Essence Reading 2

Longman Essence Reading Series Copyrightⓒ 2006 by Pearson Education Korea, Ltd. All rights reserved.

R

Author l Rachel Lee Publisher l Yongjin Oh Acquisition Editor l Sangyong Park Design l Planfield Production Cordinator l Jihun Kim Published by l Pearson Education Korea, Ltd. (13-579_1999.3.31) 4th Floor Sinla2 Building 137-5 Yeonhee-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-110, Korea Tel. 02) 2014-8800 Fax. 02) 2014-8801 ISBN l 89-450-9187-4 978-89-450-9187-1 ISBN l 89-450-9190-4 (Set) 978-89-450-9190-1 (Set) Printed in Seoul, Dec.2006. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any other information storage and retrieval system without prior written permission of the publisher.

You might be frustrated because your reading ability in English does not match that of your first language. Fortunately there are ways you can develop your reading skills so that you can read better and faster.?You should learn how to read with a purpose. You should learn how to find correct answers to questions. Essence Reading will help you to improve these kind of reading skills. Each level of this series comes with one book and one audio component. Each book is organized into 20 chapters consisting of various practice and activity types such as: Before You Read, New Vocabulary, Idioms, Passages, Reading Questions, Vocabulary Practice, and Grammar Practice. One of the major advantages of this series is that it integrates many skills: reading, vocabulary building, and listening. In addition, it promotes critical thinking as well as creative problem solving. Readings on various topics such as world cultures, famous people, science, nature, etc can also be found. The content is current and engaging and the readings are graded to the appropriate length and depth depending on the English proficiency level of the student. For example, reading passages at the first level range from 500 to 550 words, at the second 550 to 600, at the third 600 to 700, and at the fourth 700 to 900. To properly understand each passage, start with the Before You Read section to search for the summary of that passage. After reading, your task is to find the topic sentence, the sentence which summarizes the main point of the passage. The topic sentence is usually the first sentence of the paragraph, although it may also occur as the last sentence.

Structures & Features

The question types used in Reading Essence include 1) Main Idea 2) Inference 3) Details 4) Multiple Answers 5) Finding the Meaning & Purpose and 6) Filling in the blank. The Vocabulary Practice section consists of 1) Idioms & Expressions 2) Filling in the blanks, 3) Filling in the paragraph that summarizes the passage, and 4) Filling in the blanks using the new vocabulary. The purpose of Review Test is to give you a chance to practice grammar which is not included in the Questions section, using one or two paragraphs of the passage. The activities in Reading Essence will ensure greater reading fluency and exams success. Good Luck! Rachel Lee Researcher_ Sooyeon Kim, Nancy Mccaslin, Manuela Boscenco, Jerry Uvestsky

Introduction Structures & Features Chapter 1

The Life of Genghis Khan

007

Chapter 2

The Story of Emily Carr

Chapter 3

The Tradition of the Hula Dance

Chapter 4

Easter in the Eastern Christian Culture

Chapter 5

The Amazon Rainforest

Chapter 6

The World of Penguins

Chapter 7

Electricity

Chapter 8

How Glaciers are Formed

Chapter 9

The Gothic Style

Chapter 10

Daylight Savings Time

Chapter 11

The Story Behind Beauty and the Beast

Chapter 12

The Story of Ang Lee

Chapter 13

The Indy500 Racing League

Chapter 14

Maria Mutola: The Fastest

015 023

039 047

055 063

071 079

103 111

Chapter 15

Marriage in Different Societies

Chapter 16

The Right to Have a Gun

Chapter 17

Arguments Over an Island in the Pacific

Chapter 18

Another Terrorist Attack in the Middle East

Chapter 19

The History of Romania

Chapter 20

The Fall of the Aztec Empire

Answer Key

167

087

095

African Woman in the World

Vocabulary List

031

119 127

151 159

135 143

Chapter 1 The Life of Genghis Khan Before You Read Do you like history? Do you know about any famous leaders in your country? Genghis Khan was a powerful leader. He united all Mongol tribes into one nation. Then he conquered all neighboring tribes and countries and created the largest Asian Empire in the world at the time. Genghis Khan was feared and respected by his countrymen for his simple but cruel ways. He died in battle like a hero.

New Vocabulary ■

nomad

■

cruel

■

ally

: people who don’t live in the same place, but move around : harsh, unkind or without mercy or compassion

: friend for political reasons

Idioms ■

to claim the right as: to say that something belongs to you

■

to scrape a meager living: to live in extreme poverty or just survive

■

to pass away: to die

Chapter 1 Glossary

G

enghis Kan was probably born in the year 1162 as the son of a minor Mongol chief. His family, like all the other people in the region, were

nomads. They lived in the mountainous region around the river Onon, but they never stayed in just one place. During that time, Mongol families lived together in larger groups, called clans, to protect each other from danger and to

find food more easily. A few clans formed a tribe that was led by a chief. Tribes were always at war with each other for domination and control of the area. Most Mongol nomads were blacksmiths; they worked with iron, made weapons, and trained strong little horses for battle. When Genghis Khan was little, his name was actually Temujjin. This means “iron” in the Mongol dialect. As was the custom of his age, Temujjin was sent to live with the tribe of his future wife at the age of nine. He was supposed to return home when he turned twelve but his father was poisoned by one of the neighboring clans. Temujjin returned to claim his right as leader. He said that he was to become chief now, but the clan elders refused to listen to a young boy and abandoned him. Temujjin and his family lived in poverty over the next few years. They scraped a meager living by picking fruits and hunting. Temujjin displayed

8

Essence Reading 2

chief the person in charge of a group or organization, or the ruler of a tribe

�

clan a group of families, especially in Scotland, who srcinate from the same family and have the same name

�

blacksmith a person who makes and repairs iron tools and horseshoes

�

give birth to ~ to produce a baby

�

betrayal being unfaithful to someone

�

defeat to win a victory over someone in a fight,

�

war or competition territory (an area of) land or sometimes sea, which is considered as belonging to or connected with a particular country or person

�

the first signs of his cruel and unkind character when he killed his half-brother over some hunted animal and showed no compassion or mercy afterwards. In 1182, he was taken prisoner by his former clan members who planned to kill him. But he managed to escape with the help of some friends and allies. These events further shaped Temujjin’s character. From his mother, he learned the importance of living a simple life and surviving in the harsh world of Mongol nomads. From his time as a prisoner, he learned how important it is to have loyal and faithful allies. At the age of 16, Temujjin married his childhood bride, Borte, from the neighboring tribal clan. But Borte too was kidnapped by the rivaling Merkits. Temujjin showed his unbelievable intelligence when he designed a master plan and rescued her. Nine months after the escape, Borte gave birth to a son, Jochi. It is believed that the boy is not actually Temujjin’s son, although Temujjin always declared that he was Jochi’s true father. Borte gave Temujjin many more sons and would remain the love of his life. Around 1190, Temujjin and his close allies and advisers began to unite the many divided Mongol clans. Using his strong will and charisma, he managed to persuade all those fighting and warring clans to accept him as the one and only leader. It seems Temujjin had a gift, the unusual ability to act as a leader and command respect. Several tribes tried to oppose him. There were a lot of betrayals and killings, but eventually Temujjin managed to do what nobody had ever done before; unite all Mongols into one nation in 1206. In honor of his achievements, the Mongol clan chiefs gave Temujjin the title Khan, or “leader.” Between 1207 and 1227, Genghis Khan defeated all countries surrounding his territory, including China and Persia. The Mongol Empire was at the time the largest in the world. Genghis Khan is believed to have died in battle in 1227. Legend has it he was thrown off a horse, got sick with fever and passed away soon after. Nobody knows where he was buried.

1. Why does the author mention the river Onon in paragraph 1? (A) To indicate a mountainous area in Mongolia. (B) To describe a part of Mongolian landscape. (C) To suggest it was the favorite gathering place of Mongolian tribes. (D) To give details about Genghis Khan’s place of birth.

Chapter 1

9

2. What does the word “tribe” mean? (A) A small Mongol family (B) A group of Mongol families (C) A group of clans (D) Leader or chief of a clan

3. What is NOT true about the Mongols way of life? (A) Mongols moved around from place to place. (B) Mongols lived together in big, tight families. (C) Mongols lived a peaceful life. (D) Mongols were good at making iron.

4. Why was Genghis Khan sent to live with the tribe of his future wife? (A) Because it was a traditional thing to do in those times. (B) Because Genghis Khan had to prepare to become chief. (C) Because Genghis Khan’s father was killed by another clan. (D) Because the clan elders did not like Genghis Khan.

