Essentials the New Testament Greek.pdf

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ESSENTIALS

NEW TESTAMENT GREEK

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7 ESSENTIALS

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A7

NEW TESTAMENT GREEK BY

JOHN HOMER HUDDH.STON,

A.B.

(Harv.),

Ph.D. (Munich) Professor of Greek in the University of Maine

Author of " Greek Tragedy

in the

Light of Vase-Paintings," " Lessons

from Greek Pottery"

etc.

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & 1905 All

rii'hts reser-ned

CO., Ltd.

Copyright, 1895,

By

MACMILLAN AND

Set up and electrotyped August, 1895.

CO.

Reprinted August,

1896; October, 1897 (with corrections); August, 1900 1902 ; January, December, 1905.

;

October,

PREFACE. The

of the Revised Version of our Testament, in 1881, marked the beginning of a new interest in Bible study. Since that time not only the English, but the Greek and Hebrew have been studied with a zeal quite new. The sources are being more carefully examined to-day than ever before.

English

publication

New

Students are becoming more and more awake to the great importance of being able to judge of a certain

passage for themselves rather than accepting without

doubt or question whatever the authorities say regard to

in

it.

Can anything be done

to bring the language of the

New

Testament within the reach of a larger number of Bible students? Through the great maze of grammatical difficulties that surround the language, can a way be mapped out along which the student may work, and, without sacrificing essentials, gain the same end that usually requires many months of hard study?

Can

the absolutely essential parts of the language, as

New

Testament writers, be set forth in little book is an attempt to answer these questions, and I believe that it lies within the used by the small space?

This

PREFACE.

VI

power of the earnest Sunday-school worker or other Bible student to acquire a reading knowledge of New Testament Greek, provided only a substantial part of one's time

my

In

is

thus devoted for a few months.

teaching of elementary classes in

Garrett

have been accustomed to begin my work with the firs*" list of verbs in Bradley and Horswell's New Testament Word Lists, Part I. All of these words occur several hundred times, and furnish the Biblical Institute, I

student thus at the very

first

with a substantial hold

on what proves one of the main or any other language,

was

in part inductive.

difficulties in

— the vocabulary. Those words

Greek

The work

that presented

fewest difficulties of form, and which at the

same time

were of the most frequent occurrence, were presented The second declension was introduced before first. the first, as being altogether simpler and more easily

comprehended by those who had not made the acquaintance of an inflected language. I aimed to keep rare adjectives and tenses of the verb till a later time. The optative mood, which does not occur in the Johannean writings, was omitted entirely from the elementary work. Each lesson was accompanied with illustrative exercises taken as far as possible from the

New

Testament.

The

present volume has grown out of this plan of

work.

It

ence.

The work has been

both with has,

represents the results of class-room experi-

my

therefore,

classes

the

tried in

manuscript form,

and with private students, and

advantage, so

class of books, of having

important in

been given a practical

this test.

PREFACE. Part

I.

includes the thirty- two lessons, which will afford

preparation for the reading of the Greek, John, the Beatitudes and the Lord's

sufficient

the

Vll

first

letter of

Prayer from Matthew, the chapter on the Prodigal Son from Luke, and the thirteenth of First Corinthians. These selections are given in Wescott and Hort's reading and are followed by notes and vocabulary. Of the epistle there

is

given a translation of three chapters,

two literal and one quoted from the Revised Version. This translation may serve for retranslation in case the reading is taken up inductively apart from the In Part IL are found the essentials of the grammar, embracing, in the first part, the alphabet, table of consonants, vowel and euphonic changes, in the second part, the declension of nouns, pronouns, lessons.

adjectives, participles, the conjugation of verbs, the

optatives of the

New Testament, a table

of about eighty

and the special study in the classes of verbs and the most common irregular verbs. In all verbal forms the aim has been to confine the irregular verbs,

forms given, to part of the

New

grammar

are illustrated

Testamertt usage.

In the third

main features of the syntax with quotations from the New Testathe

The prepositions also are discussed ment Greek. somewhat and accompanied with sentences illustrating New Testament peculiarities. have made the explanations

in the lessons so full

may be made by private study, without a teacher. The lessons as arranged represent but one way of applying the Word Lists. The Greek that

much

text, the

progress

convenient form of declensions and conjuga-

PREFACE.

Vlll

tions, afford

opportunity for the teacher to exercise

own judgment

his

in putting the student in control of

the elementary work. I

my

great indebtedness

and Horswell

for the use of their

wish here to acknowledge

to Professors Bradley

which they so very kindly put at my disposal. Without the great labour which they had already performed, my work would have been either impossible or the labour of producing it would have been very

Word

Lists,

greatly increased. I

wish especially to express

my

great indebtedness

to Rev. Charles Horswell, Ph.D., Professor of in Garrett Biblical

Hebrew

Institute, for invaluable assistance.

Without his suggestion the work would not have been begun, nor completed without his encouragement and

Whatever of merit this little book may owes much to his rare scholarship and his wide experience as a teacher of the New Testament language. For no errors, however, which the work may For valuable assistcontain is he at all responsible. ance in correction of the prpof I have to express my thanks to Mr. E. A. Bechtel, A.M., and Mr. W. W. Bishop, A.M., Instructors in Classics in Northwestern The proof has been read, in part, also, University. co-operation.

have,

it

by Professor Milton S. Terry, D.D., Garrett Biblical Institute, and by Professor Henry A. Buttz, D.D., I owe much to the Drew Theological Seminary. valuable suggestions of these well-known scholars. J.

Northwestern University, EvANSTON,

III.,

May

29, 1895.

H.

HUDDILSTON.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

Aside from the corrections of typographical

errors,

few changes have been introduced in this new edition.

My

time since the publication of the book has

been so occupied

been impossible the

in other lines of study that

for

grammar which

me

to

it

has

certain parts of

enlarge

the favourable reception of the

work would have warranted. I

am

under special obligation

Humphrey

Barbour,

Middletown,

to

Professor

who

Conn.,

John has

very kindly gone over the whole work and favoured

me

with his valuable criticism. J.

Berlin, Germany, August, 1896.

H. H.

—

1

CONTENTS.

— PAGES

Introduction Bibliography Suggestions to the Student

PART

I.

xi-xxiv

xxiv-xxvi

— LESSONS;

TEXT.

Lessons I.-XXXII Selections for Translation Table of Abbreviations Notes on Selections

1-90

91-110 11

112-120

Translations of First Epistle of John Vocabulary of Selections

PART 1.

Writing and Sound

IL :

,

,

.

,

Accidence:

— GRAMMAR.

Alphabet, Vowel Changes,

137-142 Declension

Pronouns, Participles; Optatives

121-126 127-133

Accent, Etc 2.

xxvii

'

of

the

New

of

Nouns,

Conjugation

Testament;

Adjectives,

of

Verbs;

Irregular

Verbs

142-203

Syntax

203-222

INDEXES

223-233

3.

INTRODUCTION. My

purpose

is

few considerations

to offer here a

on two questions. written in Greek? difference between

i.

Why

was the

2.

What

are the

this

Greek and

New

Testament main points of

that of the classical

period ?

Every one knows that Greek was not a native of some way this exotic plant found

Palestine, but that in

root there, and, to the exclusion of the native language,

became

the organ of the

then did

this

occur

everlasting Gospel.

How

?

It will first be necessary to understand something about the languages which were used in the countries to the east from the Mediterranean, prior to and con-

temporary with the advent of the Greek. All of this part of Asia, including the countries from Assyria on the north to Arabia on the south, had one separate and the Semitic. distinct family or branch of languages,

—

Of

this

primitive Semitic nothing

before the curtain of history

rises,

is

left

us.

Long

the early language

had assumed marked grammatical and lexigraphical

among the various peoples. Accordingly we know nothing of the parent speech except through

peculiarities

Xll

INTRODUCTION.

the tongues of these early nations.

The

Assyrians

(whose language is known from cuneiform inscriptions) and the Aramaeans, who comprised a large part of the population of Assyria and Babylon and to whose language, the Aramaic, we shall refer later, represented the most northern group of the Semitic. South of these we find the Hebrews of Canaan, in

whose language the most considerable portion of the Old Testament was written, and akin to them the Phoenicians, whose language is known to us imperfectly and through inscriptions only.

Further south the Arabic

and Ethiopic make up what

is sometimes termed the South Semitic. Of these three groups, the North, the Middle, and the South Semitic, we shall confine our considerations to the first two ; for here it is that we have to look for the language of the Jews. Their

Hebrew was early exposed to the dialects of the surrounding tribes and especially open to Aramaic influIndeed as early as 700 B.C. ences on the north. we read that the messengers of the king Hezekiah requested the ambassador of the king of Assyria to speak to them in Aramaic, "for we understand //" The Jews would not long retain (ii. Kings 18 :26). their language in

its

early purity beside that of another

people who, as a conquering nation, were continually insinuating themselves into their hfe and politics. The result was that long before the breaking up of the Jewish kingdom in 586 B.C., the Hebrew had departed During the considerably from its original integrity. long years of captivity in Babylon and throughout the Babylonian empire, the Aramaic, which was the official

INTRODUCTION.

Xlil

language of the Babylonian court, must have become much a part of the Hebrews as their native

quite as

tongue.

The books

of the Old Testament written after

the exile, Ezra and Daniel, are

known

as the

Aramaic

books, owing to the fact that considerable portions of them are in the Aramaic. We must not understand,

however, that

this large

admixture of Aramaic

wholly to the years of exile in Babylon.

It

is

due

has been

the accepted view since the time of Jerome that in this

period the Israelites ceased to speak and write

Hebrew and turned to the use of the Aramaic only. Hence the term Chaldee, so often used to signify the speech of the Jews, as though the language of the Chaldees the Aramaic was introduced into Pales-

—

—

tine

the its

by the returned

Hebrew died place.

exiles,

and

that subsequent to this

out and the Chaldee or Aramaic took

In recent

years scholars

have generally

parted with this view, and have attempted to show that the change was more gradual. This seems by all

means the most probable. A people retains its language long after its institutions and customs have ceased to exist. A conquering nation rarely succeeds in supplanting the language of the conquered. Slowly and gradually do the forces work that bring in the elements of a new speech. The English, for example, has

not after

five

centuries

entirely

displaced

the

Welsh ceased to be a very important factor in the literature and life of the United Kingdom, notwithstanding the fact that more than 500 years have passed since Edward built his castles on the Welsh frontier. Celtic of Ireland, nor has

INTRODUCTION.

XIV

We must conclude therefore that for centuries the Aramaic gradually gained in popularity over the Hebrew, until the latter became at last the language of scholars and the learned few, while to the great mass of Jews the Aramaic was the only language known. This change must have occurred before the time of Christ for we find then that the common people no ;

longer understood the

Hebrew

of the Scriptures, but

used instead versions known as Targums, written in Aramaic. This then is the language of Palestine at ihe time of Christ, and the same which in the New

Testament

A

is

called

Hebrew.

great distinction, however, must be

made between

Jewish-Aramaic and the Hebrew. The literature of each is sacred, but of the Hebrew we have left us the scant remains of the Old Testament only, while the former has extant a vast literature of the Talmud, Targums, and interpretative works, and has lived on in a more or less changed condition till the present time, and forms the basis of the language much used by the this

Jews to-day throughout the world. At the close of the fourth century

Macedon the

B.C.,

Alexander of

crossed the historic Hellespont, overturned

Persian empire at Arbela, destroyed the famou§

city of ancient Tyre, overran all western Asia,

crossing into Egypt, where he founded the world's

metropolis bearing his

own name (332

B.C.).

even

new It

is

conquering of the world. By no means the least important of the many that might be described was the spread of Greek This noble language letters and Greek civilization.

hard to measure the results of

this

INTRODUCTION.

XV

of ancient Hellas, so rich and beautiful, so full of power and sweetness, was destined to work far greater results in the minds and hearts of men than the brief rule of Alexander and his successors. They soon passed away, and the Greek kingdom in Asia ceased but the Greek language which came with to exist them still remained and spread with great rapidity ;

throughout Semitic

this

races

a

whole

revealing

territory,

to

these

new world of beauty and power.

Although Greece soon

fell under the conquering hand and Greek letters took captive her captor. Rome was then the world, while through all iier borders the language of Greece became the speech of trade and intercourse. Greek was even the language of the Roman court, and Roman boys were

of

Rome, Greek

Homer

taught their

The wide

art

along with their native Vergil.

use of Greek at that period can be best

compared with the English of with

little

was known

more

to-day.

It

may be

said

hesitancy that, at the time of Christ, Greek in all parts of the

fitting

language than

the Gospel of peace

Roman

this in

world.

which

to

What

send forth

?

In Palestine there was of course a Greek population

which existed alongside of the Jewish, and which became more numerous and distinct with the spread of Roman civilization. Of these two languages, Greek and Aramaic, we must suppose that a considerable part of the population knew enough for conversation at least.

with

its

It is

necessary to turn only to Alsace-Lorraine

French and German, or

and English,

to find in

to

Wales with

modern times such a

its

Welsh

fusion of

INTRODUCTION.

XVI

two tongues as must have existed in Palestine at the beginning of our era. The question as to whether Christ and his disciples knew and spoke Greek has been one that has long been debated. Some of the most illustrious of modern It is not for critics have been found on either side.

me

upon it here, but simply to state my more than probable, from what has been

to enter

It is

belief.

stated

two languages of Palestine at this period, that Greek, as well as Aramaic, must have fallen upon the ears of our Lord and his first followers from

in regard to the

boyhood, and that all of them grew up two languages. A few examples of this native speech are left us ; Mark 5:41 and Mark 7 34 may be referred to. Instances when we may conclude that Greek was used by Christ are, Mark 7:26, 27, and John 12:23. Matthew, from his duty as a tax-collector, would have required both languages, while Luke, the most cultured of the evangeThere lists, exhibits marked power in his use of Greek. was but one way of reaching " all nations " and sending to them the new message. There never could have, been any doubt in the mind of Luke, Mark, or John regarding the language they should employ in writing Matthew their histories of our Lord's life and works. appears to have written first in the Aramaic, but no their earliest

in continual association with

:

doubt followed

A

parallel

to

this

this

immediately with a Greek version.

may be observed

the historian Josephus (a.d. 38-103), history of the

afterwards in

in

the case of

who wrote

his

Jews first in Hebrew (Aramaic), and Greek. It is not necessary to note

XVU

INTRODUCTION.

concerning Paul that " all who are at Rome " and the " church at Corinth " and " the churches throughout Asia " could have been addressed in no language but the Greek,

A

considerable portion of the population at Alex-

andria was Jews, for

whom

their native Aramaic,

had so

and

far forgotten the

the

Greek had displaced

as early as 275

B.C.

they

tongue of their fathers that

they required a Greek translation of the Old Testa-

made

This was

ment.

and

known as LXX. For

is

at

Alexandria by Jewish-Greeks,

the Septuagint or the translation of

the Jews scattered throughout the Cappadocia, Cyprus, Phrygia, Rhodes, Greece, and Rome the Septuagint became the Bible. So general was its use even in Palestine that the evangelists quote quite as frequently from the Greek version Paul, himself a Hebrew and as from the Hebrew. reared according to the strictest sect of the Pharisees,

the

world

in

often agrees

more nearly with

the Septuagint

when he

quotes from the Old Testament. After the

Rome,

fall

of Jerusalem the Jewish population of

Alexandria, Antioch, and other seaport towns,

Then, as now, the Jews were a commercial people Greek was the one language of commercial intercourse. Thus we see this wonderful

rapidly increased.

;

common bond to hold together Greek and Roman. Then it was that men were for the first time united by one speech and made, so to speak, into one family. With the overturning of old, worn-out kingdoms, and the breaking down of ancient myth and fable of the pagan world,

language served as a

Jew and

Gentile,

INTRODUCTION.

XVUl a

new

soil

Gospel of

was prepared ready

for

new

seed,

— the

love.

we come to consider the characteristics of Greek of the New Testament. Does it differ very widely from classical Greek? To this the answer is "yes," and we may well rejoice that it does. Had the language as used by Plato and Demosthenes become Secondly,

the

new message would have been the

the organ of the

to the world,

how

dif-

Imagine the result if the simple grace of our English Bible were to be replaced by the swelling periods of Milton or Bacon. A far simpler language was and is needed by the lowly, ferent

effect

!

this we shall see the later Greek to be. The language of the Macedonian Greeks,

and the

same

as that carried into Asia

\vhich was by Alexander, was

same as that which Plato, Sophocles, and Demosthenes had used. From this wide diffusion, however, many changes were effected in the grammatical structure of the language, and especially in the Much of the rigidness which had characvocabulary. terized it in the hands of the great Athenian writers was cast aside. The language was popularized, so to speak. This new form of the Greek was called Hellenistic Greek, and the people who learned and used We have had occasion it were known as Hellenists. already to refer to the Hellenistic Jews in Alexandria and other cities. essentially the

In Palestine, however, as well as in the other Semitic countries, this Hellenistic Greek was greatly Hebrew, Aramaic, corrupted by the native tongue.

and Syriac words were being continually introduced

INTRODUCTION.

To

into the Greek.

would use the Greek,

a large it

XIX

number of people who

would amount

to nothing other

than a translation of their native tongue, together wi*h

Their thinking was

the native idiom.

while their words were in Greek.

The

all

in

Aramaic,

hterature of the

Hebrew and Aramaic was entirely of a religious nature. The religious fervour of the Jews gave a strong bent to was the language of the kingdom of God and the coming of the Messiah. The words in common, every-day use were the same as those in which had been cast the revelation of God to his chosen people. Even at an early day this must have given a deep hitherto a pagan rehgious colouring to the Greek language. The translation, however, of the Old Testament did most to fix the idiom and form of the Greek for the expression of religious ideas. Then it was that Greek meant something to the Jews beyond a convenient means of intercourse for commercial life. For two centuries and a half this Greek Bible worked into the hearts and minds of the dispersed Jews, and the words that before in pagan Greece and Rome had meant little beyond the mortal and perishable of this fired with the flame world, took on a new meaning of the sacred Hebrew. the tone of their language.

human

It

heart longing for the

—

—

When we come

to the language of the

New

Testa-

ment, we have crossed a wondrous gulf. To quote from the words of the celebrated Dr. Schaff: "The language of the apostles and evangelists is baptized with the

spirit

and

fire

of Christianity, and receives a

character altogether peculiar and distinct from secular

XX

INTRODUCTION.

Greek.

.

enough

to

.

The Greek was flexible and admit of a transformation under the

ing influences of revealed truth.

and blood

It

were

intercourse, significance

among

use

;

Words popular

the classics, or in

clothed

with

inspir-

furnished the flesh

for the incarnation of divine ideas.

common

in

elastic

.

a

deeper

spiritual

they were transplanted from a lower to

a higher sphere, from mythology to revelation, from the order of nature to the order of grace, from the

realm of sense to the realm of while to note the

Here

is

faith."

word " transformation

It is

worth

" in the above.

How

the key to the whole question.

rich this

may be

baptism of the pagan words has been

seen by comparing the New Testament and the classical sense of such words as love, faith, prophet, sin, glory, peace, joy, niercy.

The

New

Testament Greek diff'ers and indeed in one and the same writer we can observe two extremes. Luke, for example, in the first four verses of his gospel furnishes a specimen of as pure and elegant Greek as may be found on the page of any classical author. purity of the

very considerably in

diff"erent authors,

Immediately, however, he drops off into the vernacular, as

though aware that he

is

addressing the

many

and not the few. In considerable portions of his gospel and the Acts are to be found the harshest Hebraisms.

This

is

especially noticeable

quotes from the Old Testament. the

New Testament,

the

Hebrew

In

all

when he

the writers of

of the Old Testament

quotation appears distinctly through the thin veiling of the Greek.

INTRODUCTION.

XXI

Of the four evangelists Luke was the best educated, and therefore used the purest Greek. Matthew may Concerning John, be placed next, with Mark last. there

is

great difference of opinion.

declare his gospel the most thoroughly It is said to

four.

have a Hebrew body with a Greek who main-

dress.

On

tain for

him the purest Greek.

the other hand, there are those

sentences would

fall

any language.

Paul's

variety of classic

come

Some scholars Hebrew of the

The

fact

is,

his short

naturally into the idiom of almost

Greek

elegance.

exhibits

However,

nearly every it

does not

within the scope of this article to give the pecu-

liarities

It is

of the individual authors.

necessary to speak more definitely as regards

Greek of the Testament and, that of the period of classical Greek, which we may consider to have closed with i. The vocabulary of the Aristotle (b.c. 384-322). New Testament furnishes nearly 900 words that are not found in the classical writers. Many of these occur in subsequent authors, as Polybius and Plutarch and in the Septuagint. 2. Compound words are especially common. Rare combinations are used. The etymology always reveals the force of the expresthe linguistic differences between the

New

sion. 3. What is called the doctrinal sense of certain words, as love, hope, faith, introduces a new element quite distinct from anything earlier.

Grammatically, very wide changes from the classical

Greek may be noted, appeared sion in

entirely.

- {;})

2.

and

i.

The

dual

number has

dis-

Adjectives of the third declen-

-vs {^-us) are especially rare.

Of

INTRODUCTION.

XXll

adjectives in

mon

-

{-es) there are

examples.

3.

but two or three com-

The comparison of

adjectives has

been simpHfied, and is usually done by the use of an adverb, and the positive degree, except in the case of a few adjectives of irregular comparison.

In the verb a great breaking away from classical

usage

and

seen.

is

rare.

i.

The

optative

mood

comparatively

is

does not occur at all in the writings of John, found in the epistles and the Acts more than in It

is

the gospels.

Except

in

the optative of wis/t or desire,

the subjunctive regularly takes the place of this mood.

In the uses of the voice and tense the changes are

2.

In the subjunctive rarely any tense

not so marked.

occurs aside from the present and the

aorist.

may be

observed that in the verbs those tend to break down into the ending in

in

-

3.

It

- {-mi)

-

(-), while than (-mi) in the

present system are comparatively rare.

Hardly ever

verbs in

-

in other

Greek.

{-idso) 4.

much more common

are

The forms

in

does the present subjunctive of these verbs occur, while the second aorist system has few forms in this

mood.

The

syntax

is

too difficult a question to discuss here,

and so but few points characteristic of

shall

be presented,

New Testament Greek

i.

uses of Lva {hi)ia), which in classical Greek for the

Of

most part

this

Especially

are the various is

confined

to the introduction of 7?;/ iz/ clauses.

conjunction there are no less than six well-

New

Testament.

defined

uses

classical

Greek the conjunction

in

the

While in is used denote result, 2.

{hoste)

with either the indicative or infinitive to

INTRODUCTION.

and with nearly equal frequency

in

XXUl

both constructions,

New

the indicative occurs but twice in the 3.

The

participle

Testament.

continues a fundamental form

still

of construction, but shows signs of weakening in such instances as John

11

:

and Luke

i

15

:

i,

where the

simple imperfect of the verb would have been expected.

This form of expression

The

is

common

most

in

Luke.

prepositions present a great variety of uses not

inherent in the Greek word, thus betraying

Hebrew

influence.

These are only a few of the most marked peculiarities

of the language of the

perhaps enough to show that

New it

is

Testament, but

much weakened

and simplified as compared with classical Greek. If one adds to the grammatical peculiarities here mentioned the strong colouring in idiom and vocabulary that arises from the Hebrew, a general notion may be formed as to the structure of this language. To know thoroughly the real force and value of this language, a wide familiarity with Semitic especially Hebrew and Aramaic is indispensable. Not only this, but the investigator must know Latin, of the influence of which I have taken no notice, as well as Greek from its earliest beginning in Homer. Such

—

—

preparation as this few are able to acquire.

may, however,

gain

New

a

very

satisfactory

A student facility

in

Testament language, who knows nothing of any language except his own. Careful, assiduous labour for a few months will put the average student in control of the essentials, and this slight acquaintance will be found to repay one a thousandhandling the

INTRODUCTION,

XXIV

No

fold.

one can ever

attain to the ability of reading

and understanding the grand simplicity and power of John's brief sentences, ringing as they do with the imperishable grandeur of the Greek, without seeing

an entirely new power in the Word. Any translation must ever fall far short of rendering the grace and As a rose when plucked loses force of the Greek. soon blown, so its sweetness and the fragrance is perishes

in

translation

something that makes

that

fleeting,

indescribable

Greek the noblest of

lan-

guages.

The

following

list

of books

is

recommended

as rep-

resenting perhaps the most helpful works for students Those marked * are of the New Testament Greek. particularly valuable for the beginner.

For assistance

in

making up

this hst the

author has

to express his indebtedness to Professor C. F. Bradley,

D.D., Garrett Biblical Institute.

kindly given

of

New

Text.

me

He

has very

the benefit of his wide knowledge

Testament bibliography.

*The New Testament

in

the

Original

Greek

(School Edition). Westcott and Hort. Macmillau & Co., New York, 1893. $1.25. This edition is also published with a lexicon, by the

same publishers.

$1.90.

Lexicon. *Thayer's Grimm's Wilke, Greek -English Lexicon of the New Testament, "Corrected EdiHarper & Brothers, New York, 1889. tion."

XXV

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

*Winer's Grammar of New Testament Greek (Ninth English Edition). Trans, by Moulton. T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1882. $3.60.

Grammar.

Concordance. the

in

Leipzig, 1888.

A

new

Words

*Bruder's Concordance of All the

Greek

New Testament 25

(Fourth

Edition).

M.

monumental work, which

edition of this

include the readings of Westcott and Hort,

will

to be

is

published. Bagster's Englishman's Greek Concordance of the

Testament.

New

London, 1883.

£\, is. *Bradley and Horswell's New Testament Word Lists. Greek-English. Series L and Garrett Biblical

.

Institute,

Evanston,

*Burton's Syntax of the

35 cents each.

111.

Moods and Tenses

ment

Greek. Chicago Edition). $1.50.

in

New

University Press

Testa-

(Second

*Buttman's Grammar of the New Testament. Trans, by Thayer. W. F. Draper, Andover, Mass. $2.75. Hatch's

New

Essays on Biblical Greek. York. $2.75.

Robinson's Greek Riddle.

Harmony

Houghton,

Macmillan

of the Gospels.

Mifflin

&

Co.,

&

Co.,

Ed. by M. B. Boston, 1885.

$2.00.

*Schaff's

Companion

to the

Greek Testament and English Harper & Brothers, New

Version (Fourth Edition). York, 1892. $2.75.

Simcox's (W.H.) The Language of the New Testament. Thomas Whitaker, New York, 75 cents. By the same author, The Writers of the New Testament.

Same

publishers and price.

Terry's Biblical Herrneneutics.

York.

$4.00.

Hunt and Eaton, New

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

XXVI

*Thayer's Books and their Use, A Lecture, to which is added a Hst of books for students of the New Testament Greek. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. 75 cents.

An Trench's

exceedingly helpful

Synonyms

Edition).

little

volume.

New Testament (Eleventh & Co., New York, 1890. $3.50.

of the

Macmillan

An Introduction to the Textual Criticism of New Testament. Whitaker, New York. 75 cents.

*Warfield's the

Westcott's Introduction to the Study of the Four Gospels

(Seventh Edition, American Edition). New York. $2.25.

Macmillan

&

Co.,

*Westcott and Hort's The New Testament in the Original Greek. 2 vols. Harper & Brothers, New York. Vol. I. includes the text. Vol. II. has an Introduction to Textual Criticism and an Appendix. Price per vol. $2.00. Complete $3.50.

SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT.

1.

All vocabularies

must be thoroughly mastered. Writ-

ing the words several times will greatly help to

Pronouncing the Greek aloud

the mind. 2.

The

acquisition of forms

{i.e.

is

fix

them

in

helpful.

declensions and conju-

gations) must keep pace with the matter of a vocabulary. 3.

It is

recommended

that at least thirty lessons be mas-

tered before the reading of the Greek text 4.

is

attempted.

Care should be taken in learning points of syntax

that occur in the lessons. 5.

When

the text

is

finally

begun, the table of irregular

verbs (§ 88) should be committed to memory. Also the verb forms in §§ 90-110 should be carefully studied. 6.

When

in Part III.

the Greek Testament

may be

should the student 7.

Finally,

application results.

is

taken up, the syntax

studied to best advantage. fail

to

At no time

keep up the review of Part

learn words, words, words.

and continual review

will

II.

Only steady

bring satisfactory

PART

— LESSONS;

TEXT

ESSENTIALS OF

NEW TESTAMENT LESSON

, (,

I hear. / know.

4', I have.

, , ,

/ wish, will. I speak. I take.

,

',

•iroi€«,

say.

I believe. I do, make.

occurs more than 200 times of these Testament, and some of them 1500 times.

Each

a.

New

the

I.

VOCABULARY.

1.

GREEK.

in

Notes on the Vocabulary.

2.

--,

= in a-kou-5, / hear; cf. ACOUSTIC, a. = hard c, as in can; ov is a diphthong comfather; (EngHsh and a) and pronounced like and posed of =
-

/in English.

--,

gi-no-sko, / know, machine; = a=y. accent and on the same syllable as in b.

get;

'yL

i

=i

in

;

y — hard g, as in Observe the same

'.

NEW

ESSENTIALS OF

2

TEST.\MENT GREEK.

=

€-,

e-ch5, / have. € = e in lei ; c/i, of which no equivalent sound in English. It is found in the German oiic/t. Cf. chasm pronounced in a harsh guttural tone. The accent and breathing, when they occur on the same syllable, are written together, as here. All words beginning with a vowel have a breathing mark. c.

there

is

€-, the-15, / wi'/l or /

d.

--, what \--,

/

la-le-5,

e.

= th

ivt'sh.

speak.

The

in thin

accent

;

= /.

occurs on

syllable of the verb so far?

/.

ke-yw, le-go, /say.

h.

76-€-,

= the

-steu-o,

diphthong eu

.

on a diphthong, here.

it

is

/

The vowels

:

b.

= >. r

= t\

the accent comes

wake

;

cf.

POET, POETRY,

oil.

v, . The The consonants e — ih,K = k,k = l,^ = w, v = ;i, =p,

in this lesson are a,

following diphthongs occur

= Sf

;

over the second vowel, as

do, or

a.

;;;

n—p\

When

a diphthong pronounced like oi in

Topics for study.

=

/a

believe.

placed

3.

are

/

feud.

in

TTOL-i-w, poi-e -,

/.

oi is

Cf.

/ iake.

\'am-ha.-no,

g.

:

e, i, o,

ov, ev, oi.

= , y =£-, = I, x = ch.

In the matter of the accent of verbs the following

must be noted, goes back as

i.

The

is always recessive, i.e. it from the last syllable. 2. The

accent

far as possible

determines the position of the accent. 3. If is long, the accent always occurs on the next to the last syllable the penull ; otherwise on the third syllable the antepenult. 4. A syllable is long if it has a long vowel or a diphthong in it.

last syllable

the last syllable

—

—

4.

In English

we

have' the personal pronouns

written generally before the verb and always

PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE.

separate from the verb. trary,

In Greek, on the -con~

pronouns are

the

3

often

integral part of the verb, forming

found as an what is called

-

the />ersoua/ endings.

Cf. in the verbs given In the case of most verbs the ending of the I per. sing. pres. ind. act. is dropped, and the preceding vowel is lengthened in com-

above.

-

.-.

pensation.

--

the primary form of

Xey-0 -, of

is

variable vowel,

= personal LESSON

=

:

is

=

Stem,

ending.

II.

Present Indicative Active.

5.

Swg.

Phir.

1.

6-,

2.

\i-i-i\.%,^

3.

'-, he, she,

/j-izy.

you

say.

or

it

says.

I.

€--.€, W^

2.

\i-\i-i-Ti.,

3.

'--, they say.

