will

volunteer volunt eer

voliition vol

Latin

velop

velope

ver volunt

vol


6166 61


Grammar Parts of Speech Nouns N

A noun noun is is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. (1) Singular noun refers noun refers to only one one person, place, thing, or idea. (1.1) Plural noun refers noun refers to more than one person, place, thing, or idea. (1.2) Non-count nouns cannot nouns cannot be made plural. (1.3) Common nouns name nouns name general people, places, things, and ideas. (1.4) Proper nouns name specific people, places, things, and ideas. Capitalize proper nouns. (1.5)

There are six noun jobs: subject noun, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, predicate noun, and noun of direct address. (1.6)

SN

The subject noun is noun is who or what the sentence is about. To find the subject noun, go to the verb and ask: Who or what ______? (1.7)

DO

The direct object receives object receives the action of the verb and completes the meaning of the sentence. To To find the direct object, go to the verb and ask: ______ what? ______ whom? (1.8)

IO

The indirect objects tells objects tells to whom or for whom the action is done. The indirect object receives the direct object. To To find the indirect object, go to the verb and ask: To whom did (the subject) ______? To To what did (the subject) ______? (1.9)

OP

The object of the preposition is preposition is the noun or pronoun which follows the preposition. To find the object of the preposition, preposition, go to the preposition preposition and ask: ______ what? ______ whom? (1.10)

PN

Predicate nouns rename nouns rename the subject and are linked to the subject with a linking verb. (1.11)

NDA

A noun of direct address identifies address identifies to whom a sentence is directed. Separate a noun of direct address from the rest of the t he sentence with a comma. (1.12) Copyright © 2015 Pedia Learning Inc. All Rights Reserved. Single Teacher License. NonNon-T Transferable.

6177 61

Adjectives Adj

An adjective An adjective modifies modifies a noun or a pronoun. An adjective answers: What kind? How many? Which one? Whose? (2) A

A, an, the - tiny article adjectives that adjectives that mark nouns and answer the question: Which? Which? (2.1) The article “a “a”” is used only before before a consonant sound. (2.2) The article “an “an”” is used only before before a vowel sound. (2.3)

PNA

A possessive noun adjective shows adjective shows ownership and answers the question: Whose? (2.4) To turn a noun into a singular To singular possessive noun adjective, adjective, add an apostrophe followed by an S. (2.5) To turn a noun into a plural To plural possessive noun adjective, adjective, add an S to make the noun plural and then add an apostrophe. If the noun has an irregular plural, use an apostrophe followed by an S. (2.6)

PA

Predicate adjectives describe adjectives describe the subject and are linked to the subject with a linking verb. (2.7)

Verbs V

A verb verb shows shows action, links a description to the subject, or helps another verb. To find the verb, go to the subject and ask: What is being said about ____? (3) AV

Action verbs show verbs show actions like run and shout, sit and think. (3.1)

TV

A transitive verb transfers verb transfers the action of the verb to the direct object. object. (3.2)

LV

A linking verb connects verb connects the subject to additional a dditional information about the subject. It may link a predicate noun, noun, pronoun, or adjective adjective to to the subject. (3.3)

HV

Helping verbs help verbs help the main verb by expressing tense, mood, and voice. (3.4)

Adverbs Adv

An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. adverb. Adverbs answer: How? When? Where? To what extent? (4)

Prepositions A preposition preposition links links a noun noun or or a pronoun to the rest of the sentence. (5) Copyright © 2015 Pedia Learning Inc. All Rights Reserved. Single Teacher License. NonNon-T Transferable.

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Pronouns PRO

A pronoun pronoun takes takes the place of a noun. (6) SP

A subject pronoun takes pronoun takes the place of a subject noun: I, you, he, she, it, we, we, they. (6.1)

OP

An object pronoun takes pronoun takes the place of an object noun: me, you, him, her, her, it, us, them. (6.2)

PPA

Possessive pronoun adjectives Possessive adjectives take take the place of possessive noun adjectives: my, mine, your, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs. (6.3)

DP

Demonstrative pronouns Demonstrative pronouns represent represent a nouns and answer the question: Which? this, that, these, those. (6.4)

Conjunctions C

Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or sentences together. Conjunctions connect There are two types of conjunctions: coordinating and subordinating. (7) C