5. What are two things Genghis Khan learned as a child? (Choose 2 answers)

(A) He learned to be cruel and merciless. (B) He learned how to live with only a few things. (C) He learned that he needed trustworthy friends. (D) He learned to be intelligent and smart.

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Essence Reading 2

6. What is the topic of paragraph 6? (A) Genghis Khan’s death (B) The Mongol Empire (C) The victory of Genghis Khan (D) The legend of Gengh is Khan

7. What can be inferred in the passage? (A) The title Khan was related to Temujjin’s accomplishments. (B) Genghis Khan died on the spot when falling down from a horse. (C) He was betrayed by his closest allies. (D) All Mongols stayed as one country for about two decades.

Chapter 1

11

Vocabulary & Grammar

Vocabulary Test

1. Idioms & Expressions: Use the following idioms to complete the sentences. (Don’t forget to use the correct tense and pronoun!)

to claim the right as

to scrape a meager living

to pass away

1) Elizabeth I _______________ the queen of England after her father’s death. She said she was supposed to be the queen, not her younger sister. 2) My grandfather _______________ in 1986. He died of a brain tumor. 3) People in Africa live in deep poverty. They _______________ eating corn and hunting wild animals.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. domination

blacksmith

dialect

compassion

defeat

1) _______________ means to have control or power over someone else. 2) A _______________ is a type of spoken language. 3) _______________ is the opposite of win. 4) A _______________ is a person who makes and works with iron. 5) _______________ means to have a kind heart and care about people.

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Essence Reading 2

3. Fill in the following paragraph using s ome of the new vocabulary and idioms from the reading passage.

scrape a meager living

cruel

charisma

nomads

warring

The Mongols used to be 1) ________. They lived in tribes that moved from place to place. Often, these 2) ________ tribes fought each other for power. Genghis Khan was the son of a tribe chief. As a child he lived in poverty and had to 3) ________ to survive. He was very 4) ________ and merciless, but he was also loyal and honest. He had great 5) ________ and was an excellent leader. He managed to unite all Mongol tribes into one nation and build an Empire. Genghis Khan died in battle and became a national hero.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) Nepal is a ________ region in Central Asia. ⓐ mountain ⓑ mountainous ⓒ mountains

ⓓ mountaineering

2) You were ________ to finish your project today. ⓐ planned ⓑ supposed ⓒ assumed

ⓓ had

3) Our class will study turtles over the next ________ days. ⓐ few ⓑ little ⓒ many

ⓓ couple

4) Thomas was ________ to his wife. He cheated on her with another woman. ⓐ faithful ⓑ unfaithfully ⓒ unfaithful ⓓ loyal 5) The treasure is probably ________ under the sea. ⓐ bury ⓑ burial ⓒ burying

ⓓ buried

Chapter 1

13

Vocabulary & Grammar Grammar Focus

Fill in the following paragraph by choosing the appropriate answers provided below.

Around 1190, Temujjin and many

2

persuade

Mongol clans. 4

1

close allies and advisers began to unite the 3

his strong will and charisma, he managed to

those fighting and warring clans to accept him

5

the one

and only leader. It seems Temujjin had a gift, the unusual ability to act as a leader and

6

respect. Several tribes tried to oppose him. There

7

a lot of

betrayals and killings, but eventually Temujjin managed to do what nobody had 8

done before: unite all Mongols

achievements, the Mongol clan chiefs

1. (a) his

one nation in 1206. In honor of his Temujjin the title Khan, or “leader”.

(c) she

2. (a)divide

(b)dividing

(c)divided

3. (a)Uses

(b)Use

(c)Used

4. (a) every

(b) most

5. (a) in

(b) for

6. (a) commanding 7. (a) are 8. (a)even 9. (a)on 10. (a)bought

14

(b) him

9 10

Essence Reading 2

(c) all (c) with

(b) commander (b) were (b)ever (b)with (b)gave

(c) commanded (c) is (c)forever (c)into (c)reached

(d) her (d)division (d)Using (d) the (d) as (d) command (d) was (d)still (d)onto (d)became

Chapter 2 The Story of Emily Carr Before You Read Do you like to draw? Do you know about the lives of any famous artists? This is a story about Emily Carr, a famous artist from the beautiful province of British Columbia which has many forests and mountains next to the Pacific Ocean. There are many Native Indian groups who lived by fishing and hunting for thousands of years in this area. Emily Carr’s paintings show us what life used to be like in villages and forests of Western Canada a long time ago.

New Vocabulary ■

strict

: demanding obedience or close observance of rules

■

independent

■

moody

: not under the control or authority of others

: unfriendly or tending to charge mood

Idioms ■

to have a mind of one’s(my/your/his/her) own : this means that a person thinks for himself and doesn’t listen to what other people tell them to do

■

to have a soft spot(for someone or something): this means to have a warm feeling for someone or something or to like something or someone very much

■

to rough it: this means to live very simply(usually outside, away from a city), without warm water or electricity or to live without modern conveniences

Chapter 2 Glossary

E

mily Carr was a painter who was born in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, in 1912. She was the second youngest of nine children. Her

parents came to Canada from England and they were very strict, which means they did not give her much freedom. They wanted Emily to be a nice, polite young lady. From a very early age however, Emily had a mind of her own, so she did not listen to what other people told her to do. She loved to draw, paint and write, and she liked being alone. Sadly, her mother died when Emily was fifteen and her father died two years later. There were no art schools or artists at that time in her hometown of Victoria so she moved to San Francisco so that she could study art. Emily also went to London and Paris to study art but in her heart she wanted to be back in Canada. She did not succeed in Paris so she was discouraged. When Emily returned to Canada, almost giving up art altogether, she met Lawren Harris, a famous Canadian painter. He encouraged her to paint using her own special style. Emily loved to paint the land of the Pacific coast of British Columbia. She painted skies, dark forests and Native Indian villages. Her style was powerful

16

Essence Reading 2

polite caring for other people’s feelings

�

discouraged having lost your confidence or enthusiasm for something

�

personality the type of person you are, which is shown by the way you behave, feel and think

�

ceiling the inner surface of a room which you can see when you look above you

�

rent out allow someone the use of one’s property

�

name after to give someone or something the same

�

name as another person or thing)

and energetic, just like the land she loved to paint. Emily Carr had a very strong personality. She was very independent and creative, but she was also moody and unfriendly with people she didn’t like. In the studio where she painted, the chairs were hanging from the ceiling with ropes so there was no place for visitors to sit down. Maybe if she liked the visitor, she would use a rope to bring down a chair to sit on! She had a soft spot for animals and kept dogs, cats, rabbits and even a pet monkey named “Woo”! Emily often traveled by herself to Native Indian villages in the forests far away from her hometown. She liked roughing it so she often traveled by canoe and slept in a tent. At this time it was not usual for women to travel alone, so many people thought she was very strange. The Native Indian people liked Emily very much and welcomed her to their villages. They even gave her the Indian name Klee Wik, which means “laughing one”. Unfortunately, she never was financially successful as an artist and she had to rent out rooms in her house to make money. She also taught childrens’ art classes. Many people didn’t understand Emily’s strong painting style. At this time, the style of art people wanted to see was pretty pictures of flowers, not strange paintings of Indian life or dark forests. For this reason, Emily Carr (like many other famous artists) could not support herself by being an artist and she didn’t become famous until after she died. Emily had bad health most of her life, and she died of a heart attack at the age of seventyfour. Many of her paintings are in the Art Gallery of Vancouver in British Columbia and today she is one of Canada’s most famous painters. There is also an Art school in the city of Vancouver named after her: The Emily Carr College of Art and Design.

1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about Emily in paragraph 1? (A) Her hometown (B) Her parents’ way of education (C) Her personality (D) Her appearance

Chapter 2

17

2. Why did Emily study art in San Francisco? (A) Because San Francisco was famous for art. (B) Because her hometown did not have art schools. (C) Because she liked being alone. (D) Because her parents died.

3. Did people enjoy Emily’s art while she was alive? Why or why not? (A) No, because her painting style was too unique. (B) No, because he painted pretty pictures of flowers. (C) Yes, because she painted Indian life. (D) Yes, because she painted dark forests.

4. Which of the following is NOT true? (A) Emily’s Indian name was Klee Wik. (B) Emily died too young for her age. (C) Emily became famous after she died. (D) Emily was not influenced by other people.

5. What does “Emily could not support herself by being an artist.” mean in paragraph 6?

(A) Emily as an artist could not make enough money to get by. (B) Emily did not want to be an artist. (C) Emily’s parents supported her to be an artist. (D) Emily could not receive any financial support from artists.