Jizy.

ye say.

Observe from the translation appended that mood has in Greek the same

the indicative

declarative force as in English. a.

«as

in Aeyct? is a

-

6. Note theme 2.

A 1 s

diphthong and equals

ei in height.

in the

conjugation of appears unchanged

vowel occurs after at the close of a word, but

:

1.

The

throughout.

The

this

theme.

in the

middle of a word.

3.

4

ESSENTIALS OF

vowel

is

or

NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.

(often written

e

variable vowel.

4.

The

%), called variable vowel is

-,

lowed by an ending, as -re, which is called the personal ending.

How many 7.

The

primary Sing.

^

8.

See

&--^

4. ?

personal endings of the active voice,

I.

-,

2.

-s, i/iou.

Flur.

/.

- (),

/it',

she,

it.

I.

-€,

2.

-T€,

3-

--,

The variable vowel and the may be seen in the following

-

:

we.

ye. they.

personal end:

-£

€-

€-€

€-
0-<

, , and ,

Note that occurs before and , e occurring in

before 9.

fol-

the plur.,

in

tenses, are seen in the following

3•

ing

distinct parts has

the

all

i.e.

other places.

Certain changes take place in these primi-

tive forms,

which give the following

:

-«, /.

-£, we.

-£is, tho7i.

-£,

-€i,

he, she,

it.

ye.

-ovo-i, they.

These fonns must be absolutely mastered. 1

See

reference

§ is

52

for the

made to

meaning of the word primary. (Where mark [§] precedes the

the grammar, a section

figure, otherwise the reference is to the first part,

— the lessons.)

:

PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE.

5

EXERCISES.

10.

, , . , ^ ^, .,^,,,^ I.

I.

Translate into English

\€,

:

OeXere.

2.

,.

êXei?,

3•

4•

.

yere. 6.

^., I

take,

you wish, they know.

ye say, they have, we

we

hears,

have.

they hear. do.^

€<;,

Translate into Greek

11. I.

/^, -

6.

We

4.

say.

You

3.

believe,

We

know, they know, wish, we speak,^ ye do.

5.

I

2.

You

have,

take, he

ye believe, I say, they

Let the student analyze each verb form carefully, pointing out the theme, variable vowel, and the personal ending. Apply also the principles of accent given in 3, >. 1 It

is

recommended

that the teacher allow the matter of

contract verbs to pass unnoticed,

till

tion appear gradually in the lessons.

the principles of contrac-

No harm

the student's writing uncontracted forms.

rence of these verbs in

-

The

need

arise

from

frequent occur-

explains their appearance here.

..

ESSENTIALS OF

6

NEW

TESTAAIENT GREEK.

LESSON

III.

The Second or 0-Declension. vocabulary.

11. apTos, bread.

05,

•9, . ,

9,

world, COSMIC. -LYXWOgraphy word., LOGIC.

law,

eco'îO'SW.

crowd.

Toiros, place,

CHRONO/(?gy.

€9, ANGEL.

stone.,

8,

, ?,

XP<5vos, time.,

THRONE.

wa;/, ANTHROPO/i»^•

apostle.

'?, desert.

?, Kvpios,

death, THANATO^j/j.

Lord.

Tocography

The student should learn thoroughly the meanings of the words in each vocabulary, pronouncing each v^rord aloud, so as to be sure to get the The case

proper accent. lutely

Some

mastered.

cjitiings are to be abso^

of

the words

in

this

New

Tes-

like ng.

This

vocabulary occur looo times in the tament.

is

? ',

a.

5.

b.

In

p

ar-tos.

the

= ^;

first

o is

= ovc\.on. pronounced

always true of when followed by , >/. or y^. = e, and is pronounced like the c. In

e in

they. d. lish.

=

V in

See

§ 1.

u.

There

is

no similar sound

The sound approaches

This includes

all

e in key.

the vowels in Greek.

in

Eng-

THE SECOND OR 0-DECLENSION.

7

be observed i. All these nouns 12. end in -09. 2. All these nouns belong to the O-declension. They all have the aaite 3. to

It is

:

accent. 13.

All nouns in Greek

come under one of The following

three declensions, §9 ^^ ^^<^ 1"^• is the second or O-declension :

Gen. Dat.

Ace. Voc.

5,

a word. \6-<{ov, of a word. to or for a word, \o-nov, a word (oh].). word.

, £,

-

a. The ending and lengthened to

,

is

, , ,

Plnr.

Shtg.

Nom.

t

called iota-subscript,

\oô)v,

words. of words. to or for words.

\6yov
in the dat. sing,

{iota)

is

words

{oh].).

words. is

for -01.

is

This

written underneath.

and can never be wanting

in the

dat. sing, of this declension.

14.

Observe from the above that there are

cases in Greek

five

Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative. The nominative equals English nominative the genitive equals English possessive or the objective with of; the dative corresponds to the English indirect objective, to or for which anything is or is done ; the accusative is the English direct objective the vocative, which is rarely used, is the case of :

;

;

address.

Cf. § 21.

ESSENTIALS OF

8

In verbs

15.

NEW TESTAMENT

we noted

GREEK.

that the endings are

showing the person and number. So in nouns also the relation of nouns to each other, and to the other parts of the sentence, is denoted by the case endings. While in English we have to depend (for the most part) especially important as

on prepositions such as to, for, by, in, at, on, of, etc., to express case relation, the Greek has this relation expressed by the endings of the several cases.

(There are, of course, prepositions in Greek, but these case endings are always observed apart from the prepositions), 16. Observe that the accent on remains on the same syllable tJiroughont the declension. This is the fundamental principle of accent in nouns. The accent remains on the same syllable,

if possible.

Learn the declension of

17. a.

When

-

,

§ 23.

the last syllable becomes long, as in the end-

-, -ois, (3, d, 4), the accent cannot remain on the antepenult, but removes to the penult.

ings

-,

Cf. the b.

-,

same

Final

principle in verbs,

01,

3, d.

although a diphthong,

is

considered short

in determining the place of accent in the O-declension. c.

The

accent of the nominative must be learned by

observation.

THE SECOND OR 0-DECLENSION.

9

', . , ^ ,. ^ . ..- ^^. EXERCISES.

18.

'.

., .,

I.

I.

Xoyot

2.

3•

Xeyei.

4•

Xeyei \oyov.

5.

Xoyov yu.09

y.

TTiareoei.

yLvoiaKeL.

Xejei

6.

ayyeXoL

8.

.

g.

II.

. Of a man, to a throne, words of men. Angels and men, to the world, of a desert. Death of apostles. He takes a stone. 4.

II. 2. 3.

Words

5.

a crowd.

of 7.

man

We

of (the) Lord. 10.

He

to a world.

Ye

6.

say to

have a place. 8. An angel 9. We hear law and believe.

has bread for apostles.

•lesson

IV.

The 0-Declension Concluded,

0€0s, God.

,

05.

vlos, son.

vocabulary.

19.

8€,09,

,

brother.

people.

viKpos, deceased, ^Y.CKOlogy.

'^

The

heaven.

eye,

OPHTHALMO-

logy.

,

dSos,

way. servant.

acute accent ('), on a final syllable,

grave (^) when other words follow

is

changed

in a sentence.

to the

,


ESSENTIALS OF

, ,, (, oIkos, house.

«,

work.

v,

Upov, temple.

little

child.

boat.

irpoo-wirov, face.

garment.

SABBATH,

child.

>=

.

=
(t•

;

In

b.

,

pronounced ûJiee. d. Note the rough breathing on and tepov, hi-e-ron, ho-dos.

,

e.

at as in Traihiov

—

^,

hi-ma-ti-on,

ai in aisle.

There are two principal accents in Greek, (') and the circumflex ("). The acute can occur on any one of the last three syllables, 21.

the acute

while the circumflex can occur on one of the last two.

',

22. Learn the declension of and note that in every gen. and (') is changed to a circumflex (").

son, § 23,

dat. the acute

Learn the declension of hovXo';, servant, and observe that the circumflex accent § occurs on a long syllable only, and when at the same time the last syllable is short. When the ultima becomes long, the (") changes to the ('). 23.

23,

;

THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION.

II

24. Nouns of the 0-declension end in -o? masc. (rarely fern.) and -ov neut. The inflection of neuter nouns is the same as that of masculine nouns, except that the nom., ace, and voc. sing, end in -ov, and the same cases in the plur. end

in

8,

Cf.

-a.

£'^f^> b

^^•

All adjs. in Greek are declined, and agree gender, number, and case with the words they modify. The definite article ///i', 6, is an adj. and is declined e.£: 6 the servant TOO SovXov, of the servant ; the child 25.

in

,^,

;

to the child;

neut.

(0

and

of the words.

)

, ,4,

the children;

Learn the masc. and

of the article, § 24.

9• . . €\€€ .. \. . .^ ^ 26. I.

EXERCISES.

I.

2.

3-

''"

4-

5•

6.

eêt

8.

7-

'. . To

2. ^

9•

.

. In

(eV)

^^ (^) '''

<€€.

the temple and in the boat.

the people and of the people.

3.

The

Verbs of hearing may be followed by the genitive case,

the case of the direct object.

as

2


ESSENTIALS OF

eyes of the servant. 4. For the work and for the garments. Ye hear the people.^ 6. The 5. apostle knows the law. 7. I speak to the servants, and they hear. 8. The Lord has a temple in Heaven. 9. We have the garments for the

children.

10.

The son

God knows

of

the world.

LESSON The Present

Passive Indicative.

vocabulary.

27.

, , , 8(,

V.

In

a.

28.

see.

write, GRAPHzV.

,

pronounced

/ teach, OlOACTic.

like

The

save, ^

, , , -, -,

/ raise up. I judge. I send.

I love. I throw.

iyairaia,

is

/send.

/ save.

a double consonant, ds, and

dz in adze.

passive voice, as in English, repre-

The

sents the subject as being acted upon.

personal endings of the passive distinguish

from the active. Following are the primary Sing.

I.

2.

3.

-, (. -, /.

Piur.

-a-ai,

he.

^

See footnote,

pass,

-^,

2.

-a-9(,

3. p.

endings

I.

1 1.

it

;

we.

ye.

-,

they.

.

,

3

:

THE PRESENT PASSIVE

The

a.

The

29.

%

variable vowel

Before and endings e is found. voice.

-0-,

2.

\v-t\.,

3.

he

the conjugation of the

is

loosed,

i.

loosed.

2.

is loosed.

3.

Observe that the

a.

b.

per.

2

dropped, and e and be found instead of «. is

in

other

all

Plur.

am

you are

--,

and before

\, I loose

Sing. 1.

1

found as in the active

is

occurs,

v,

following

pres. pass. ind. of

INDICATIVE.

--, we --, Xv-t-vî.,

are loosed.

ye are

sing,

is

form the diphthong

t

loosed.

,

they are loosed. for et.

\

may

The same at is

3, b.

principle of accent is to be noted as considered short in the personal endings,

hence the accent occurs on the antepenult.

, , , , . , . , ., , , /. , , . .' . 30.

,

.

I.

3-

4•

EXERCISES.

I.

2.

.

iyeipouai,

. 8.

iv (in)

.

iv

11.

. 12.

. ^

7•

et9 et?

(on)

^

Temple.

6.

(into)

9•

Xeyei

f

..-

'

NEW TESTAMENT

ESSENTIALS OF

14 II.

I.

He

sees and

and are saved.

is

We

3.

saved.

GREEK.

2.

You

believe

judge and are judged.

They send and are sent. 5. He raises up the dead. 6. It is written in the laws. 7. We 8. The son of man is judged, see the brethren. 10. I speak 9. The Lord hears in the temple. and am heard, n. We are saved and are raised Ye take the bread. 12. up into Heaven. the Lord saves men. 13. They know that

4.

{

We

have so far met in the vocabularies 52 words, which give more than 400 different forms by their inflection.

LESSON

VI.

Imperfect iNoiCATrvE Active. 31.

, , , ,

',

leiid.

BAPTIZE.

caU.

dear witnesSj

martyr.

eat.

',

live.

',

,

VOCABULARY.

a/ft

about.

', r^MAIN.

seek.

For the tenses

of

the indicative

mood

see

§§ 50 and 52. The uses and meanings of the various tenses will be explained as we advance.

The

,

indicative represents an continued, accustime past, tomed, or repeated action eg. e^paôv, I was zuriting ; eXvov, I ivas loosing ; he was 32.

act

-sjs,

.

imperfect

going on

—

in

;

baptizing.

5

.

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE.

1

33. All active secondary tenses (§ 52) have the same personal endings, as follows :

Sittg.

I.

-V

2.

-S

3.

34.

Plur.

none

I.

-€

2.

-T£

3. -v

The imperfect

indicative of

€---, / was

2.

--6

«---, we were loosing.

loosing.

-s, yo2i were loosing. £--£, he was loosing.

3.

35.

Observe

:

i.

the present tense. \v. 36.

This

is

The

:

Plur.

Sing. 1

or -
The 2.

---, ye were loosing.

€---,

they were loosing.

variable vowel

The

e

%

as in

before the stem

called augment.

secondary tenses, besides having

dif-

ferent endings from the primary, have also an If i. augment. This augment is of two forms, the verb begins with a consonant, € is prefixed syllabic augment. 2. In the case of verbs beginning with a vowel, this vowel is lengthened to the corresponding long vowel (except gives temporal augment. In diphthongs made with the first vowel is lengthened, and Other diphthongs appears as iota subscript. do not ordinarily have the augment e.g. lead ; hear ; I was liearing ; I was leading : I tvas eating. eat ;

—

)—

, , ,, , ;

^,

6

ESSENTIALS OF

1

,. . €\\,

I.

.

.

vy^tp^'i•)

3•

€€,

ev

saying.

g.

.

ev

were hearing.

2.

taking.

ing the bread. 10.

9.

We

He

He was 4.

Ye were beholding. 7. He was judging.

5.

men.

'<^

7•

^

They were

3.

raising up.

of

5•

^?

6.

'^^-

2.

8.

We

.

lieving.

'^.

e/cpive^

. ^ . 4•

, ^. . GREEK.

EXERCISES.

37. I.

NEW TESTAMENT

6.

be-

You were They were

8. I was eatwas leading the sons

saw the face

of the

Lord.

The God of Heaven saves the children men. 12. Ye were remaining in the law. II.

of

LESSON VIL Imperfect Indicative Passive.

, , ,

, -, ,

vocabulary.

38.

€, ask

/or.

see, observe,

follow.

«, ^^ 6 ^

is

(a question),

an exception

the syllabic augment,

persuade.

--, ,

beget.

glorify.

,

PLKfily.

//.

,

to the principle stated in 36, 2,

eexov

is

theory.

preach, annoHfice.

contracted to

and takes

§ 6, y.

:

7

:

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE. a.

In

from

+

^^, ,

The

39.

double consonant

glorify, occurs the

and pronounced

lilce

personal endings in the secondary

I.

2.

3-

-

Plur.

i.

2.

-

-

3• '^"^^

The conjugation

40.

of

is

Plur.

Sing.

2.

---, / was being --, were

3-

€---,

I.

a.

t

yoii

.

.

loosed.

I.

2.

.

etc.

3•

In the 2 per. sing,

-«

between the two vowels, and

---€ €--€-<

€---

changes to

eo contracts to

The

\,

-,

,

Review the present and imperfect active and passive of

41.

f,

ks in ricks.

tenses of the indicative passive are Sing.

1

« drops

§ 5, 7.

indicative

§ 56.

personal endings of the verb give us

the following a. b. c.

this

or secondary,

and by

whether past or not.

d. e.

The person of the verb. The number of the verb. The tense, whether primary The voice of the verb. The mood to some extent,

as

we

shall see later on.


ESSENTIALS OF

42. The changes in the endings that are to be particularly noted are :

ACTIVE.

-

PASSIVE.

-

-c(rai

=

-CIS

-€
=

-€
= = =

-ov
—

-owcri

-£(r

-€i

-

or

-

-£l

The importance of mastering the personal endings of the verb, and, indeed, the whole matter of the verb, cannot well be overestimated. It is safe to say that the student who has thoroughly learned the detail of the verb given thus far has mastered the greater part of the difficulty in the regular verb, and has gone far towards gaining a reading knowledge of the New Testament. The

now be

more than 800

, €. . . ^.. .

student should

familiar with

different forms.

43.

.

I.

5•

EXERCISES.

I.

3•

'

rj'yero

.^ 1

2.

rj'ye.

ihihaaKeTO iv

iepS.

6.

8.

6

<;

4.

7•

^^

9•

^'

.

neuter plural nom. takes a verb in the singular in Greek.

9

.

FIRST II.

A- DECLENSION.

1

believed and were saved.

Ye

2.

He

was preaching to the 4. The son of man was being glorified. was judging and I was being judged.

were men.

glorified.

I

5.

We

I.

OR

3.

The world trusted in () the Lord. 7. The 8. We persuade angel of Heaven was heard. the sons of men. 9. The law was taught in the 10. The work of man is judged. temple.

6.

LESSON

VIII.

First or A-Declension.

vocabulary.

, , 44.

, , ,

, beginning, ARCHAIC, , sC7-ipttire, luritings.

, , , , ,

,

commandment. ZOOLOGY. , PARABLE. , SYNAGOGUE.

life,

, ,

PHOôgraph.

voice, soul,

,

vsYcnology

sin.

«,

, church clesiastical. \, power.

,

,

, -,

,

cf.

EC-

«-,

heart

;

cf.

CAR-

DIAC.

6'•€, \, promise. house.

zuisdom,

soph-

istry.

Most of these nouns oc ur as times in the New Testament.

,

;

many

as

100

soul, is a double consonant, pronounced This now gives us all the letters in Greek. Learn the classification of consonants in § 2. d. Observe the gender of the nouns in the vocabulary. In what letters do the nouns end ? Cf. §§ 18 and 19.

a.

like

ps

in

in lips.

;

20

ESSENTIALS OF

The

.45.

will

nouns

NEW TESTAMENT

following

form

:

,Sing.

N. V. G.

Stem

Plur.

Sing.

apxaC

<(

Plur.

« « ( ( $

apxii

A.

-(

Observe: . The stem ends

the term A-declension.

somewhat

are

-

((, wisdom.

Aegi)iiiing.

Stem

46.

and

paradigms of

serve as models for the remaining

of this

D.

GREEK.

2.

The

in

,

hence

case endings

similar to those already learned

{a) the dat. sing, must the O-declension have iota-subscript ; {b) the ace. sing, ends in -v;

in

:

the gen. plur. in

(c)

-

;

(d) -ol of the

second

=

=

and -oi? of the second -at? of That nouns having - in the nominative retain - throughout the sing., and nouns with La in the nominative retain the a in all -at of

the

the

first.

first, 3.

cases of the snig. 47. last e.g.

Nouns

that have the acute accent on the

], .

syllable (the

jiltima)

Rule

are called oxytones

of accent

:

/

oxytones of

the first and second declension have the circumflex accent in all genitives and datives.

FIRST

OR A-DECLENSION.

21

48. Learn the fern, of the art.^ compare this with the case endings

.

(§ 24),

of

and

. €\ . ^ ^ . . . . ^. . . 49.

I.

EXERCISES.

al

I.

';.

2.

4•

V

3•

\eyei

-]

6 \oyo<;

"J.

8.

9•

Oi

eTTayjeXiav

Xoc

.

ev

6.

5•

€V

€^ 6

.

12.

. In the synagogue.

men. 5.

The

6.

He

church

.

II.

€€.

3.

In the heart of

hear a voice. 4. The soul parable was spoken in the I

sent the bread of

has

a parable in

the Lord. 12.

life

to

is

saved.

temple.

men.

power. 8. They were the synagogue. 9. It

7.

The

speaking is

written

We

have a promise of 11. Men preached wisdom to the In the beginning we heard the

in the scriptures.

world.

2.

ev

»;

10.

word. 1

,

The forms

(îrpo-

of the article

, ,

,

ai,

are called proclitics

lean forward'), since they have no accent, and are

pronounced as part of the following word. 2 epr/Aios is a fern, noun in -05.

ESSENTIALS OF

22


LESSON

IX.

A-Declension Continued.

, ,

VOCABULARY.

50.

,

, , <0•,

£, , ,', ,

love.

€,, ,

truth.

,

, ?,

•(, ,

kingdom.

€, ,,

earth, G'E/)logy.

, 8,, ,, ,

tongue, GLOSSAr/. righteousness.

,,

glory.

Most

51.

The

,

New

,

PROPHET.

*^, , joy.

ho2ir.

lOO

Testament.

,-

of this declension

. G.

D

D.

and

] -

• V.

Learn

Plur.

Sing.

Plur.

V. G.

G. D.

prophet.

Stem

. -? , .? $ . .

. V.

:

,

glory.

|-

Sing.

52.

disciple.

,

following paradigms furnish models

nouns

Stem

sea.

head.

these nouns occur more than

of

times in the

for other

peace.

day, i'/HEMERAL.

§ 22.

. V. G. D.

.

OR A-DECLENSION.

FIRST

23

Observe: i. When e, i, or precedes a nom. sing., a is retained throughout the and when other letters precede a, as in sing. the a is changed in the gen. and dat. sing, 2. -ai of the ncm. piur., as in the endings to 77. of the verb, is considered short in determining the accent. 53.

of the ;

^,

Feminine nouns

of the first declension masculine nouns, in -r?;? or The gen. of masc. nouns is as in the -a
end

in a, «, or

;

,

-^

voc. sing.

,,

a.

circumflex

55.

earth,

is

The

contracted from yea, §

is

The

following table shows the case end-

ings of the A-declension

:

Masc. Sing.

Fein. Sing.

N.V. d

6, 6.

found throughout.

or

.

d

G. d-s or -S D. d-i or -(, A. d-v or d-v

-5

-

Masc. and Fern

.

oi-s

-

N. v. G. D.

-= - -

G. D. A. V. d .

-

-

Pliir.

-

for

-is

d-s for a-vs (

-S

or

:


ESSENTIALS OF

24

Observe that

56.

all

nouns have the same

plural in the first declension.

If

be substituted

for a in this table of endings, the first declension

be seen to

will

differ but little

from the second.

The following are the principles of noininal

57.

accent

There are three kinds of accent the acute (" ), and the grave ('). The acute can occur on any one of the

1.

:

the circumflex

('), 2.

last three syllables

the last two

: 3.

;

;

the circumflex on either of

the grave on the

last.

The

acute can stand on a syllable either or short ; the circumflex can occur on a

long syllable only i.e. a syllable in which there is a long vowel or a diphthong. The accent in the nominative must be 4. learned by observation. The accent tends to remain on the same 5. syllable on which it occurs in the nominative. 6. When the ultima is sJiort, ;

The The

a. b.

long c.

7.

a. b. c.

;

if accented has the acute. accented has the acute, unless

antepenult penult

if

it

be

must occur. accented must have the acute.

in this case the circumflex

The

ultima

When The The The

cumflex.

if

the ultima

is

long,

antepenult cannot be accented. if accented must have the acute. ultima may have either the acute or the

penult

cir-

OR A-DECLENSION.

FIRST

Nouns

the

of

25

and second declensions

first

include about seventy-five per cent of the nouns

New

Testament. The importance, theremastering the vocabularies and forms thus far given can be easily appreciated. in the fore,

of

EXERCISES.

58.

^ } I.

'^

I.

ajaTryv.

.7\<.^ . ^. }?

ap^fj'i.

3•

ayyiXou

5•

. ? 8.

6.

eypae

y.

\.

eyov-

iv

4•

ev

2.

. -^ .

0^'

Tol
.

}

'

II. ev 12.

eXeye

,-

ivTO-

9•

^'^

ev

y

ev

.

. We remain in the truth. 2. The hour announced. 3. Ye have joy in your^ hearts. We see the beginning of righteousness. 4. 6. Joy and 5. The way, the truth, and the life. peace, love and glory. 7. They were remaining in the synagogue. 8. They speak in parables. 10. The king9. It is taught in the Scriptures. dom of God and his ^ righteousness. is

1

Movable

2

The

v,

for

which see

dative often follows

the objective case with in. *

/) om.

, § 11.

where our believe requires ^ Use the article,

See lexicon,

ESSENTIALS OF

20


LESSON

Vowel Declensions.

Adjectives of the

, ,

,

vocabulary.

59.

§,

X.

beloved.

08, eternal;

cf.

AEON.

rig/iteous.

^tVos, middle.

$,

(?, 5,

last.

«

MONO-

,, ,

ovtos, this one. ttio-tos, faitJtful.

onc''s own.,

,

only, alone,

theism.

iKeivos, that one.

erepos, another.

enil.

05, good.

other.

IDIOM.

first.

8,

good, Learn the declension of small, little, § 25. and Observe that the masc. and neut. are in the second declension, while the fem. is in the first 60.

one s

declension. 61.

Note that when

l

'?

and

,

,

,

precedes the

or

vowel of the stem, as in in the nom. sing. fem. has

Cf. 53,

final

the

i.

that one, are tJiis one, and 62. demonstrative pronouns, but are declined for the most part as adjectives in -o
?

refers to

or present, while

— at a distance.

somebody or something near at hand refers to that which is more remote

ADJECTIVES OF THE VOWEL DECLENSIONS.

27

Learn the paradigm of ovro
:

64.

€€

All

, ?

substantives

must have the

or 6

e.^•.

;

tJiis

that the pronoun

nom.

or after the

Any

position.

must come This

is

man.

and

used with

article

6

Observe

before the article

called the predicate

other position of an adj. would

be the attributive position.

'. . . . , €^ . ^ ^ . . . €€ . '. 65. I.

3-

EXERCISES.

I.

]

6

2.

iv

6.

5•

(is),

y.

^

8.

.

9•

1 1,

iv

.

. The first, last; and the last, first. That disciple knows the Scriptures. In 3.

2. ^

An

adjs. of

adj. that

has the masc. and fem. alike.

two endings.

-

Great,

Such are

called


ESSENTIALS OF

28

His own (use art. for Jiis) These children are saved. the work of God. 7. This command-

the last day.

know

This

6.

4.

the truth.

ment

I

is

5.

write to the brethren.

have another promise. 9. preached in the synagogue. the law and the prophets.

Beloved,

8.

On

the

10.

first

we

day he

This one knows

LESSON XL Personal Pronouns and

.,

I am.

vocabulary.

66.

!^%^ good.

,

$,

€ls,

prep., i7ito (with ace).

holy.

oXos, whole.

conj., but.

on,

, , ov,^

avTOs, he, hifnself.

^,'^ con], for. €,^ conj., moreover, but.

conj., because, that. "i

'r

not.

1

08,

«, /. €(, I am.

wicked.

thou, you.

Each of the words in this vocabulary, except the adjectives, occurs more than 1000 times in the New Testament. 1

Words

positives, 2

that cannot

yap and

come

before consonants

rough breathing.

first

in a sentence are called post-

5i are such. ;

before vowels

j

before the

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

The

67.

€, she,

//

,

personal tJiou ;

pronouns and

^,

29

,, in

Greek are

:

/le,

it.

,

and Learn the declension of § 40. in Observe: i. That the short forms of These are enclitics?• the sing, have no accent. The meaning of the dissyllabic forms does not The former are differ from the monosyllabic. 68.

more emphatic.

-

= , and -, The endings -, 2. common with the endings of the two Associate the meaning of

sions.

vowel.

initial

-

are

declen-

with

its

, , ,, ,

Learn the declension of § 26, a. Observe that, except in the forms sing., and plur., we have the

69.

,

with the prefix

declension of the article

Observe the following for the uses of

70. :

or

I.

man

-.

himself,

is

in the

the

predicate posi-

tion, 64. 1

An

enclitic gives

up

its

the preceding word has the

accent for the preceding word.

If

on the antepenult or the (" ) on the penult, it receives an additional accent on the ultima; e.g. my garment, oi/cos my house. What is the difference between an enclitic and a proclitic ?

,

(

'

)

,

Ô

ESSENTIALS OF 71.

avTos

I.

When

,


the article precedes

same

the

<,

man.

the meaning

,

always the same. When used alone, as 2. they judge him, it is the simple personal pronoun of the third person. is

The use of conjunctions and prepositions an important thing in inflected languages. 72.

is

the ordinary copulative conjunction,

is

1.

joining words, phrases, and clauses. 2.

It

is

an adversative,

often has

little is

3.

emphatic

but,

in

a mild way.

meaning beyond and,

indeed.

the strongest adversative, a very

but.

expresses a reason, as kcu

4.

means and

say this) for they are listening. always occurs with the accusaand denotes motion, either expressed or et«?,

5.

tive,

(I

i}ito,

implied. 73.

We

-,

noticed that the primary active end-

--,

was dropped, and the There are preceding was lengthened to and that some verbs that do not drop this do not have the variable vowel %. Verbs that -conjugation, and drop the belong to the belong to the verbs that do not drop the ing

as in

/ii-conjugation.

.

,

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

These make up what are

called the

-conju-

Of the

latter is

gation and the /it-con jugation.

€,

The

I am.

,

Sin^.

I am.

€<£, a.

is

- may

-

b.

i,

// is.

ei is

;

for

-

«', we are. ka-ri,

ye are.

«-,

they are.

for

;

'.

The

EXERCISES.

I.

hk

I.

.?

elyuL.

€€. kan

Be

3•

5•

e<;

4.

epyov

ee. €. €' . .

.. II.

/•

ev 1

.

these things

he

14.

5.

the

Darkness

we

6 12.

7leee

et

3•

we speak

. 8e

J^.c^/ei

. But you know me.

the world.

6.

Oeoi).

el

el.

Moreover,

deod.

^^

8.

/êia

II.

yap

-.

2.

/€(9

';

ei,

note.

74.

3.

or

:

be compared with is. All the forms in the pres. ind. of this verb, except

are encHtic, 68,

9.

the pres. ind.

Plur.

he., she.,

fov

is

art.

il, iJioti

root

following

3I

^

is

ev eKeivr)

2.

trutl•.

4.

Ye

not in Him.

write to you.

Him.

I glorify

are in 6.

And

Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples. 8. Beloved, 7.

ESSENTIALS OF

32

we


are the children of God.

9.

words and does not do them.

He hears my And this is

10.

11. He himself is the life. the same day he was speaking to

the witness of him. 12.

On

(ev)

the people.

13.

Thou

art the son of

LESSON

, , , ,

XII.

Deponent Verbs. vocabulary.

75.

«',

go away.

be,

€\, , was.

answer.

,

become.

a/n able, can.

76.

go

out.

come, go.

,, I know.

%\.\\.,, go through.

€-\,

God.

€,

•

os,

enter.

come

who.

go.

to.

Deponent verbs have the form

of

the

middle, § 47, or the passive, but the sense of the active.

'

Note

in the vocabulary above that there verbs that are composed of + something. These are compound verbs and 77.

are

many

the forms out of

,

of, 7/309,

to,

azvay,

,

through,

are prepositions.

motion the preposition,

it

will

,

;

into,

e/c,

In this verb

be seen, gives

:

.

.

DEPONENT VERBS.

33

So in most verbs the direction to the motion. compounded with prepositions, the idea of the verb

only modified by the preposition. the preposition ends in a vowel, as the final vowel is dropped before a

is

When

,,

verb that begins with a vowel

The

78.

follows

-.^

+

for Bta

is

imperfect indicative of

{r\
3.

,

a.

The forms

, 8,

ivas.

(), we ye €, -,

I.

thou wert. he was.

2.

;

79.

conjugated

,

were. were.

need not be learned at

]•,

i6 times

;

€,

twice.

I know,

in

is

an

but

irregular verb,

, € -

one tense regularly, as follows Plur.

Sing.

1

as

is

they were.

3.

in parentheses

present, as they occur but seldom. 3 times

am,

Plur.