Coordinating conjunctions connect conjunctions connect related words, phrases, or sentences together. Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction: and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so. (7.1)

SC

Subordinating conjunctions join conjunctions join two sentences together by turning one sentence into a dependent clause (or sentence fragment). (7.2) When a sentence begins with a dependent clause, separate the clause from the rest of the sentence with a comma. (7.3) When a sentence ends with a dependent clause, no comma is needed. (7.4)

Interjections I

Interjections show Interjections show strong emotion. They can stand alone. (8) I

Separate an interjection from the rest of the sentence with a comma or an exclamation point. Capitalize the word after an exclamation point. (8.1)


6199 61

Grammar Sentences and Clauses Sentence SENT

A sentence sentence must must have a capital letter, letter, subject, verb, complete thought, and end mark. (9) A sentence has two parts: the subject subject and and the predicate predicate.. (9.1) The simple subject is the noun or pronoun that tells what the sentence is about. To T o find the simple subject, go to the verb and ask: Who or what ______? (9.2) The complete subject includes all the words that modify the simple subject. (9.3) The simple predicate is the verb. The predicate tells what is being said about the subject. To T o find the simple predicate, go to the the subject and ask: What What is being said about ______? (9.4) The complete predicate includes all the words that modify the simple predicate. (9.5) There are four types of sentences: statement statements, s, commands, exclamations, exclamations, questions (9.6) A statement statement ends ends with a period. (9.7) A command command ends ends with a period or o r an exclamation point. (9.8) A question question ends ends with a question mark. (9.9) An exclamation exclamation shows shows strong emotion and ends with an exclamation point. (9.10) There are three three sentence sentence styles: simple, compound, compound, complex. (9.11) A simple sentence contains sentence contains subject(s) and verb(s) and expresses a complete thought. It is also called an a n independent clause. (9.12) A compound sentence contains sentence contains two complete sentences (independent clauses) joined together with a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction. (9.13) A complex sentence contains sentence contains an independent clause joined with one or more dependent clauses.

Clause A clause clause includes includes a subject and a verb verb.. Not all clauses are sentences. (10) An independent clause contains clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. It is also called a simple sentence. (10.1) A dependent clause includes clause includes a subordinating conjunction, subject, and verb. A dependent clause does not express a complete thought. (10.2) Copyright © 2015 Pedia Learning Inc. All Rights Reserved. Single Teacher License. NonNon-T Transferable.

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Grammar Punctuation Comma Rules Use commas to separate the words in a series of three or more. (11.1) Use a comma to separate a direct quote from the rest of the sentence. (11.2) Use a comma to separate a noun of direct address from the rest of the sentence. (11.3) Use commas to separate a parenthetical thought from the rest of the sentence. (11.4) Never use only one comma between the subject and the verb. Two Two commas may be used between the subject and the verb. (11.5) Use a comma between adjectives only if they are coordinate adjectives. Coordinate adjectives relate equally to the noun. (11.6) Use a comma to separate: city, state; date, year; name, title. (11.7) When a sentence begins with a dependent clause, separate the clause from the rest of the sentence with a comma. (7.3) When a sentence ends with a dependent clause, no comma is needed. (7.4)

Capitalization Rules Capitalize the first word in every sentence. (12.1) Capitalize proper nouns, including days of the week, months of the year, and holidays. Do not capitalize seasons. (12.2) Capitalize the first word of a direct quotation unless it begins in the middle of the quoted sentence. (12.3)

Quotation Marks Use quotation marks around direct quotations. (13.1) Place commas and and periods inside the quotation marks. marks. (13.2) Do not use quotation marks if the person is not actually speak ing. (13.3)


621

Apostrophes Use an apostrophe to denote the sound(s) omitted from a contraction. (14.1) Use an apostrophe to form a possessive noun adjective. (14.2)

Numbers Hyphenate numbers twenty-one through ninety-nine. (15.1) Hyphenate fractions. (15.2) Spell out numbers zero through t hrough one hundred. Use numerals for numbers greater than one hundred. (15.3) Spell out numbers with rounded hundreds and thousands. (15.4) Spell out fractions. (15.5) Spell out years and percentages at the beginning of a sentence; use numerals in the middle of a sentence. (15.6) Write decimals with numerals. (15.7) Spell out times on the hour. Use numerals for exact times that include minutes. Write a.m. and p.m. in lowercase letters. (15.8)