18

Essence Reading 2

6. What are two things Emily did to make money besides for painting? (Choose 2 answers)

(A) Receiving money for the use of rooms (B) Working as an art teacher (C) Traveling a lot (D) Sleeping in a tent

7. What is the main idea of paragraph 6? (A) People didn’t understand Emily Carr’s style of painting. (B) Emily Carr never made much money as an artist. (C) Emily Carr rented her house to make money. (D) Emily Carr painted Indian life or dark forests.

Chapter 2

19


Vocabulary Test


to rough it to have a soft spot for someone/something to have a mind of one’s own.

1) She won’t listen to what anyone tells her. She _______________. 2) I’m going camping in the mountains next month and I can’t wait! I love _______________. 3) My aunt is always so nice to me and she always gives me gifts when I see her. I guess she _______________.

2. Use one of the following words from the story to fill in the blanks. studio

tent

ceiling

hometown

canoe

1) A _______________ is a long narrow boat that the Native Indians in Canada used to travel on rivers. 2) A _______________ is something you use if you want to sleep outside. 3) The opposite of the floor is the _______________. 4) A _______________ is a room artists use to paint and create art. 5) Your _______________ is the city where you were born.

20

Essence Reading 2


had a soft spot

had a mind of her own

strict

moody

independent

Emily Carr was born in the city of Victoria in Canada. Her parents wanted her to be a polite, well educated young lady, so they were very 1) ________ with her. Emily Carr had her own ideas about things. She 2) ________. She was very kind to the people close to her but sometimes she was unfriendly and 3) ________. People were never sure how she would be from one day to the next. She wasn’t afraid to travel alone because she was very 4) ________. The Native Indian people 5) ________ for Emily. They liked her very much and gave her an Indian name.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) Diane sent me a ________ letter thanking me for my invitation ⓐ polite ⓑ politely ⓒ politeness ⓓ police 2) Peter has a very warm ________. ⓐ personality ⓑ person

ⓒ personal

ⓓ personnel

3) Being ________ is behaving in a kind way towards someone. ⓐ friendly ⓑ loyal ⓒ rude ⓓ indifferent 4) ________, my sister failed in the test. ⓐ Unfortunate ⓑ Unfortunately

ⓒ Fortune

ⓓ Fortunate

5) Nowadays many people ________ various kinds of cancer. ⓐ die of ⓑ die for ⓒ die in ⓓ die down

Chapter 2

21



Emily Carr had a very strong

1

. She was very independent and

3

she was also moody and

5

she painted, the chairs were hanging

was no place for visitors to sit down. rope to

8

2

,

with people she didn’t like. In the studio 7

6

the ceiling with ropes so there

she liked the visitor, she would use a

a chair to sit on! She had a soft spot for

cats, rabbits and even a pet monkey

10

9

and kept dogs,

“Woo”!

1. (a)person

(b)personal

(c)personality

(d)personnel

2. (a)create

(b)creative

(c)creation

(d)created

3. (a) so 4. (a)friend 5. (a) when

(b) that

(c) but

(b)friends (b) why

(c) who

(b) from

(c) at

7. (a)Maybeif

(b)Mayif

(c)Ifmaybe

(d)unfriendly (d) where (d) to

8. (a)bringup

(b)bringdown

(c)bringwith

9. (a)people

(b)animals

(c)beasts

(b)naming

(c)named

Essence Reading 2

(d) for

(c)friendly

6. (a) in

10. (a)name

22

4

(d)Ifmay (d)bringfor (d)poultry (d)names

Chapter 3 The Tradition of the Hula Dance Before You Read Do you like dancing? What are some traditional dances in your country? The traditional dance in Hawaii is called the hula. It is a religious dance performed usually in honor of a king. The dance tells the story of a song. It has a lot of melody and sensuality. Christians disliked the hula. But in modern days, the dance has been brought back, and is performed usually for tourists.

New Vocabulary ■

inhabit

■

secluded

■

solemn

: to live in a certain place : isolated or alone : serious or severe

Idioms ■

■

■

to be clouded in mystery: to not be clear to know something by heart: to know something very well, without making any mistakes by way of mouth: through words, through speaking or orally

Chapter 3 Glossary

H

awaii is a small but beautiful group of islands in the South East Pacific Ocean. It is inhabited by Polynesians. People from the Pacific islands of

Tahiti, Tonga and Samoa came to live in Hawaii centuries ago, and brought with them the hula dance. This dance is now unique to the Hawaiian Islands. It is danced only there. The hula is accompanied by a ‘mele’; it is performed together with this chant or song in order to explain or comment on it. The srcins of the hula dance are clouded in mystery. It is not clear how the hula came to be, although there are a few legends to explain it. According to one legend, the Hawaiian goddess Laka gave birth to the dance on the island of Molokai. Another story talks of Hi’iaka, who danced to calm down her sister Pele, a volcano goddess. This story places the hula on the volcanic island of Kauai.

perform to do an action or piece of work

�

srcin the beginning or cause of something

�

legend a very old story from ancient times

�

execute to do or perform something, especially in a planned way

�

strict greatly limiting someone’s freedom to behave as they wish, and likely to severely punish them if they disobey

�

instrument an object, such as a piano, guitar or drum, which is played to produce

�

The old version of the hula is the hula kahiko. It is a very melodic and sensuous dance, performed to bring pleasure to the senses. The dancers gently move their hips back and forth, while singing and telling a story with their

musical sounds lava hot liquid rock which comes out of the earth through a volcano, or the solid rock formed when it cools

�

forbid to refuse to allow something, especially officially, or to prevent a particular plan of action by making it impossible

�

text words or lyric lines

�

24

Essence Reading 2

fingers. Hula kahikos can be funny fishermen stories, or very serious historical tales. Many of them were performed to entertain or praise kings or chiefs. But the most serious hulas were religious performances done inside a temple. It was a sign of bad luck to make a mistake during a hula performance. Therefore, dancers were secluded inside the temple while learning the dance. They could not be seen by anybody, and were not allowed to leave until they knew the dance by heart and could execute it without any mistakes. Today the hula kahiko is performed to traditional songs that talk about old legends, historical events or kings. These songs have been passed down from generation to generation by way of mouth. They have been memorized exactly word by word and told to the youngsters so that they can perform perfectly as well. The words of the hula are taken very seriously, and therefore the dancers who do the hula have quite a solemn and severe expression on their face. They have been trained at a special hula school, called the ‘halau’, under the strict supervision of a hula teacher. The teacher is called a ‘kumu hula’, which means ‘source of knowledge’. Traditionally, male and female hula dancers wear nothing except a skirt, which they wrap around their hips. Both men and women decorate themselves with many bracelets, necklaces, anklets and headpieces. These are usually made of ‘leis’, a sacred flower picked in forests during prayers. Leis are only worn once. After a hula performance, they are left at the temple of the goddess Laka. Hula dancers use several different instruments during a performance. These usually include small drums made of coconut shells, as well as bamboo sticks, and rattles made of feathers, dogteeth or lava stones. When the Christians arrived in Hawaii during the 18th century, they were shocked by the hula dance. They thought it was very sexual and rude. The dance was forbidden, but King David Kalakaua(1874-1891) brought the hula back to life. The modern hula form is called the hula auana. It is still a religious dance, but it includes a lot of Christian ideas. The songs are westernized and more melodic, and the text includes events that happened after 1800. A hula singer usually accompanies the dancers, and often plays the guitar, the bass or the ukulele.

Chapter 3

25

1. Who dances the hula today? (A) The Polynesians (B) People from Tahiti, Samoa and Tonga (C) Inhabitants of the South East Pacific Islands (D) Only native Hawaiians

2. Is the legend of the goddess Laka true? (A) Yes, it is the only true legend. (B) Perhaps, but so is the legend of the goddess Pele. (C) No, only the legend of the goddess Pele is true. (D) No, and neither is the legend of the goddess Pele.

3. What is the topic word of paragraph 3? (A) Old version (B) The hula kahiko (C) Dance (D) Performance

4. Which of the following is NOT true? (A) Hulas were not serious dances. (B) Hulas often had a religious meanin g. (C) Making mistakes during a hula brought bad luck. (D) Hula music always has a lot of energy.

26

Essence Reading 2

5. Why do dancers look very serious during the hula? (A) They try hard to concent rate. (B) They tell the text of the song from memory. (C) They have to be caref ul not to make mistak es. (D) They consider the text of the song to be important.