Sing.

(), I [%

et'/ii,

:

1.

2.

e.g.

;

/ know,

etc.

i

2.

2.

3.

3-

we know,

etc.

Learn the paradigm of 09, ^, o, § 27. This pronoun it will be noticed is declined like the article, except initial and the nominative forms 09, o, a. 80.

, , r]-,

On

when these compound verbs receive the augment the final vowel of the preposition is dropped; e.g. ^

the same principle,

I send,

and

1 7vas

retain their final vowel.

D

sending.

The

prepositions

Cf. note, p. 58.


ESSENTIALS OF

34

''?€

. ^ . . 8€

I.

I.

.

EXERCISES.

81.

Xeyet

6

'AvSpea.

€'^€

2.

3•

^'^

4•

6

5•

6.

V

^^

V

<.^.^ €8

'^^'^^'"

aXtidecav

]<;

"J.

8.

.€.

9-

iv II.

€.

0€

iv

"^

yap

12.

'^^^

ol8e

^

6

"^

CTrayyeXla

. ^

;

.

We

.

know

that

we are They

saved.

2.

Ye

becoming the children of God. 4. In the beginning was the Word. ace.) 5. The Word was with enter the synagogue.

3.

are

(,

God.

The truth, moreover, is glorified in I know that His commandment is life

6.

Him.

7.

everlasting.

What I 9. The

8.

the beginning.

which we

On that day was the Whom He knows the world

eternal. II.

say ô you was from life

10.

know. 1

^777

2

See

3

Time.

§

, 14

I atinouiice.

for the

live

is

Sabbath. does not

punctuation in Greek.

;

:

PRESENT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE AND INFINITIVE.

LESSON

35

XIII.

Present Active Subjunctive and Infinitive.

,

vocabulary.

82.

, ,

now, already. order that. prep, with gen., with with ace, after.

die.

send.

, , ,

indeed, at least,

with ace, OH account

;

of.

now.

ovirw, adv., not yet.

beseech.

prep,

conj., if.

prep, with gen., out of, of. €Ti, adv., still, yet.

co7icerning ;

tK,

ir«s,

83.

not.

vvv, adv.,

receive.

prep, with gen., through

€l,

adv.,

conj., in

verily.

', ,

yi,

8, , ,

take away.

adv

,

with with

gen.,

ace,

around. how.

The terms primary and

secojidary apply

to the tenses of the indicative only.

The

subjunctive mood, as in English, denotes

Unlike the English,

a doubt or a contingency.

in Greek is very There are but two tenses that are usually found, the present and the aorist. The

however,

the

subjunctive

common. perfect 84.

is

very rare.

The Sing.

pres. subjv. act. of I

.

-

Plur.

is I

.

2.

3•

-|

3.

--€

---

:

:

NEW TESTAMENT

ESSENTIALS OF

36

The

85.

pres. subjv. of

Sing.

I.

is

:

Plur.

i

3•

Note

86.

-

«-.€

I. •->

2.

same

GREEK.

3•

that the pres. subjv. of elî

as the personal endings

of

the

is

the regular

verb and while the indicative has the variable vowel %, the subjunctive has the corresponding long vowel %. ;

The

a.

personal endings are

those

of the

primary

active indicative.

87.

The

,

subjunctive follows

,

Xva, in

order that.

Examine the following

€€

Lva

lva.

we may 88.

tiot sin.

Rule

of syntax:

the subjunctive with Xva. 89.

The

may hear, we believe in order

he comes that he

that

Clauses of purpose take The negative is

.

following forms illustrate the present

active infinitive

-€,

-£,

*-*'•,

to loose.

to hear.

to have.

-etv

=

e

-\-

ending

contracting to

-ety,

-ev of

see §

pres.

6, 7.

-, to abide.

inf.

For

-eeu

PRESENT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE AND INFINITIVE. 90.

and

The

participle

is

very

common

in

37

Greek,

necessary to master its uses as soon as is the ending of the pres. act. nom. possible, it is

-

,

masc. sing.

e.g.

;

:

who says. takmg away, he who takes away. one hearing, he who hears.

the one saying, he

6 oLpwv, the one aKovuiv, the

The

article

and

participle in this use are equiva-

a dependent clause in English.

lent, as is seen, to

EXERCISES.

91.

<. , ^^ ..^.. 4', . .

€-)(

I.

I.

\eyr)

irepl

2.

iaTLV;

r)

en

3•

rye

;

6.

TTj

ayairr]

4€.

. They

glorify God.

4•

\eyei.

/•

8.

g.

.^

^^'^'

a'ipei.

€
ev

^ 5•

^'^

"^^^

ev

eêi

baptize in order that they

may

Already we become the

chil-

2.

Ye are able to know the truth. How can He take away our sins 4. 5. Through Him they are saved and have eterdren of Him.

3.

.-'

nal

life.

6.

After these things they go away 1

For

',

§ 5, 2.

NEW TESTAMENT GREEK,

ESSENTIALS OF

38

into the

desert.

He comes

7.

He may

that

save sinners (ayLiapTwXof). 8. I am willing to hear the Gospel. 9. Verily, verily the one loving his brother

is

not a servant.

my

not able to hear

word.

11.

from the beginningf and tiuth

is

Ye

10.

are

That one was in Him.

LESSON XIV. Present Passive SaBjuNcrrv-E and VOCABULARY.

92.

, , , -,

adv., at the

same

time.

prep, with gen., instead

,

prep, with gen., from.

conj.,

The

prep, with acc,

-, €,

tOf

worship.

keep.

pres. pass, subjv. of I.

2. 3-

--

2.

Plicr.

-)

--

; -( -is

The

:

I.

2.

3•

. The long vowel

Observe:

the active.

new. remaining.

toward.

if.

Sing.

pass,

2La\'.,Just as.

Xoiiros,

irpos,

ivpLvKut.fnd.

94.

conj., or.

?.

ovv, adv., therefore.

salute.

DEMON.

tvayytXiov, gospel.

93.

,

Kaivos,

of.

,

Infinitive.

"/^,

personal endings

primary endings of the indicative.

of 2 per. sing,

is

for

-.

as in

are the 3.

-97

:

PRESENT PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE AND INFINITIVE. 95.

The

subjunctive

Examine the

is

96.

ets

,,

Rule

syntax

of

97.

TJie first

The negative

'/,

iav

Rule [=if)\

if

,

of syntax

:

/,

The

.

pres. pass. inf.

Cf. § 124.

may be

-€-, the pres. pass.

--, --<;,

-

--, to be

ending

inf.

Examine the following 6

seen in the

:

to be heard.

is

:

The subjunctive follows lav

-€-, What

an

if ive say not the truth.

to be destroyed.

99.

.

is

moreover. Judge.

the negative is

following verbs

person plural

be used to express


tav

98.

:

us fijidthe truth. let us not be led in sin.

may

{of the subjunctive) exhortation.

in exliortation.

follov^îng

let

.]

used

39

judged.

.''

:

the one being jjidged. the one bei::g heard.

This ending is the passive participle ending in nom. masc. sing, as is in the active. The ending -o? is declined like § 25.

-

«?,

NEW TESTAMENT

ESSENTIALS OF

40

What was

GREEK.

said in 90 about the sense of the

active participle applies equally to the passive.

EXERCISES.

100. I.

€€

I.

?. ,

2.

€<;.

ev

4-

%

^ / .. . ' , . . ,' . tol"?

iariv

5•

3•

^7^^ ^^^^

^^

^^V•*•

6.

6

7-

€1

8.

{nothing)

.

.

9•

^^^

^^

(myself),

. Let US keep

this

us receive the truth.

3.

commandment. therefore, we

If,

2.

Let

are the

4. Let us have eternal life.

children of God, let us do His works. believe that through 5.

6.

Him we

They were willing to receive the He who believes is saved and has

Gospel. eternal

Let us not speak concerning these 8. A new commandment write I unto things. If we say that we have not sin, the you. 9. 10. He preaches the Gospel truth is not in us. of the kingdom of God.

life.

7.

THIRD DECLENSION.

41

LESSON XV. Third Declension: Neuter Nouns

, ,, , TO,

blood;

hemor-

cf.

RHAGE.

, ,

,

name ;

cf.

-,, irovs,

cf.

, ,

RHETORIC,

seed.

The

,

«, , ,

Spirit.

, word;

-£', ,

-, , |,^ ,

will.

NATE.

102.

,,

VOCABULARY.

101.

,

in a.

third declension

mouth.

body.

night.

/oot.

^re, vxKOtechnics. flesh. ligJit,

VHOTOgraphy.

,

hand, CHiKOgraphy.

is

ordinarily called

the consonant declension from the fact that the stem of the nouns usually ends in a consonant.

A

few nouns, as we

close vowel,

t

or

v,

shall

see later, end in a

or in"the diphthong

ev.

necessary in declining a noun of have the stem. This is determined by dropping the genitive ending -09• 103.

It

is

this declension to

104.

The nominative The

in various ways.

not easily determined

is

formed from the stem

nominative, therefore,

till

we know

is

the genitive.

1 These monosyllables have peculiaiities of form which will be explained later. The frequency of their occurrence is the

reason for introducing them thus early.

The

105.

follows

:

,


ESSENTIALS OF

42

declension of

8

name,

106. 1.

. . V. G. D.

Observe the following

The The

as

Plur.

Sing.

N. A. V. G. D.

is

genitive ending

.

:

is -09.

dative ends in -l, as in the first and 2. second declensions. Here, however, it does not appear as iota-siibscript, but is written in the line. 3.

the

In

plur.

a

is

same

the

as

in

the

-.

O-declension, so likewise

The dat. plur. ends in -, with which 4. of compare -t? of the A- and 0-declensions. the stem drops before -. The nominative is The stem is 5being dropped.^ the mere stem, final

-.

107.

Learn the declension

108.

Rule

of

accent

consojiant declension

genitives

and datives,

:

,

night, § 28.

Monosyllables of the

accent

-

of

the

tiltima

in

all

of the genitive plural

is circiDnflexed. 1

The

word

in

only single consonants that can stand at the close of a v., p, s. A", '^ther letters which would occur

Greek are

here are dropped.

THIRD DECLENSION CONTINUED. EXERCISES.

109. I.

4-

'.

I.

.

3•

.€^£.

8.

{offend)

€

Trj

.

€6

^

.

g.

.

is

{cutoff)

. They believe on

able to save by

becomes

{ev)

name

flesh.

(ei?)

ij.

His name.

6.

my

flesh.

10.

2.

spirit.

night and day.

of the Lord.

3.

He He

Let us

4.

5.

The word

These are the good

This is the will of God. through the mouth of God. 7.

life is

6

. 8\ .

baptizes you, moreover, in the holy believe on the

/.

{defiles)

II.

iv

;

'.

iyeveTO {became).

el

^^'^ ayeiv

5•

iv

eh

12.

.

2.

' .^-

{against)

?

^,.

^/}?

<

6.

43

seed.

He

speaks 9. The bread of Verily, verily I say to you, 8.

he who believes on His name has eternal

life.

ESSENTIALS OF

44


LESSON XVL Third Declension

Stems in

:

, •<9,

, -, ,

, man.

,

-is,

knowledge.

power, DYNA-

, ,

creation.

,

father.

mother.

,

exhortation,

, faith. , Qty. , conscience.

(-,

iroXis,

are given the most

New Testament

in the

-ep.

irio-Tis,

, tribulation. , judgment.

Above

111.

ktCo-is,

, resurrection,

8, .,

,

and

VOCABULARY.

110.

-Ls,

-i

are declined as follows

in

common nouns in They

stem

-t?,

-l.

:

iroXis, city.

Stem Sing.

N. G. D. A. V.

The

112.

-. .

G. D. A.

iroXcws

-

following

Plur.

, V.

iroXis

is

to

iroXiis

'•€ iroXeis

be noted regarding

the declension of this class of nouns I.

in all

e

:

takes the place of the final stem vowel

cases except the nom., ace, and voc. sing.

:

THIRD DECLENSION CONTINUED.

The gen. sing, has -?, not -09. The accent in gen. sing, and plur.

2. 3.

lar,

45

and here the acute accent

antepenult e

4.

when

the ultima

unites with

a diphthong

is

is

irregu-

found on the

long.

is

of the dat. sing.,

and forms

ei.

5.

The

6.

In the vocative the mere stem occurs.

7.

The nom.

plur.

-et
is

for

-v

ee<>,


113.

and

adds simply

ace. sing,

to the stem.*

§ 6, 7.

,

33,

§

a.

Observe the following 1.

The nominative ends

stem ends 2.

-,

in

while the

in -ep.

The

gen. and dat. sing, drop this and take the accent on the

stem,

e of

last

the syl-

lable. 3.

4.

Voc. sing, has recessive accent The dat. plur. has ap for ep.

114.

Learn

avyip,

man,

§ 33.

Note

,

(3,

,

that

i).

when-

ever ep of the stem would be followed by a vowel, takes the place of the e. The same peculiarities of accent obtain as in but of the gen. plur.

is

circumflexed.

-


ESSENTIALS OF

46

EXERCISES.

115. I.

,.

I.

€

2.

^^

"^

he ear lv

4•

ep^êTai

'^

5-

.^ ^. . 3•

eir

{on)

.<. € 8€

,

/•

ev

.

€.

e^êre.

{zuhcrc)

epya

II.

9eoi>

6.

avSpa

^^^

8.

g.

et9

.

6

12.

.

e\e-

ev

{shall have)

. II.

. The

2.

Life

is

3.

This

is

who does

We

faith which we have saves men. him who has the spirit of faith. my father and my mother. 4. He

in

the will of

God

abides in the truth.

have power to become the children of God. 6. He is the resuriection and the life. 7. We are raised from the dead on {ev) the day of judgment. 8. He who hears my word comes not into judgment. 9. In that city he preached the Gospel. 10. For those days are tribula5.

tion

FUTURE INDICATIVE.

LESSON Future

XVII.

Iot)icative.

, ,

vocabulary.

116.

, ', , $.€,

do wrong.

8, , ?, ,

, -',

, , €,

ircpiiraTiw,

look up.

go away.

deny.

€, -,

begin.

wonder

marvel.

at.,

fut.

as

ind.,

in

following

is

fear.

guard.

English, denotes

the

fut. ind. act. of

1.

\-•-<, / shall

-•-€5

-

loose,

etc.

-ei

The

\

:

Plur.

2.

118.

}nake niantfest.

going to take place.

Sing.

3.

confess.

walk. gather together.

ov, iinrtgkteons.

The is

The

conquer.

iinrig/iteousness.

hate.

117.

what

47

fut. ind.

I.

\-•--,

2.

-•-6-€,

3.

---

mid.^ of

Sing.

we

is

shall loose, etc.

:

Plnr.

1.

----

I.

2.

---]

2.

3-

---£-

3•

-<-------€-•€

For the middle voice, see §§ 47, 48. The middle and passame in form, except in the future and the aorist, which we shall learn later. ^

sive are the


ESSENTIALS OF

48

Observe that the future has primary

119.

endings, and differs from the present in the use with which compare shall in the English of

,

Note that

future.

appears before the variable

Hence, while the present vowel %. by adding % to the stem, the future by adding %.

, , - ,- ,

Learn the

fut. ind. of

The

120.

-

of

§ 65.

et//./',

do wrong,

future of

conquer,

-. ;

formed formed

is

is

is

is

of

;

make manifest, is these forms it can be seen that a short final voivel mnst be lengthened before = of the future, e = , a = ,^ hate, is

%

, -, 121.

of

;

From

,, , .

The

begin,

future of

is

lead, is

;

of

, . ,,

stems

in

, ,

The

122.

From which it form with %, %.

future of

turn,

stem

,-,

%.

The

123.

\

Stems

of

,

future of

persuade,

which observe that 1

But

after

e, t,

or

is

stems

;

of

;

in

,% .

in

not changed to

of

;

zvash,

of

,,

save, is

-

guard, stem is seen that

see, is

is

is

.

stem

=

+

-,

is

From

, ,

, but .

would

Cf. 53,

i.

:

FUTURE INDICATIVE.

have simple

%

in the future.

49

The consonant

drops before the tense sign. 124. The various forms of future stems may be seen by examining the following summary

Mute^

Vowel Stems.

+

<^/^

- W/^

0/

,

-

0/

Other vowel stems hardly

Palatals,

K, y,

+

Linguals,

, ,

-\-

% == % % %

No

stems end in the double nor in consonants $, ,

,

occur.

The

Steins.

, , , , will be Aside from stems we may now be able to

future of liquid stems,

explained in a future lesson. in

these four letters,

form the future

of

125.

any regular verb

€.

EXERCISES.

'; ., /, . ' I.

4-

I.

7€

8 .

{thus)

iv

6

., \]

))

<. €v

^

See § 2

3•

6

K.vpie.

7•

^.. .-

iv 6\rj

8. ^'^

]

'ypa'^ôD

2.

'^

Siavoia (luind)

9•

in Greek.

Trj

5•

6.

"^)

•

}

for the classification of consonants.

-

, . . ^ ' . .


ESSENTIALS OF

5

\€y

eaovrai

.

1 1,

12.

Tat
{a/so)

iv

II. . There shall be tribulations. 2. We shall He who knoweth the truth do the truth. 3. ^ and doeth it shall live. 4. Ye shall be with

me

this day.

5.

we

are not of

(e/c)

They

God with

the Lord

the will of

my

believe on

the

(et?)

6.

our heart.

all

father.

because

shall hate us

the world.

We 7.

shall love I

shall

do

The son of man shall word. 9. They shall bear 8.

witness concerning Him that He is the light. 11. There shall be joy 10. We shall seek Him. in

Heaven because he

saved.

is

12.

He

shall

glorify God.

LESSON Third Declension

,

,

age, .EON.

aWoTpios,

Mute

Stems.

,

, ,

Kaivos, neTV.

another's., strange.

, food. , £8, ready.

eX-iris,

:

vocabulary.

126.

,

XVIII.

£, ,

judgment. build Up.

irpeo-pvTepos, elder.

Jiope.

$,,

be a servant. X
darkness.

manifest.

, grace.

with Gen.

:

THIRD DECLENSION CONTINUED.

- ,, '?,

foot,

-. ;

2.

In

, --, ,

stem eXirtSstem stem //^///,

Jiope,

;

stem

I


127. 1.

5

night,

;

flesJi,

;

stem stem

grace,

;

these nouns note that the stem ends

all

a mute

(§ 2), and that the nominative is For the formed by adding ? to the stem. and the euphonic changes that occur with

in

mutes, see 124.

, , - ^^,

leader, 128. In age, stem stem and hand, stem ^-, we have liquid stems which form the nominative from the mere stem. A short vowel, as in may be lengthened.

^€-

;

;

•-, a.

,

not .add

s for

prince, ruler, has the stem

the nominative, which

dropped and

,

129.

and

lengthened to

is

.

,

Learn the declension of § 28, and § 32.

30. When nouns with stem ceded by

t

or

, -,

has ace. iXiriSa.

but does

in

, ?, , ,

or

pre-

are not accented on the ultima,

the ace. sing, has e.g.

-,

the mere stem with

v,

,

the mute being dropped

ace.

Cf. 112,

;

5.

but

;

^-,


ESSENTIALS OF

52

The

131.

same

When -- of

132.

-

,

voc. sing,

as the nom.

,

is

rare

and

is

the stem would

come before

.

of the dat. plur., both the letters are

-,

and the preceding vowel e.g-. stem 133. I.

I.

ianv

lengthened

dat. plur.

EXERCISES.

. ^

eupiaK€L<;

ev

'^.

is

3.

4•

iêre {behold)

708

et/xi

€€ €€

8e

.

my

'

1

t

often

;

2.

avrof;

.

6

J.

. ^ , 8. eV*

ev

6

8.

)

.

()

g.

6

6

he

.

. Truth abides forever. 2. Now have we and hope. 3. I write these (things) with

hand.

them.

)

€€ ', /,

12.

II.

to

.. ^ ..,

. .

faith

dropped

(o

6.

8\ 1 1,

.

usually the

however, has voc.

4.

The

light appears in the darkness.

may be added to adverbs and pronouns to emphasize is The accent in all such cases is upon the t; «r.^.

; . vvv,

2

q^

g 157^

THIRD DECLENSION CONCLUDED. 5.

We

are saved by faith.

in his heart has grace.

the law, but under grace.

God we and

we

are what

He who

6.

We

7.

are.

has love

are not under

By

8.

9.

53

the grace of

Behold

my

hands

feet.

LESSON XIX. Third Declension Neuter Nouns, Stems Masculine Nouns, Stems in €v-. :

€-

;

vocabulary.

134.

-, €5, ,

apxi€p€vs, o, chief priest.

,

king.

€8, , ,

race. scribe.

wo>nan.

, 4'5, , custom, ethics. i'Gvos,

in-

nation.

iXeos, TO, pity.

Upevs, priest, HiER«;r/y/.

?, ,

inevtber.

H-^pos,

part.

, , -?, , , , water, KYOKotogy. ear.

ovs,

inultitiede.

ctkotos, to, darkness.

,

TeXos,

end.

Neuter nouns with the nominative in -09 and the stem in -ea form an important class of nouns of the third declension. The most common examples are given above. 135.

Learn the declension

of yevo<;, race (§ 30),

Observe the following. is

I. In the gen. and dat. sing, the of the stem dropped between the two vowels, and
contracts into

^.

2.

is

In

136.

of

5,

and

8

,

€<;,

declension, as

Only

stem

Learn the declension of king with which compare the vowel stem

For some

137.

^

6, 6.

. 31),

of the

are contracted to

jevea,

;

see §§

;

GREEK.

cases of the plur. the

all

dropped

•yevodv

(§

NEW TESTAMENT

ESSENTIALS OF

54

8,

,

nouns

irregular

ryvvi),

wovian,

waicr,

of the third Jiair^

,

car,

see § 34. such forms are given as occur in the New

foot,

Jiand,

Testament. 138. I.

ev 5-

TOL
.

. ^

'

I.

'.

Be

{persuaded)

€\ 3•

"^^

ou/c

eêi?

, 8 •. /.

^

earlv.

evayyeXiov

el

2.

€

.

.^.. -

4•

<{

EXERCISES.

{^striick^

6.

{^

8.

g.

'.

.

•

.

8

. ,, . (^for^ 12.

1 Ji/a;i_}'.

AND SECOND AORIST

FIRST II.

one in

I.

Ye

are not in the darkness.

(e/f)

part.

4.

will

say

not

the

king of

2.

make him

This

this.

5.

this

3.

They know world.

6.

that he

A great We have

multitude will follow him (dat.). 7. I 8. a part in the kingdom of God. you brethren that the end is not yet. shall

55

For we know The scribes and the chief

the king of the Jews.

is

priests is

INDICATIVE.

say to 9.

We

king.

LESSON XX. First and Second Aorist Indicative,

, €, ,

,

vocabulary.

139.

, , ,

, ,

/ died. I threw. I became. elSov, /saw. etirov, I said. I fomid. / went or came. I received.

', €€,

sanctify.

seem, think. behold.

purify.

go down.

see.

receive.

blind.

,

«, ,

140. The aorist is the most common tense in Greek to represent what has taken place. Thus, / loosed, I did loose, or / Jiave loosed would most likely be expressed in Greek by one word, e

the

aor. ind. act. of

.

--,

:

.

ESSENTIALS OF

56 141.

The


aorist indicative of

I

.

'---

2

.

€

3-

Plur.

.

--€--( ---)

--<-5

--(

4'--<€

142.

for

.

€--<-€

€--(-€

2.

€----6

€--•--

3-

€--(-

--drops between the two

In 2 pers. sing. ind. mid.

vowels

, and

:

MIDDLE.

ACTIVE. Sing.

is

tiiese contract to

,

§ 5,

i

Observe the following on the formation

of the aorist 1.

2.

The augment as in the imperfect. which changes The tense suffi.x is

,

to

in 3 per. sing. act. 3. I

The

personal endings are secondary,

per. sing. act. is

143.

Compare the

--144.

The same

with

suffix

the past tense in English

loose-d-you

;

e.g.

d

or ed in

:

«---fill

principles

-

of

ed-we

augment are

found in the aor. ind. as in the imperf. and the same euphonic changes with of the fut., 120-124. aor. as with

%

of

dropped.

ind., 36,

of the

AND SECOND AORIST

FIRST

Not

145. is

INDICATIVE.

57

,

which verbs have the aorist in form the tense on

all

called the first aorist, but

the simple stem of the verb by the use of the This is called the second %.

variable vowel aorist.

The

146.

2 aor. ind. of

-,

or stem

is

-

2.

I.

2.

3-

theme

t

-e-s

(

for

€'--€

€--£-

€---£ €--£-£ £---

---£

3•

Phir.

----

'---

I.

tJirow,

MIDDLE.

ACTIVE. Sing.

,

:

€--€-)

£--£-•£

--0 -vro

.

Note that the only difference in form between the and the imperf. of the same verb is a difference in imperf., has the pres. stem stem; e.g. t 2 aor., has the simple stem or theme, while 2 aor.

-,

--, --,

There is 147. Few verbs have both aorists. no difference whatever in meaning between a first aorist and a second aorist.

The

148.

, €up-,

;

,, ,

:

theme

'^-

following 2 aor. are given in the

<,

vocabulary

theme

theme

c8-,

2 aor. eupop

2

;

aor.

2

yev-,

ei8ov

-,

aor.

2 aor.

;

theme €-,

;

theme 2 aor.

, :

ESSENTIALS OF

58 ;


theme /8-,

2 aor. irape-

has no present. Note tJiat the second aorist has the simple theme of the verb and the %. ;

The

149.

difference in form between a

and a second

aorist

may be

aorist

first

illustrated

by

the following 1.

2.

3.

4.

--,

, ,

',

love ....

talk

throw ... /iZ/('(?

I

aor.

I

aor.

2 aor.

... 2 aor.

----,

«----,

lovc-d-we talk-ed-they

€---€, '---,

t/irew-we took-they

In I and 2 the past tense in both the Greek and the English is formed by adding something, and d or ed. In 3 and 4 no suffix is found, but the change

—,

,

, -,

the stem of the verb.

is in

threw ;

throw,

-,

took.

.^ -.. .

150.

EXERCISES.

,, .) I.

take,

I.

€

€€ <€ ;•

.

4•

2.

eypayfra 3•

'^<^''

'^-

^/^

{where) vTrayei otl

.

. iSiOi

1 irepi

/.

and

irpo

et?

do not drop the

final

I'Sia

6.

.

rj'ya'jrrjaev

vowel before the augment.

FIRST S.

a

Trepl

;

yap

€^

AND SECOND AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE.

.)

9.

eOeaaavro

II.

virep

'

ev

12.

eyeveTO.

8.

.^

. .-

eypayfrev. ei•?

59

elirev

13.

ev

eyeveaOe. II. . They asked him. 2. They went and saw where {irov) he was abiding. 3. The word became flesh. 4. He acknowledged that he is

the Christ.

He

5.

bore witness, saying that he

saw the spirit. 6. For he sent them to preach the kingdom of God. 7. And it came to pass in those days. 8. And I saw and heard.

LESSON XXI. First and Second Aorist Subjunctive.

, ,

, , , civepLos, o,

,

vocabulary.

151.

irrte.

€€,

wind.

open.

eirei,

when,

since.

€-7, , aesire.

2Lav.,jHst now.

-?, , $,

strong.

adv., where,

life.

88; ,

conj.,

€-€, ask (a question),

•€€, am sick. o',

iiiiiid.

there.

«vTeiGev, adv., thence.

kill.

7'elease.

pCos,

r|,

atii'.,

devil.

XpeCa,

.,

,

need.

fear.

6

ESSENTIALS OF

The

152.


\

aor. subjv. of

MIDDLE.

ACTIVE. I.

-(-

2.

-•-)-5

3•

•-•-

Sing.

----

(for

.

---,€

-<--

-0--€

-(--<€

3•

-"--"

1.

There is

-<-<)

---

Observe on the

2. 3.

-'--

2.

Plur.

153.

:

aor. subjv.

:

is no augment. the tense suffix.

The

personal endings are the same as in

the pres. subjv. 4.

The

aor.

stem,

\-,

is

the same as the

stem, 141, and the euphonic changes will be the same as in the aor. ind.

aor.

ind.

,,€/,

, ,, --

, , 154.

Write the

make

aor. subjv. of

tnanifest ;

suade ;

^,

lead;

do ;

write;

begin ;

per-

send;

receive.

155.

The

^^

Sing.

I.

2.

3.

Pliir.

I.

2. 3.

theme

2 aor. subjv. of

ACTIVE.

--€ -s

--€

--

-,

MIDDLE.

--•) ---€ <*-)

(for

---<(

1

.

FIRST

AND SECOND AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE.

6

156. Note that the same principles are observed in the formation of the 2 aor. subjv. as in the 2 aor. ind. (146-147). 157.

The

,8

2 aor. subjv. of the folloviîng

be conjugated:

I

eJSov,

subjv.

saw, subjv.

I came, ;

Observe

7eW/4ai.

subjv.

€<€, that

the

may ;

I became, augment

does not appear in the subjv. 158. 1

2.

,.,


€/€

eh

eis

let 7/s let

:

believe Pit

Him. Him.

ns believe on

Observe that there is no difference in transbetween a present subjunctive and an aorist. The distinction ordinarily made between the present and the aorist is that the present denotes what is contmued or extended, while the aorist expresses a simple act without any referlation

ence to a continuance of the same. In i the idea is Let tis continue, or keep on haviiig faith in him. In 2 the thought is Let ns believe in him now, or get belief in Jiijn. 159. that,

In dependent clauses with

and

eav,

if,

,

in order

either the pres. or aor. subjv.

may

be used, with the distinction in 158. The aorist snbjimctive does not denote past time, but is present or fjitnre zuith reference to the principal verb.

;


ESSENTIALS OF

62

The

has the same endings 90 and 99, with the

, , ',, , 160.

2 aor. part,

-, -<;,

as the present,

-. 6 h_e having co^ne ; 18, having seen; he having said ; he having died ; he having received ; he having become.

-

accent on Jic

161.

The

2 aor. inf. also has the endings of

-,

,

89 and 98, with (") on the ultima of the active and the (') on the penult of the middle. eXOelv, to come ; Ihetv, to see ; elirelv, to say; to die; to receive the present,

-eti/,

fêvmOai, to become. 162. I.

,

^. . EXERCISES.

lav

otl iv

evToXr)

.,

.

^,

2.

3•

. .' . irepl

^ . ^ €^

hC

{all)

'

evpev

4•

a'yev

$.

6.

7-

8.

{rejoice)

€€.

1

9•

Learn the

^

hi

^7^

eVt

'^'^

capital letters, § 1,

^

3ee ^g^

.,

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.

, , .

II.

{vain display)

€

e'/c

Trapaye-

'

Tat {pass aiuay)

te

LESSON Irregular

, ?, ?,

Consonant

vocabulary.

€

iuy.

?,

unclean. <>,

.

ovVe

impossible.

, ,

XXII.

Adjectives of the Declension.

163.

ovSe, neither

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

', neither

nor. .

.

.

nor.

-,

sinner.

prep. w. gen.,

from

the side of;

w. dat., by the side of; w. ace, to the

diiras, all.

book, Bible.

,

}

10.

yPjv.

epya

63

wish.

side of.

IXevOepos, free.

great.

0T€, conj.,

iras, all.

much, many.

?, -, iroXvs,

when.

sow.

', liar.

164.

and


^,

great, § 36.

•,

To be observed

vuicJi,

:

That both these adjectives have two disstems, a longer and a shorter form, of which the former is more frequent. I.

tinct

ESSENTULS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.

64

That they are declined, for the most and second declension.