Paragraph Paragraph A paragraph paragraph is is a closely related group of sentences about a unified topic. (16) A paragraph begins with an indent. (16.1) Begin a new paragraph when: you start a new topic, you skip to a new time, you skip to a new place, a new person begins to speak, or you want to create a dramatic effect. (16.2) Paragraphs often include three types of sentences: introductory, body, and concluding. (16.3)


622



623

Index of Spelling Words Most o the ollowing words are taught in one o the lessons in this volume in the spelling lists or Level A, B, or C. Some words not taught in a spelling list are included here or your reerence because their unusual spellings are discussed in a lesson or a eacher ip. a 193, 199 abstract 109 absurd 506 abundant 301 accept 583 acorn 173 actor 358 actress 358 adapt 396 address 296 adjustment 204 affluent 300 afernoon 264 agent 579 agree 391 agreement 204 align 507 all 262 allow 580 amendments 235 an 199 ancestor 582 animal 432 apartment 267 applaud 396 appointment 200 arrogant 302 artist 359 aspect 142 assign 471 assistant 141 asteroid 361 astronaut 361 athletic 141 attend 539 attract 547 aunt 353, 356 authentic 364 author 357 automatic 359 avoid 543 awkward 360 backpack 137 bad 104 bag 103 bagel 228

baker 201 ball 262 banquet 107 basket 200 bat 104 bayou 384 beautiul 539, 540 bed 103 beneactor 233 benefits 233 benevolent 234 best 322 better 322 biannual 582 biocals 583 binoculars 583 bird 501 biscuit 174 black 135 bleak 176 blizzard 324 block 321 blow 543 boat 293 book 262 borrow 542 box 198 boy 197 braids 231 brash 175 bread 170 breathless 296 bright 321 broken 201 brother 355 brush 261 bunch 265 butter 173 cabin 111 cacti 208 cactus 200 call 429 campaign 506 canoe 299 canyon 107 card 540

caribou 384 carpenter 434 cartwheel 393 cat 103 catapult 469 catch 428 cents 575 chair 232 character 300 characteristic 301 charming 298 chart 577 cheap 294 cheat 393 check 576 child 500 class 263 claw 469 clean 168 clerk 172 clever 172 cliff 261 clock 169 clover 199 clutch 470 coat 294 coffee 175 coin 198 cold 501 collect 579 colossal 302 comort 430 command 507 committee 235 compact 110 compartment 267 compass 302 complaint 269 complex 110 computer 232 condemn 396 conflict 109 consent 507 consistent 110 construct 435 contain 547


content 109 contest 109 contract 109 contradict 472 cool 325 corn 168 corner 356 correct 581 corrupt 434 cough 391 cover 505 crash 581 crawl 393 credulous 398 creek 139 cruel 174 culprit 140 customer 433 cylinder 580 cymbal 580 damp 108 dash 577 daughter 356 day 229 dear 202 deep 139 deend 434 deendant 269 delay 580 deliver 431 dentist 111 dependant 269 depot 316, 327 design 465 despair 397 destroy 392 detail 230 development 203 devour 469 different 576 dinosaur 363 director 359 dirt 542 disagree 398 disappear 398 disclaimer 585

624


discover 397 discredit 398 discreet 205 dish 198 disrupt 435 dissent 508 distant 299 district 111 doctor 360 doe 297 dog 103 domain 326 dominant 326 door 293, 295 doubt 269 drab 107 draw 467 drink 465, 466 duck 169 ear 501 earnest 508 earth 505 eat 428 echo 393 egg 295 electronic 236 embark 472 encounter 473 enjoy 427 enshroud 472 entertain 547 entrust 473 envelop 471, 472 envelope 471 environment 546 equal 576 eraser 173 erupt 435 event 576 evil 231 excellent 576 except 583 exclaimed 585 exotic 139 experiment 546 expert 175 explain 505 export 235 extra 231 extract 547 all 324 antastic 142 ast 103 ather 355 ault 360 earless 266 east 172