6. A ________ is not a traditional hula instrument. (A) leis (B) drum (C) stick (D) rattle

7. What is similar between the old and the new form of hula dancing? (A) The religious element (B) The melody of the songs (C) The text of the songs (D) The instruments

Chapter 3

27


Vocabulary Test


to be clouded in mystery

to know something by heart

by way of mouth

1) The origins of the Bible _______________. Nobody knows exactly who wrote the book. 2) Legends are stories told _______________. They were never recorded or written down. 3) I know this poem _______________. I can tell it from memory without making any mistakes.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. to memorize

melodic

performance

chant

1) A _______________ is a type of song. 2) _______________ describes the soft music of a song. 3) A _______________ is a type of show. 4) _______________ means to remember something word by word. 5) A _______________ is an old story people believe to be true.

28

Essence Reading 2

legend


accompanied know it by heart are clouded in mystery secluded

sensuous

The hula dance is a traditional Hawaiian dance. Its srcins 1) ________. Nobody knows exactly how it came to be. Hula dancers have to be 2) ________ when they learn the dance. They cannot meet anybody from the outside. Hula dancing is 3) ________ by a chant or song. During the dance, dancers also sing a song. They must 4) ________. If they make a mistake, it is a sign of bad luck. The hula is a very 5) ________ dance. It involves pleasure.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) Ikebana is a flower art ________ Japan. ⓐ unique to ⓑ special to ⓒ traditional

ⓓ only

2) The mother ________ to a pair of twins last night. ⓐ birth ⓑ gave birth ⓒ born

ⓓ had

3) The waves are ________ rolling across the ocean. ⓐ gentle ⓑ gentleness ⓒ gently

ⓓ gentile

4) The teacher is walking ________ across the room to supervise the exam. ⓐ up and down ⓑ front and back ⓒ back and for ⓓ back and forth 5) The gift is ________ in shiny colorful paper. ⓐ wrap ⓑ wraps ⓒ wrapped

ⓓ wrapping

Chapter 3

29



The old version of the hula is the hula kahiko. It is a very melodic and sensuous dance, performed to bring hips

2

3

1

to the senses. The dancers gently move their

singing and telling a story with their fingers. Hula kahikos can

be funny fishermen stories, or very serious historical tales. performed to entertain or praise kings or chiefs. But religious performances

6

7

them were

, dancers were secluded inside the

temple while learning the dance. They could not

8

by anybody, and were

allowed to leave until they knew the dance by heart and could execute

10

30

4

serious hulas were

inside a temple. It was a sign of bad luck to make a

mistake during a hula performance. 9

5

without any mistakes.

1. (a)please

(b)pleasure

(c)pleasing

2. (a) back and forth

(b) high and low

(c) inside and outside (d) side by side

3. (a)and

(b)but

4. (a)Many

(b)Manyof

(c)Much

5. (a)most

(b)themost

(c)mostof

(d)mostly

(c) doing

(d) done

(c)while

(d)pleased

(d)because (d)Muchof

6. (a) do

(b) did

7. (a)Therefore

(b)Nevertheless

8. (a) see

(b) saw

(c) seen

(d) be seen

9. (a) not

(b) no

(c) none

(d) no one

10. (a) her

(b) him

Essence Reading 2

(c)If

(c) it

(d)Since

(d) them

Chapter 4 Easter in the Eastern Christian Culture Before You Read What are some traditional religious holidays in your culture? Do you know of any religious holidays from other cultures? Christians celebrate Easter during the spring months. This religious holiday is held in honor of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who died on the Cross to save the souls of all Christians. Easter falls on different times each year. Western Christians usually celebrate Easter a few weeks before Eastern Christians.

New Vocabulary ■

to be crucified

■

to fast

■

to devise

:

:

to die hanging on a cross

to not eat certain foods and drink certain drinks

:

to invent or to plan

Idioms ■

to split up: to separate, to be divided

■

to meet in the middle: to agree on something

■

to drop the matter: to stop discussing something

Chapter 4 Glossary

E

aster is a religious holiday celebrated throughout the Christian world. According to Christian religion, God sent his son Jesus to Earth to show

men the right path. But his message of peace was not welcomed. Jesus was caught while entering the Holy city of Jerusalem, and crucified on a Friday morning. Miraculously, however, Jesus rose from the dead on Sunday morning. Christians believe Jesus died on the cross in order to save their souls. They celebrate this event during the Easter holidays. Eastern Christians, or Orthodox Christians, are very traditional. Unlike Western Christians, they still use the oldest calendar available, the Julian calendar. According to this calendar, the date Jesus died on the cross is sometime in April or May. This day is more important in the Orthodox calendar than Christmas. Thus, a month before Easter, Orthodox Christians start fasting. They do not eat any meat or dairy, products, like milk or eggs. They do not drink alcohol,

dairy a place on a farm where milk and cream are kept and cheese and butter

�

are made, or a company which supplies milk and products made from milk sin the offence of breaking, or the breaking of, a religious or moral law

�

calculate to judge the number or amount of something by using the information that you already have, and adding, multiplying, subtracting or dividing numbers

�

pope (the title of) the leader of the Roman Catholic Church

�

and do not entertain themselves. This period of fasting is called the Great Lent and is supposed to clean their bodies and souls from sins. On Good Friday, when Jesus was crucified, Orthodox Christians do not take in anything but bread and water. They go to church and pray. All lights in the Church go out on midnight on Saturday, except one candle. Christians light their own candle from this one Holy Candle in honor of Jesus Christ.

32

Essence Reading 2

religious relating to religion

�

hide to put something or someone in a place where it cannot be seen or found

�

Sunday morning, or Easter Sunday, is a time of joy and happiness and the most important day for Orthodox Christians. It is the time when Jesus rose from the dead. Families greet each other on the street by saying “Christ is risen!” The traditional reply is “Truly He is risen!”. Nobody is allowed to fast for the next week, which is called the Bright Week. The traditional meal during this time is lamb, red wine, and a type of sweet bread believed to represent the body of Christ.

T

he Christian Church split up at the beginning of the 12th century because of some technical differences. It got divided after important churchmen could not agree on which calendar to use when calculating religious holidays. The head of the Western Christian Church was the Pope in Rome. He is still the leader of this Church, which is now called the Roman Church or the Catholic Church. Catholics use the more modern Gregorian calendar to calculate religious holidays. Pope Gregory XIII devised the Gregorian calendar in order to simplify the ancient Julian calendar invented by the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar. According to the Gregorian calendar, Easter falls anytime from March 22nd to April 25th. Therefore, in some years, Catholic and Orthodox Easter are a month apart, while in other years they fall right on the same date. At the World Council of Churches in 1997, churchmen tried to meet in the middle and agree on celebrating Easter on the same date in both Churches. Unfortunately, after a lot of arguments, they couldn’t decide on a common date and the matter was dropped. For now at least, Catholic Easter will still be celebrated on a different time than Orthodox Easter. But the meaning of the holiday remains the same. Catholic Christians also fast before Easter. On Saturday night, they meet in church for prayers. They read Bible stories, sing religious songs or hymns, and light the Holy Candle. Then, the priest sprinkles churchgoers with holy water, and offers them holy wine and bread. Religious services are also held on Easter Sunday and Easter Monday. Many Western countries, such as Germany, Canada or the USA, also follow other nonreligious Easter traditions. They paint eggs Saturday night and hide them everywhere around the house. Children go egg hunting on Sunday morning, when they get many chocolate eggs and gifts from the Easter Bunny.

Chapter 4

33

1. Why are there two Easter celebrations? (A) Because of religious differences between West and East (B) Because of the Pope in Rome (C) Because of the more traditional Orthodox Church (D) Because of the different calendars used by the two churches

2. Why does the author say, “Eastern Christians, or Orthodox Christians, are very traditional.” in the second paragraph of passage 1?

(A) Because of their praying rituals (B) Because of their fasting tradi tion (C) Because of their religious bel iefs (D) Because of their way of calculating the Easter date

3. When is Easter celebrated? (A) On March 22nd (B) On April 25th (C) In May of each year (D) On a Sunday in spring

4. Is Easter the most important Christian holiday? (A) Yes, it is as important as Christmas. (B) Yes, it is for Orthodox Christians. (C) Yes, it is for Catholic Christians. (D) No, Christmas is more important.

34

Essence Reading 2

5. What can be inferred about the Easter Bunny tradition? (A) It is an Easter tradition of both religions. (B) Its srcin might have not been related to both religions. (C) It is only observed in Western countries. (D) People paint a rabbit and give it as a gift.

6. What are two things that Catholic and Orthodox Easter have in common? (Choose 2 answers)

(A) The fasting period (B) The Holy Candle (C) The Holy Water (D) The greeting

7. According to the expression “For now at least” in the fourth paragraph of passage 2, what will probably happen with Easter celebrations in the future?