2.

part,

in the first

?,

165. Learn the declension of and note the following peculiarities

The masc. and

1.

first

VT-

-, 9,

is

declined in

The

and the nom. masc.

mute stems.

as in

is

added.

Cf. 127,

is

In the 2.

-

of

accent in the masc. and neut. sing,

is

drops before

the dat. plur. 4.

36,

declension.

2. The stem is formed by adding fem. nom. sing, 3.

§

neut. are declined in the

third declension, while the fern,

the

all,

:

9

of

nom.

sing,

and

Cf. 132.

that of monosyllables of the third declension, 108, while in the plur.

it

an exception to the

is

rule.

166. I.

I.

^ .

-rrauTa Bt 6

/;^

^ .^ . 3.

EXERCISES.

eVl^

iyevero.^

7'9•

^€

. . -

2.

ev

.

4•

'^^^

iyevero

iv

ey\v

6.

8.

y.

eyk7].

yap

g. 1

Cf. 43, 10, note.

^

Jn the pred. position, 64.

^

See 167.

;

.

. .

PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. TO

10.

*

Xeyeiv.

II.

en

12.

.

1

LESSON

3-

.

65

€\ €

Perfect Indicative Active and Passive.

, ,

vocabulary.

167.

, ',^

adv., whence.

adv., truly.

, , £,

sin.

irov, adv.,

-.

â-v.,from above. , covenant.

\v.

?, ,

gen., without.

upon

?,

ace, to, on, over. , sun.

The

make per-

perf. ind. of

active.

friend. lie.

conj., as. about.

€,

5, 168.

fulfil,

feet.

prep. w. gen.,

tiri,

where.

kill.

,

[, feast.

4', adv. w.

adv., thus.

,

go up.

is

love.

:

PASSIVE or middle.

^.

Sing. 1.

2.

3.

\-\-,

'--?

-1.

2. 3-

/ have

loosed,

etc.

----€---< ^

F

\i-\v-ô.\.,

€--0

I have been

-Plnr.

loosed ox

have freed for myself.

€--€

'---

--

But oirws before a vowel.


ESSENTIALS OF

66

i. That the tense suffix in the of the aor. with which compare 2. That the 5 per. plur. act. has -, which shows the endings to be primary. In the sing, the endings do not appear as primary, but are the same The etc., never occur as in the aor. act. there is the besides the augment That here. 3.

Observe

169.

-

:

-,

act. is

,,

consonant of the verb, which extra

initial

ble Xe-

is

pass, has the reduplication

sylla-

That the

perf.

and the primary

pass,

called reduplication.

4.

endings, which are added directly to the theme

without the intervention of any tense 170.

The

following forms will

, <£,

perfect of a few verbs

,

:

conquer .... Perf. Act. believe

/ove

.

.

.

', ask for ....

€€,

£,

Perf. Act. Perf. Act. Perf. Act.

fulfil

Perf. Pass.

beget

Perf. Pass.

suffix.

indicate

the

-

£-1•£-•7-6i

€-€-.

£-€'-

seen from these examples that a short as or is lengthened before before all tense suffixes, and that a verb beginning with a vowel or a diphthong cannot have It is

final

-

vowel

-,

For the reduplication, but the simple augment. the principles of augment and reduplication, see §77,

I,

2, 3, 4. 1

See 36, 2 for

this

augment.

:

PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE.

6•]

171. The perfect has many peculiarities, whicli need not concern the learner at this stage, and can well be left for larger hand-books or the lexicon.

Learn

the

, , ,

verbs

following

2 Perf. Act.

//ear

know.

A

172.

-,

yov-a

;

.

.

Perf. Act.

.

^

irregular

of

-«--

Perf. Act.

see

not

perfects

c

--

few verbs .have a second perfect

^, § 54

;

e.g.

in -a,

-

become, 2 perf.

come, go, 2 perf.

\-\-.

8 ^. ^^ 7€7€€ ^ . ' . ^^. .173.

. .

EXERCISES.

eyvaev

otl

iv

I.

a

otl

2.

air

4• '^^'^

3.

jeyevvyTaL.

T7JV

5•

iv

. , ^ ^. he

6.

et?

/•

?/

, II.

'

'''^

,

ev

12.

8.

.

g.

^. ^, €< ^ ' ^,

yap

6

.

ESSENTIALS OF

6S

.


' on 6

3• et?

Trepl

"^ -

.

LESSON XXIV. AoRiST Passive Indicative and Subjunctive.

-,

VOCABULARY.

174.

-', , 8, , ,

read.

to-morrow.

av'piov, adv.,

,

teaching.

adv., near. heal.

co/nmand.

The

adv., early in the viorn^

05, -,

ivise.

€---

2.

€---5

3.

Pllir.

I.

2. 3•

176.

',

call.

is

—

-? --

SUBJUNCTIVE.

€--

---€

--£ ,--

€---€

€---<


The

and ace.

under.

aor. pass. of

I.

cnicify.

prep. w. gen.

indicative. Sing.

indecl., Passover.

adv., wJioice.

ing.

i5iro,

•€«, grieve. 175.

•-,

generation.

x[,

,

BLASPHEME.

,

--, ,

:

which is and contracts with -, -rj<;, etc., See § 5, 8 of the subjv. with the circumflex. and § 6, 5. I.

suffix for the aor. pass, is 9e,

in the ind.,

AORIST PASSIVE INDICATIVE

The

2.

AND SUBJUNCTIVE.

personal endings in the aor.

. .

pass,

incl.

So likewise

are the secondary active.

69

in

,

the

subjv. are found not pass., but act. endings. 177.

ened

;

,

Before -de a short

e.g.

vowel

final

do,

;

manifest, 178.

before suade^

A theme -; e.g.

,

in a

mute stem lead^

is

(§ 2) is

VX^V^>

length-

make

changed

^,

per-

= €=€ ,, +€= , X +

«1 yy

Xê

^«

,^^ , ^ , , . . •. +

8,

179.

pass.

reply,

180.

Some deponent verbs (76) have an Such are called passive deponents ; go, I wejit ; I replied.

aor.

In some verbs there

aor.

pass, with the suifi.x e only

2 aor. pass.

pass, of

it

was

;

is

found a 2

aor.

EXERCISES.

iv

I.

2.

3-

et?

'

eav

See 2

§ 58.

181.

5-

write,

e.g.

written.

e.g.

he

4•

oVt

'^^^

^' '^ ^'. 6

<;.


ESSENTIALS OF

70

€

'.

ouSe

) "/.

deov eav

epja

.€

•

epyov

iyevvri-

{/or)

8.

^<; .

9-

•

ij

'6\<^

€

}. , ^€.

€

oi'K

6.

{like)

eiirev

<;

^

olha iroOev

8e

08€

LESSON XXV. Participles.

vocabulary.

182.

,

8, €5, ,

dpviov,

la tub.

possible, able.

, .

iravTOTc, adv., always.

on account

€-€,

, .

183.

lead astray.

irpo',

of.

adv.,

on the morrow.

give thanks,

bless.

fore. TiKia, finish.

adv., as a prep. w. § ;n.,

pres. part, of

apart from.

€, I am

Fern.

Neut.

N.V. G. OVTOS D. OVTl A. ovTtt

Masc. OVT€S

'-?

-

:

Plur.

Sing. Masc.

prep. w. gen.,

ToiovTos, such.

Village.

The

account.

little.

chosen, elect.

cvcKa, prep. w. gen.,

, , -,

OVTOS OVTl

ovTas

? Fem.

-ais

Neut.

ovcri

be-

1

PARTICIPLES.


184.

7 :

This participle is declined in three genders, sing, and plur. the same as 165. 2. The stem becomes in nom. masc. sing., and is for in nom. fem. sing. 1.

?,

-

The

neut. sing,

is

-

the mere stem.

Cf. 106, 5.

\,

Learn the pres. act. part, of § 43. Note that the pres. part. act. of any verb in -ft) is the present stem of the verb with the pres. 185.

part, of

What

^,

€. is

say,

,

the pres.

,,

act.

judgc^

part,

of

Jiear,

know?

Participles are accented like adjectives, not with the

recessive accent of verbs.

186.

Second

aorist participles in

declined the same as pres. part, in 187.

The same

-

(160) are

-.

tense signs are found in the

participles as occur in the tenses of the indicative. Flit.

-MIDDLE. --

ACTIVE,

PASSrVÊ.

---

Aor.

Perf.

---

No sign but the accent on

-€-

-"

"

"

For the changes before tense

the penult.

-U£V05

" sufifixes,

"

see

124 and 178.

,

188.

Leafn the aor. act. and pass. part, and observe the same principles

§ 43,

of in

:

ESSENTIALS OF

72


,,

the formation of the nom. sing, as in the pres. act. part.

In the aor. pass, the form irregular accent,

lengthened to

is

for

ei.

which has

165,

e

3.

is

189. All middle and passive participles, except the aorist passive, have the ending -,^. Pres.

-- --Aor.

Flit.

MIDDLE.

\--€<;

PASSIVE.

Same

---'

as the middle, except the

Per/.

fut.

pass,

is

-/£5. 190.


€.

1.

.

a.

Having said tJiis

b.

When

c.

He

he said this said this and

2. TTOpevo/xevoi Ss

.

Going moreover

b.

As we

c.

While we advanced)

adva?tced

a. Seeing this (these) b. c.

I.

with

\

When

saw this Because lie saw this

Observe

The

he

he went away.

J

a.

3.

191.

1

"1

\

we preached.

"1

\

he marvelled.

J

in these sentences

participle agrees in

the subject of the verb.

:

number and

case

.

AORIST PASSIVE INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE.

73

2. While the participle may be rendered into English by a participle (Ex. i a, 2 a, and 3 a), it more naturally takes the form of a dependent clause denoting time or cause. 3. 'The tense of the participle is relative to the tense of the principal verb.

192.

, 5, /,


1

Tot?

2.

Trept

Toi

•<;,

3. 4.

193.

ple

to those

who

:

hear.

concerning him luho knows. him who has begotten. he who is begotten.

Observe that the article occur in any case, and

may

luith the particiis

equivalent to

a relative clause in English.

The

participle is a

most common form of verbal expres-

sion in Greek, and to understand a few of

its

many

uses

an essential to even a meagre knowledge of the language. Some of the most ordinary uses have been here explained and if these models are thoroughly mastered, little difficulty need confront the learner in the narrative passages of the New Testament. is

;

. 194.

EXERCISES.

I.

)

2.

iiyyiKev^ elrrov

^

.

^^^ near.

. . 5•

f^^^^

eyei

XeyovTe^ 3•

'^<^'

4•

€\€<

ESSENTIALS OF

74

.^

elhov

et9

.

.. .. 9•

GREEK.

€

iv

6.

iv

€

/•

8.

aev

'^

/ . ^,^ ^

NEW TESTAMENT

eypayjra

. II.

irepl

6

''/,

6

'^'-^-

*

LESSON XXVI.

,

Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns.

, ',

vocabulary.

195.

,

05.

i7iarket-place.

oivos,

6, field.

minister.

88, ,

. ,,

',

DEA-

, iroTi,

heal.

wild

beast.

adv., 7)iore, rather.

,

adv., not yet.,

conj. w. subj.,

adv.,

€, adv.,

€5,

yfi?,?,

witness.

wine.

, ,

minister,

COX.

€••€,

,

once.,

,

no longer. when.

ever.

sheep.

tJien.

adv., quickly.

escape.

For the contraction eou, see § 8. 2 For » instead of oo, see § 5, I. ^ A participle may be used in the genitive to agree with a noun, pronoun, or adjective. This construction has no graminaiical connection with the rest of the sentence, and is called genitive absolute. A conjunction, as w/iile, wheii, because, must be used in translating such phrases into English. 4 See §8, I. ^

:

.

INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

Learn the declension pronoun w/? and indefinite pronoun some 196.

,

tive

,

of the

,

75

interroga-

wJiatf and the

and \, some-

one,

thing, § 41.

Observe the following 1. Both the interrogative and indefinite pronouns are declined alike. 2. The interrogative pronoun has the acute on X}cvQ, first syllable, while the indefinite has the grave on the last syllable, or, in other words, has no accent of its own, and is therefore an

enclitic.


197.

'-

Tt9 ei

1

2.

3 4.

;

,

:

ivho art thou ?

TLva

'/<£

;

;

wJio

is tJie

mail ?

ivhom do you seek ? ye know wJiat I Jiave done.

Note that the interrogative /? direct

(i, 2, 3)

€011'

]

2. 3.

4.

ei

TU'€5 Tt<;

iav Tt

you do

, ,

Tt?

abo7
,

7']€ s/iall

it.

is

used

in

both

questions.

(4)


198. 1

and indirect

:

unless one sJmll be born frojn

certain ones of certain lame

and a iv

ask anytiling of

me

in

,

them said. man.

my name, I

If

sJiab.

NEW TESTAMENT

ESSENTIALS OF

Observe that the

when

is

it

indefinite

rt?

GREEK. is

enclitic'

possible.

are of the most frequent occurrence in Testament, each being found several hundred

These pronouns the

New

times.

The

199.

-€-( -£-(

MIDDLE. PASSIVE.

:

- ---^---€--( --(€- -- €--< Aor.

Fut.

-€

ACTIVE.

\

following are the infinitives of

Pres.

Pe?-/.

-<-£

be observed that the ending ai is shoj^t in the infinitive, and that the infinitive in has irregular accent, as well as It

to

is

everywhere

- -.

the perf. pass, in

The

200.

infinitives of

and eaeadaijfut. Of is €l8evai, to know.

, 201. I.

3-

€, am, are eivai,pres.,

oXha,

I know, the

infinitive

EXERCISES.

€86]

2.

;

iav

.

, . ' <; . ^ €\\.

eav

;

iv

{according

4-

^'^ .

6

6.

)

iv

deXeTe

elirev

elvai

7•

^

See page 29, notCt

;

, , ^.

. }

FUTURE AND AORIST OF LIQUID VERBS. Xeyei

aTrOKpi£e\
.

ei 6

'/',

€€.

77

^ 8. . iav

{sJiall see)

ev

g.

elirev

yap

)

LESSON XXVII.

, , , ,

Future and Aorist of Liquid Verbs.

,

VOCABULARY.

202.

. , , 5,

TO, iiei.

stretch out.

raise

, •9, , , -, €,

ki7/.

oiight.

suffer.

tempt. rich.

lip.

, cup.

rebuke.

sit.

,

2La\.,from afar. , bridegroom.

203.

The

future of

€ £€8

wise.

remain,

1.

2.

Plur.

. 2. 3•

(- )

( £-

(€-€

(-'--) (-'-),

€IS)

-)

€

(- -0-6) (€-€'

6£€

e-T€)

(€-€--) ^

See footnote

is

middle.

ACTIVE.

Sing.

d, soldier.

salvation.

3,

page

74•

§6, 5

(---)

(---) (-'--)

(€-€--)

t

NEW TESTAMENT

ESSENTIALS OF

78

Observe ending in

:

That

i.

a liquid verb (theme

is

, , , or ). not %, but e%.

GREEK.

The

2.

for the

sufifix

This short vowel contracts with the variable vowel. See § 5, 7 and 8 § 6, 7 4. When one of the § 7, 2. uncontracted syllables has an accent, the contracted form must have an accent the circumfuture

is

;

3.

;

—

flex

when

possible.

204. This contraction may be seen more simply if represented thus €% = ""Ll i.e. occurs before /x and v, and ei in all other :

;

forms.

The present and imperfect

indicative of

,

themes

have the same contraction as the future of liquid verbs. Learn § 59. ending

in

;

205. is

;

e

The

(-^),

of eye

(eyep-),

(-), (-),

206.

Rule

207.

-,

:

T/ie

.

raise

Jip,

promise,

kill, is

formed by

-

(ap-^), take aivay,

ind. of

fut.

of

is

scitd, is

eyepo)

;

of

eirayyeXo)

;

of

is

future of all liquid verbs

is

the suffix e%.

The part,

^ -, -. aor. ind. of

is

inf.

1

See § 82, 3 and

4.

e-p,eiv-a,

subjv.

;

-, /-, -, -, -,

Future and aorist of liquid verbs.

The

aor. ind. of

,-.

€76-, ind.

subjv.

is

part,

79

inf.

subjv.

iirajyelX-aL

part,

inf.

208.

Rule

T/ie aorist active

:

liquid verbs have no

,

and middle of

but forjn

tJie aorist by lengthening the last vowel in the theme to the corresponding long vowel, e, Jioivever, cJianges to €1,

and a

to

{except before

e,

i,

or

Cf. 53,

p).

exercises.

209.

. . ^^ ^ ^- 8€ ^^,

-

I.

iirajyeXia

2.

i''yeLXao

(promise)

3•

^

/'?

eyepel.

5•

4•

^. ^ .^ .

.

1

See

i.

§ 23,

.

7]

etc

{laid)

.

«^ ']

.--

6.

.

(also)

8.

8

g. ^

tomb.

^,

'^"? 3

See

§ 13.

.

So

ESSENTIALS OF

€

'


^

Xeyei

^

<;

<;

otl

ayopa-

{eat)

;

LESSON XXVIII.

, . ,

Pronouns

Reflexive, Reciprocal.

:

210.

.

, -,

vocabulary. recline, fall down,

,

-, ,

TO,g!ft. Jiope. /'/

,

, -,

purified.

grasp.

St'vSpov, TO, tree.

|€<.,

?, ',

is

§,

', -£,

lawful.

sacrifice.

blessed. hire,

pav.

, MYSTERY.

thy.

think.

conj., so that,

si/fficient, able.

.,

and so.^

•,

-

211. Learn the declension of the reflexive pronouns myself, thyself,

,

himself, § 40.

Observe

€

:

i.

These pronouns occur

oblique cases only.

2.

They

the personal pronoun and the intensive

=€

=

;

(pron. not

212.

This

is

found

in

N.

the

,

€-\- €=:€-^ ',

,, ^

in

are formed from

.)+.

eav-

often written in a shorter form

etc.

latter sense at the beînni>iz of a sentence.

1

PRONOUNS: REFLEXIVE, RECIPROCAL.

, € ^^ , ? ,, ,


213.

1.

:

I bear

eyw

8

luiiness concerning

tnyself.

2.

3.

4.

/glorify myself. I speak not of myself.

iâvTov

what

sayest thoit concerning

? ^/,

thyself.

5.

6.

he will glorify Him in himself. we ourselves groan within

avToi

ourselves.

In

these examples the pronoun refers back

all

to the subject of the sentence,

hence the term

reflexive.

, , . , . . ^. ,. ^ Note that the

may

3 per. pron.

refer

Ex. 6) to other than the 3 per.

(as in

214.

another,

The is

reciprocal

found

pronoun

of one

and

in dat.

ace.

?;-

they hate one another.

215. I.

EXERCISES.

TLva aeavrov iroieh

;

2.

3•

''

ev

eVre

4-

5•

yap

6.

1

'^'^'

eêt

slay.

ev

. 82

ESSENTIALS OF

/

^^^


^,

, , '] ,,^^

. ? 8.

yap

,

Xeym

g.

;

,. ^^ LESSON XXIX. Imperative Mood.

-, -,

216.

',

,

toiicJi,

, €,

?,

bear.

,

marry. known.

-TOs,

adv., well.

weep. repent.

conj.,

€, --,

two.

,

«Is,

vocabulary. reveal.

and as a prep. w.

gen., except.

one.

-Tos, least.

even as.

5,

adv.,

217.

The

ill,

'-,

pres. imp. of

3•

-€-

Plur.

2.

-£-

3•

adv., afterward. is

:

-€-(

middle and

active. 2.

four.

Tpets, three.

badly.

Sing.

adv., to-day.

---

or

--'-

passive.

--

or

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

The endings

218.

of the imp. are

Sing.

or

of the act. is

i>.

for

is

(. or

3•

regularly dropped in verbs like

--.

,,


219.

<

2.

3•

let Jiiin

:

hear.

marvel

not.

TJie imperative is used Rule command. The negative is :

, ,', 220.

of

Pliir.

Si/ig.

Pliir.

£

.

:

MIDDLE and PASSIVE.

ACTIVE.

2.

83

.

to

express a

Learn the aor. imp. act., mid., and pass. § 56, and the 2 aor. act, and mid. of

§ 57. is an irregular ending. becomes tl to avoid a combination

a.

ov in the aor. act.

b.

in aor. pass,

of rough

221.

1

mutes.

/,

no one (ovBe, nor

declined as follows

€

ovSevos

:

(.( €8

+

eh,

' €

one),

oevC

Cf. eh, § 39. 1

See

§ 2.

is

.


ESSENTIALS OF

84

. ? . ' . ^ '. ^ . , . ,, . 222.

^

EXERCISES.

Xeyet

I.

2.

\.

3-

'ihe.

ev

Troieire

4•

5•

€

ayaOov

-

6.

0( 8e

y.

e

;

ouBeU

ec ^

eh

8.

€^

12.

Xeyeiv,

8'

eyeveTO ovSe

.^

[again)

'

ev

.

6

9• ^Vt

eyeveTO,

II.

ev.

].

6

3•

6

LESSON XXX. Adjectives in -ov and

,

, -, ,

VOCABULARY.

223.

?, -,

-. — Comparison.

, marr/ag'e, polyGAUY. , chain, bond.

u'ue.

weak,

sick.

persecute, pursue.

foolish ^

The neuter

^ If.

*

See

often has the sense of why. ^

§ 142.

See irregular nouns, § 34,

,

(,

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. only begotten.

b\Lyos, /eia,

£-09, 5, <€\, ,

.?/.

',

abiiiidiUlt.

(§ 35),

there

that

masc. and

being

?,

4•

V€OS,

Observe:

('-),

weak-er.

(-),

strong-est.

weak-est.

wisc-r.

wisest. (vcU-TttTOs),

young-er.

i.

added ox cr and is

(-),

strong-er.

€-£05,

young.

That to

young-est.

examples some-

in all these

make

= si or

the degrees. est.

2.

When

and 4, the and

becomes

before

-

=

r

the penultimate

3.

vowel

short, as in 3

-repo
These are added

directly to the stem. is

:

Superlative.

-Tepos,

wise.

thing

adjectives

€'-€8,

iveak.

3•

the

.

irregular.

is

-Tepos,

strong.

Ob-

alike.

Comparative.

?, -,

true

(§ 30).

two endings


Positive.

2.

of

35 for the declension of

§

225.

I.

< ,—

but

are

of the ace. plur.

-ets

See

fern,

hy-

healthy,

highest.

Learn the declension with which compare

224.

a.

whole,

giene. -TOS,

serve

run.

9,

prayer.

cause to stum-

SCANDALIZE.

ble,

full.

^5

-.

of the

stem

86

) 226.

NEW TESTAMENT

ESSENTIALS OF

The and

adjectives.

suffixes

-, See

may be

-

GREEK.

(declined like

but mostly in the irregular

§ 37, 2,

and learn the adjectives

in § 38.

Examine the following adverbs

227.

«

Comparative.

Positive.

, $,

badly.

:

Superlative.

(-) ()

)

(

ivell.

€8, quickly.

It is to be observed i. The positive of the adverb ends in How different from the gen. plur. of the adj. 2. The comparative of the adverb is the neut. sing. ace. of the adjective. 3. The superlative of the adverb is the neut. :

«?.

.''

plur. ace. of the superlative of the adjective.

.

228.


<;

we know

Rule

:

/xev,

:

greater love than this

not.

The comparative degree

is

the genitive case.

229.

8€

I.

2.

1

After.

\' EXERCISES.

el.

3•

followed by

.

Adverbs of position are followed by the

^

genitive.

;

€€ '€^' . ,. } ,. REGULAR VERBS IN

.

87

4•

rfj

. , ,, -

ov8e

5-

6.

iv

"].

•

el

<;

e/xe

\oyov

el

Sta

7€• . el<;

pat

8.

'^

}

7]<

\

. ecrrt,

{bed).

?

LESSON XXXI. Regular Verbs 230.

in

:

88,

Of the two conjugations

give.

in

Greek

(see

-

are by far the more common. 73) the verbs in Still, those that have the older endings -, -?,

, , , , , , ,, ,

etc.,

form a very substantial part of the ordinary

verbal forms shozv

forgive ;

e.g:

;

give ;

;

These words,

it

am ;

put, place

sivear ;

is

set

;

say.

easily seen, are naturally of

very common use. Hence they are among the old verbs of the language, and may be called strong verbs, having, as they do, the strong endiners.

88

ESSENTIALS OF 231.

The


conjugation of these verbs differs

from the conjugation of the verbs in -, in two the pres. and 2 aor. systems. systems only In these two systems the verbs in have no variable vowel %, but the endings are added directly to the theme, § 85.

—

8

Learn the principal parts of and the pres. and 2 aor. systems, act., (The mid. and pass, of these §§ 62 and 63. systems are very rare.) 232.

(§ 88)

233.

,88,

The most important compounds of

are with the following prepositions,

.

234.

Observe the following on the forms

the verbs in 1.

2.

3.

The

of

:

old endings

,

occur.

etc.,

-aat ends the 3 per. plur. primary, and not v, is found in the secondary

-,

tenses 3 per. plur. 235. 1.

The

2.

eBiSovv like

3.

^

ind.,

in

:

present system has a reduplication,

occurs for

., 1

,

Note the following

Three verbs

in

aor.

St-,

§ 59.

in the aor. ind. act.

, €,

Greek have ;

this pecuUarity in the aor. act.

aor.

;

aor.

REGULAR VERBS IN 4.

',

.

89

For the contraction in the ;?,- etc., see §§5, 12, and 8,

5.

8odvat, 2 aor. act.

inf., is

2 aor.

subjv.,

5.

for ho-evai.

( , 236.

-\-

Learn the principal parts of Stem e), forgive, § 88, and the con-

jugation, § 66.

The

237.

pluperf. act.,

which

a rare tense,

is

has the suffix «et and being a secondary tense, secondary endings occur. See § 77, latter part. ;

and

Translate the forms of

238. in

§§96 and

,

101.

,.

LESSON XXXII. Regular Verbs 239.

e),

),

Observe that

-.

240.

-

--

reduplication, in for

:


(stem (stem

is

in

in

88

(stenr 8o),

(stem

-()-

in

),

,

-8-

these verbs there

which the vowel

So likewise

()

all

:

some verbs

is

in

l.

—

{)()

is

a

go

NEW

ESSENTIALS OF

TESTAAIENT GREEK.

This form of reduplication has to do with the present system only. 241.

242.

,,

.

is

eiri,

,

most common with

of

ctti,

and

Translate the forms in §§ 105 and 108. Impersonal Verbs.

244. Sei, it is

. <;

seems {besf).

€€,

Set TTOtetv

;

wliat

,

$€,

necessary

-,

SoKCL, it

TL

,,. ,

The most common compounds

are with

243.

, ,

Learn the principal parts and pres. and and §§ 62 and 63.

2 aor. systems of

it

it is

it

lawful.

concerns.

repents one.

must /do? ye must be born from above.

Observe that hd takes the accusative and the infinitive.

•

SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION.

,-

,-

First Epistle of John.

'

APXHS,

€.€1 '^ rot?

rrepl

(, —

,

(

,— , '

.

^ ^ X.pLcrTOV'

y ayyeXta

^

^ . 91

3

8

•

.

'--

2

.

,

4

5

6

-

6

92

' ^- ,^--/ ., .'-ESSENTIALS OF

NEW TESTAMENT

.

^^^ eô/xev

7

€€, ) ..

kav

GREEK.

[l., II.

ev

kv

kv

/xer'

8

9

^'^

,

,..

kv

kv

xfJv

kv

.

",, , . .,

), 2

,

6

tt'a

kv

^

3

4

kvav

6

^

6<).

--

1

, . ^ .

,


II.]

)-

iv

, .

'Ef 6

otl iv

' , ]' •

ivToX'qv

^"

ivo\

vpiiv,

^

iaTLv 6

ivov

.

iv

iv

,

8

g

. ,'^'iv

et^'t

^

•

iKel- 6

iv

<

93

eV

?'

'

'

ilv

8,. ,ivv, , iv

'^

iv

iv

6

1

iv

iv

• ^•

',

,,.,

iva

>

13

94 14

. , € ', , ^ . , . NEW TESTAMENT

ESSENTIALS OF

, ,

tou

otl

7€<,

-^•

ayaTTo,

6

otl

\_Tov

15

, ,

'^

•<

otl

,

8

19

- eVt^f/xta

. , ,, [],

21

. -

' , ' ,

'.€

^

— 1

-

6

iVa

2

ecrre

)

rj

17

[ll.

eypaxpa

otl

eypaxjja /cat

GREEK.

'€

. ^

.]

, /

' ^ -.


OTL avTTJu,

€,

otl

<; eaTiv.

;

'

Tts

otl

6

on

ei

22

6

6

•

6 23

ovSe

, -evet.

'

• ,.

95

, .' . , -'

24

[eV]

25

9

,. /

8^ ^^ , ,,

, ,-

'

. 1

,

• .

.

.

26 27

28

29

^ . ,^ .

ESSENTIALS OF

g6

NEW TESTAMENT

GREEK.

[ill.

6

otl^

/

*€

6

. , , \^ . . ', \ , ^ 6

2

.

otl

3

'

6

4 5

,

6

• . ,^^ , 8\ ., ^. ,

^

6

6

6

,-. •

7

8

6

6

6

9

1

.

1

,8

^) III.]


€

ev

€

^

97

TTOtet,

ort

Swayeyevvy]TaL.

<

., ^ -, ^ ^ ; . , , . '' , . , ^ . ,8 ^ •

6

'

1

•

-

•

,

6

13

14

6

6

otSare

\)

•

\

êu-at.

'

)()

6

98

^ ',


ESSENTIALS OF

)

Tou

( ,

8

19

2 21

22

23

24

iu

TeKuia,

/

^,

,

.

^ ^

)

1

[ill., IV.

otl

\

, . , ^, ^

;

. ^-6

• ,,

Kaphia

;, .

.

", ^

,

-

, . •

' ' €6 ^ ,


IV.]

Oeov

ecrrtV, otl

6(,

'

3

^, ^.

,,

'.

?,

, .

iê-

^

iu

)

'^,

99

6

-

6

6

5

6

*

,. -

1

6

. , , ^

, , -, . ayaTroji'

6

4

'

" Xvei.

8 g

lOO

vlov

ESSENTIALS OF

NEW TESTAMENT

GREEK.

[iV.

., ^ ,'

avTov rov

'

6

, , , ^ , ' . , ' [] , otl

otl

11

12

., ^.

•

'^

6 13

otl

iv

OTL

14

-

6

15

otl

\

6

,

, -'

17 'El•*

otl

.

6 6 6

6

.

77

',

[/xeVet].

€

ecr/xev

, ' ,

SELECTIONS FOR TR.4NSL.VnON.

v.]

IV.,

iu TTj

6

(TLU

kv

eêt,

rfi

,

6 oe

-

,^ -

ayanrj,

). }(€ ,. •

^

,^., 6

19'

ao

yap

/ . "^ ^ ,, '

6

'

^ .,

8•

yap

\

2

6

6

^ ,

,,

3

4

$

t

ESSENTIALS OP

I02

NEW TESTAMENT

GREEK.

[oe]

, ' '^ , ^ ecTTLu

otl

6

0€ov

'

6

, ,

iv

ev

7

8

ot

^,

^

ot

et

,

.^

OTL

OTL

6

, , ,

^ \\) 6

'•

, otl

. 3 '

^

12

13

iv

-

OTL

9 eicrti'.

11

6

el

6

;

[v.

eêt

^.. ^ ^^ .', ^

2

|

t

.

.

.

v.]


.