eed 505 eelings 172 ew 541 fight 392 fill 544 find 466 finish 577 first 503 fish 229 flood 325 floor 293, 295 flounder 397 flour 468 flower 468, 501 fluent 299 ollow 427 orest 169 ormal 204 ossil 364 reedom 326 requent 204 ront 297 rozen 197 rugal 269 ruit 577 ull 263 garden 265 general 584 generous 580 germs 575 get 539 ghost 585 gif 576 ginger 579 girl 500 glass 261 good 322 government 236 grand 107 gray 227 great 356 green 136 grey 227 grow 505 hail 324 haircut 230 hammock 141 hand 103 harbor 326 hat 103 hatch 541 hawk 359 head 231 heal 469 hear 501 heat 325 help 391

hero 170, 179 hill 293 hold 467 hour 468 howl 393 human 227, 229 hurt 501 I 385 idea 543 igloo 265 import 235 impress 473 incredulous 399 index 233 index o 623 indiscreet 205 influenza 300 inormal 204 inrequent 204 insistent 110 inspector 234 instruct 435 intercept 584 interrupt 434 intolerant 301 invalid 205 irrelevant 584 jealous 508 jewel 544 join 543 journal 471 journey 456 joyless 266 jump 501 kindergarten 298 king 201 kitten 106 knock 470 know 465 laptop 232 last 104 laughter 357 lavish 205 law 357 lawyer 362 leader 544 leap 394 least 202 leg 103 lesson 540 letter 541 light 321 lightning 323 list 198 lizard 266 loiter 471 long 136


look 470 mail 229 maleactor 364 malevolent 364 mammoth 138 man 229 maneuver 507 manual 234 manuscript 234 map 102 marvelous 396 match 428 matinee 141 mayor 328 meager 205 meander 473 medical 362 meet 466 melt 394 membership 175 memo 203 memoir 203 milk 169 mitten 107 monitor 545 monster 173 monument 205 moon 262 morning 172 mother 355 muffin 138 murmur 506 music 320 mutter 468 myth 140 nautical 361 neck 172 need 467 new 540 next 229 night 320 obstruct 435 odd 298 offend 434 oil 197 old 501 open 392 oppress 434 order 230 ostrich 297 overcast 325 overcook 430 own 539 painless 266 paint 229 paper 169 parakeet 579

625 parent 544 partner 267 pass 466 path 136 peek 470 pendant 270 perect 322 persistent 174 pick 466 piglet 106 pilot 358 pink 103 pitch 431 plaid 235 plain 228 plaintiff 268 play 390 plough 388 plow 388 plummet 469 pocket 139 poem 360 poison 232 pond 136 poor 261, 262, 262, 291 291 potatoes 239 pound 392 pour 540 predict 472 president 360 proclaim 585 proessor 433 profiteer 141 profits 140 program 320 prominent 362 protest 397 public 111 publish 506 pull 466 pumpkin 107 puppeteer 140 push 427 quaint 234 quart 265 quarter 265 quartet 266 queen 202 quick 168 quiet 541 quilt 104 quiver 393 rabbit 107 raccoon 297 rain 228 raw 356 reach 428

read 428 real 169 recess 581 reeree 431 relevant 584 remember 467 repair 431 repeat 432 report 202 reprimand 473 research 546 resent 508 resistant 174 respond 581 restaurant 363 restless 297 retain 547 retract 546 return 504 rhythm 545 rich 293 right 356 river 294 road 294 robot 172 robust 175 rock 136 roll 543 room 294 rotund 327 rotunda 327 royal 190, 201 rustic 110 said 575, 578 sail 502 sandwich 265 sauerkraut 362 savor 473 say 577 says 575, 577 scarlet 296 school 262 schooner 299 scientist 433 scold 504 scowl 395 scratch 432 search 502 seashell 264 second 503 secret 262 see 539 seedling 139 select 432 selfish 173 sell 467 sentiment 508

seven 197 sharp 263 shatter 430 sheep 228 sheriff 268 ship 169 short 228 shout 390 shovel 542 shrink 430, 432 sick 135 sign 465 signal 471 silver 202 sing 390 sister 355 six 169 skunk 106 sleep 391 sleet 171 slick 138 slither 468 smell 541 smooth 264 snow 504 soap 295 soar 395 sof 104 soil 201 son 355 song 168 speak 394 spectacular 268 spectator 268 spectrum 142 spinach 297 splendid 107 sport 170 spray 230 spread 468 spring 324 sprint 469 squeamish 175 squirrel 503 stand 544 start 466 steep 138 stegosaurus 363 stick 198 street 135 strength 176 stretch 430 string 136 strong 135 student 297 stuff 265 subsets 327