(A) Easter will always be held on different dates West and East. (B) Easter will soon be held on the same date West and East. (C) Easter might one day be held on the same date West and East. (D) Easter will never be held on the same date West and East.

Chapter 4

35


Vocabulary Test


to split up

to meet in the middle

to drop the matter

1) You want to go out Friday night, but I prefer Sunday. Why don’t we _______________ and go out on Saturday? 2) The teacher tried to explain the new rule, but students did not understand it. The teacher decided _______________ for now, and explain it on another day. 3) His parents _______________ when he was 5. They got a divorce a year later.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. path

traditional

candle

argument

1) A _______________ is a religious song. 2) _______________ is the opposite of modern. 3) A _______________ is a type of road or way people travel on. 4) A _______________ is a device used to make light. 5) _______________ is the opposite of agreement.

36

Essence Reading 2

hymn


split up

meet in the middle

crucified

dropped the matter

fast

Easter is a Christian religious holiday. It celebrates the death and return to life of Jesus Christ. He was 1) ________ on a Friday. Therefore, Easter starts on Great Friday. But long time ago, the Christian church 2) ________. Because of this separation, Christians have different dates for Easter. They tried to 3) ________ and find a common date, but couldn’t. So they 4) ________. However, all Christians celebrate Easter in the same way. They 5) ________, do not eat meat, and then they meet in church for prayer.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) Christmas is celebrated ________ the world on December 25th. ⓐ all ⓑ through ⓒ throughout ⓓ everywhere 2) A ________ Thanksgiving meal includes turkey and cranberry sauce. ⓐ tradition ⓑ traditional ⓒ traditionally ⓓ traditions 3) Students do not attend school ________ Saturday and Sunday. ⓐ on ⓑ in ⓒ at ⓓ by 4) What do you ________ this type of dish? ⓐ name ⓑ say ⓒ nickname

ⓓ call

5) There is a big ________ between high school and university life. ⓐ differ ⓑ different ⓒ difference ⓓ differences

Chapter 4

37



The Christian Church split up at the

1

of the 12th century

2

some

technical differences. It got divided after important churchmen could not agree 3

which calendar to use

4

calculating religious holidays.

The head of the Western Christian Church was the Pope in Rome. He is leader of this Church,

6

5

the

is now called the Roman Church or the Catholic

Church. Catholics use the more modern Gregorian calendar to calculate religious holidays. Pope Gregory XIII devised the Gregorian calendar in order

7

simplify the ancient Julian calendar invented by the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar. According to the Gregorian calendar, Easter

8

anytime from March 22nd to

April 25th. Therefore, in some years, Catholic and Orthodox Easter are a month 9

, while in

1. (a)begin

years they fall right on the same date.

(b)began

(c)begun

(b)because

3. (a) with

(b) on

4. (a) and

(b) but

5. (a)ever

(b)still

(c)already

6. (a) who

(b) that

(c) which

7. (a)for

(b)to

(c)that

8. (a)falls

(b)belongs

9. (a)apart

(b)part

(c)partly

(d)inpart

(b)another

(c)theother

(d)other

Essence Reading 2

(c)as

(d)beginning

2. (a)becauseof

10. (a)some

38

10

(c) in

(d)since (d) at

(c) when

(c)involves

(d) at (d)yet (d) why (d)withto (d)works

Chapter 5 The Amazon Rainforest Before You Read Do you know anything about rainforests? Do you know what they are useful for? The largest rainforest in the world is the Amazon rainforest. It contains the highest number of plants and animals in the whole world. But, unfortunately, it is disappearing very fast. People catch the animals to sell them for their meat, and also cut down the trees to make paper and furniture. This causes air pollution.

New Vocabulary ■

to stretch

■

:

humid

: hot and wet

■

species

: type of plant or animal

to cover in length

Idiom ■

to live off something: to live by using something

■

to get rid of something: to make something disappear

■

to give off: to send out gas or a certain smell; the opposite of take in

Chapter 5 Glossary

A

bout 6% of the earth is covered by rainforests. The largest rainforest in the world is the Amazon Basin, which stretches over 2.3 million square

miles in nine different South American countries. This area is double the length of all the other remaining rainforests in the world. Brazil contains 60% of the Amazonian rainforest, since it lies at the mouth of the river Amazon. This river is the second largest in the world and contains more than one-fifth of the world’s fresh water. The Amazon rainforest is a type of wet broadleaf forest. The weather there is very humid and warm as it rains quite a bit. Because of the high rainfall, the forest is very rich and green. The tree leafs are pointed and narrow so that the raindrops can easily drop off wet plants. This tropical rainforest has more living species than the entire European continent. There are over 400 types of insects living in one single rain forest tree for a total of 2.5 million species. One square kilometer of rainforest may contain over 75,000 types of trees and approximately 438,000 different kinds of plants, which comes to a total of 90,000 tons of greenery overall. The Amazon rainforest is home to 2,000 birds and mammals, with one in every five birds in the world living there.

entire whole or complete

�

overall in general rather than in particular

�

diverse varied or different

�

burn down to destroy something, especially a building, by fire, or to be destroyed by fire

�

global warming a gradual increase in world temperatures caused by polluting gases

�

estimate to guess the cost, size, value, etc. of something

�

endangered animals or plants which may soon not exist because there are very few now alive

�

smuggling taking goods into a country secretly and illegally

�

40

Essence Reading 2

Local farmers have lived off this rich and diverse land for thousands of years. They have been able to find food and water here without destroying the land. The Kayapo people of Brazil farm in an environmentally-friendly way. Instead of chemicals, they use burned wood to enrich the soil, and plant banana trees, which attract wasps. These wasps then feed on leafcutter ants and get rid of these harmful insects. The rainforest also offers a lot of tropical fruits, such as bananas and coconuts, as food. Cinnamon is made from the bark of a rainforest tree. Amazonian Indians use the fruit and stem of the Buruti plant as a drink, to make bread and to build houses. Many

other plants are used as medicine. But the Amazon rainforest is in very big danger of disappearing. 9,169 square miles of forest have been cut down in 2003 in Brazil alone. An area of the size of a football field is burned down basically every minute, which means that the rain forest may be gone by the year 2030. The dangers related to this type of activity are very obvious. Trees take in poisonous carbon dioxide from the air and give off oxygen. There is more oxygen and less carbon dioxide around a rainforest. When trees are cut down, however, the amount of carbon dioxide increases and the air gets warmer. This leads to global warming, which is extremely harmful to the environment. It is estimated that the burning of Brazilian rainforests alone produces 200 million metric tons of carbon dioxide a year. Another danger connected with destroying the rainforest is the disappearance of plants and animals. When trees are cut down, plants and animals have no more food left and slowly die out. Killing wild animals is illegal in Brazil, but there is plenty of stealing going on. 38 million animals are stolen and sold illegally each year. The most hunted animals are birds, especially parrots, followed by snakes and the jaguar.

1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following i s NOT mentioned about the Amazon Rainforest?

(A) Its gross area (B) Its body of water (C) Its precipitation (D) Its extinct animals

Chapter 5

41

2. How can you describe the Amazon rainforest? (Choose 2 answers)

(A) It rains all time there so the forest is always green. (B) The weather is so hot that not many tourists come to visit. (C) The plants are shaped so that rainwater can pour off them. (D) There is a lot of fresh water coming from the Amazon River.

3. Which of the following is true about the Amazon Basin? (A) It is not much larger than all the other rainforests in the world combined. (B) It is more than one-fifth of all the other rainforests in the world. (C) The tree leaves there are purposely shaped as they are. (D) It is a habitat for many reptiles and plants.

4. Look at the end of paragraph 2. What does the author refer to when he says “rich and diverse land” at the beginning of paragraph 3?

(A) 400 types of insects in the Amazon rainforest (B) 2,000 birds and mammals in the Amazon rainforest (C) The many different kinds of plants growing in the Amazon rainforest (D) The large variety of Amazonian plants and animals

42

Essence Reading 2

5. What does the sentence “people of Brazil farm in an environmentally friendly way” mean in paragraph 3?

(A) They do not poison the soil when farming. (B) They use natural chemicals to make the soil rich. (C) They plant and don’t cut down banana trees. (D) They do not kill insects even if they are harmful.