I

,) . ^ . ^ -, , .,

,

eô-

iav

tl

ihy

. ',

03

14

^

6

•

,

, , ,.8 6

, ,

, . , . 6

8e

'

ly

8

ig

6

Siavoiav

-

,-

2

104

ESSENTIALS OF

Mat. 3

5

:3-i2.

on

ol

. )

4

, .-


/3€

5

ir€v6oiivT€C, ort

TrpaciC, ort

".

6

^, . ,

8-,

. 7

8

, . ^^ .

-

oifjovTai.

9

, 11

^^

^' \

12

^

[]

-'

66-^ ';

(,•

6

• * .-

selections for translation.

? ^.

•

io5

Mat. 6:9-15.

ovv

Ylarep

-

?-

Tou /cat

<

,, ' inl

? ,

.' ",

' * , ' ct>s

.-

)

6

.

[

, € '],

2

13

14

6

lav oe

Luke: Chapter

./

9

ovpavols'

6 iv

Tj

iv

u/xet?

15.

.

15

^

€<

I06

ESSENTIALS OF

3 eirreu

6

on avueaOUL tyju

€(

4

5

):

.-


e£

[XV.

tv

-

^

( ., ? .) ^^, , -% .., , avrov

^',

",^

7

-

8

9

11

12

;

,

'^

, • ."" ( -, . 8( ,, '\ -

XV.]

,


IO7

6 vecOT€po
^.

6

\eu

13

6

,

' )

'.

,

14

15

1

6

ly

,, .•. 8

6

8

19

2

I08

ESSENTIALS OF


, -

^

[xv.

ineneaeu ini 21

,

rictrep,

23

24

25

26 27

].

/cat

eva

[•

22

^ , €€ , et9

einev

, , , ^ -, !^ OTL

6 28

,

-

.

. ay

'

-

, . .. ,

•

-

6

29

^

-

6

1

'{.

, ^ € ' ? • ^ , SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION.

XV.]

IO9

trot

err)

ovSeVore.

epL-

6

ore

, ,,^. ^ ^ . , , ., ^ , ,. 6

30

31

,

•

32

on

âprjvai

Cor.

:

Chapter

13.

rat?

, ,

. ,,, , , ,, ^

,

-

2

.

, -

2

3

4

5

€ ,,, ,, . , , , ,-

no

ESSENTIALS OF

/xovet,

6 7


ov

)

-,

tyj

crreyet,

8

9

11

[xill.

.,,

•

.. •

•

^^

,, , , , ,,. • , •

•

12

13

. Si

atj'ty•

ABBREVIATIONS.

ace. act.

adj.

aor. art. cf.

dat. e.g.

= = = = = = =

accusative.

viasc.

active.

mid.

adjective.

neut.

aorist.

710111.

article.

opt.

confer, compare

part.

dative.

pass.

exempli gratia, the

for

perf

sake of ex-

pers.

ample.

= = flit. = gen. itnpers. = = hid. indecl. = indir. = = inf. = imp. imperf = = K.T.\. fern.

feminine.

poss.

future.

pred

genitive.

prep.

impersonal.

pres.

indicative.

prill.

indeclinable.

pron.

indirect.

rel.

infinitive.

sc.

=

.

= = = = = = = = = = =

imperative.

imperf.

,

tera. lit.

pliir.

masculine.

= = = = = =

literally

middle. neuter.

nominative. optative. participle.

passive. perfect.

person. plural.

possessive.

predicate.

preposition. present. principal.

pronoun. relative.

scilicet,

under

stood. sing.

et ce-

stibj.

suhjv. voc.

= = = =

singular. subject.

subjunctive.

vocative.

;

NOTES.

——

The

First Epistle of John.

CHAPTER

HN

1.

' APXH2

I.

,

^.

=

The

breath-

ing and accent are not written on capitals, o, the antece2 perf. dent of the rel. pron. is often omitted, prin. parts §88. A few verbs beginning act. ind. of with a, €, or have what is called Af/i'c reduplication I.e. a reduplication which is the first two letters prefixed to

,

-

€€,= --,

, ,-

dropped between two This § 88. verb most commonly has both the temporal and syllabic The pers. lit. of us. augment, § 157. the theme,

vowels.

.

pron.

is

learn prin. parts of

',

-,

is

often used for the poss. pron.

the art. may be used with absiract nouns in Greek, and ofttimes with concrete nouns, where it cannot be translated. For 2. Observe the change in tenses, aor., perf, pres. repeated after see 64. § 159. also to you, not as in Eng. to you also. 3• §119. /£^', §12. perf. pass, subjv. See 4. ^ § 56. The perfects made thus from a///, and the perf. part, are

,,,

, ,

^,

called pcriplirastic forms.

?,

,

,

5.

, ^,

8.

,'/, learn prin. parts of (,

iav, § 124.

)?,

,

used for the

2 aor. act. subjv. of

of the aor. here and in

For the two

10.

],,

for the 3 pers.

latter part. 9.

113

note the accent. Always emphatic when on for the double negative, see § 142.

the penult, 6.

NOTES.

is

1.

ace.

See

§ 83, 2.

3. 4.

,, -.

6.

,

2.

for class of verbs.

i

.

.

not only

.

.

.

.

but also.

prin. parts of

is

equal to a condition, § 126.

227.

cf.

the

//"

one does not

§ 137.

'

,. , , OS

inf.

inf.

for the formation of

,'.

depends upon

in indirect discourse,

See

-

§ 131 for

intensive,

,. ,,

after

.

The

learn prin. parts § 88.

, /, ] ,. ,

adverbs,

the

213,

For the sense

for neg. see § 119.

voc.

keep, hence the neg. 5•

§ 88.

cf.

§ 161.

cf.


is

§ 66.

pers.

see § 114.

CHAPTER verb

i

what tense? 37, 9, note. note on v. 6. 12. see under § 66. The perf. denotes the completion of the act, and equals here "stand forgiven." 9.

13.

cf.

=

and an

art.

15.

The

,

adj. are

§ 138.

note the gender. thus often used substantively.

,

i.e.

the goods or affairs of the world. is to be noted.

general use of the neut.

16. 18.

Ttav

, explained by

the following clauses.

even noiu. changes to

Cf. 2

vvv,

Theme I

The

. .,

2 perf. act. of

perf of

--,

.

§ 57.

NEW TESTAMENT

ESSENTIALS OF

114

=

19.

-,

aor.

.

and

tion, see § 122

and

parts

prill,

vowel often appears variable vowel %. el yap I

.

",

§ 123, latter part,

, , {< ei

24.

This

6

...

=

for the condi-

Iv

Not only does the

come

before the principal clause, but to

the expression

more emphatic a personal pronoun

clause

relative

,,, ,

(not used except for emphasis)

thrust before the rela-

is

whose antecedent is dropped, the fut. and aor. of liquid verbs, see 203-208. tive,

25. 20.

masc. 28.

.

/Aevetre, for

192, 193.

,

subj. of /xeVet.

Cf note on

prin. parts of

? ' ), ^,

is


4', § from

,

shrink in shame

i.e.

learn the subjv. of

29.

v. 24,

1.

£,

the aor.

where

cf.

, why

88.

8.

how

The long vowel « appears we find %.

different

from

prin. parts

in the 2 aor. ind.

in other verbs

2.

5-

3.

prin. parts of

. ,. 7.

not

Iit/n.

§ 68.

2 aor. of

?

,

above.

neut.

., ., , (. , , CHAPTER

of

.

«-.

€, 27•

The

one word.

a common construction in John.

is

make

unless, except, as

also.

23.

'.

175

176.

22.

, €. of

the place of the 2 aor.

in .

GREEK.

fut.

8, why eZs

of

€, § 65.

For the

§ 153.

6\€, see

class of verbs, see § 82, 4.

not ovSels ? § 138. TovTo,/or l/u's (purpose).

, ,

, 12.

NOTES.

Hebrew names

of places and names of perGreek ending, are indeclinable,

.,

sons, unless given a

masc. an improper prep. /or sake

€

115

(«-),

§ 82, 2.

€, of.

, .

prin. parts of has the sense of over, a change from one place to another. Note the strong antithesis between the gen. with €K and the ace. with €ts. goes with Review pres. act. part, 15. 14.

,,

. of

1

^^.

§43.

6.

§ 63

and

Learn

235, 3, note.

] , , , . ,, has the simple 17. 1

8.

19.

OS

= €-€, tkei/ie

'

.

/£^,

§ 151.

20. 22.

23.

24•

, ,

cf.

see OS

.

2 aor. act. inf.

of the verb. .

.

for the

.

],

.

mood, see

prin. parts of

The

2 aor.

always

§ 126.

§ 113.

for the gen. see § 152.

, ,',

',

§ 38.

. above,

see note

§ 155.

, ,

its

§ 152.

on

above.

The relative is often antecedent, when the latter is in

where we should expect

attracted to the case of

§ 150.

o.

the gen. or dat. case.

1. I

Jn. 2: 18. 2.

CHAPTER 2

,

perf.

2 perf. part.

participle in indirect discourse, tive are 3. I

:

I.

more common, see

,

4.

of

,

«^'•*'•'••

, Cf.

Cf.

-,

§ 43.

and the

where

For the indica-

§ 136.

§147.

cf note on

ev a substantive expression. 4. use of the article in Greek.

i

Jn.

Note the wide

.

Il6

, ,

,,

NEW TESTAMENT

ESSENTIALS OF

5.

9•

§ 148.

Jn. 3 12. how different in I

12. 15. 19.

mganing from

Cf. 157.

/-

eav, § 126, latter part.

not ind.

£,

see under

etTT»;,

21.

ayaira, ind. or subjv.

in table of irregular verbs. ?

, § 59.

CHAPTER

2.

adj. in

reOearat, Ocdoâi, § 77, 4.

20.

1.

and

art.

prin. parts of

see § 59 for the inf. of contract verbs, regularly omitted here in classical Greek.

,

stibscript is

?.,

a similar use of the

cf.

:

1 1

GREEK.

,

/£,

.

.

.

§ 127.

5.

192, 193.

-- ,,

nom. fem. plur. Adjs. in -vs are rare. = i/ie victory which has conquered. See aor. act. part, of § 43. 6. he who has come; lit. the (one) having 3-

4.

come, 8.

10. 13.

tense. 14.

,

15. I

16. 1

8.

20. 21.

,,,

-vpt'ov.

Cf.

,

§ 43.

€V, «Is, § 39.

€.

, -, ,, =

the mid.

8€, & 4:15. '.

eav

Jn.

.

goes back to

how

different

cf.

latter part.

Why

from the act.?

rare construction, § 124.

t8ri,

tva

Obser\ê the

aor. pass. part, of

note the mood.

(-),

neut. gender?

,

cf.

os

§ 43.

§ 119.

§ 82,

eav,

I.

,

213,

NOTES.

117

,. Mat.

5

:

3-12.

,

the beatitudes.

3.

,

4.

See the

fut.

§ 147.

pass, of

§ 56. g.

10.

to

in the pred. position, 64.

is

viol is pred.

8^8-,

11.

perf. pass. part,

.

before

€8€

', against.

Mat.

9.

, ,

. 12.

For the

, €,

.

in this form,

,

see 2 aor. system of ;

sc.

€£],

,

cf.

,

note on

,.

88,

(),

.

Luke

=

a

in 19•

-

§ 63.

For the coni

' son.

«/^common is

:

Jn. 2:13.

15.

the prodigal 8e

Jn. 2

aor. mid. imp.

either neut. or masc. as in

use of the part, with

i

56.

mood

§ 66.

prin. parts of

see under

an adv.

see under prep. § 164.

see 2 aor. act. system of

may be

I.

trans, as

,

struction, see § 117.

14.

9-15.

change

,

= os «• note the case, and the aor. pass. imp. of § note the use of the imperative

indir. obj.

13.

may be

see 178

commands. 11.

:

5.

THE lord's prayer.

. , , (8-),

6

of

Be

.

form of

This

participial


ri8

New Testament writers. Perhaps more emphatic than the simple imperf. of the verb would be. expression in the

,

,,,,, ,. . ., § 154.

avveaOUL, note the force of

2.

this prep.

pres. pass, sense.

6.

mood,

i.e.

§ 58.

y.

,.

€vpr), prin. parts of

2 aor. pass. imp. of

,

of

case follows

prin. parts of

§ 39, a.

4.

§ 128, for

What

?

.

§ 65.

because

of.

Cf.

same

gives the idea of turning about from one stand to

another.

8,

, , ,,. 8.

'. cf.

I. 3,

for the irregular contraction,

note.

§ 59.

.

12.

part.

was a Greek coin worth about 18 cents.

,

133,

.

means

here, 13.

§ 153.

. , ^? ,

Ji.

;

sc.

see § 37,

and note,

of

life,

/, '. , neut.

di-vided ; prin. parts of portion.

SielXev,

The

.

Attic

reduplication

regularly found in the 2 aor. of this verb. I

Jn.

.^?,

14.

^tTO,

I

:

Prin. parts of

I.

15.

,

gen. abs. 194, 10, note.

179 and 190.

lit.

is

See note on ->''-

be glued,

fastened ; found in the pass, only in the New Testament, and with the reflexive sense Join one''s self to. 16. see note on i Jn. 3:24. observe the nice use of the imperf. just as in English, 17. £ts § 149. the action is going on. § 157. 18. see 2 aor. system of a § 63. see under fut. with no pres.

'. , ', ^/,^,

,

, , , ., ,. .

.

.

,

;

,

119

NOTES.

-, -.

aor. act. imp.

19.

€7€,

, ^, «-. iêviyKare,

22.

,, , lit.

bound

(8)

23.

ivSvaare,

cf.

().

undenieath

-.

parts of

prin.

for the class of verbs, see § 82, 4.

SYMPHONY.

26.

€.

,

prin. parts of

ENDUE,

d-

.

For the

case, see § 148.

«

For is the opt. of what this is. av the forms of the opt. in the New Testament (and the uses The optative is used instead of this mood), see §§ 70, 71.

TL

, , ,

of the indicative in indirect question not exist in the speaker's mind. 27. 28.

29.

,

when

certainty does

,.

,

bac-k. note the force of so always in the New Testament for 4'tos. 2 aor. mid. imp.

,

',

observe the force of the prep, as in trans-gress. devoured, squandered. 30. imperf. see 244 sc.
',

;

as

;

subj. of the infinitives.

Cor. 13.

I

. , , , , 1.

2.

', = ,

LOVE.

§ 13.

=

3-

things \.

y.

I have,

, cf.

first

£, see under

'

§ 134.

;

i.e.

,

,

all that

see 2 aor. act. of § 59. to cover

8.

self.

is,

all the

§ 63.

; then to cover and thus Hence, hold off against, etidure. in the mid in the act. to stop some one Hence, cease.

means

keep (7^ what threatens. to stop one's

ê^t-

§ 68.

;

, , ,,

I20

ESSENTIALS OF

,

11.

=

imperf. tense.


^v, mid. end.

See

-;

for act.

-v.

Note the

78.

12.

;

tiri

adds the idea of WtV/

or thorouglily.

greater; therefore,

13.

case of

t/ie

For the

greatest.

see § 150.

-

A doubtful v. 3, is an aor. mid. subjv. reading where some editors give a passive form bum. from

(-^)

,

:

:

LITERAL TRANSLATION. The

First Epistle of John,

chapter 1.

That-vv'hich

i.

was from beginning, tliat-which we-

\-6

eyes of-us, have-heard, that-which we-have-seen that-which we-belield and the hands of-us handled, con-

cerning the word of-the Hfe, — 2. And the Hfe was-manifested, and we-have-seen, and we-bear-witness, and we-proclaim to-you the life the eterwas with the Father, and was-manifested nal which to-us, 3.

—

()

That-which we-have-seen and have-heard, we-pro-

claim also to-you, that also you fellowship may-have with us and the fellowship tmly the our with the Father and with the Son of-him Jesus Christ :

4.

And

these-things write

(having-been-fiUed)

we

that the joy of-us

may-be

full.

5. And there-is this the announcement which ve-haveheard from him and re-announce to-you, that the God light is, and darkness not is in him at-all. 6. If we-say that fellowship we-have Avith him, and in the darkness we-walk, we-Iie and not we-do the truth 7. If however in the light we-walk, as he is in the light, fellowship we-have with one-another, and the blood ofJesus the Son of him cleanseth us from every sin. :

:

ESSENTIALS OF

122 8.

If


we-say that sin not we-have, ourselves \ve-deceive,

and the truth not

is

in us.

we-confess the sins of-us, faithful he-is and righteous tliat he-may-remit to-us the sins, and may-cleanse us from all unrighteousness. lo. If ve-say that not we -have-sinned, a liar we-make g.

If

him, and the word of-him not

is

CHAPTER 1.

in us.

2.

Little-children of-me, these-things write-I

And

that not ye-may-sin.

if

any-one

sin,

to-you,

an Advocate

we-have with the Father, Jesus Christ righteous 2. And he propitiation is for the sins of-us; not for the our and only, but also for whole the world. 3. And in this ve-know that we-have-known him, if

the 4.

commandments of-him we-keep. The-one saying that I-have-known him, and the not keeping, a liar is, and in this-

commandments of-him one the truth not is 5. Who however :

()

this-one the love of-the

we-know 6.

keeps of-him the word, truly in has-been-perfected. In this

God

that in-him Ave-are

The-one saying

in

:

him to-abide ought

just-as that-

one walked also himself to-walk. Beloved, not commandment new I-write to-you, commandment old which you-had from beginning: commandment the old is the word which ye-heard. 8. Again, commandment new I-write to-you, which7.

but the

is true in him and in you, because the darkness ispassing-away, and the light the perfect already shines. 9. The-one saying in the light to-be, and the brother of-him hating, in the darkness is until now.

thing

.

:

LITERAL TRANSLATION.

I

23

The-one loving the brother of-him in the light abides, and oft'ence in him not is. 11. The-one but hating the brother of-him in the darkness is, and in the darkness he-walks, and not heknows where he-goes, because the darkness blinded the 10.

eyes of-him. I-write to-you, little-children, because are-reniitted

12.

to-you the sins on-account-of the I-write

13.

name

of-him.

because you-have-known

to-you, fathers,

the-one from beginning. I-write to-you, young-men, because you-have-conquered the evil-one. I-wrote to-you, little-children, because you-haveI-wrote to-you, fathers, because you-

14.

known

the Father.

have-known the-one from beginning. I-wrote to-you, young-men, because strong you-are, and the word of-the God in you abides, and you-have-conquered the evil-one. 15. Not love-ye the world, nor the-things in the world. If

any-one love the world, not

is

the love of-the Father in

him. 16. Because every-thing the in the world, the lust ofthe flesh, and the lust of-the eyes, and the vain-glory ofthe life, not is out-of the Father but out-of the world is. 17. And the world is-passing-away, and the lust of-it the-one but doing the will of-the God abides into the age.

Little children, last

18.

hour

that antichrist is-coming, even

become

;

whence we-know

is;

now

and

just-as ye-heard

antichrists

that last hour

many

have-

is.

Out-of us they-went-out, but not were-they out-of they-would-have-remained with us but that they-might-be-made-manifest that

19.

us

;

if

()

for out-of us they-were, :

not are-they 20.

And you

know (you) 21

all

out-of us.

anointing have from the Holy-One, you-

all.

Not I-wrote to-you because not you-know the

truth,

ESSENTIALS OF

124

but because you-know truth not


it,

and because every

lie

out-of the

is.

Who

if not the-one denying that Jesus This-one is the antichrist, the-one denying the Father and the Son. 23. Every-one the denying the Son, not-even the Fathei has the-one confessing the Son also the Father has. 24. You that-which you-heard from beginning, in you let-it-abide. If in you abide that-which from beginning you-heard, also you in the Son and in the Father shall-

22.

not

is

the Har,

is

the Christ?

:

abide. 25.

the

life

And

this is the

promise which he promised to-us,

the eternal.

26. These-things I-wrote to-you concerning the-ones deceiving you. 27. And you the anointing which you-received from

him abides

in you, and not need have-you that any-one may-teach you but as the of-him anointing teaches you concerning all-thinJjF and true is, and not is false, and just-as it-taught you, abide-ye in him. 28. And now, little-children, abide in him that if hebe-manifested, we-may-have boldness, and not may-we-beashamed from him in the presence of-him. ;

;

29.

If

you-know that righteous

he-is,

you-know that

every-one tlie doing the righteousness, out-of him hasbeen-begotten.

TRANSLATION

(Revised Version).

CHAPTER

3.

Behold what manner of love the Father hath bestowed upon us, that we should be called children of God and (such) we are. For this cause the world knoweth I.

:

us not, because

it

knew him

not.

:

:

TRANSLATION (REVISED VERSION).

1

'

25

2. Beloved, now are we children of God, and it is not made manifest what we shall be. We know that, if he for we shall see shall be manifested, we shall be like him

yet

;

him even

as he

And

3.

is.

every one that hath this hope (set) on him

even as he is pure. Every one that doeth sin doeth also lawlessness

purifieth himself, 4.

and

sin 5.

sins

;

is

And

ye

know

that he

was manifested

to take

him is no sin. Whosoever abideth

and

:

lawlessness.

away

in

in him sinneth not whosoever 6. sinneth hath not seen him, neither knoweth him. (My) little children, let no man lead you astray: 7. :

he that doeth righteousness

is

righteous, even as he

is

righteous 8.

He

that doeth sin

of the devil

is

To

;

for the devil

end was the Son of God manifested, that he might destroy the works of

sinneth from the beginning.

this

the devil. g.

Whosoever

is

begotten of

cause his seed abideth in him he is begotten of God.

:

God doeth no

and he cannot

sin,

sin,

be-

because

God are manifest, and the whosoever doeth not righteousness is not of God, neither he that loveth not his brother. 11. For this is the message which ye heard from the beginning, that we should love one another 12. Not as Cain was of the evil one, and slew his And wherefore slew he him? Because his brother. works were evil, and his brother's righteous. 13. Marvel not, brethren, if the world hateth you. 14. We know that we have passed out of death into 10.

In this the children of

children of the devil

:

because we love the brethren. abideth in death. life,

He

that loveth not

;

;


ESSENTIALS OF

126

15. Whosoever hateth his brother is a murderer: and know that no murderer hath eternal life abiding in him. 16. Hereby know we love, because he laid down his and we ought to lay down our lives for the life for us

ye

:

brethren.

But whoso hath the world's goods, and beholdeth and shuttetli up his compassion from him, how doth the love of God abide in him? 17.

his brother in need,

18.

(My)

little

with the tongue 19.

Hereby

;

children, let us not love in word, neither but in deed and truth.

shall

we know

that

shall assure our heart before him,

condemn 20.

eth

all

we

are of the truth,

and

whereinsoever our heart

us

Because

God

is

greater than our heart, and

know-

things.

21. Beloved, if our heart condemn us not, we have boldness toward God 22. And whatsoever we ask, we deceive of him, because

we keep

his

commandments, and do the things

that are

pleasing in his sight.

And

commandment, that we should Son Jesus Christ, and love one another, even as he gave us commandment. 24. And he that keepeth his commandments abideth And hereby we know that he in him, and he in him. 23.

this, is

believe in the

name

his

of his

abideth in us, by the Spirit which he gave us.

VOCABULARY OF THE SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH.

, , , , ,

,

,

€,, ,

an-

gel.

to hallow.

ayios. Jioly.

pin- ify.

pure.

?, ,,

field.

,

, , , , , ', , , , 5,

brother.

nnrighteoiisness.

,

dark saying,

ENIGMA.

truth.

trne.

true, real.

adv., truly.

conj., but. 07ie

,

,

, , , ?, , added

another.

to sin.

,

sinner.

sin.

to temporal

and

relative conj., not trans;

see

Greek index.

to declare.

live again] revive.

to take

away. to be ashamed.

ask for.

d, age,

?, ?,

latable

blood.

to

vainglory.

to clang.

beloved.

c>,

, , ?, , , ,

to hear.

.

, i/iessage. , niessenger^

65,

, , ?, ,

be glad.

to love.

request.

EON.

eternal.

?, -, , d,

man. ', man.

, murderer.

to raise up.

?, ,

127

lawlessness.

,

ANTICHRIST

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 2

ESSENTIALS OF

. •€',


?, ,

ivorthy.

',

to

', clerk.

, •5€,

away. prep. w. g&u.,from. to go abroad. to answer. to be

to

to write.

,

to

€,

send away.

and, but.

conj.,

€,

take back.

,

impers.,

6, devil.

to

,

to deny.

to give,

to begin.

just.

, justice.

unseemly.

to act

adv., dissolutely.

, ,

he, she,

of himself

.

to forgive.

to cast.

-, , ),

Papvs,

-€, -, heavy.

,

', life,

-, , €, €.

kingdom. sustenance.

to see. to feed.

conj., for.

, , ,

',

neighbor.

to beget.

to be, become. to k)i07U.

,

to scatter.

to teach.

beginning.

•€, -?,

murmur.

inind.

now.

apTos, o, bread.

,

of.

to divide.

pleasing.

adv.,

fiecessary.

ace, on account

to light.

€, ,

it is

prep. w. gen., through;

to touch.

-TOs,

fingering.

to expend.

to loose, destroy.

--',

knowledge.

announce.

tongue.

to thirst.

to persecute, follow.

it.

, , ,

€,,

to

prove. a servant.

to be

serva7it.

to be able.

two.

, €, «, €,

conj., if.

of himself come near. .

to

/.

, conj.,

«, , €,

,

if.

TO,

IDOL.

am.

2 aor.,

I said.

peacemaker.

, ,

VOCABULARY OF THE SELECTIONS. prep. w. ace, into, in.

, -', €6, cls,

«, one.

els,

to enter.

bring

to

€£,

«,

in.

wJiether.

prep. w. gen., out of. \nA&(\.,one hundred.

', 6, £, €€, €K,

€,

adv., there.

to

show

iXirCs,

i'veK€v,

on,

€,

,

,

comniandmeftt. adv.,

, , face

in

before,

to

go

, <,

to

,

conj., 7intil.

;

w. ace,

falling

;

life.

conj., or.

to,

know

to desire.

,

. , , ',

',

w.

to, on.

com-

to.

to

to envy. to seek.

'5,

promise.

prep. w. gen., lipon

ing

, , , , , , , ,

,

out.

, promise.

dat., 0/!

',

am

cf. «K.

Iiri,

to gladden, rejoice.

adv.,

of.

^,

to find.

to live.

ninety.

€vv€a, ni>te.

,

year.

«, to have.

ENDUE.

of.

«, ,

TO, tnirror.

he said.

prep. w. gen., on ac-

count

to ask.

iTos, TO,

adv., before.

put

to come, go.

(, ',

hope.

to

«, «,

desert.

kid.

£•8, last.

prep. w. dat., in.

4,

«, , €8, ,

'-.

fnercy.

?, my. €v,

upon.

to eat.

merciful.

,

to place

TO, wor/c.

«, «-,

carry ont.

, £€,

desire.

to fall dcnini.

shall say.

that one. to

,

129

well.

',

now.

coine.

day. OUT.

to soimd.

, to

death.

marvel.

to behold.

,

will.

to will.

05, , God.

;

ESSENTIALS OP

130

£€,

, , 8, -, , ,

-, ', ,

\, judgment.

to observe.

to sacrifice.

, ?,

conj.,

propitiation.

order that.

-05, strong.

, ,

blessed,

bad.

, ,

gen., against

\v.

w. ace, tJiroiigh. to

', ',,/ -,

condemn.

to leave behind.

bring to nought.

to

.

kiss.

to devoiir,

squan-

to

to boast.

lie,

recline.

TO, the fruit of the

Carob

used for the swine, also by poor people. Lit., a little horn.

, ,

£,

tree,

to shut.

-, -, ,

r\,

,

€, ',

, €,

to

bear witness.

,

witness.

to

to inherit.

felhnvsJiip.

pjinishnient.

world, COSMOS.

remove.

greater.

remain. part. prep. w. gen., with\ w. ace, after. to

, €, , TO,

to repent.

,

der.

6, €,

happy.

to suffer long.

long, far.

heart.

prep.

judge, think.

loose, destroy.

/(;

to call.

,

hunger.

word. , lamp.

new. ei'il.,

to say.

6,

?,

, ',

to take.

\(^,

,

to purify.

pure. conj., even as. conj., and, also. , Cain.

, , ,

CYMBAL,

to Speak.

JesiiS.

/';/

, , , , , , , , , , , -,


,

, ,

repentance.

to cross over.

Jiot.

neither, nor.

, -. £, , , ,

-€',

no one.

to hate.

hireling.

d, hire.

pay.

o)dy begotten.

alone, only. d, calf.

, MYSTERY.

3

VOCABULARY OF THE SELECTIONS. veavicTKos, o,

, , ,

youiig

riian.

v€Kpos, dead.

young.

v€os,

young

to

,

,

child.

conquer.

victory.

adv., now.

whence.

o0€v, adv.,

,

8, / know. ,

Iiottsei

, , , , ,

oIkos, d, lionse.

oXos, whole. like.

(>€(>,

to confess.

to revile.

name.

TO,

to see.

to anger., arouse.

mountain. OS. , , who. ',, whoever. -Tis, £, conj., when. opos, TO,

8,

,

,

conj., because, that.

ov, not.

neither, nor.

no one.

ou8eis,

'-,

, ,

adv., never.

€'. adv., no longer.

, ,

adv., not yet.

,

heaven. heavenly.

',

,

substance, prop-

erty. this one.

, , , , ',

adv., thus.

6£, ,

€,

debtor.

,

debt.

to 07ve, be indebted.

,

eye.

shall

, ,

see.

TO, child.

, , , ,,

child.

to hiniger.

, , ,

old.

adv., again.

, to

PARABLE. pass away.

to deliver,

give

up.

summon, com-

to

fort.

,

£,

d,

,

advocate. trespass.

pass

to

by,

omit.

-, .

irapovcria,

, 6.

to be

provoked.

, presence. , boldness.

all.

'€'•,

d,

to

father. persuade.

to send.

^, -,

grieve,

,

d,

mourn.

temptation.

6, prep. w. gen., concerning; w. ace, around. to

'•£--€,

walk. to

abound.

ESSENTIALS OF

132

'-£'•€€,

, , , , ,

vaiint,

to

to fall.

, faith.

irio-Tos,

faithful.

wander, wandering.

caicse to

,

to

•,

, -,

go, Come.

what

, -,

sort of.

TO, sheep.

ace,

to,

••€'., to receive. ers

to offer

pray-

to

,

summon. face.

, prophecy.

d,

irpwTos, first.

,

miisic.

PROPHET.

to eat with. to call together. to rejoice with.

to slay.

-, -, , ',

',

to.

•-?,

, -, -, -, •€, -, -,

seed.

robe, gar^nent,

to collect.

towards.

'•£,

compassion,

thou.

elder.

prep. w. gen., before.

w.

have com-

to

,

,

,

prep.

darkness.

bowels.

irpaijs, gentle.

irpos,

cause for

darkness.

passion.

foot.

, -, ,

,

adv., where.

•€-5,

, (,

sweep.

to

, flesh

cTKOTos, TO,

how great.

iroTairos,

to deliver.

(, ,

many.

iropvos, o, fornicator.

•-,

how.

., <, (,

stumbling.

6, citizen.

•08. wicked.

irovis, o,

irws, adv.,

(TiTivTOs, fatted.

spirit.

iroXvs, nuich,

,

beggar.

adv., to-day.

II.

,

0€, to do, make.

iroo-os,

?, , ••€,

en-

adv., ever.

to believe.

ttCo-tis,

,

learn,

to

quire.

boast.

•7€,

,

.


,

',

body.

saviour.

adv., quickly.

Tf'\£ios,

to', little to',

child.

child.

perfect, mature.