subterranean 328 subway 327 succumb 397 suit 581 summer 323 sun 135 sunscreen 173 support 328 suppressant 327 surrender 546 suspect 141 suspenders 270 sustain 548 swallow 394 sweatshirt 504 sweep 395 sweetest 137 sweltering 324 swif 139 swing 138 symbol 176 symmetric 176 symptom 176 talk 429 tall 294 taunt 582 teach 428 teacher 298 ten 136 terrain 328 the 193, 199 thick 138 think 390, 392 third 503 thirteen 502 thorough 399 thou 384 threatening 431 three 135 throat 296 throw 428 thumb 300 thunderstorm 323 ticket 231 timid 108 toe 294 tolerant 301 tomatoes 239 toothbrush 320 tornado 323 touch 391 toy 198 track 172 train 228 tranquil 110 transorm 545 transport 545

626


travel 432 tree 136 truck 136 trunk 198 turn 500 tweet 581 twirl 543 tyrannosaurus 363 unit 231 unsuspecting 142 vanish 394 vast 108 velvet 108 verdict 507 video 227 view 542 visitor 359 volcano 433 volunteer volunt eer 140 wail 394 wait 391 waiter 358 waitress 358 walk 429 want 428 warm 321 watch 427 water 263 weak 200 wear 502 weather 325 weekend 138 whar 326 wheat 321 wheel 321 whisper 390 who 316 winter 324 wish 201 witness 268 woman 295 women 295, 304 wonder 470 wonderul 540 yard 321 yawn 468 year 356 yogurt 504 you 385 young 504 zealous 508 zero 232


627

General Index A Complement (verb or subject) 437 Compound words 147, 149, 243, 370, 531 blending o (phonemic awareness activity activity)) 57 Conjunctionss 273, 305, 618 Conjunction Connector strokes 70 Consonants 95, 97, 159, 160, 195 Cot-caught merger 222 Cues 22, 99, 133, 134 Cursive handwriting 18, 52 connector strokes 70

Abbreviations 512, 520 Adjectives 144, 180, 331, 416, 416, 448, 617 comparative 243, 308, 334 possessive 366, 515, 515, 617 superlative 334 Advanced phonograms table o 609 ai 220 au 348 bt 254 cu 159 ée 126 eu 495 gh 566 mb 288 mn 383 oi 190 ot 316 our 456 rh 528 sc 422 Agreementt (subject-verb) Agreemen (subject-verb) 404 Apostrophes 212, 366, 515, 621 Article adjectives adjectives 208, 617 617 definite and indenfinite 304 Assessments grading 43, 123 introduction introducti on to 42, 121 misspelling words in 41 Assimilating prefixes 118, 150, 184 Assimilation o sounds 118, 245, 411 Australian English 241

D Dictation, about 115 Differentiation Differen tiation o o instruction 8, 39 Diphthongs 128 Direct object 437, 439, 448, 616 Double letters 106, 171, 256, 261, 413 Dyslexia 39

E End marks 402, 405, 589 Essentials Reader, Te 40, 41, 120 Exclamation points 402, 590

F Final sound o a word, identiying identiying 85 Finger spelling 21, 31, 99, 101 First sound o a word, word, identiying 37, 81 Flash cards, tips or or using and organizing organizing 41, 66 Foundations (Logic Foundations (Logic o English curriculum) 8, 39 Fragments 402

B Base words 148 Blending (phonemic awareness activity) 61, 65, 69, 73, 77, 81 Breve 37, 127, 129, 350 British English spelling, spelling, differences rom American 227, 241, 452

G

Game cards, tips or organizing 41 Games Handwriting Games Blind Spelling 143 Blind Writing 87 C Eraser Race 83 Palm Writing 483 Canadian English 241 Morpheme Games Capital letters 402, 512, 589, 620 Morpheme Memory 283 Cardinal numbers 518 Phonemic Awareness Games Clauses 619 Charades 65 Commas 272, 331, 588, 589, 620 Find the Object 73 Comparative adjectives 182, 243, 308, 334 Find the Object Object (variation) (variation) 77 Copyright © 2015 Pedia Learning Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Single Teacher License. NonNon-T Transferable.