6. Which rainforest plant has more than one use? (A) The banana (B) The coconut (C) Cinnamon (D) The Bruti plant

7. What is the biggest problem related to the disappearance of the rainforest? (A) Global warming (B) Poisoning the air (C) Burning the field (D) Cutting down trees

Chapter 5

43


Vocabulary Test


to live off

to get rid of

to give off

1) These clothes have not been washed in along time. They _______________ a bad smell. 2) If you want to _______________ your old clothes, why not give them to poor people who need them? 3) Our neighbor _______________ social assistance. She has no job, so the government has to help her with money.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. mammals

land

insect

bark

stem

1) A _______________ is the part of the plant that connects the root with the flower. 2) _______________ is earth used for farming. 3) An _______________ is a small animals that can fly, like a bee or a bug. 4) _______________ are animals that give birth to their young, like monkeys. 5) A _______________ is the wood that covers a tree.

44

Essence Reading 2


stretches

soil

smuggling

species

give off

The Amazon rainforest 1) ________ over millions of miles. It covers a huge area and contains the largest number of living 2) ________ in the world. More plants and animals live here than anywhere else. But people are cutting down the rainforest. There are fewer trees left that take in carbon dioxide and 3) ________ oxygen. This is harmful to the environment. The 4) ________ gets poisoned when farmers use chemicals to make the land rich. As well, many animals are hunted down. Their 5) ________ is illegal, but brings a lot of money.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) The village was built at the ________ of a small river. ⓐ mouth ⓑ fence ⓒ bottom

ⓓ head

2) ________ of all the students in the classroom did not do their homework. ⓐ one-four ⓑ one fourths ⓒ one-fourth ⓓ one-fourths 3) There is a lot of fresh ________ in the city park. ⓐ green ⓑ greens ⓒ greenhouse

ⓓ greenery

4) The factory was ________ by a huge fire. ⓐ destroy ⓑ destroyed ⓒ destroying

ⓓ destroys

5) The elephant is hunted ________ its ivory teeth. ⓐ for ⓑ because ⓒ so

ⓓ since

Chapter 5

45



But the Amazon rainforest is miles of forest

2

1

very big danger of disappearing. 9,169 square

down in 2003 in Brazil

3

. An area of the size of a

football field is burned down basically every minute, which means

4

the rain

forest may be gone by the year 2030. The dangers related to this type of activity 5

very obvious. Trees

6

poisonous carbon dioxide from the air and give

off oxygen. There is more oxygen and

7

carbon dioxide around a rainforest.

When trees are cut down, however, the amount of carbon dioxide increases and the air gets warmer. environment.

8 9

leads to global warming, which is extremely harmful to the is estimated that the burning of Brazilian rainforests alone

produces 200 million metric tones of carbon dioxide

1. (a) in

(c) for

year.

(d) with

2. (a)havecut

(b)hascut

(c)havebeencut

(d)hasbeencut

3. (a)lone

(b)lonely

(c)alone

(d)away

4. (a)which

(b)who

(c)that

5. (a) is

(b) are

(c) was

(d) were be

6. (a)takeup

(b)takeon

(c)takein

(d)takefrom

7. (a)few

(b)little

(c)fewer

(d)less

8. (a)This

(b)These

(c)Most

(d)Those

9. (a) This

(b) It

10. (a) a

46

(b) on

10

Essence Reading 2

(b) the

(c) There (c) at

(d)what

(d) He (d) all

Chapter 6 The World of Penguins Before Your Read What is your favorite animal? Do you know any animals that live in cold places? Penguins are a type of bird. Many live in the ice fields of the South Pole. They cannot fly, but are very fast swimmers and excellent divers. Penguins feed on small fish and sea animals. They take care of their babies and are very friendly.

New Vocabulary ■

aquatic

■

: living in the water

plumage

■

agile

: feathers

: very quick and lively

Idioms ■

to lose balance: to not be able to stand straight and fall

■

to tell two things apart: to find the difference between two things

■

to gather around: to come together in a group

Chapter 6 Glossary

P

enguins are a type of flightless, aquatic bird that live in the earth’s Southern oceans. Contrary to what people think, these animals do not live

only in cold climates, such as the Antarctic region. Of the 17 penguin species, three live as far as the tropics, while one species goes as far as the Galapagos Islands near the equator. The oldest penguin bones ever found are 40 million years old, and they prove that penguins were already unable to fly at that time. The body of the penguin is perfect for life under water. It has an aerodynamic shape, which helps the penguin cut through the waves and dive under with great speed. What used to be wings now function as flippers. Fish also have flippers. Flippers look like large side flaps that help push the body forward in the water while swimming. Besides flippers, penguins use their tails to move around. On land, flippers prevent a penguin from losing his balance and falling over. Penguins are further covered with a smooth layer of plumage. These feathers help a penguin float and also keep the body warm. Penguins also keep warm when sliding on their bellies across snow and ice. This movement is called tobogganing and allows these animals to not waste their energy.

species

�

a set of animals or plants in which the members have similar characteristics to each other and can breed with each other equator

�

an imaginary line drawn around the middle of the Earth aerodynamic

�

of the science which studies the movement of gases and the way solid bodies, such as aircraft, move through them flipper

�

one of two arm-like parts of particular sea creatures toboggan

�

a long light sledge

waddle

�

to walk with short steps, swinging the body from one side to the other clumsy

�

awkward in movement or manner convince

�

to persuade someone or make them certain

48

Essence Reading 2

Penguins are usually dark in color, and have a white belly. These colors protect them from other animals, such as killer whales and sea lions, which hunt penguins for food. These animals often cannot tell penguins and water apart. When they look at the white belly of a penguin from below, they often mistake it for water. The dark colored skin offers similar protection to penguins outside of the water. Penguins have a very special way of moving across land. They waddle; that is they make short steps and rock slowly back and forth while moving. They are mistakenly thought to be slow and clumsy, but in fact are very agile and lively. Penguins are extremely fast and skilled swimmers and divers. Their average speed is 12 km/h, yet when they dive they can reach up to 27km/h. Small penguins, such as the Little Blue Penguin, catch fish close to the water surface and do not stay longer than a couple of minutes under water. Large penguins, like the Emperor, however, can dive as deep as 565 meters and stay under for up to 20 minutes if necessary. Penguins feed on shrimp, fish, squid and other small sea animals. They have excellent hearing, and can also see underwater. Penguins usually mate for life and live together with only one partner. Both parents take care of their youngsters; the female penguin goes out to hunt for food, while the male penguins stays behind to protect their few babies. Sometimes, baby penguins do not survive the harsh storms of the South Pole or are killed by other animals. In that case, the mother penguins often feels so much pain that she tries to steal another mother’s living chick. Specialists have studied this interesting behavior, and are convinced that it is similar to human emotions. The truth is that penguins are very friendly animals and are not afraid of people. Whenever a cruise ship lands, penguins gather around and get together in groups to meet the boats of tourists or explorers. For that reason, perhaps, penguins have often been the main characters in many children’s books, movies, cartoons, and even video games. A town in New Zealand is called Penguin, and many sports teams use penguins as a mascot.

Chapter 6

49

1. What is the main idea of this reading passage? (A) Penguins are very similar to human beings. (B) Penguins are a type of bird well suited for living in water. (C) Penguins are an endangered species. (D) Penguins are very strange animals.

2. What do most people erroneously think about penguins? (A) Penguins are birds, which is true. (B) Penguins cannot fly, which is true. (C) Penguins can fly, which is false. (D) Penguins live only on the South Pole.

3. What does the word “aerodynamic” mean in paragraph 2? (A) A special shape that helps penguins move around in water. (B) A special shape that helps penguins swim faster. (C) A special shape that helps penguins dive deeper. (D) A special shape that helps penguins catch fish.

4. What are two things that keep a penguin warm? (Choose 2 answers)

(A) Their flippers (B) Their tail (C) Their feathers (D) Their tobogganing movement

50

Essence Reading 2

5. Why do penguins have a white belly? (A) To trick other animals and get away (B) To hunt easier (C) To protect their youngsters (D) To float above water

6. Which of the following is NOT true? (A) Penguins have trouble walking because they waddle. (B) Penguins can swim as fast as 12km/h. (C) Smaller penguins don’t dive as deep as large penguins. (D) Penguins have very good eyes and ears.

7. What can be inferred about penguins? (A) Penguins represent a great tourist attraction. (B) Penguins have made their way into popular culture. (C) Penguins make great toys for children. (D) Penguins serve as excellent route marks on maps.

Chapter 6

51


Vocabulary Test


to lose balance

to tell apart

to gather around

1) On Thanksgiving, American families _______________ the dinner table to eat together and share stories. 2) It is difficult not to _______________ when doing ballet. A lot of dancers cannot stand straight and fall during a ballet dance. 3) Marcy and Simone are identical twins. It is very difficult to _______________ and say who is who.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. flippers

to waddle

youngster

species

dive

1) A _______________ is a little or baby animal. 2) To _______________ is to walk slowly while rocking back and forth. 3) _______________ are parts of the body used by fish for swimming. 4) To _______________ means to go underwater. 5) A _______________ is a type of animal.