VOCABULARY OF THE SELECTIONS.-

, €£,

,

-,

p 67-feet.

to

d, collector

of taxes.,

?, , »,

to keep.

Tis,

who ? what ? sotne

Ti,

otie,

certain

one.

?,, ',

much.

Too-oiJTos, so

,

Tpiis,

, , ', ',

neck.

three.

to run.

, •€, ?,,,

swine.

dancing.

Xopo's,

,

to be well, strong.

-, '?, ,

to be.

', ', -, , €'$, 6, ',

', sandal. to

endure.

to lack,

to shcnu,

want. appear.

plain, tnanifest. fnake manifest.

,

bring, bear. 6,

friend. to fear.

', -, ',

fear.

to think.

to

guard.

need.

',

, , , , , ,

son.

prep. w. gen., for.

'.

€,

to be filled.

to go.

8,

to rejoice.

used as prep. w. gen., for the sake of. , hand.

Xpcia,

, , viTi'p,

, ,

brass, bronze.

to tnake blind.

TO, water.

d,

light.

to',

, joy.

to p2ct, place.

tCs, t£,

puffed up,

inflated.

?,

publican.

€,

to be

133

,

to be kind.

anointing. Christ.

country. lie,

to

speak falsely.

€•75,

,

false

prophet. TO, lie.

-?. , ,

,, ,

liar.

to touch,

handle.

soiil.

give in small parts.

as follows, thus.

,,

, tis,

shoulders.

hour.

as.

debtea

to to.

owe,

be

in-

PART

II.

— GRAMMAR.

WRITING AND SOUND.

1.

Greek

1.

is

written with twenty-four letters. Nam .

Form.

A

"

7 €

(short)

€

/

Latin.

alpha

a bi

as in father

g d

as in get

delta

epsilon

e

as in Viet

beta

gaiiuna

seta

(long) ,•}

^^

8 t^

(short)

e

as in they

th

as in thiiig

iota

i

as in machine

kappa lambda in

k

c or 1

m

•

nil

-

xi

X

as in exainple as in obey

oniicron

7

2

eta

theta

pi 5

rho

r

sigma

s

tail

t

French

3

upsilon

^ [^

phi

(long)

^ f

German

Ji

or

ii

ph

chi

as in phase ch as in chasm

psi

ps

as in lips

,

ouiega

as in tone

1

Letters without equivalents are pronounced as in English.

2

(

in the

middle of a word;

s

at the close,

^

See 11,

d.

138

ESSENTIALS OF


^

(

60

'-S

(

"nJ 5»

'

(U

00.

b ^ "*

>a3

S

Q

:—

)-<

'%

§

)0

-^

"

->

^

/^\ rfl

S

^^j. JJji

„i-^

0)

Si

C

5 ^

03 iuO

«i, .4_»

•.nj

S

Uj 4->

(/I

OJ

(

'w

—- X

J3

OJ 4-)

^

3

OJ

>^

.

c (

CO

the;

as

;5

> -g -

—

-Si

— " c

W

open;

fa

>

Q3.CO

•"

W

M-l

2

foil

(

3 ipJitJiongs

fa

—

2"

are

Si

3^ t=

t-

^

Linguals Palatals

Labials

yA pa

3 c

„

£ 5

f2

!

8

c 3

>3

c

. S)

c

>" 3

^

?^

e C

s

CU Is.

U a

55

)-

M-l (U

g.

TO

-3

V

«

.

3

3

>

i Id

^

'^

9 >

'S

C

b .(

Si >-

ci eor>

^

CO «ys

^

13

3

>

•

-c

.i:

CONTRACTION.

1

-

Ti

i

2

:;

1 -

«J

'^

^. ,

3 -li

-^^-^^ - «--^ C 3

w,

U

'^

^

^

^

^

Ml -233

I

^

^"11

00

II

>3o iS

§

g

'';^"li

.

en

'OJ

5>

iz)

•£^t^-2c

§

'rt

° S ^ 0-o"ll''Ôc«"iL. II

^

«

gl3

So CO s:

.

-5

<

ot^ >>2 cc

^

aJc^ll

c

> ^

-

C

>

'±i "^

39

TS

«

—^ ^ -

::

^ -

,

^^^n" S^-^S C.cCi-

^ WW •>-

£«£

^ (J

^

-^ ^ —

(D J-:

./

^ :

;

:

essentials of

140

:

:

new testament

greek.

Accent.

There are three kinds

§ 9.

of accent in

Greek

.

The acute ; as in /, tvho ? " The grave ri?, some one. The circumflex ; " to hint.

,

There are two fundamental laws of accent and nominal (includVERBAL, explained in 3, ing nouns, adjectives, and participles), given in

;

57.

Breathings.

Every

§ 10.

initial

breathing mark over (')

is

is

.

called the smooth breathing,

pronounced. (')

vowel or diphthong has a it

fSio?,

,

,

called the rongJi breathing,

sound

Note

of

//.

Jidra ;

that the breathing

and

is

is

and gives the hantou.

placed over the

second vowel of the diphthong. Initial always has the rough breathing,

Movable § 11.

Movable

may

I.

.

v.

occur at the end of the

following All dative plurals in

{).

not

-{).

7rdac(v),

-

apostrophe; •

crasis.

-.

{),

third person

singular of

All verbs with the ending

2.

\{). After

3.

-e

of

'\£{),

verbs.

After kari

4.

So

also

vowel, as

?-

the

{). {). as

;

<; is

141

'

•

movable

'^,

Before a in thus. but before a consonant,

Apostrophe.

In the prepositions a short final vowel before a word beginning with

§ 12.

may be dropped a vowel. zuJiicJi ;

^,

E.g. air

Note that the

,

from him

vr,

breathing. but, also suffers elision

;

,

,,

rough mute,

to the corresponding

,

at

marked by an apos-

elision is

trophe, and that a smooth mute, as

i'ougJi

",

;

zvith us.

as

changes before a

'

e/xot.

Crasis. § 13.

thong,

.

When

two vowels, or a vowel and a diphin two words, as /cat

come together

or TO evavTiov, they are usually joined together; as Kayco or

(mixture), and

is

This

is

called

crasis

indicated by the coro)iis over

the contracted form. ^

But

in the

New

Testament often

s

before a consonant.

essentials of

142

new testament greek.

Punctuation. § 14.

the

The Greek has

comma and

mark

interrogation

colon

;

four punctuation marks

the period, as in English { ; ),

and the point

(•)

;

:

the

as the English semi-

above the

line,

which

equals English colon or semicolon.

2.

§ 15.

ACCIDENCE.

Accidence treats

nominal

of

hiflexion,

the declension of nouns, adjectives, and participles,

and of the

cotijiigation of verbs.

Inflexion.

In Greek all nouns, adjectives, and parhave inflexion; i.e. an ending or suffix which is added to the stem or substantial part of the word. There are three sets of endings or suffixes, and according as a noun takes one set or the other it is said to belong to the nrst, § 16.

ticiples

second, or tJiird declension. § 17.

Nouns

stem ending

in

of the first declension

-.

This

is

have the

therefore called the

A-declension.

Nouns in

-0.

of the

second declension have the stem

O-declension.

GENDER AND NUMBER.

"

1

43

Most nouns of the third declension have stems ending in a consonant, hence the term Consonant Declension is used. Gender. § 18. line,

All nouns in Greek are either mascu-

feminine, or neuter gender.

Nouns denoting male persons are masculine. Nouns denoting /i7«rt/fc' persons are feminine. Outside of these sex rules the gender very largely by the declension to which the noun belongs § 19.

may be determined

:

1.

Nouns

of the A-declension ending in a,

are feminine.

Those ending

in

-?

r\,

are mas-

culine. 2. Nouns of the 0-declension in -09 are mostly masculine ; those in -ov are nenter. In the third declension the gender varies 3. according to the ending of the stem. See Lessons XV., XVI., XVIII., and XIX. for the

discussion of these forms.

Number. § 20.

In the Greek of the

New

Testament

there are two numbers, singular and plural, as in English.

essentials of

144

new testament greek. Case.

There are

§ 21.

five cases in

Nominative, as

1.

Genitive,

2.

in

Greek

source or whence-case.

possessive or objective with

lish

Dative, \vhere-case, to or

3.

thing

Eng-

of.

for which any-

English remote or indirect

or IS done.

IS

:

English.

object.

Accusative, whither-case.

4.

English direct

object. 5.

Vocative, case of address.

- ,-

First or A-Declension.^

§ 22. ,

, begitining.

Stem

, wisdom.

Stem

9

S.N.V. G. D. A.

,, -

hour.

Stem

-

upas

(,$

«pais

($

< ( $ $ ,

P.N.V. G. D.

A.

•Sp»

copwv

, glory.

Stem

S.N.V.

88

,

G.

D. A. ^

Cf.

55

5o|i-

P.N.V. G. D. A.

for table of

$ $

endings in the A-declension.

SECOND OR 0-DECLENSION.

? - ? ? 145

•-?, , PROPHET

S.N. G. D. A. V.

. . ple

;

c.

Stem

...

G. D.

.

,

Most nouns of this declension have the nom. and are feminine. Some end in -s, and are masc. E.g.

a,

o''

^

veavias, yrj,

out as

young man

judge.

disci-

from yea, is declined throughbut with the circumflex accent.

?,88 ?

Second or 0-Declension.

5, Stem

P.N.V. G. D. A.

,

,

, earth, contracted

o.pyr],

§23.

S.N. G. D. A. V.

;

in a,

d,

word.

?,

',

servant.

Stem

8

\o-ô-

€

? ?

? ?

?,

Stem

S.N. G. D. A. V.

ma7i.

Stem

£

?

son.

-

... G. D.

. 1

See 51 and 54.

£

? ?

ESSENTIALS OF

146


8,

-

TO, gift.

Stem

P.N.A.V.

S.N.A.V. G. D. a.

,

Jesus,

The

L §24.

Masc. S.N. G. D. A.

6

P.N. G. D. A.

ol

25.

8

G. D. is

>;

in the gen., dat.,

and voc.

Definite Article. Fern.

Neut.

8 "^

Td

Tois

rats

TOVS

TOS

TOiS

Adjectives of the A- and 0-Declension.

,

S.N. G. D. A. V.

P.N. G. D. A.

«

good.

PRONOUNS

, 85

S.N. G. D. A. V.

one's

IN -05.

own.

? )

tSLov

,

147 small.

€

... G. D.

.

,

,

Pronouns

§ 26.

ihis (one)

;

in

-.

i/tai

62-64.

Cf.

(one)

;

,

/le,

himself.

S.N. G. D. A. P.N. G. D. A.

.

and

?

are declined like

except the neut. sing, of each

and

'

'?,

above,

in

nom.

ace.

>.

she, it

noun the

and

is

;

in

man

is used as tlie pers. pron. of the 3 pers., /le, but in the oblique cases only. When used with a

any

case,

,

himself. it

it

means

himself.,

But when the

means

the

,

etc e.g. b precedes the pron., as ;

art.

same (man).

Cf. 69-70.

Relative Pronoun.

7.

OS,

who.

OS

f

ov

\

28.

ols

als

oil's

as

Consonant or Third Declension.

Mute xdpis,

5

S.N. G. D. A. V.

xapis

P.N.V. G. D.

Lingual

127-132. «XirCs,

Stem

-

,

hope.

iXiris

«XiriSos iXiriSi

X^pis

iXirC

xapiT€s

iXirCSes

xapiras

vvt,

,

,

Stem

. ...

.

Cf.

••£

.

G. D.

-

, grace.

Stem

S.N.V. G. D.

Stems.

-

mghi.

VVKTOS

vvKTiS

,«XiriSas

6,

ruler prince. ^

Stem

apxovTOS

€ -

apxovTas

NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. § 29.

149

Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension. Stems

in -ar.

Cf. 106.

- -$ ( ( ( , ,-, ,

body.

Stem

S.N.A.V. G. D.

P.N.A.V.

G D

ftame.

? '

Stem

S.N.A.V. G.

D. § 30.

P.N.A.V. G.

D.

Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension. Stems

in -ea.

8, , S.N.A.V. G.

D.

§ 31.

-,

' €

Stem

7€'vos

Stems in

P.N.A.V.

^

-t

and

,

A• V.

€5 € --

G. D.

'€-

(yeVea)

(yevewv)

Cf. 112.

jroXi-

P.N.V. •

' €

Third Declension.

-ev.

ctVy.

Stem G. D•

race.

yeve
(yeVeos)

TTOXis,

S.N.

Cf. 135.

G.

D. A.

iroXeis

iroXewv

ESSENTIALS OF

I50


-

Pao-iXcvs, 6, king.

Stem S.N. G. D. A. V. 32.

P.N.A.V. G. D.

pa
.€

(.«'

(€

Pao-iXcis

-€(

Liquid Stems of the Third Declension.

,,

'(,

age.

Stem

S.N.V. G. D.

P.

.

Stem

, 1$

, , father.

£ €

in -ep-. Cf. 113.

Stem

S.N. G. D.

. V.

€ ()

irarpos (Trarepo?)

"-

P.N.V. G. D.

.

, ,

f/ian.

. G. D. A. V.

dvSpos (avepos) dvSpi (ave'pt)

()

avep

? ^ -

?

Cf. 114.

Stem

8.

€

€8 . €€ . €$

S.N.V. G. D.

Syncopated Stems

33.

leader.

/-

P.N.V. G. D.

.

( 8 8<()

avSpcs

/pes)

avSpas (avepas)

, . -, -.. , , ?, , , ,,.

ADJECTIVES OF THE CONSONANT DECLENSION. a.

-,

daughter^ and

jiwtJier^

are nouns declined the

same

151 belly^

as

§ 34. The following are nouns of the third declension that have irregularities of form or

Only forms

accent.

of the

New

Testament are

here given.

, ,€5, £, ,, .., ,65,8., , . ,. -, ?• '. , , ?, . ^- ', , , €, TO, knee.

,

,

hair,

dog.

?,

,

Plur.

-.

Plur.

foot, iroSos,

Plur. iroSes,

waier,

,

-, § 35.

hand.,

X«i-pi,

X€ip€s,

Adjectrês of the Consonant Declension.

,-' --

Stem

P.N.V. G. D. A.

Plur.

xeipas.

true.

D. A. V.

iroo-C,

Plur.

X«ip<5s,

STEMS IN

S.N. G.

Plur.

Plur.

ear.

irois,

Plur.

tuoinan,

£' ' £8 €$

-

,STEMS IN

-V-

foolish.

?

Stem

€$

$-

ESSENTIALS OF

152


§ 36. Irregular Adjectives of

Declension.

Cf.

the Consonant

164-165.

',

SN.

great.

/«- ,? ? € €5 € () ' € « -

iras, all.

Stem iras

G. iravTOs D. A. V.

--

Stems

€•-,

-?, ? ?? ?? -, ?" "?

.N.V. iravTes

-

G.

D. A. iravTas

iraerais

7niich, tiiany.

Stems

S.N. G.

D.

.

.

Comparison of Adjectives.

§ 37. 1.

Add

-€

-?,

for the compar.,

Add

-

?,

and -raros

•-?,

strong. 2.

?? ? ?? for the superl.

(--?),

strong-er.

for the compar.,

and

-,

strong-est.

'<

for the superl.

-•?,

much.

most. in )%, 6$,

When the penultimate vowel is short, as lengthened before -repoi and -raros; e.g. ^

().

is

Cf. 225.

the

CARDINAL NUMERALS

€

, , ,

05, good 05,

,

bad good

«

€ --

great small miicJi

Comparatives in

-

^

are declined like

,

§ 35.

Cardinal Numerals.

§39.

,

€, € € ' 07ie.

. €

'

G. D. A.

evi

evi

4'

'

ihrec.

€-•€, four.

'•-€

-

(

TeVtrapcri

€<<

.

The

b.

Ordinal numerals

{,

cardinal numerals from 4 to 100 are indeclinable.

declined like adjectives in c.

153

Irregular Comparison.

§38.

.

PROxNOUNS.

;

and

etc.) in -05

For the declension of oiSet's

(ov8e,

and not, +

els,

see 221.

Pronouns.

§ 40.

,

S.N. G. D.

.

Cf.

68 and 213. S.N. G.

«, <,

D. A.

«, €

. . «5,

,

Personal.

/.

lue

G. D.

. 1

-ol

are

-05.

Occurs but once,

P.N. G. D. A.

you.

« ( CTi

?

one),

154

NEW TESTAMENT

, , , ,, $ ESSENTIALS OF

Reflexive.

<€,

(, -€, -

myself.

S.G.

D. A.

P.G.

D. A.

S.G.

D. A.

-$

-

, €, €

•6, -

• $8 5 ? avTas

/innself herself

«8

itself.

P.

-fjs

€$ «?

€, -, -fj

Interrogative.

S 41.

S.N. t£s G. Tivos

Indefinite.

who.

Tis,

thyself. -r\%

-fj

5 ,£,

GREEK.

some

tIs,

S.N. tIs

P. Tives

otie.

p. Tiv€s

tI

Tivos

D.

Tivl

.

Ttvas

a. TIS,

some one,

§ 42.

The

is

an

enclitic.

Tio-l

tI

Tivtt

Tivas

Cf. 196-198.

indefinite relative

6<;

(6,

S.N.

oo-Tis,

5, ,.

P.N.

oiVives,

aiTivis,

Participles.

43.

,

loose.

? -) -

Present Active.

S.N. G. D. A.

XvoVTOS

XvOVTOS

ivJio,

.

and ?), whoever, has the following forms

:

.

PARTICIPLES OF

P.N.V. G. D. A. a.

? ,^

€5

5

For the

155

see 183

pres. pai 1. of

and

184.

- -) (" Aorist Active.

S.N. G. D. A.

P-N.V. G. D. A.

Xvlo-as

-avTOS

-

(€5

--•9

(<

•(5

£ ? € ?, €$ €8

Perfect Active.

S.N. G. D. A.

P.N.V. G. D. A.

.

So

£

€£5

likewise the 2 perf. act.

staiidi>ig,

S.N. G. D. A.

KOTOS

from

? €5

' '

,

/(?

;//7/•?

;

as

? ? ?, ,

stand.

Aorist Passive.

£< -? -)

'

' ' '

' € €" € -, ,

156

ESSENTIALS OF


P.N.V. G. D. A.

kvBtvTis

-

£( €$

'?

XvGiicrais

, , So

C.

likewise the 2 aor. pass.

from

§ 44.

follows

Participles in

'

as

-€ and

-

contract as

, 9 - ,

:

^

speaking'

become

5

^

become

;

sow.

05

living

Second Aorist Participles of Irregular

§ 45.

.-

Verbs.

.-, —

— Sovs, giving.

going.

5 (5 8 ? •5 5 $. -, .? €( ' €(-. -S.N.

S.N.

,5

G.

G.

etc.

etc.

a.

So the

—

S.N.

G.

pres. part.

Geis,

—

placing.

€5 €<8

S.N.

GiVTOS

G.

ir€
--?

So

the pres. part. 1

ire
iricrovTOS

etc.

etc. b.

falling.

tiOcCs.

See §§5, 8; 8,4.

c.

2

So

all

See §§

2 aor. ptcs. in

5,

1,2; 8,3.

-.

;

THE VERB.

<. — ?, G. crravTOs

(-? etc.

,

§ 46.

like

All

-. — ?,

( 8-8

standing.

<•

S.N. (TTds

157

S.N.

-us

knowing.

()

G.

participles in

-

etc.

are declined

§ 25.

The Verb. Voice.

There are three voices in Greek the and passive. Of these the active and passive are the same as the active and § 47.

:

active, middle,

passive in English.

The middle acting upon

voice represents the subject as

itself

or in

some way

that concerns

itself. 1.

,

The Direct Middle where

directly

upon

I

,

the subject acts

,

itself; e.g:

ivash ;

I wash myself. 2. The Indirect Middle where the subject is represented as acting in some way for itself e.g. I buy, I buy for myI zvash, / wash self ;

my

,,

The uses of the middle voice are numerand are best learned from the lexicon.

§ 48.

ous,

?,

hands.

ESSENTIALS OF

158


,

^,

Often the sense of the verb changes middle e.g. I persuade ; suade myself, I obey. ;

in

the

I per-

Mood. § 49.

There are

five

moods

in

Greek

:

the In-

dicative, Subjunctive, Optative, Imperative,

The

Infinitive.

Indicative, Imperative,

and

and In-

correspond very closely to the same moods in English. The Subjunctive is most often translated by the English potential. The principal uses of the Subjunctive are explained in 87, 95-97, 158. See also under Syntax. The Optative mood is rare in the New Testament, and hence is not given with the paradigms. For the forms that occur and the uses of the same, see § 70 and § 71. finitive

Tense. § 50.

seven.

The The

tenses of the Indicative

mood

are

present and imperfect denote con-

the aorist and future denote an indefinite action the perfeet, pluperfuture perfect aQX\ot& completed action. fect,

tinued or repeated action

;

;

§ 51.

The

tenses of the subjunctive are the

present, aorist, in the

New

perfect ; the latter

Testament.

is

very rare

THE VERB.

The

§ 52.

159

tenses of the Indicative are distin-

guished as primary and secondary.

Primary Secondary

Present., fjcttcre, perfect, future perfect.

:

Imperfect., aorist, pluperfect.

The

principal parts of a Greek verb are person singular of the present, fnture, or second) aorist, (first or second) perfect,

§ 53.

the

:

first

(first

indicative active first

the perfect middle, and the

;

or second aorist passive

;

, e.g.

', €',, , , ', ', , -, 4'.,

There

§ 54.

is

meaning nor and a second perfect and a second

no difference

in

in translation betvêen a first aorist aorist,

between a

first

perfect. § 55. The tenses of the verb are divided into nine classes or tense systems, each having a

distinct tense stem. \.

Present

2.

Future

incluaing present and in/perfcct. " future active and middle. "

3.

First aorist

4.

Second aorist "

5.

First perfect

6. 7.

Second perfect ^^ Perfect middle "

8.

First passive

9.

Seco7id passive "

"

"

and middle. second aorist active and middle. first perfect and pluperfect active. second perfect pluperfect active. perfect and pluperfect middle and passive and future perfect. first aorist active

,

first aorist

and future passive.

second aorist and future passive.

ESSENTIALS OF

§56.

NEW TESTAMENT

Active Voice of

I.

«.

'

Present.

Imperfect.

Indicative.

GREEK.

Ftiture.

(»

-

(€15

€ € 4'€

I.

p.

X

[

«

€€

iXv£T£

3-

(£€

.

Subjunctive, •

2.

S.

J

2.

. 2.

£ £

3-

Imperative.

2.

S. [

3•

2. -^

£

£ or

3•

[

Infinitive.

Participle.

£

,(, (§ 43)

(,

<

<(,

ACTIVE VOICE OF I

Indicative.

'

S.

I.

2.

L3•

I

'-

3•

'-

€ 6

(

-)5

•6 -)

€6

]

3•

2.

s.^ l3'2. 3• -

Infinitive.

Participle.

-

(l)\eXvKci

[ ? or

I.

p.-

)65

(€)£

(€)X£XVIKCI-

2.

r

(

€-£

.3•

Imperative.

(£)€€

6

€<6

Pluperf.

2.

2.

p..

i

(€)€€1-

. s.

Perfect.

€5

-as

•

Subjunctive

i6i

€<£

I.

P.

Aorist.

.

(6

[€€

- '] ' or

,

?,

-, Xijcra
(§ 43)

08

(§ 43)

l62

ESSENTIALS OF


Middle Voice of

2.

Present.

Indicative.

Imperfect.

I.

s.

2.

.3•

),

.

Xvei

Xierai

2.

-

.

Subjunctive

\v€
Fiiture.

£

),

€6-€

(£6

I.

P.

-

3•

<

I.

s.

2.

-

.3•

I.

p.

2.

.3•

Imperative.

2. [

. Infinitive.

Participle.

3•

£•

3

'-

S.

€ or

,

€5,

(€(

€, -,

(§ 46)

(§46)

MIDDLE VOICE OF

I

Indicative.

I.

S.

2.

.3•

I.

P.

2.

.3•

Subjunctive

I.

s.

2.

.3•

I.

p.

2.

Aorist.

.

'

' ' « €.

« -(

.3•

12. 3•

Infinitive.

Participle.

' ^

€€

] ' - €^ €€'05

€€09 3

-€

1

€

-

['

2.

s.

Pluperf.

Perfect.

.3•

Imperative.

163

- -?, --

or

-5,

-(§46)

-,

or

-^

-(§46)

1 64


[« €,--6 ?

Fut. Perf?-

Indicative.

I.

S.

] 2. \

3•

2. II. 3•

.

-€ -

Passive Voice of

3.

Aor?-

i

I

Future^•

],

--€

€•(3

.

Subjunctive. S.

2.

.;; Imperative.

S.

-'

Infinitive.

Participle.

- £(€5, ,, -,

-

(§46) ^

or

€•,

-,

€(§43)

All other tenses of the passive voice are the

as the middle-

(€5? -

(§46)

same

in form

SECOND AORIST, PERFECT,

2 Aor. Act.

2 ^
'

y]//i/.

Indicative. 1

.

I.

1

2.

£--6€

L

3.

I

1

P.

I

' €-7£

I

2.

[

-;

1

3.

••6

I.

2. 3I

1

1

'

.

2.

f

2.

? [-[ 6€5

€€€(^

€•75

]

3-

[.€

- -]

-'

2.

J

2 Phiperf.

eXe\otireT6

? ] )

3•

.

165

€\e\oiiri(rav]

Imperative. .

2 /Vr/.

€••£

€£•6

I

P.

.

Xe'Xoiira

€X.nres

Subjunctive. S.

OF

Second Aorist (Active and Middle) and Second Perfect and Pluperfect of Xetirw.

§ 57.

S.

ETC.,

€7€6

"•6€ or

3•

Infinitive.

or

'

,. £5, -

Participle.

-,

(§ 46)

(§ 45, <)

,,

[XeXoiirlvai]

-iros (§

43)

6 58.

ESSENTIALS OF


Future and First Aorist Active and Middle (Liquid Forms) and Second Aorist and Second Future Passive of

.

Flit.

Ac

€ "

Indicative.

V

av(o

Is

lavei

ii

13

Fut. Mid.

€) ''

'

. €€

|$

€ €

-ii S.I

P•

Infinitive.

Participle.

Aor. Act.

€.

Subjunctive.

Imperative.

I

2

«( or

3

€

€(

,, €$, , - -, -,

(§ 46)

(§44)

(§43)

FUIURES AND AORISTS OF

Indicative. f'•

S.

2.

-*

«

Aor. Mid.

I

2 Aor. Pass.

--

-

I.

2.

-

2 Fiit. Pass.

€5 €, -€ € (€ , (€•

.3•

P.

.

.3•

Subjunctive. i^• 1

S.

2,

J

€ € -

.3•

I.

P.

2.

.3•

Imperative, c

i2.

l3\

.

J

[

Infinitive.

Participle.

(

2. 3•

€5, -,

or

€ ' <€

£5.

€•,

-, -,

(§46)

(§46)

(§43,0

1

ESSENTIALS OF

68 'T3


"^

3

.» '3

<-»

<^

«3

^p• ^f^ ^P" ^p- ^- ^• ( <0 «O lO (O

^ ^ <<.

(• (- (

(lO

D

.

^ *-«

^^

--

y^~s. . ,

-

r

<

.

' ^

'3

--4--4-

W

^"i

"«

G

3

<

' <•*

3\S "^

3 w

/^s

a

>

^

"S

^

%

'K

^ <

.^

"

S

<3

4----6-

^

•6----•

"J

§

"§

V"r .'5

-- -- --

"S

"S

-^---©-

, .i?. <'

.d. 'd'

»-

h

I-

^

V4J

«4^

"Si

.. 3

a.

.1-1

,.

^

t/<

3?r:!SS

•< ><

[^:

0-----

C3

A "ai

_,

h

I-

" s.

.1 <3

W

-d

"

s. .3.

^?"?

.V.

( S I S I lU

'<

«3

<*

contract' verbs.

w <3

'3

"F bO

f="

-

*^

3

^^^^^ F - ,

^ ^ ^ F .£"

3-

t>

h

°

•3 <3 /<

(O (O CO

.3

3

w

3

b

§ 3

"o

00 00 00 00

00

3

b

^vu

^vt»

^^-^

"^ "Q,

^ ^

\

S

^

'<

to

"

CO

CO

CV ^^ ^ ^-<

^w

t

~^

\.-^

^^

» W

b

->

^

3

u.

UJ

I-

"^

<3

«

'3

rd sg

-3

°

-d

lu

Ô

S "S

g

K^w °

"S

^S

,3-

,3-

•

V

'

S_^

^ ^ ^ iijij-S

^

t

^^

^^

(

"*

w

^VK

ui

c<

J<

.

^

^ t

i

3 3 :^:<:<

"3

^

^ F

.F

(lO

169

\

•

Vi

-^ -^

^^ ^^ ^^

^ i i i

,0

'd

p- 3 ^ti

^

,3- ,3- ,3-

^

lu

§

i i i

^w

.5- ,3-

,3- ,3-

i

,3-

.-^

il2d

i

ci

§.

S

i

v^'t"

ESSENTULS OF

170

NEW TESTAMENT

000000 p-p-p-p-p-p-

^ ^ ^ (Soous .«::«.
GREEK.

"3

<3

^3

e3

'?:

••

v§ ^5 "c-

<< J^.S",^

'<

^

J<

-- --

^

Q

-

-e-

^

'^

ô -< 5=~

w

--

-e-

3 .£=!=

w

^ss-^S" ^

'i

-- --

-4-

'^•-S.'< ,5" !=-

,5"

.ri

--

~

<3

viJ

^w

lu

imi

nyu

'û;

I.

i3-fc

a

'f

a

•

,
%i

^

2

<3

<*

'i

I-

5

§

-5-

a.

f-e

0^

i i

^cs

Ô ,w

^^ ^^ \^

^

-t .«

iS-

!-(/—

<5

<§ <3

d.

i i i

h

h

"S -a

.3- ,3- ,3-

c/5

-3

^.^

:/—\

_si

? ,3 ,5

S"

^

^ ^—

'

>_/

<3

cp•

<3

3

^^

p-

3

^^^ ^^^

-3

a "d ^d

^d "d "d

oi

3

<5 <3 i
,3- ,3- ,3-

-

ff-

<• -3

'f

'f

3

^s- '
-- -- -- -- -- --

^ -<_

_

/^

_.

^« ,«

a-^

00 CO *«

<3

p-p-p-p-p-p-

ciocob0ci0(0(o

.3-

,3

oi

,3-

'f

h

h

d ^d -d ,3- ,3- ,3-

ai

I?!

CONTRACT VERBS.

<=

b

OB

k ^ 'P SOriS

b

(^ bO (^ (^

^

q

^

^ cp

^^

^2/

w w w w w ^^

*

i

^p

OOOCOO ,^-

vp

f=^

CO

CO CO

<^C

«

3

^

e>

b

^ ^ •«-•«-

'i

'i

<^

d b

>

3

<»

3

b b oî

l•.

^

--->.

a

^^

^^
3 <^

'T

J.| -^ -^

-^ ^

---^^

\_^

.

lu

^p

5i5

/<

"i -^

^J.

^5 ^

'i

,<

><

'i ^

<^

^.b

^w

^.

'< '<

'<'<'<

'<

^

'<

^\U

"W

''W

"W

»»vi;

<3

'<

-•^

--

><

-------«---:-

"^

-«-

n^

-©-

f.\^

^^^ ^^

d b 3

^ «3

b

^§

w b

3 <»

> 3 ,

fe

i

<§ -d

f

f

3

^3

."=

-a

a

:i.

3.

b -d

b

b °-d

-3-3-3•

S

5

«?