628

Essentials Teacher’ Teacher’ss Guide

I Spy Spy 85, 89 Match the Sound 81, 85 Unglue the Objects 81 Phonogram Games Blind Writing 87 Dragon 75 Eraser Race 83, 224 Go Fish 71 Go Fish! 211 Last One 537 Last One! 79 Palm Writing 483 Phonogram Basketball 67, 319 Phonogram Game Card Bingo 91 Phonogram Memory Memory 59, 424 Phonogram Reading Race 275 Phonogram Sandwich 569 Phonogram Sky Writing 181 Phonogram Slap 463 Phonogram Snatch 63, 165 Phonogram Speed 370 Phonogram Speed Bingo 442 Rotten Egg 258 eacher rouble rouble 241 Spelling Games Blind Spelling 143 Guess the Word 181 Phonogram ile ile Crossword 271 R-Controlled Vowel Vowel Game 517 Speed Writing 303 Spelling Basketball 206 Spelling I Spy 400 Spelling Snap 112 Spelling ile Puzzle Puzzle 475 Te /ch/ Game 436 43 6 You’re My Edit Editor or 238 Game tiles, tips or organizing 41 GH, phonograms ending in 318, 348, 353, 382 Grade levels 9 Grammar, guide to 616 Great Vowel Vowel Shif 349 Guessing words when reading 49

H Handwriting 44, 45 cursive vs. manuscript 18 importance o teaching 18 Homographs 464 Homonyms 337, 464, 484 Homophones 372, 464, 598

I Indirect object 552, 616 616 Interjections 618

K Kinesthetic awareness o sounds 49, 127, 128, 222

L Language development, stages o 50 Lef-handed students 53, 54 Letter names 19, 52, 97, 98, 128 Levels o instruction instruction (A, B, and and C) 8, 44 Long sounds o o U 128

M Macron 37, 128, 129, 349 Manuscript handwriting 18, 52, 54 Markings grammar markings markings 113, 305, 369, 405, 440, 444, 480, 513, 552 spelling markings markings 22, 23, 25, 28, 32, 34, 37, 37, 93, 220 Materials needed 16 Morphemes 94, 116, 148, 242, 557 table o 611 ab- 119 ad- 152, 183, 277, 412, 559, 598 -al 246, 374 annu 596 -ant 279 apt 412 aster, astr 373 -ate 118 bark 487 bene 244 bi-- 596 bi breve 127 cardin 518 cept 597 claim 598 con-, con -, com com-- 117, 412, 444, 447, 521 contra-- 487 contra counter, contra 488 cred 415 culp 152 cumb 151, 413 de-- 279, 445 de demn 413 dent 117 di-- 128 di dict 487, 520 dis-- 414, 447 dis dom, domin 338 -ed 533, 533, 557 -eer 150 en-, em- 487 enter- 560 -er (adjective suffix) 182, 243, 307, 307, 334 -er (noun suffix) 280, 442