52

Essence Reading 2


aquatic

lose balance

plumage

climates

agile

Penguins are 1) ________ birds that live in water but cannot fly. They often live in cold 2) ________, but can also be found in hotter regions of the earth. Penguins are very 3) ________ and fast. They swim and dive well by using their flippers. Flippers and tails help them not to 4) ________ and fall when moving around land. Their bodies are covered with black and white feathers. This 5) ________ protects them from the cold water, as well as from other dangerous animals.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) The insect lost her wings and is now ________. ⓐ flying ⓑ no fly ⓒ in flight

ⓓ flightless

2) The baby is so big that it reaches ________ the mother’s face. ⓐ as far as ⓑ as long as ⓒ as wide as ⓓ as deep as 3) The bread is too hard for me to ________. ⓐ cut in ⓑ cut out ⓒ cut across

ⓓ cut through

4) ________ people like to move about and have a lot of energy. ⓐ Live able ⓑ Alive ⓒ Lively ⓓ Lifeless 5) When Emily reads a sad story, she often gets________ and starts to cry. ⓐ emotion ⓑ emotional ⓒ emotions ⓓ emotionally

Chapter 6

53



Penguins are 1 dark in color, and have a white belly. These colors protect them 2 other animals, 3 as killer whales and sea lions, which hunt penguins for food. These animals often cannot tell penguins and water 4 . When they look at the white belly of a penguin from below, they often mistake 5 for water. The dark 6 skin offers similar protection to penguins outside of the water. Penguins have a very special way of moving across land. They waddle; 7 they make short steps and rock slowly back and forth 8 moving. They are mistakenly thought to be slow and clumsy, 9 in fact are very agile and 10 .

1. (a)usual

(c)usually

(d)asusual

2. (a) from

(b) to

(c) with

(d) on

3. (a) like

(b) so

(c) such

(d) where

4. (a)differently

(b)apart

5. (a) them

(b) it

(c)away (c) there

(d) here

(b)colors

7. (a)that

(b)thatis

8. (a)while

(b)although

(c)that

(d)so

9. (a)and

(b)but

(c)although

(d)because

(b)lives

(c)live

Essence Reading 2

(c)coloring

(d)above

6. (a)color

10. (a)life

54

(b)used

(c)this

(d)colored (d)thisis

(d)lively

Chapter 7 Electricity Before You Read Do you like physics? Do you know what laws of physics have an effect on objects in space? Electromagnetism is one of three forces that affect any object in space. The other two are gravity and nuclear force. The electromagnetic force is made up of electricity and magnetism. Electricity happens when charged particles flow from one direction to another. This flow also causes magnetism, which then affects the electric flow. Electromagnetism has many uses in nature and everyday life.

New Vocabulary ■

to repel

■

: to drive something back

to transmit

■

toxic

: to send

: poisonous

Idioms ■

to make use of something: to use something for one’s own purpose

■

to come about: to be created or produced by something else to cancel each other out: to both become zero

■

Chapter 7 Glossary

T

he Greek Thales of Milet discovered that when two materials are rubbed together there is a spark between them. A small piece of fire is thrown off

in the air, like when wood is burning. He concluded that any object in our world is made up of very small particles, or pieces, that are electrically charged. These charges have opposite values that drive each other together and back again. Thus electrons have a negative charge, while protons have a positive charge. Electric charges are measured in coulomb. In the 18th century physicist Michael Faraday observed that there is a force that always works between two charges, which he called an electric field. If the two charges are the same, the electric field causes bodies to repel each other or drive each other back. If charges are different, the electric field does the opposite. Therefore, the electric field or force is different from the other main force in the universe. The gravitational force always works in the same way, by pulling two bodies together. Electric charges never stand still, but flow from one point to another. This flow is called an electric current and is measured in ampere. Many modern electronic devices make use of electric currents in order to transport electric

charge

�

the amount of electricity that an electrical device stores or that a substance carries negative

�

of the type of electrical charge which is carried by electrons measure

�

to discover the exact size or amount of something, or to be of a particular size stand still

�

not moving ampere

�

the unit of electric current release

�

to allow a substance to flow out from somewhere compass

�

a device for finding direction which has a freely moving needle that always points to magnetic north electromagnet

�

a device made from a piece of iron that becomes magnetic when a changing current is passed through the wire that goes round it loop wire

�

an oval shaped single coil

56

Essence Reading 2

energy. In nature, there is also a lot of stored electricity, which comes out and is released through lightning during a storm. Men have stored electric energy in huge power stations, which then transmit or send electricity to customers by using wires. The electric energy used by customers is measured in watts. A power station works in two ways. Traditional power stations burn coal, oil or natural gas, thus changing heat into electricity. Unfortunately, this method produces a lot of toxic gases that poison the atmosphere. A cleaner, greener way to produce electricity is through nuclear power stations, or by using other natural sources, such as the wind, the sun, or water.

M

agnetism is the other basic natural force by which one material puts pressure on another material. Materials with strong magnetic power are iron, steel and lodestone. The magnetic power or force can either attract or repel the two materials and comes about or is created because of a magnetic field. Magnetic fields are measured in ampere by a meter. Magnetism is closely linked to electricity since it is seen when electrically charged particles move about. This movement can either be that of electrons flowing through an electric current, or that of electrons spinning around in an atom, which is the smallest possible particle in the universe. Physicists Maxwell and Biot-Savart have observed that electric fields produce magnetic fields, and in turn changing magnetic fields create electric fields. Magnetic fields fall straight onto an electric field, but they do not speed up or slow down the movement of the charged particles. They only change the direction of the particles’ flow. Magnetic fields usually have two opposing poles, a North and a South Pole, and also contain energy. When two magnetic fields are in line with each other, theycancel each other out. Both have the same value zero and are in perfect balance. They cannot be moved around anymore. This feature of magnetic fields has been used for centuries to make compasses. A compass works together with the Earth’s magnetic field and always points in the same direction, which is North. Sailors still use compasses to travel the seas. Magnets have found other uses as well. A crane that lifts heavy objects from the ground works with the help of an electromagnet. In this case, an electric current is passed through a loop wire to form a magnetic force. When the flow of the current is changed, the magnetic force pushes attached objects into the opposite direction. Radio antennas work in a similar way with the help of electromagnets.

Chapter 7

57

1. Why did the author write the second passage? (A) To show its direct relationship to the first passage (B) To explain the first passage in more detail (C) To present an opposite point of view to the first passage (D) To argue the importance of the first passage

2. Which is NOT a basic force of the universe? (A) The electric force (B) The magnetic force (C) The gravitational force (D) The power station

3. What is the difference between electric and magnetic fields? (A) Electric fields always pull two bodies together. (B) Magnetic fields affect the speed of electrons in an electric current. (C) Magnetic fields change the way in which electrons flow. (D) Electric fields do not have opposite poles or charges.

4. How is the electric current measured? (A) Volt (B) Ampere (C) Coulomb (D) Watt

58

Essence Reading 2

5. What are two examples of electromagnetic forces in the universe? (Choose 2 answers)

(A) Lightning (B) Power stations (C) Iron material (D) Radio antennas

6. Are nuclear power stations better than traditional power stations? (A) Yes, they generate more electricity. (B) Yes, they are more reliable. (C) Yes, they create less pollution. (D) Yes, they are the best way to generate power.

7. Why does the author say, “A compass works together with the Earth’s magnetic field.” in the third paragraph of passage 2?

(A) Because the magnetic field of the compass and the Earth’s magnetic field cancel each other out when in line with each other to always show North. (B) Because the magnetic field of the compass can always be relied upon to show the Earth’s North Pole. (C) Because the Earth’s magnetic field makes it impossible for the compass to always show the same direction. (D) Because the Earth’s magnetic field points towards the opposite pole when the magnetic compass shows North.

Chapter 7

59


Vocabulary Test


to come about

to make use of

to cancel each other out

1) Colds _______________ due to viruses in the air. They are not caused by bacteria. 2) Two opposing numbers that have the same value_______________. Therefore (+2) and (-2) equal zero. 3) My father _______________ the land mower to cut the lawn. It is easier to keep the grass short this way.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. flow

wire

pressure

poles

compass

1) _______________ are the two ends of a magnet. 2) _______________ is a thin piece of metal which allows electricity to pass. 3) _______________ is a continuous move into one direction. 4) _______________ means power or force. 5) _______________ is an object that helps sailors travel by ship.