,f-

%

a. a.

i. **

I' ^ .

3

_g

S

b a

b

^3.

S,

?^ ^-^ 3.

ô

ci

"S 3-

S 3-

§-

h

'Ul

h

'S

i.

I-

l••

b d

p•

-3

i

-3 'd d.

..

^^ l~

CIS

vSÔ

2-

_^P

_^w

^^

~-^

Jf <

b ^d "d

-d ^d S.

<3

i i

3-

3-

C

C

3-

^ '^ ^

ESSENTIALS OF

172

NEW TESTAMENT

Conjugation of § 60.

Verbs

in

differ

GREEK.

Verbs.

from verbs

in

in

the Present and Second Aorist Systems only.

See Lessons § 61.

,, ,

XXXI. and XXXII.

and Synopsis of and Second Aorist Systems.

in the Present

Active. Indie.

(, €£

( €

SubJ.

Imper.

(

8($ cSiSovv

4'

«»

( Infin

.

(

Part. IcTTOs

$ ? ? OcCs

Sw

-• 1(

86s

< '8

Passive and Middle.

8$ f,

•

!

600

'9 $

CONJUGATION OF

VERBS.

173

PRESENT SYSTEM.

§62.

Active Voice.

Sing. .3•

i^• 1

Plur.

2.

-

.3•

• ? (-

<€ <€ --.

Freseni Indicative.

-.

€€

€ €

8( 8(

(8$

€ .

SCSoTC

Imperfect.

. ]

Sing,

2.

-

3• . Plur.

-

2.

<

(€ <€

.3•

I.

Sing.

2. 3• '

Plur.

-

I.

2.

.3•

( -

€

€€1$

€(£ £€€ €€

"«<

€€ €-

Present Subjunctive.

)5

$

5(

,

^

•«€

1<

€ (8€ €($

ESSENTIALS OF

174

2.

Sing.

3•

2.

Plur.

3•


Present Imper ative.

<

€1

<- €

SCSov

8(>

TiOe'rw

'

or

-

£€ or

or

Present Infinitive.

,€ Present Participle (§45). TiOeis

8i.8ovs

Passive AND Middle.

' . •• (£ ' <• 1• ' -( Present Indicative.

I.

Sing.

2. 3• I.

Plur.

2.

3•

Imperfect.

. Sing.

J

2.

.3•

£€-

CONJUGATION OF

1.

Plur.

2.

13

'€

VERBS.

175

66€ cSiSocrOc

i'
'icTTOVTO

( 8 ( ( ( € ( ( - (( £Present Subjunctive.

Sing.

->,

2

3 Plur.

-

2

Present Imperative.

Sine

2.

Is2.

Plur.

3•

(• (-

j)(rav

'€'(

or

Present Infinitive.

(€(

'

Present Participle (§46).

1(€$

-

(€

€<€

or

or

,

€8

ESSENTIALS OF

176

NEW TESTAMENT

GREEK.

SECOND AORIST SYSTEM.

§ 63.

Active.

^ '? « £ € « ' 4'

Second Aorist Indicative.

I.

Sing.

J

2.

[

3• .

Plur.

2.

\

[3•

€< '?

€8^

€€

««

' (.€ €'<€

Second Aorist Subjunctive. '•

Sing,

j [

I

2.

(TTfjs

3•

*'"'"

. Plur.

2. [

9

.

3•

€ « « <(.

^

^

€

€ <

Second Aorist Imperative.

2.

Sing. [

3•

05

Ois

2.

Plur. 3.

or

or

(

Second Aorist

5

'

^ or

Infinitive.

Second Aorist Participle.

^ I

No

aor. in

(§ 45)

2 aor. ind. act. of

-

is

given.

£8

(§ 45)

and

Cf. 235, 3, note.

(§ 45) occurs

— so

the

CONJUGATION OF

VERBS.

1

Middle. Second Aorist Middle Indicative.

'

3-

€'0£TO

. Plur.

\

[

££

2.

!I.

2.

3•

' 4'

«

€£ €€-€

'

€'•€

Second Aorist Middle Subjunctive. I

Sing.

J

• 1^

.

2.

3•

-

.€ 2.

3.

Second Aorist Middle Imperative. 2.

Sing. 3. 2.

Plur. 3•

' -or

'-

Second Aorist Middle

'

€ -(> or

-

Infinitive.

?

Second Aorist Middle Participle. (§ 46)

(§ 46)

77

NEW

ESSENTIALS OF

178

TESTAIMENT GREEK.

Irregular Verbs of the

Form.

The verbs

(compounded go (only in

, ,2,, , ), ,,

§ 64.

am,

and know,

with compounds),

say, are all irreg-

ular.

€(

65.

(stem

-), am.

Present. Indicative.

Sins.

Plur.

i

I

£(

2

cl

3

«o-tC

Siibjioictive.

Imperative.

OS

I

€<€

2

««

3

cl(r(

'-,

€

« «(

-

Ifififiittve.

Participle,

, -,

;

gen. ovtos,

Indicative.

Sing.

(')

3• .

Plur.

(-)

2.

2.

3.

etc. (183).

Future.

Imperfect.

I.

$,

Indicative.

Infinitive.

€'(

€•€•

4'£, €<|

"

€ (£) €

4'<

-

1

€(6

'-

eVeo-Ge

Cf. 78,

.

Participle

:

IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE

FORM.

S 66.

(stem

The

following forms of this verb

the

1

79

e-), revtit.

occur in

, .,)-

New Testament

— ?, -, €€, '. -, £$,€€,

Indicative Active. Fut.

Kas,

etc ^

-.^. — Aor.

. . ,,.. Imperf.

Aor.

etc.

Indicative Mid. and Pass.

Subjunctive

as though from

(Pres.

— Pres.

£-

Fut. Aor. pass, Pass.

3 per. plur. Act. 2 aor.

).

. €. ?. , . . ,

— Pres. — 2 aor. — Pres.

Imperative Act. Participle Act. Infinitive Act.

2 aor.

€5,

-

2 aor. act.

compounds with the pres. ind. 3 per. plur. and 2 aor. has <)-, and (rvvCov
2

.

-,

-8,

2 aor. act. part, also occurs.

«•»-

§ 67.

in

But few forms compounds.

Indicative.

(stem

Participle. ov (183).

go.

of this verb occur,

— Pres. --.

Infinitive.

1-^1

.

Imperf.

-jfti,

and always

--.

Uvai.

,

-rov
-,

.

regular like

.

, -,

Conjugated like the mid. of Such forms only are here given of the compounds of as might be difficult to recognize. The lexicon ought to be consulted for all verb forms ^

2

:

.

8

1

NEW TESTAMENl

ESSENTULS OF

olSa (stem

I 68.

This verb

is

regularly olha, once,

GREEK.

-), know.

a second perfect

The

olSa<;, etc.

lare in 2 per. plur.

and conjugated is

also found.

— ', — --. — «, €8. — -€, k/Knvye (occurs once). Infinitive. — «. Participle. — €8,

Imperfect. Future. Subjunctive. Imperative.

-p'Seis,

etc.

«18»,

€l8us,

etSos, like

-),

(stem

^ 69.

This verb is found and plur.

per. sing,

€5

and

(§43).

say.

.

and

in pres. ind.

he said.

Imperf.

§ 70. The following forms of the mood occur in the New Testament 1.

has

3 per. plur.

,

3

optative

, . , , , , ^, -

Present Tense.

€, OekoL, €,

, ,,

uyj,

2. /^z'rsi Aortst.

,

...

3

Second Aorist.

4•

First Aorist Passive.

1

>;,

evpoiev,

//,

,.

-..

In fact a 2 pluperf., but the perf. and pluperf. have in this

verb the sense of the pres. and imperf.

!

,

:

TENSE SYSTEMS.

OPTATIVE MOOD.

l8l

, €, 8, , , , ,,, It

may be noted

(«)

^,

Svvaivro,

Karevui'vai,

form the Optative by the ad-

], -;

dition of I, which, with preceding vowel, forms a diphthong

^ this

the iota also

',

diphthong is always long, (d) form the Optative by adding is

siibscript.

made by adding

changing to in that € and

t\oitv,

, the

^

in the case of

;

are

evpoiev,

person plural from

in the third

(c/)

€.

differs

have changed place.

The

§ 71.

(c)

;

following examples will illustrate

the uses of the optative 1.

T/ie Optative

6eos

grattt unto 2.

.

.

.

,

^,

I could wish

you

now may God

The Potential Optative. Acts 26

3.

';

of Wishing.

Rom. 15:5.

:

29.

(.

indirect Question.

Luke

I

:

she

29.

was

?

discussing

tlf]

6

/,

what manner of

to

God.

salutation

this 7night be. 4.

The Conditional Optative. I

Cor. 14: 10.

£t Tvypi.,

if it should chance.

Tense Systems. § 72. No one verb has all nine tense systems, but the following table shows the various tenses (as far as found in the New Testament) in

,

:

.

,

ESSENTIALS OF

l82 loose,

cast,


<,

desh'oy.

Present

.

.

.

.

Future

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

1

Aorist

2 Aorist 1

.

Perfect

J

Mid.

Perf. 'erf

--

I Flit. P. \t\v
«*()-

\ Fut.

Aor. 2 Pass. j [ Fut.

Primary.

V

I.

2.

, (<)

3•

<,

3•

€

€ € ,

The

€

-€
personal endings of the imperative

are

Middle and Passive.

Active. r

S.

\

[

2. "K.

f

P.

Secondary.

(

€ -,

74.

-

£•

Middle and Passive.

Secondary.

Primary.

I.

,()-

Personal Endings. Active.

2.

%-

<%-

73.

.

%%- £% €%- %- €%-

%- %-€()- £()-

iPassi"^""^•

S.

€,

and

€(- (\v
-

2 Perfect

Perfect

\v%.

zunte,

i

1^

2. X.

T€

-

-

2. o-o 3-

2.

P.

\

[

3.

«-£

or

AUGMENT. § 75.

The endings ^

..

J [

iv,

of the infinitive are

contracted with

,

183

€

to

:

eiv.

£vai.

Mid. and Pass, § 76.

The

by adding

tenses of the indicative are formed

to the verb theme, with certain modi-

fications, the following suffixes.

Active:

Pres.

Fid.

Aor.

Perf.

Pliiperf.

-%-

-
---

--

--

Middle and Passive have the same suffixes except in perf. and pluperf., where there is The aorist passive has -ê- for i aorist none. and

-e-

for 2 aorist.

Augment. I. When the verb begins with a con§ 77. sonant the vowel e is prefixed to the theme in the imperfect and aorist e.g. e-\v-o-v, e This is called syllabic augment. In the perfect the initial consonant is placed before the augment e.g. Xe This is called reduplication. In the pluperfect the reduplicated form may be

--.

;

--.

;

augmented 2.

When

vowel

is

;

e.g. i-\e-Xu-K€i-v.

begins with a vowel this =, lengthened in all past tenses a verb

:

184


ESSENTIALS OF

, .

=, =. augment

;

.7];

',

lead,

hear,

); -,

thong may lengthen the ask for,

] ,,

Such an augment

e.g.

first

pray,

is

called temporal

;

An

vowel

initial ;

e.g.

^,.

come,

,

diph-

Verbs beginning with two consonants or a double consonant {, , have the augment and no reduplication in the perfect and pluperfect. A mute (§ 2) followed by a liquid , , , , is an 3.

)

, , , exception to this

;

e.g.

,

.

judge, has perfect

and call, has perfect 4. Verbs beginning with a rough mute have the corresponding smooth mute , the reduplication behold,

;

e.g.

, -love,

€-&-.

The Eight

,,,

, ,

in ;

Classes of Verbs.

§ 78. It is necessary in the study of the Greek verb to determine the theme or root, for on this, with certain modifications mostly of tense and mood signs, the various tenses are built. This theme may or may not correspond to the theme as seen in the present indicative. More frequently the present stem is a strengthened form of the theme e.g. loose, has theme and present stem \v- the same, while steal, theme kXett-, has present stem receive, theme \-, present stem ;

,

\,

«, -. \-.

THE EIGHT CLASSES OF

With reference

VERBS.

85

theme Greek are

to the relation of the

the present stem the verbs in

to

1

divided into eight classes

:

—

Verb stem remains un§ 79. First Class. changed t]iroughoiit. The present stem is formed by adding simply the variable vowel % to the theme :

,

.-

Theme.

-, say conquer

Pres. stem.

Xey%

.%

—

Second Class. Strong vozvel forms. verbs have a theme ending in a mute, § 2, preceded by a short vowel, principally or v. The present theme of these verbs is formed by lengthening this vowel, l to et, to eu, and the addition of % § 80.

Some

,

Third Class.

mute

€•/%

—

Fut.

-

Verds in or the verbs have the theme in a labial that form the present stem by to the theme

7,

, ,

%

, , -

:

-

Theme.

steal /i/de

a.

Pres. stem.

Some

-class.

adding

--

Theme.

persuade

^(.v^f>),flee

§ 81.

- %

%$:

is

for

-».

%%

.%

Pres. stem.

Fut.

kXc{J/%

:

NEW TESTAMENT

ESSENTIALS OF

1 86

Fourth Class.

§82.

Some

1.

mute

stem.

This

-, •-

,

%

with the mute gives

-

Theme.

preach

-t»,

svtite

When t%

is

present stem ends

,

-», 3-

added

\%•. Theme.

/?-

-

baptize

save

theme

in a liquid,

for the present.

^,

Theme.

announce ayytX-

\-

But with

and

the

to the preceding vowel

%,

rarely

%% 7% % % % % % €% % % Pres. stem.

Fut,

.^%

to a

theme

Pres. stem.

in

-

the

Fut.

/?7%

,,

, , may add l%

\l% becomes

fia.\\m,cast

4.

class.

verbs having a theme ending in a add t % to form the present /c, 7,

palatal

2.

— Iota

GREEK.

:

Pres. stem.

Fut.

usually passes over

and with

or e forms a

diphthong

, ,

take

away

show

Theme.

Pres. stem.

-

alp%

ap•

%

Fut.

apf.%

€%

:

THE EIGHT CLASSES OF VERBS.

1 87

—

The present N-c/ass. §83. Fifth Class. stem of some verbs is formed by adding v% to the theme

:

Theme. irCv»,

1.

drink

The

suffix

{, 2.

Under

, ,

may be

3.

The

, ,

§ 84.

%

-av%.

-

sin

class

this

,

,

(i) 7,

Pres. stem.

come

several verbs

before the final mute

happen

Pres. stem.

\.%

-

/3-

may be

-,

after

gird swear

Sixth

ceptive class.

(, -,^?«/

-

^ %

A

stem by adding know

Pres. ind.

«-

- () Class. — Verds

a vowel

'/

Theme.

show

:

%

Theme. receive

suffix

(,

iriv%

Theme.

that insert a nasal

-.

Pres. stem.

ttl-

in

-^

the in-

few verbs form their present or to the theme Theme. yvotvp-

% %

Pres. stem,

1

88

ESSENTIALS OF

NEW TESTAMENT

GREEK.

—

Seventh Class. added to shnple This class includes most of the verbs of the yut-Conjugation, which form their present and imperfect tenses luiihotit the use of %. § 85.

stem.

-,

-

-

Theme.

make stand

£, say

Pres. ind.

—

Mixed class. Verbs Eighth Class. among the irregular verbs and

§ 86.

of this class are

form different tenses on entirely distinct stems. See the list of irregular verbs.

, ,

--

Tl lemes.

eat see

€, run €, bear

caîOpCL-

-

rpcx-

07-

8-

OL-

evcK-

,,),, , , , , , , , , , ',, , , , ,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , '/, , . § 87. The following verbs may be classified according to the principles laid down above.

)((,

€,

88,

The

§ 88.

following table gives the principal

most common irregular verbs in the Testament. The aim is to give only such

parts of the

New

forms as occur. reading that

is

may

in

A rare compound or a variant some few cases present a form

not given.

TABLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS.

1 89

g-t:

1

.

.

3

®-

3-

^

.1

-I:

H£ « >^

I

^

^r^

8^ g

-

-

ij^'S

-

§

.^

I

fris-»?^-??-

»Si•

3 b

^

»a

a

-a *a

« ^

"B

"^s

'^

I

-.^

3t-

a

a 'a 'a

*e

«

g

al

3 .b

-a "a

a
5- 3'

"a

a -a

1

s

(^>

; "^

f

^

c

^Sa3

K^

'

-a -a

«a "a

-p• Ji-"a

"a "a

<3

•^

^^

3

-a

'2

ESSENTIALS OF

190

ti

h

.(1,

'w "w r^

'lu

S

S 3

2

$

vifr

?-»w

?^

ir

mJ" oa.

CO 'w

S.ca;:<

oil

^cna »v5"5a.

w;i.!i.s ^• ?^

.3 ^

1

T^CO

I 3

.^§1-3

§<3 î


?> r^ ?>»CO

-w "w

i I

I

^

§

02.

'^S.

Qa.

3

3

P^

5i

S

§-3o

CO

-^

"!S•

CO CO

CO CO «O

'^

^""

^»

î^,'^

-"JUi

I

^|-^T3

.^J<3 1

<3

CO

CO -w -w

'i

CO CO I

^3

"SS-

J?>.^^cococo i ^l^S 11

»vi

I

.3 c|

g

J

cocococo

?;^

-

"W

^2.

"

>< *"v

^

"U '5


I9I

-.5 'V

1=

3-

>3.

\

<:§

'<

S-

-^

».?-»>«

lit I flip ff-,

Q.'

W

i

Hi

»vu

^ V k "^

^

Is Js

-<3

a

3=^=

3

i- b ?^ "P-

'^

^

3

3|a3

t2

3"

1.3§

X^b Q,

:i

b

.

vs

3 -I -3 .b ^ X ^ ^^ " ^ *W •

.

^

-

*s/>

-

;.•

=^

g

^ ,3

-1

b tii

ii

§0

^s

i;

! -
3"

^ ^

1 ^ N*

3"

s.

NEW TESTAMENT

ESSENTIALS OF

tgi

GREEK.

1-

b "-

b

I

--

"

=^3

.

1 (,

'^ b

1

1 "3

g

ti"

'b i;

I - . 1

w

^

^

-

1

a §<:§

a

S

^§-

<3S

3- a

ti

Q-

b

a

§.

a

>

^1•

I

3- Q.

Q. &,

3

-Ul

J-

art a,

a

gS*!^ i.sl,=3

^ ^"§1 »iy

SVji

IJ

1

"^^

*VJ

*3

>\ii

fill »\y

>\ij

*Vt;

>\U

I

S-1

§:tg

'*'

*W »W *W

^VJ

3

1

^^

• ^

•;:;

<

a

^

^::-^~

^":<:vi

-3

3'~

;^

;i

a

^

*<

5^

|i. ig ^^ ^ S.

3

8

^-^ 1 I 3

S c?

3

'

3

3•-

><

3'

b

1

3

^

3"

b ig

I

g ^S-


^

«3

V g 1^

^

-lu -iu "lu 'lu

CJ

^

3. i. s.

•^

§

,j;

^

^

n^

^b

b

"

S.

3.

« Oh

W

I-

i"

g;

h Si

,i-

I

^

*-

b

'S'^tibj-.g-s.tio^ .s I

'3

"?

b i

»u; >*>

'W

4 3J >?

b

-vu "lu

§

« § a ,b

'w

"jr-

^^^

_

a

b.b t^S

-V -r

v^.'^T

'?r

« b

b J5 -'^

P- 3

b

1

^ s-Vt;

,

"

t

^c§- e

b b b w

-I-

I

^

1

3

:^ 3\3

3.

^

3'

-

S ^ *K*

111

^-^

C

g?ô

*W *W *w *W

I

§

:

3'

Q^

-§-.b

*W

I 's

3"

- ,1s -

s

3

--

.3

?<

r^

1

:§-,

^

W "W

-e-S-e-

5^

3'

2-

1^

3

i

93

ESSENTIALS OF

194 § 89.

To


locate a verbal

form

at

once

is

the

most

difficult

It is

intended, therefore, that in the following

thing a beginner has to learn.

pages the student shall have a special opportunity for mastering a large part of this main difficulty. Of the most common irregular verbs there are here gathered into small space the forms that occur, and by a mastery of these pages a great deal will be done towards gaining a rapid and easy understanding of the Greek, read as Greek.

After a thorough acquaintance with the paradigms and the principal parts of the irregular verbs, nothing may prove of greater profit than repeated drill on these forms.

, , , , },,, , , , , ], , , , , , , , , , , , ,,<;, , ,,-

^

,^

§ 90.

hear.

€<;,

1

The aim

is

to give

forms of these verbs, but such com-

pleteness can hardly be expected.

is,

as yet,

The

various editors give

same passage, and no concordance published which gives W. and H's. reading.

often a different form for the

, , , , , , , ^ , , , , , , , , , ., , , , , , , , , , <, , ,,., , ,, ,, >,,, , , , ', -, , ^, , , IRREGULAR VERBS: STUDY OF FORMS.

§ 91.

1

95

i-aisc up.

avaarrj,

,

<;, <;,

§ 92.

open.

',

avoiyei,

')(,

,, ,^,, ,, ^, -, ', '<{, ^],

', ^, ^<;, -, ^, , ^., ,^<;, -., § 93.

die.

>],

, ^, , ^ ^ , , ^ , ^ , ., ,, ,^ ., , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .) ^ ., , , ), , , , , ^ , , , , , , , , , , , , , ., , ,^,., .) 196

velrai,

ESSENTIALS OF

)^

.,

destroy, kill.

§ 94.

},


',

cnroXeaei,

-

'?,

§ 95.

XevTi,

send.

],-

IRREGUL.4R VERBS

STUDY OF FORMS.

:

1

97

, , , €, , , ,,, , , , , €, , , , , -,., , ^, , ,,,,,,, , , ,,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,, ,). , , , ,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ], , ,,,,,, , §96.

remit, forgive.

, .,,'?,€, OJ^\.r\\^\.,

€,

?;€<9,

?],

€<;,

=

§ 97.

go, come,

-, -, -, €-.

],

',

(for

§ 98.

-,

east

-)],

,,,,,.,

^ ,

NEW TESTAMENT

ESSENTIALS OF

igS

GREEK.

],

\],

(a verbal,

Luke

, , ,

-,

'

5

^),

^, ', ^,^, § 99.

become.

be,

yeyova,

yivovrai, iyevovTO,

^^.,yevra, ^^.,

eyeveaOe,

^,

yevoevv, yiveraL^

yeyovevai,

yeyevrjadai,

yevoev,

ylveaOai,

yeveaOai^

yevevov,

yevijOevTa^,

yve.,

yvevov,

iy€vv, yeva,

y€v,

y€vea,

yev6V0Vy

yevrjvaL,

ey€vav,

yeveve^,

,

yev€,

'yeyvaev^

yivov,

eyeyovei,

eyevov,

/'

iyivero,

yeyovoTi,

y€Vo€Ii, yev€^ yevoyivoevv, yeyova<;^ yevovo^ yeyovav, yeyovare, iyevero, y€voevv,

yeve.,

yiveaOe.,

yLv€va,

€<;,

yeyovaai,

yevijaeraL,

yeyovei,

yeveva,

1^09,

in

yeyove,

yevevv,

the phrase

God forbid). § 100.

yv€a,

,

^/,

yeyovvia,

eyeve^

yevijaeaOe, yev6eva, yeyovore^.,

yeyo-

yevoiro (optative, mostly

yevoiro,

-,

may

not happen,

it

know.

yLvv,

, yvo),

yvoidi, yvwai., yLvwaKeiv,

eyvov, yiva>aK6L, eyv€, yvev€^, eyvu>Kare,

yivodaKerat,

€yva.,

yvco-

yvoiaovrai,

yLvcoaKere, yLV(a-

, ,^^^,',^

^, ,

IRREGULAR VERBS: STUDY OF FORMS.

6,

yvovi;, yvu)T€,

1

99

^,

€<,

<€<;,

, ^4. , 8, , , , , , , , , ] 8, 8 , /, ^,-.,<€, €<^ ^, '^,

'yvu>^

eytVw^/ce, iyvcuKeire,

yvovra^

=

-,

eyvw-

give.

§ 101.

€8€, 88, 8, •, , 88, /,^ 8, 88€, 88, 88, and 8, irregular forms , ^, = optative 8, 86, /, ;, 88€, 88, €8€, SeScuKeiaav,

iSlSovv,

,,, , ,

Sovvai,

SoOfj,

for

], ,8., 8, €8, 88, 8, , 8€, 88, ?, 8, •, 8.8€, . €86,

8e8oTai,

'^?/,

§ 102.

,^, .,, , co;ne, go.

€^, , , ^^ .,],^ €\,

€)(^,

€)^€,

,

, , , ,,

^, <, -^ ., . -^, 1

^pxjj, iXOetv, ep

eXevaerai,

eXOovTC,

Cf. similar

form in

€7'],

', § 104,

eXO

latter part.

, , , , , , , , ^, ^, 200


(,

iXOov,

6\€<, ^^),

eXôVre?,

occurs for

A

';,

- ,.

^^?? ^, %

in the 2 aor.

few forms

in

VPX^^^ as

(*

commonly

;

are omitted.)

^,

.,,,, , , ', , ', , , , <,, , ,, ,,, <} , , , , , , , ,^ ), , , , ,,,. ,,, ,, ,,, , , , ,,,,, , ' , , , , ,,, ,, , ,, § 103.

find.

ebpi']ar]
,

^},

(opt.),

^'>

§ 104.

/lave.

^, ^, ^/^,

],

^'^'

and

^,

(opt.),

1

Cf note,

p.

189.

IRREGULAR VERBS: STUDY OF FORMS.

^, ^,

both

(nearly

all

20I

', -^ = ^^,

=

the forms of the pres.

act.

, ,, , , , , , , <, , , , , , , ,,, , , , , , , ,, , , ^, , , , , , ), , , , , , , , ', , , part, occur).

cause to stand.

§ 105.

[€,

]';,

<;,

,, .

-

, , , , , , , }, , , , , , 7], , , , , , , , , , , , , , , -, , ,', ,, ,, <;.

W. and

plupf. instead of

e

give

throughout the

/-.

§ 106.

take, receive.

',

(opt.),

=

-<;.

202

ESSENTIALS OF


, ,[], ,, ,,,, ^', drink.

§ 107.

., , , , ., , , ,. , , ., ,', ,, , /, , , , , , , ^, ,' . , ,,, , , , ., €, , , ^ , , €, , , , , , , , , ', , , €, , , ', ., ,, , , ,,,,], ,, ,, , eine,

7€, 7€,

7rivovTe<;,

7?7,

],

Trivet,

iriveiv,

Trie,

§ 107

.

fa//.

, ,

eireaov, Trearj,

7€€,

€7€,

ire-

(for -<;),

put, p/ace.

§ 108.

reOeiKa,

reOfj^

),

WevTO,

§ 109.

€€,

show, appear.

€€,

, , ,, . ], , , ^, ^ , ^ , , , ,, ,.,,, ^, -,, , , -, , -,^,^,, , IRREGULAR VERBS

SYNTAX.

:

203

},

]^,

§ 110.

dear.

€<,

'^,

€€,

],

<;,

<€,

4<],

§ 111.

No

-rjvejKaTe,

-^,

'^<,

It is

-],

-'.

-€<,

3.

tory

iveyKare,

SYNTAX.

not the purpose of this introduclargely with Greek syntax.

work to deal

study, however, of the

New

Testament,

the Greek, can be prosecuted without at least

in a

modicimi of knowledge of the Greek syntax. It is therefore within the scope of this little work to furnish that modicnin. It is believed that the examples and principles here set forth will prove of great value in assisting the beginner to keep his bearings

204

ESSENTIALS OF


amidst the various forms of construction which render the Greek so rich a language, and at the same time make it appear so difficult to the learner.

The inductive study of syntax is valued by no one more highly than by the author, and I hope that the following principles may not be looked upon as rules that are to serve as pegs upon which the student is to hang his subjunctives, infinitives, genitives, and datives. The study of the syntax should begin with the examples and not with the principles, with the Greek text and not with a work on Greek syntax. The New Testament, written as it was by several different persons, cannot but present the peculiarities of style that belong to these authors. This variety of style often passes over

into

a

different

syntactical

expression.

Accordingly, what is a very common form of construction in the writings of Paul may not be found in the Gospels, and Luke may use expressions that do not occur elsewhere. The aim has been in the following examples to give those that are representative of the language as used by all the writers of the

New

Testament.

syntax

The Moods

The

§ 112.

tences

in

subjunctive.

:

205

Independent Sentences.

indicative

in

independent senneeds nothing

the natural one and

is

said about

it

here. Subjunctive.

The

person plural of the subjuncmay be used to denote a command or cxhortatiojt. The nega§ 113.'

tive

Let

^

first

either present or aorist,

tive,

is

,

(l

lis

eat

and

,

§ 114.

and

Cor. 15

:

32),

drink,

i

Let US not love

The

distinction

'^

John

3

18,

:

/*/;

in zuord.

, -

between the present what is

aorist is that the present denotes

continued, extended, or repeated, while the aorist

denotes the fact simply without any continued or extended action. This distinction is generally true of the present and aorist in all moods The aorist subjunctive except the indicative. and imperative do not refer to past time, but to the present or future.

may

The

aorist infinitive

refer to past time.

115. In questions of doubt or uncertainty the subjunctive is used in the first person, rarely in Mark 12 14, the second or third. :

8€'

;

shall zue give or shall

we

^

not give ?

206

ESSENTIALS OF

NEW TESTAMENT

GREEK.

§ 116. The aorist subjunctive is used with the double negative to express a strong negation. John 6:35, 6 e'/ie

,

,

eh

ireivaajf

-

e'/xe

he who comes me shall not hunger, and he ivho believes on Die shall not thirst. Note that the future indicative is thus also used.

The

§ 117.

.,

may

aorist subjunctive

negative command.

Matt, y

Xe -,

express a ayiov

Score

-.6,

€-

7]86

give not that which

to the dogs,

nor throiv your pearls before

is

holy

stvine.

Optative.

The

§ 118.

ykvoLTo,

optative

is

used to express a wish Luke 20 16,

to future time.

that refers

may

:

See

this not Jiappen.

§ 71.

In Dependent Sentences. Subjunctive.

§ 119.

duced by

more 3

:

14,

Final clauses denoting piirpose are introor and take the subjunctive,

]/

\ €7

rarely the indicative

;

negative .

.

.

.

Mark

7], e

and

7

SYNTAX

he chose hifn,

20

tivclve in order that they viight be

and

Acts 9

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.

:

']^

l/j

:

Lord has

with

that he might send them to preach. .

7\)

sent

me

.

.

ayiov,

that yoii might look up

the

and

be

filled ivith the holy spirit.

Object clauses after verbs of exhorting,

§ 120.

commanding, and entreating, take the subjunctive with more rarely negative

,

Matt.

14

entreated

:

'?

36,

,

' .

^ ;

,

him that they might but touch

of his garment.

Mark

happen not in the

13

:

18,

and pray ye

the

they

hem

that

it

luinter.

Conditional Sentences.

A

condition stated simply without any§ 121. thing being impHed as to fulfilment has in

,-

Greek, as in English, the simple present, future,

or past (aorist) indicative in the condition, with

,,

the same tense in the conclusion.

,

Matt. 4:6, if thou, art the

down. all

men

Matt. 26

,

ejco

:

Son of God,

33, el

shall be offended in thee,

cast thyself

if

I never shall be

,

2o8

ESSENTIALS OF 2 Cor.

offended.