629 -est 149, 182, 307, 334 render 151, 559 ex-, ee- 247, 446, 446, 559, 598 ress 373 fact 245 rota,, rot 339 rota fend 279, 445 rupt 446 fer 151 saur 375 fess 447 script, scrib 245 fix 116, 148, sent 521 148, 149, 242 flict 118 -s, -es (plural -es (plural ending) 207 flue 308 shroud 487 foc 596 sign 486 - ful 408, 595 simil 118, 184 gram 94 sist 118, 183 graph 464 spect 278 homo 337, 372, 464, 484, 598 struct 444 -ic 117, 131, 131, 374 374 sub-- 117, 118, 149, sub 149, 150, 339, 413, 559 sym 183 -iff 278 in-- 212, 597 in syn 485 -ing 409 tain 151, 560 in-, im- 246 tent 118 inter - 446, 597 terra 340 thesaurus 486 -ish 336 junct 273 toler 309 just 214 tract 117, 118, 118, 558 558 -less less 276, 408 trans 558 macro 128 tyran 375 male 376 un-- 151, 556 un man, mand 521 velop 487 manu 245 ver 520 med 375 volunt 150 mem 213 Multi-letter phonograms -ment 213, 213, 278 marking o 23, 25, 38 meter, metric 183 Multi-sensory Multi-senso ry learning 57 naut 373 Multi-syllable words -ness 308, 336 schwa in 254, 2 54, 259 nym 337, 484 spelling analysis analysis with 29, 167 ob-- 445 ob strategies or reading 160, 528 ocul 597 -oid 374 N o’ ’ (o'clock) (o'clock) 211 -or 245, 372, 447 Nouns 112, 143, 177, 331, 475, 616 ord 519 common 511, 616 -ous 415 non-count 178, 206, 616 over - 443 plural 616 pact 117 proper 511, 616 part 277 singular 113, 616 pend 151, 280 subject nouns nouns 402, 475 per - 183 Numbers 621 phone 93, 372, 598 plaint 278 O plaud 412 plex 118 Object (o a verb) 437, 616 plural 114 See also Direct object, Indirect object port 246 O'clock pre-- 117, 148, 242, 483, pre 483, 487 see imes, writing o press 445 One-syllable words pro-- 447 pro Spelling Analysis with 20 quart 277 Ordinal numbers 518 re-- 183, 483, 557, 558, 594 re Copyright © 2015 Pedia Learning Inc. All Rights Reserved.


630


P Pacing Essentials lessons lessons 39 Paragraphs 621 Parts o speech guide to 616 Periods 402, 590 Phonemes 50, 93 Phonemic awareness awareness 44, 49 Phonograms about 93 advanced, table o 609 see also Advanced phonograms phonograms basic, table table o 603 benefits o teaching all the sounds o 59 guide to teaching 19 multi-letter 95, 98 single-letterr 95, 98 single-lette teaching sounds, not names 19, 52, 94, 95 with multiple sounds: sounds: strategies or reading 385, 529 a 226, 257, 257, 353 353 ai 219 ar 253, 317 au 347, 353 augh 347, 353 aw 347, 353 ay 219, 220, 225, 226 c 131, 566 ch 253, 425, 426 ck 125, 131 e 538 ea 157, 225, 225, 538 538 ear 493 ed 527, 551 ee 125 er 96, 157, 157, 317 317 ew 527 g 566 gn 455, 464 i 127, 349, 461 461 igh 315, 318 ir 493 k 131 kn 455, 464 n 464 ng 126 o 220, 288, 461 oa 287 oe 287 oi 189 oo 253 or 157, 317 ou 381 ough 381 ow 381 oy 189 qu 95, 97

r 96 sh 157 tch 421, 426 th 126 u 128 ui 565 ur 493 w 315 wh 315 x 134 y 127, 128, 128, 349 z 134 Placement est est 8, 45 introduction to 44 Plurals 113, 207, 207, 367 irregular 238, 304, 515 515 Possessive noun adjecti adjectives ves 366, 515 Predicate 475, 480 complete predicate 477 simple predicate 476 Predicate nouns 616 Prefixes 116, 117, 148, 242, 243, 246, 338, 412, 443, 483, 556 Pre-Lessons 44, 49 Prepositions 616, 617 Pronouns 618

Q Question marks 402 Quotations 588, 620 direct 590 indirect 591

R R-controlled vowels 157, 161 Rhythm of Handwriting, Te (Logic Te (Logic o o English curriculum) 18 Root words 116, 148, 242

S

Say to Spell 30, 34, 35, 106 Schedule or or Essentials lessons lessons 39 Schwa 106, 190, 193, 254, 259, 288, 317 Scope and and Sequence Sequence 10 Segmenting words (phonemic awareness activity) 81, 85, 89 Sentences 402, 475, 588, 619 Silent E 160, 226, 309 Silent L 423 Silent letters, marking o 38 Sounds, exploration o specific /ä/ 222, 422 /d/ 535 /ē/ 390 /ed/ 535 /er/ 495 /er/ - distinguishing distinguishing rom /r/ 158 Copyright © 2015 Pedia Learning Inc. All Rights Reserved.


631 hissing (/s/, (/s/, /z/, etc.) 207, 404 /ĭ/ 390 /ng/ 430 /nk/ 430 /ŏ/ 222 /r/ 495 /r/ - difficulty o isolating isolating 158 /w/ 316, 319 /wh/ 316, 319 Sounds with multiple options or spelling 99, 165, 354 /ä/ 222, 352 /ā/ 220, 224 /ch/ 425 /ĕ/ 537 /ē/ 165, 349 /er/ 494 /ĭ/ 349 /ī/ 349 /k/ 132, 181, 570 /n/ 455, 464 /ŏ/ 222 /ō/ 287, 291, 384 /oi/ 196 /ow/ 384, 387 /s/ 572 /w/ 316, 319 /y/ 349 /z/ 134 /ә/ (schwa) 259 Spelling Analysis, about 20, 98, 102, 133, 167 Spelling Analysis Analysis Quick Reerence 21, 29, 101 Spelling errors, errors, responding responding to 41, 42 Spelling Journal 132, 166 Spelling rules table o 607 Rule 1: C always sofens to /s/ beore E, I, or Y... Y... 100, 567 Rule 2: G may sofen to /j/ beore E, I, or Y... Y... 101, 203, 567 Rule 3: English words do not end in I, U, V, V, J 189, 219, 348, 384, 565 Rule 4: AEOU ususally say their their long sounds... 162, 165, 177, 350 Rule 5: I and Y may say /ĭ/ or /ī/ at at the 350 Rule 8: I and O may say /ī/ and /ō/ when... 461 Rule 9: AY AY usually spells the sound /ā/ at the end... 226 Rule 10: When a word ends with A... 223, 257, 354, 423 Rule 11: Q always needs a U... U... 97 Rule 13: Drop the silent E when adding a vowel suffix only i... 309 Rule 18: SH spells /sh/ at the... 161 Rule 19: o o make a verb past tense... 533 Rule 21: o o make a noun plural... plural... 115, 207, 238 Rule 22: o o make a verb 3rd person singular... 404 Rule 24: -ul is a suffix written with... with... 595 Rule 26: wo-letter /k/ is used... 129, 131 Rule 27: CH is used only afer afer a single vowel vowel which... 422 Rule 28: Phonograms ending in GH are used only... only... 318, 348, 382

Rule 29: Z, never never S, spells /z/ at... at... 134 Rule 30: We We ofen double F, F, L, and S... 256, 290 Rule 31.1: Any vowel may say one o the schwa sounds... 194, 254 Rule 31.2: O may say say /ŭ/ in a stressed syllable... 288 Rule 31.3: AR and OR may say their schwa sound 233, 317 Spelling words, index o 623 Struggling readers readers 40, 120, 153 Struggling students students 8, 39, 155 155 Subject 402, 404, 439, 439, 475, 480, 480, 616 completee subject complet subject 477 simple subject 476 Subject-verb agreement 416 Suffixes 116, 117, 148, 149, 242, 243, 307, 338, 341, 556 Superlative Superlati ve adjectives 182, 334 Syllables 159, 468, 492, 495 dividing 528 stressed and unstressed unstressed 192, 255, 317 317 Symbols key to 17 pronunciation 122 ә (schwa) 191 Synonyms 485

T ense 410, 444 uture 410 past 527, 533, 533, 551 551 present 410, 444 present continuous 411, 444 simple present 411 Tesaurus 486 imes, writing o 212 itles o respect 512

U U.K. English spelling see British English Unvoiced sounds see Voiced and unvoiced sounds

V

Verbs 401, 404, 475, 533, 551, 617 action 401 irregular 404, 534, 534, 551 551 person, defined 404 strong 485 transitive 437, 439 Voiced and unvoiced sounds 113, 536 Vowels 95, 127, 159, 457 broad 37, 220, 223, 257, 347, 349, 422 closed 163, 457 long 37, 128, 162, 349, 530 Copyright © 2015 Pedia Learning Inc. All Rights Reserved.


632


multi-letter 127, 160, 195, 460 open 163, 458 R-controlled 253, 317, 459, 493, 495, 517 short 37, 127, 162, 349, 530 single-letter single-l etter 127, 12 7, 160 vowel types 457, 495

W Word order (and sentence meaning) 439


Essentials2 Appendix Teachers Guide Single-teacher-license 2015

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