5

,

NEW TESTAMENT •

l6>

^^'

i^^^^

aWa

GREEK.

we have known Christ according yet noiv tve knoiu him no longer. if

Conditions CoJitrary

§ 122. is

to Fact.

added to the conclusion where

the condition, a non-fulfilment same tense of the indicative

— When av appears in

el

The

implied.

is

and

to the flesh,

used in both

is

parts.

The

§ 123.

,

denotes present time,

imperfect

and the aorist or pluperfect denotes past time. Imperfect John 5 46, d for if you ivere now :

:

^,

believing in Moses, yoii

would now

be believing

Implying that they are not believing

in me.

Moses. Aorist or pluperfect

', ,

:

i

Cor.

2

:

-

8,

in

el

for if they had knozun it they ivonld not have crucified the Lord of Glory, i John 2 19,

^, :

et <âp

for

.,

ef

if they

mained § 124.

had

been of

lis,

they

would have

re-

zvitJi us.

Future Conditions.

— Clauses that

to future time are introduced

by

eaV,

refer

which

is

followed by the subjunctive {rarely the indica-

SYNTAX

RELATIVE CLAUSES.

:

,,

2O9

In the conclusion the future indicative occurs or the present with future sense. Matt. 9:21, iav

tive).

If

ment,

I

sJiall

shall be saved.

but touch his gar-

John

ivTo\a<;

my

if ye shall keep

main

my

in

§ 125.

usually

:

Tjj

;, iav

10,

commandjnents, ye shall

re-

love.

The

,

15

ev

negative

in

the

condition

always

in the conclusion

is

oh.

Relatfve Clauses. § 126.

as

,

Clauses introduced by relative words and where, follow the same

luJio,

09,

principles as conditional clauses to present, past, or future time.

word stands as the conjunction

Where an

el.

eaf-construction

when referring The relative in the is

room

relative word usually takes the place of the and the dv remains, as 09 av. More rarely

eav

is

found.

Luke 8:18,

,^ b?

zvhoever has, to 14

:

9,

e70Lev

iav

av yap '?;,

him

shall

it

of

implied, the

SoeaL• be given.

eiiayyeXiov,

el

09

,

Mark ...

zuherever the Gospel

shall be preached, that luhich she has done will be told.

210

essentials of

new testament

greek.

Temporal Clauses.

Temporal Clauses introduced by ^^ until, are followed by the same con-

,

§ 127. ivJien,

, ,

struction as relative conjunctions, § 126; ore av always written orav. Mark 6 lO,

is

€

go out

:

)

abide there

Jintil

you

Matt. 2I :4, orav ovv 6 wJicn there;

tJience.

fore the lord of the viiieyard cometJi, what will he do ? § 128.

Luke 22

), More :

rarely

appears without

e'fo?

av.

34,

croiv to-day until

you deny

the cock shall

not

that

you

three

tiifies

knoiu me. Infinitive.

,

§ 129.

meaning able

;

The

,,

infinitive is

hope;

,

used to complete the

of such verbs as

zuish;

seek.

This con-

is the same as in English. If this has a subject different from that of principal verb, this subject must be in

struction

infinitive

the

the acciisative.

we moreover

Hebr. 6

:

desire each one of

the sanie earnestness.

8 ?/!/,

11,

2 Cor. 11

you :

16,

to exhibit

SYNTAX

^) same

subject

as

no one

of

,

the

principal

commonly

be

verb,

is

this

expressed, and all the nominative case. Rom.

are in

elvai

made

me.

tJiink

the subject of the infinitive

22,

zuere

211

INFINITIVE.

foolish).

that

not

is

attributes :

I am

When

§ 130. tJie

I

let

elvai,

foolish {that

:

foolish

they

by declaring themselves

to

be wise.

Words

§ 131.

of

saying and in general exmay be followed by the

pressions of thought

with

infinitive

example

in

§

the cases

as above.

See

last

129 and in § 128.

The infinitive may be used as a suband in this construction may take the article in any case. This substantive phrase (while keeping its verbal force) is governed as a noun, and often takes a preposition. § 132.

stantive,

'

, ,,

I Cor. 14 39, ro \a\eiv forbid not the speaking with tongues. Acts he has faith 14:9, that he will be healed, Ut. faith of being healed. :

John

I

:

before

48,

Philip called you. § 133. it

came

The to

infinitive is frequent after i'yevero,

pass,

where the

infinitive,

with or

2


12

without a subject accusative, is the subject of the ijevero. Luke 6 i, eyeveTo iv

, ,

:

came

it

8e ev

-,

and

ayiov eV

been baptized {ev

that the heavens tuere

to

)

pass as

Luke 3:21,

journeyed on the Sabbath.

Xabv

.

.

.

-

all the people

zvJien

he

iyepero

had

happened opened, and that the Holy it

Spirit descended 7ipon him. § 134.

,

so that (to

be distinguished from

as an introductory word,

and so,

therefore),

<

takes the infinitive (indicative twice), negative

.

Mark 9

:

^,

26, eyeveTO

he became as one dead, so that the most said that he was dead. \eyeiv

, § 135.

,

The

infinitive is

Matt.

before.

common

26

:

34,

^,

before the cock croivs. ev

or

after

Acts 7 before

Jie

:

2,

dwelt in

Charran. Participle. § 136.

Verbs

perceiving,

of hcaj'ijig, seeing, knowing,

may be

This construction

is

and

followed by the participle. a form of indirect discourse

SYNTAX:

NEGATIVES.

^ ', ,7€ '^ ^ ^

213

and is rendered by such a clause in English. Acts 7:12, A'LyuTTTov, and Jacob having Jicard that there

was

Luke

corn in Egypt.

8

:

for

power has gone

ont

from

^

46,

Die.

i

knoiu that

John 4

:

2,

iv

every spirit zuhich confesses that Jesus For some other exin the flesh.

CJirist canie

amples of the participle see 190-193.

Negatives. § 137.

tional,

the usual negative in the condi-

is

and temporal clauses, ov the

relative,

,

negative of the main clause. § 138.

is

' ]

§ 139.

is

negative reply Tt

aught

to

used

is

not.

in

,

asking questions where a

expected. eêre

;

John 21:5,

/itt/e

chi/dren,

have ye

eat ?

§ 140.

is

affirmative

-^

the negative of the imperative,

marvel

SeKu

purified f

used

answer

is

in

questions

expected. ;

where

Luke

17

an :

17,

were the ten not

ESSENTIALS OF

214

The

§ 141.

NEW TESIAMENT GREEK.

double negative

24

:

This generation shall not pass

ykvy]Tai.

away

§ 116.

yevea

TrapeXOr)

34,

until all these tilings come to pass.

When a strong emphasis negatives may occur in a

§ 142.

several

, ^. , Mark

i

:

John

I

44,

I

,,

is

while

;

/>;

or

be or ev

no darkness pa

In general,

or fact

sentence,

5,

:

is

speak ne er a word to any one. negatives are simple, the effect § 143.

desired

is

provided the simple negative as

followed by the compounds, as

ment

used to Matt.

is

See

express a strong negation.

is

in

him at

all.

€77], see to it, But where the is

as in English.

the negative of statethe negative of con-

ception, possibility, or contingency.

Uses of the Cases § 144.

It

supposed

is

in

that

Greek.

•

the student

is

already acquainted with the simpler uses of the cases that have come up in the course of the lessons. Genitive.

§ 145.

,

tive.

Time

<

tuithin luJiich

Matt.

28

they

came

:

13,

is

put in the geni-

€\€

in the night aiid stole Jmn.

syntax: uses of the cases.

,

The agent

§ 146.

a vohintaiy agent,

Mark

genitive.

he

:

expressed by

;

The

§ 147.

,

i

.

.

and I am of

Christ.

Matt, ii

a

I'eed

,

:

Cor.

i

:

7,

shaken by the

may be used

genitive

^.

after

icate

and the

9,

was baptised by JoJui.

zvind.

,

after a passive verb, usually

is

i

215

12,

',

as a pred-

of Paul

.

.

.

Verbs of touching, begging, hearing, and the like, are usually followed by the genitive. Luke 5:13, he § 148.

tasting,

, ^,-, /,

€

him, saying.

tojicJied

''

Mark

8

begged Jiim, saying. Matt. 17 hear ye him. John 8 52,

,

:

' , and

truth.

^

he

5, d/coiêre

denoting fulness, deficiency, take the genitive. John full of grace

waît,

1:15,

and

:

took hold of

he shall not taste death forever.

Words

§ 149.

plenty,

23,

and he

Luke 5:12,

his hand.

etf

:

Luke 1:53,

.,

,

he filled the hungry zvith good [things).

James

l

:

5, ^l

if any of you

is

lacking in zvisdom.

and

2l6

ESSENTIALS OF

The

§ 150.

NEW TESTAMENT

genitive follows the comparative

,

Mark 12:31,

degree of the adjective.

mandmcnt

The

§ 151.

,

Mark

15

:

and

John

after to

:

1

40,

for

zve

account for the

,.

genitive follows most adverbs, as

5)

me was

:

the high priests accused

things.

The

to

19

3,

,,,, § 152.

,

Acts

like.

iyKaXeiaOat are in danger of being called

him of man}'

com-

genitive follows verbs of acciising,

and the

'yap

disturbance.

otlie}'

greater than -these.

is

condernning,

GREEK.

,

before me, because

:

he who comes lie was prior

me. Dative.

,

§ 153. The dative is used after words signifying likeness, agreement, or their opposites.

John

8

:

55,

be like you, a liar. § 154.

The

I shall

dative follows verbs of approach-

,

ing, joining, following.

Luke 15:25, and as he

\

%uent he

SYNTAX

USES OF THE CASES.

:

folUnv

'€,

§ 155.

Matt. 21 huti

:

and he

\& 7

:

14,

and

wor-

dative.

fe believed

12,

John 9

not.

believe,

2

commonly followed by the

are

ship,

Die.

1

, €& , , Mark

drciv near to the house.

,

2

:

381

k^cu

zvorshipped him.

The dative is used after et/it and
§ 156.

to

eartv

,

part).

means, manner, degree, and § 157. Cause, instrument are put in the dative the latter usually with a preposition. Rom. 1 1 20,

^, ,

;

^

:

because of their ujdielief

, 7€ ]

Rom. 8 24, rrj yap off. Mark for we are saved by hope.

they were brokeji

10

:

48,

more, €L•

:

lit.

more by

inuch.

ev

;

he cried inueh

Luke 22

49, Ku^te, Lord, ivhether shall zue :

strike with the szvord ?

§ 158.

)

dative

;

Time zuhen and place zuhere are in the more commonly with kv. Luke 12 20,

rfi

this night they ask from thee thy soul.

,

:

8

ESSENTIALS OF

21


Accusative. § 159.

Verbs

subjective,

The motion may be

a preposition, as

,

et?,

et?

Mark

house.

,

objective or

,, . '

the same case occurs, and with

still

vTrearpe'êv

motion tozvards require the

of

accusative case.

Luke

or

Jie

5

:

i

:

56,

the

tiirncd into

23,

he falls at his feet.

Word

the

John 1:1,0

\oyo
zvas with' God.

^

'

Extent of time and space is put in the John 7 33, eVi yet a little while I am with you. John 6:19, €7]\€<; ovv § 160.

,

accusative.

7€€,

:

zvhen then they

had gone about

twenty-five

fnrlongs.

Tivo accusatives may follow verbs of § 161. saying or asking something of some one also Matt. 7 9, doing something to some one. ov

, 6

),

son ask for bread.

men. §

162.

The

accusative.

Matt. 4

:

whom

131.

shall his

19,

I shall make you

infinitive

See

:

;

fishers of

has the subject in the

SYNTAX

§163.

:

PREPOSITIONS.

Prepositions.

Genitive only.

-

, , , €K,

Dative

only.

,

out

of.

els, into, to.

Gen., Dat.

down.

and

irepi,

of.

before.

through.

£, with,

and

instead fro)n.

-, until.

Accusative only.

Genitive

219

liri,

Accns.

after.

upon,

at. to.

-rra.po..froj/i, by, to.

-

[

irpos,

/<',

at.

about.

Acciis.

,

vTzip,

,

tootJi

from

Galilee

,

sin.

,

genitive,

'

him.

THE SAKE ;

cls

from every

learn of

through,

entering through

tJirongJi

, ,

,^^'

;

Source,

, ) ,

sake

,

instead of oSovra a tooth. for denotes separation, arro

§ 164.

a

above.

under.

eyeveTO,

the

8ia

Means,

the zaorld zvas

Accusative, on

of, hia TO

door.

vie.

account

., for

made

of,

for

7ny name's

on account of this. denotes motion toward, either

8ta

real

or

2


20

eh

implied,

,, Jie

Time,

vioiititain.

et
Used metaphorically

/

CONDITION, is

to

zvcnf up into the

for everlasting. denote rest or a

eh

Jie

in the bosom of the Father.

., .,

€K denotes motion out of, where there has been a close union, iic a voice out of heaven. Time, ck after this {time). Place, eV on the rigJit hand.

, ,

€V, IN, eV TTf a'yopa., in the

] iv

with iv

, T7}

, , ;

(so often

Instrument,

nouns).

plural

market-place ; BeSo-

given among men

shall

we

strike zvith the sivordf

with the genitive, upon, with verbs of RESTING, GOING, STANDING, eVl T^9 /;•?, Upon the earth. Time, eVl in the time of Claudius.

With the

,

dative,

where,

iirl

},

a charger. Accusative, motion toward,

stern ;

errl

,

gathered

Jipon

they

to

put

-

him.

, it

at the

eVl

upon a lajnpstand, great multitude zuas

,

Genimotion from above downward. they rushed doivn the steep place. An opinion or judgment against any one, el tl eêTe ^?, if you have anything against any one. tive,

;

SYNTAX

:

Accusative^ along,

, € , ,,

^^

Kara

PRErOSITIONS.

through, according

according to the

€,

.

throilgJioiit tJiese

association with. tJie

to,

;

Genitive,

^

FatJier is

places

zvitJi

me.

Accusative, After, denoting succession, /xera

ravra

and after this he said. from the side of.

genitive,

,

From,

always of a person, receive from him. Dative, by the side of. Something is done by some one or something, they remained tuith him. Accusative, contrary to, ^Xê

, ,

contrary TTCpi,

Trepl

,

he zvcnt

to

the sea ;

to the teaching.

genitive, about,

avTov,

it is

is

zve

or

^ ,^, 88^,

concerning,

zvritten concerning him.

Accusative, about, around, irepX 8e

and about

the eleventh hour;

Tyre. irpd,

BEFORE,

,,

aronnd

before the doors

before the foundation of

the world.

verbs of motion, he departed to tJiem. Where the

irpos, accusative, after

<}, motion XoL'9j

is

not objective,

-

(ind indeed they contended ivith one another.

ESSENTIALS OF

222

Proximity, the mountain.

©eoV,

Dative.,

,

icrrep, genitive.,

,

of.

for sake

shall lay doiun

Accusative, above,

,

to

is the

near,

t/ie

of,

my

life

ho\)\o•^

servant above his fnaster.

ivord

ope<,

Genitive but once, Acts 27

for the advantage WITH, with them.

nor

?

Xoyo'i

zvas zviih God.

,


:

by 34,

he proceeded

,

for yon.

.,

genitive., always with the passive voice denote the agent, he

zvas baptized by Jo Jin.

Accusative, under, sa7v

yon underneath

elSov

,/

the fig tree.

The student should by no means

consider this

short treatment of the prepositions exhaustive.

Many

them occur more than 1000 times in Testament, and often with varying significance. Only the most fundamental uses have here been indicated. In all cases constant reference should be made

the

of

New

to the lexicon.

INDEXES.

,

GREEK INDEX. . . — All

made

references are

reference

A,

contraction,

in

changed

to

rj,

139

is

to pages.

made

;

48

to a,

15;

,

parts,

(note),

^';,

B,

classification

,

138

changes before

86.

,

contract form in, 168.

mutes,

short in endings, 23 (top). 1

-,

class of verbs, 186.

2 aor., 118 (v. 13).

, ,

ot,

conjugation, 179; prin. 189; forms in N. T.,

197.

comparison, 153.

76, ay ,

Occasionally more particular

in parenthesis.

2 perf.,67 (top)

and 112

(v. I).

clauses, 210;

208

;

in

temp.

, 3,

in rel. clauses,

,

49.

prin. parts, 190;

in

N. T., 197.

in

N. T.,

prin.

decl., 151.

&v, in apodoses,

among the (2); euph.

parts, 190;

forms forms

197.

decl., 150.

209.

, ,

,

cLvqp, decl., 45.

'^, forms

,

in

N.

forms in N. T., 196. forms in N. T.

196.

axiTos,

w. gen., 215.

pers.

pron., 30 (top);

intensive pron., 29 (bottom); position and meaning with art., 29, 30,

147.

138

changes before

w. gen., 219.

,

classification

mutes,

T., 195.

,

-, •,

49; before

decl., 151. \v.

, parts,

gen., 215.

8g 190;

(bottom) prin. forms in N. T., ;

198.

parts,

198.

225

,

117 (top).

,

for eavTov, 80.

among the (2); euph.

prin. 8g (bottom) forms in N. T., ;

190;

,

,


ESSENTIALS OF

220

aor.

2

-^,

pass,

69 (bottom).

ei,

et/it,

,

classification

among

the

207, 208.

?'/,

ei5oi',

57 (bottom). conjug., 178; w. dat.

poss., 217;

mutes, 138; dropped before 49; euph. changes before

eijui,

a liquid, 69 (mid.); inserted 45 (bottom).

elwov, forms of, 58 (top),

,

,

in

, , , , ^,

Set,

impers., 90.

forms, 168.

, ,

decl., 151

conjug.

-,

(note)

1

verbs

73;

redupl., 89 in

aor.

;

;

of,

88;

87,

(bottom)

or

,

parts,

prin.

88

190;

forms in N. T., 199. in contraction, 138; in aug.

,

15;

lengthened to

aor.

of liquid stems, 79; pass.,

aor. fut.

liquid

conjug. of

;

48; in

,

147

stems,

\4,

1

83.

(). 148.

decl., 154. vv.

gen., 2l6 (mid.).

w. dat., 220.

ev,

w.

iwl,

and ace,

gen., dat.,

,,. 220.

,

parts,

1

91; forms

N. T., 199.

187;

prin. parts, 191;

class,

forms in N. T., 200.

', prin. parts, 190; N. T., 200. -, -3, -, in the gen.

(bottom)

69

compound,

w. gen., 220.

eKeivos, 27.

in

E,

e|,

e\7r/s, decl., 51,

w. gen. and ace, 219.

in

composition only,

w. ace, 219.

et's,

e/c

w. gen., 215 (mid.). of contract conjug.

in

179•

_

eis,

30.

go,

of

enclitic, 31.

2

forms in

;

78; 68; vari-

of the 3d

decl., 44, 45.

able vowel, 4, 13 (top), 15 (mid.), 48 (top) contraction

?ws, construction of, 2IO.

of

Z, double consonant, 12

;

eai, 13.

,

();

verb stems in -', i86 (2).

-eat, for -etrat, 13.

iav, w. subj., 39, 208, 209.

iyeipw,

decl., 154.

H,

fut. of, 78.

-r;s,

adjs. in, 84, 85.

,

classification

see under

e.

iy^, decl., 29, 153. ei

for ee in aug., 16 (note).

under

e.

See

mutes, 138.

among

the

;

GREEK INDEX. €, in aor.

-;

M,

pass., 68.

{),

only w.

prin. parts, 191;

, -,

-^,

class

153•

, ,

decl., 15

1

vowel, 138 (3); added and adv., 52 (note) ; in redupl., 89; sign of the to pron.

opt, 181.

',

(bottom).

in ace. sing., 51

206;

object

vv.

clauses, 207.

',

redupl.,

of forms,

89;

inflection

prin.

173;

-iffTos,

comp. and

,

decl., I5I (top).

V,

case ending, 51 (bottom).

-vat, infin., 76,

183.

-, in

plur., 4.

3d per.

S, double consonant,

,

88 (note). KUKOs compared, 153. KoXos compared, 153. w. gen. and ace, 220. in verbs,

, ,

A,

prin. parts, 191.

138; verbs in class

-,

,

2 aor.

i86.

of verbs,

prin. parts, 192. of,

conjug., 160.

165.

17 (top).

in contraction, 139;

187;

to

,48;

length-

to 011,52(132);

connect, vowel, see under

of mutes,

138; before <, 49; before 117 (top).

, ,

in 5th class of verbs,

187.

ened

-,

,

N, 138;

O,

for classification

final,

superl.,

86.

K,

rel.,

parts,

191; forms in N. T., 201.

•,

in cond.,

subj., 205 (bottom); double neg. 26 (top) in asking questions, 213.

conj., construction w. final

clauses,

gen. and ace, 221.

-w.

tative

I, close

-Lv,

compared,

temp, clauses, 213; in wishes, 206; w. imp., 213; w. dubi-

(top).

.

152;

decl.,

neg.

decl., 151.

-, see

138.

prep.

of verbs, 187 (bottom).

227

0,

,

TO, art.

clitics,

, 01,

decl.,

e.

146; pro-

21 (note).

diphthong,

8,

.

conjugation, 180.

, ,

(-, -),

class of verljs,

187.

';,

,

decl,, 42.

w. gen., 86 (note).

in obj. clauses

w. subjv.,

207. prin.

ment, 112 8i, rel.

parts,

192;

(v. l).

pron., 33 (bottom).

aug-

,

ESSENTULS OF

228


,, .

, 01),

dropped in nouns, 53 (bottom); in and 13 («). 17 («). and 56 (a); movable , 141 (top). and -, see under . 3d per. plur., 15 (top),

forms in N. T., 154. 28 (note 2) ; see

da-Tis,

-

decl., 83.

oCs, ear, decl., 151.

and mean-

ovTos, decl., 147; use

ing

-, n,

168.

in,

138; be49; before Oe in aor.

for classification,

,

fore

,

pass., 69.

, ,

w. gen.,

dat.,

ace, 221.

decl., 153.

T, for classification, 138; euph. changes with other Unguals,

, -?,

decl., 45.

and ace, 221.

w. gen.

class of verbs, 187;

, , , parts,

prin.

forms in N. T.,

192;

202.

masc. nouns

dat.,

217 (top).

/

tIs, decl.,

compar.

49.

154; see 75. 154; see 75.

decl., 153.

()

class of verbs.

(mid.);

187

152;

decl.,

,

in, 22, 23.

see 89 and 90.

t/s, decl.,

Tjoeis,

by

foil,

decl., 44.

, ,

,

decl., 154.

prin. parts, 193.

69; dropped before

iras, 64.

',

, ,

-,

88.

of, 26, 27.

verbs

,

,.,

under

prin.

parts,

193•

153•

51 (top); decl., 151 (top).

w.

Trpos,

vv.

6,

infin., 212.

gen., dat.,

and ace,

221.

Y, close vowel, 138 (3).

', VL,

w. gen., 216 (middle).

, ,

of,

3 (note)

cation, 138 w. mutes. 49 to

(c),

;

classifi-

;

euph. changes

;

Unguals change

before

w. gen. and ace, 222.

216 (middle).

beginning of a word, 140.

, forms

(top).

vios, decl., 145.

TrpQros, w. gen.,

at

decl., 151

diphthong, 10

a

lingual,

69;

,

classification,

138

;

euph.

changes, 49, 69 (178). conjug., 166 class of ;

verbs, 186;

,

prin. parts, 193;

forms in N. T., 202.

193•

i88 (mid.); prin. parts,

GREEK INDEX.

,

X,

see reference under

.

,

see KaKos.

double consonant,

and

138.

see under

il,

, augm.

Xelp, decl., 151 (top).

19 (a)

229 0.

,,

for

01,

15 (36).

,

part, of

-$,

in adverbs, 86.

,

w.

inf.

(note l).

and

ind., 212,

80

;.

ENGLISH INDEX. See remark, page 225.

Absolute gen., 74 (note 3). Abstract nouns, w. art., 112 (v. I, latter part).

Accent, nominal, 24; verbal, 2; gen. and dat. of oxy tones, 20;

from

I

,

S8(note);

in

aor.,

(v.

part,

in contr. syllables, 78 (top)

68,

of,

218.

redupl.

and

inf.,

62; aor. pass.,

and

of,

act.

by gen.,

of, foil,

216.

endings,

69; sense of aor., (mid.) and 205.

Apostrophe

61

in elision, 141.

Article decl., 146;

Accusing, verbs

118

accent of 2 aor.

13);

suffix

Accusative case, 144; uses

form and mean-

Attic

monosyllables of 3d decl., 42; in enclitics, 29 (note).

aor. in

ing, 57; aor. in

(note); w.

proclitic, 21

$,

29,30; w.

adjs. to give positioti, 27.

Augment,

Active voice, 157. Acute, see under Accent. Adjectives,

compar.

agree w. nouns,

85;

of,

1 1

;

attrib.

15

and

183.

Believing, verbs of,

foil,

by

dat.,

25 (note 2).

and pred., position of, 27 (64) Adverbs, formation of, 86 foil. by gen. case, 216. Agent, see under Genitive. Alphabet, 137. Antecedent, assim. of rel. to ;

case of anteced.,

1

15 (v. 24).

Antepenult, 2 {6). Aorist, 158, 159; use ing

of,

55,

56;

Cardinal numerals decl., 153. Cause expressed by dat., 217;

by

part.,

72-73 (top).

Classes of verbs, 184.

Close vowels, 138 (3); stems of nouns ending in, 51 (bot-

tom). of,

mean- Command expressed by

2 aor.

diff.

83•

imp.,

; ,

ENGLISH INDEX. Deponent

Comparative, see Degree.

Comparison of

adjs.,

85;

of

advs., 86.

Compound

nega-

verbs, 32, 33;

Condition and conclusion (protasis and apodosis) syntax of cond. sent., 206-208.

Conjugation of -verbs,

Consonants, (top)

and 69 140;

(note)

3d

;

at

of,

of,

138

49

consonant stems of

decl., 53.

Contraction, 138, 139; of verbs in

15•

-, -, -,

1

negatives, 214.

Doubt, questions

of,

exprs.

by

subjv., 205.

Elision of vowels in prep., 141

division

movable consonants, end of words, 42

;

138 (4); contr. w. vowels, 139 (8) ; in aug.

160;

-verbs,

172.

euph. changes

;

verbs, 32.

Diphthongs,

Double consonants, 138 (2);

tives, 214.

of

231

68; in parts,

(mid.). Enclitics, 29 (note).

Endings, pers. end. in verbs, 4, 182; case endings in nouns, 23, 42,45, 51. Exhortation exprs.

by subjv.,

205.

Extent, see Accusative.

of same verbs, 156. Coronis, 139.

Feminine gender, 143.

Crasis, 139.

Final clauses, 206.

Following, Dative,

meaning

144; uses

of,

of, 216-217. Declension of nouns,

Fulness 7

and 142;

A-decl., 19-23; O-decl, 6-11;

41-46 and 50-54; irreg. nouns of 3d decl. ,151; of adjs., 26-27; ^djs. of 3d 3d

decl.,

decl.,

85;

of

participles,

154-157; of pronouns, 153-

Demonstrative

pronouns,

26,

liquid verbs,

of

fut.

w. ov

of, 47-49; in 77-78; syntax

,

214 (top).

Gender, 143, Genitive case, meaning

3d

of,

clauses, syntax

of,

144; 20; in

41 (bottom) and 51 214-216; prep, w., 219; gen. abs., 74 (note 3). decl-,

syntax

27.

206-310.

gen., 215. Future, formation

accent of oxytones,

154•

Dependent

approachby dat., 216. and want exprs. by joining,

ing, verbs of, foil,

of,

Grave accent, 9 (note).

,

232

OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.

ESSENTLi.,LS

Hearing, verbs

of, foil,

by gen.,

Movable consonants, 140-141 (top).

II (note).

Mutes, Imperative, 82, 83; endings of, 182; used in commands, 83.

Imperfect tense, meaning of, 14; aug. in, 15; secondary tense,

used in cond.

159;

sent., 208.

,

Indicative, 158;

207-208; w. of,

of,

212; pers.

182; suffixes

Infinitives, 76;

syntax

in cond. sent.,

of,

in, 183.

2 aor. inf

,

62;

210-212; endings

183.

;

euph.

117

changes,

verb

(top);

Negatives, 213;

.

see under

Neuter, see Gender; neut. plur. w. sing, verb, 18 (note); neut. ace. of adjs. as advs.,

86 (mid.). Nominative case, 144;

of

3d

decl., 41.

143.

Numerals, 153.

nouns of 3d

Irregular,

;

Nasals, 138 (2).

Number,

Inflexion, 142.

151

138 69,

stems, 186.

and

Impersonal verbs, 90.

end.

49,

decl.

comparison, 153; verbs,

189-193. Labial mutes, 138. Likeness, words of,

Objective case, 144. Open vowels, 138 (3). Optative, i8o-i8x.

foil,

by

dat.,

Oxytone, 20 (bottom).

216. Liquids,

138;

verb stems

in,

Palatal mutes,

stems

77-79•

in,

Participle,

Manner, see Dat. part.,

;

exprs. by a

Means, see dat. 87-90;

37, 39.

Passive voice, 12, 157;

second

Penult, 2 (bottom).

conjugation

of, 172.

Middle mutes, 138 (2). Middle voice, 157. Moods, 158. Motion toward exprs. by ace, 218.

70-73 and

verb

pass., 69.

72 (2).

yut-verbs,

138 (2); 186 (top).

Perfect tense, 65-67;

primary

tense, 159.

Periphrastic forms, 1

1

2 (bottom).

Personal endings, 4 and 182183.

Place exprs. by dat., 217 (bottom).

;

ENGLISH INDEX. Pluperfect tense, suffix in

act.,

Semivowels, 138 (2).

Smooth

89-

Predicate position of adjs., 64

elision,

breathing, 140.

Subjunctive,

syntax

(3d. sent.).

219-222

Prepositions,

233

141

in

;

suffer

;

compound

verbs, 32.

Present tense,

3,

primary,

4;

38-39;

35-36, 205-210.

of,

Subscript iota, 7 (a). Suffixes, 183.

Superlative degree of adjs., 85 of advs., 86.

Systems, tense, 159, 181-182.

159•

Primary tenses, 159. Tasting, verbs

Principal parts of verbs, 159. Proclitics, 21 (note).

Pronouns, pars, pron., 29;

in-

tensive pron., avTos, 29, 30; interrog. and indef. pron.,

75;

rel.

pron., 33;

refl.

pron.,

80, 81.

Pronunciation, 137 and 138 (4). Punctuation, 142.

Purpose, exprs. by

final clauses,

by gen

,

159; tenses of ind., 158; of 35; of inf., 76; of

subjv., part.,

71-72.

Time, within which exprs. by gen., 214 (bottom); -when, dat., 217; how long, ace, 218; use of part, to express time, 72.

206.

Touching, Quantity of a syllable, 2

(3,

4).

Questions of doubt exprs. by

in

Reduplication in perf., 66; 2 aor., 118 (v. 13); in pres. system, 89-90; Attic redupl. 1

12 (v. i).

,

breathing, 10

by

of,

dat., 216.

and of,

close,

138 (3); contract,

138 (4), 139.

Vowel

declensions,

142 (bot-

Vowel stems in verbs, 48 (mid.). 212.

(
mutes, 138 (2).

by

tom).

Relative clauses, 209.

Result exprs. by

foil,

Voice, 157. Vowels, short and long, open

Reciprocal pronouns, 81.

in perf.,

of,

Union and approach, words foil,

Recessive, see Accent.

verbs

gen., 215.

subjv., 205.

Rough Rough

of, foil,

215 (mid.). Tenses, primary and secondary,

140.

Want, words of, foil, by gen., 215. Wish, exprs. by opt., 181.

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