60

Essence Reading 2


repel

come about

spark

particles

made use of

When two pieces are rubbed together, something like a 1) ________ or a piece of fire is thrown in the air. This proves that objects are made of small 2) ________ that are electrically charged. These pieces can attract or 3) ________ each other, depending whether they are positive or negative. These charges create an electric field. Magnetic fields 4) ________ due to electric fields and change the direction in which electric particles flow. People have 5)________ these electromagnetic forces to build power lines, compasses and antennas.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) The storm ________ the antenna from the roof. ⓐ threw out ⓑ threw over ⓒ threw off

ⓓ threw down

2) Albert Einstein is one of the greatest ________ of all times. ⓐ physics ⓑ physicist ⓒ physicists ⓓ physic 3) The truck has changed direction and moves now in the ________ way. ⓐ opposite ⓑ opposing ⓒ negative ⓓ adverse 4) Parents should not put too much ________ their children to do well in school. ⓐ pressure in ⓑ pressure on ⓒ pressure for ⓓ pressure 5) A ________ is usually made of an iron bar. ⓐ magnet ⓑ magnetic ⓒ magnetically

ⓓ magnetism

Chapter 7

61



Electric charges never stand 1 , but flow from one point 2 another. This flow is called an electric current and is measured in ampere. Many modern electronic devices 3 use of electric currents in order to transport electric energy. In nature, there is also 4 stored electricity, which comes out and is released through lightning 5 a storm. Men have stored electric energy in huge power stations, 6 7 transmit or send electricity 8 customers by 9 wires. The electric energy used by customers 10 measured in watts.

1. (a)stop 2. (a) till

(b) to

3. (a) do

(b) have

(c)moving (c) for (c) make

(d)end (d) at (d) get

4. (a)many

(b)several

(c)plenty

5. (a)during

(b)for

(c)while

(d)when

6. (a)that

(b)what

(c)which

(d)whose

7. (a) than

(b) then

(c) so

(d) after

8. (a) from

(b) to

(c) for

(d) with

9. (a)use

(b)using

10. (a) is

62

(b)still

Essence Reading 2

(b) are

(c)used (c) was

(d)alotof

(d)user (d) were be

Chapter 8 How Glaciers are Formed Before You Read Have you ever been on a glacier? What do you know about glaciers? Glaciers form when a lot of ice builds up on the side of a valley. Glaciers are very important because there is a lot of fresh water inside them. Only oceans have more water than glaciers. But now glaciers are in danger of disappearing. Global warming melts glaciers and causes a lot of floods.

New Vocabulary ■

brittle

: not strong, breaks easily into pieces like glass

■

hazard

: danger

■

to retreat

: to move away

Idioms ■

■

■

to pile up: to collect on top of each other to keep up: to not stop (or to maintain a pace) to eat away: to make smaller or thinner or to erode

Chapter 8 Glossary glacier

�

a large mass of ice which moves slowly gravity

�

the force which attracts objects towards one another, especially the force that makes things fall to the ground granular

�

made of granules crack

�

to break something so that it does not separate crevasse

�

a very deep crack in the thick ice of a glacier channel

�

a passage for water or other liquids to flow along accumulation

�

build-up) ablation

�

G

laciers are large rivers of ice that form on land and move when gravity pulls them down. Snowflakes fall down onto slopes and down the hills over a large period time. This snow piles up into layers that get bigger and bigger as they get on top of each other. Since the weather changes often in mountain areas, the snow melts and then freezes back again. Over time, this melting and freezing changes the snow and makes it look like a piece of ice, or granular snow. The snow layers on top put pressure on this granular ice and make it even harder. This is how glacial ice is formed. The lower layers of glacial ice flow all the time because of pressure from the top. The glacier as a whole moves slowly like thick mud does. At this point, glaciers do not need a slope to flow downhill. The upper layers put enough pressure on the bottom layers to keep up the downward movement without stopping. The upper layers of the glaciers are influenced by the weather. Therefore, the ice on top is not so smooth and is more brittle. It breaks easily, almost like glass, and can be very dangerous to walk on. Sometimes, the ice cracks and forms deep crevasses. Another danger comes

64

Essence Reading 2

removal of material by melting, evaporation, or erosion depression

�

a part in a surface which is slightly lower than the rest cirque

�

a deep semicircular hollow located on a mountain slope

from the bottom layers. The glacial ice flowing in there also cuts channels through the ice. These channels are similar to caves inside rocks. They are a hazard too. People who walk on glaciers have to be careful because they never know when they will step on such a cave. The upper part of the glacier gets a lot of snow and is called the accumulation zone. 60-70% of a healthy glacier is an accumulation zone. The opposite end of the glacier is called deposition or ablation zone. This is where the ice melts and no fresh snow gets on top. The deposition zone carries a lot of small rocks and sediments that pile up at the foot of the glacier. They eat away at the ice and make it thinner and thinner. The place where the ice thins to nothing is called the ice front. Often, glaciers melt and leave behind a hole shaped like a bowl that is called a depression or cirque. The reason why glaciers melt is the warm weather. In 1850, many glaciers melted or became very small. This period is called the Little Ice Age. Melting glaciers are very normal and common. But after 1980, scientists have discovered that glaciers are melting faster than usual. This melting or retreating of glaciers is the result of global warming. The weather on Earth has become warmer and this has a negative effect on the environment. When glaciers melt, the water flows into valleys and causes big floods. In addition, glaciers are made up of fresh water. Actually, glaciers contain the largest amount of fresh water in the world. When glaciers melt, this fresh water gets mixed with dirt, sand, rocks and salt. It is no longer good for drinking and gets lost. There are still many glaciers in the world right now. The largest ice field in the world is Antarctica, and other huge glaciers are the Athabasca Glacier in Canada, the Columbia Icefields in the American Rocky Mountains, as well as Vatnayoekull in Iceland. Interestingly enough, many cold areas in the world get too little snow to form glaciers. Such areas are Siberia in Russia, the high Andes mountains in Peru and Chile, and the northern part of Alaska. The only continent without glaciers is Australia.

Chapter 8

65

1. Why does the author mention granular ice in paragraph 1? (A) To give an example of a piece of ice (B) To explain how melting and freezing changes the snow (C) To define the main ingredient of glacial ice (D) To describe a step in the formation of glaciers

2. Glaciers are made of ___________. (A) snowflakes (B) granular snow (C) granular ice (D) layers of ice

3. Do glaciers move all the time? (A) Yes, both upper and bottom layers move. (B) Yes, but only the bottom layers move. (C) Yes, but only upper layers move. (D) Yes, bottom and upper layer take turns moving.

4. What does the author mean by the sentence “At this point, glaciers do not need a slope to flow downhill.” in paragraph 2?

(A) Glaciers stop moving downhill. (B) Glaciers start moving uphill. (C) Glaciers put pressure on a slope. (D) Glaciers move because the ice on top makes them to.

66

Essence Reading 2

5. What are the two things that make glaciers dangerous for people? (Choose 2 answers)

(A) Crevasses (B) Channels (C) Forming ice (D) Flowing ice

6. Which is the biggest part of a glacier? (A) The accumulation zone (B) The deposition zone (C) The ice front (D) The depression

7. What is the topic of paragraph 4? (A) The Little Ice Age (B) Global warming (C) The melting of glaciers (D) Benefits of glaciers

Chapter 8

67


Vocabulary Test


to pile up

to keep up

to eat away

1) Students should always work hard and _______________ with their studies. 2) The worm _______________ at the inside of the apple until there is nothing left anymore. 3) There is too much paper on the desk. It has started _______________ and it looks very messy.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. layers

to freeze

a crack

zone

ice-fields

1) _______________ are big glaciers. 2) To _______________ is the opposite of melt. 3) A _______________ is a small hole inside a hard object. 4) A _______________ is an area or a piece of land. 5) _______________ are thin surfaces put one on top of the other.

68

Essence Reading 2


slopes

retreat

hazard

pile up

keeps up

Glaciers usually form on the side of a hill or on 1) ________. They are made of layers of hard ice and snow that 2) ________ on top of each other. The bottom layers moves all the time because the layer on top puts pressure on it and 3) ________ the flow of the ice. Glaciers often melt because of warm weather. They 4) ________ and become smaller until they disappear altogether. This melting is normal, but too much melting becomes dangerous. One 5) ________ connected with glacier melting is flooding.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) Where does this ________ furniture come from? ⓐ piece of ⓑ sheet of ⓒ bit of

ⓓ part of

2) The skiers made his way ________ to the bottom of the slope. ⓐ downside ⓑ downhill ⓒ uphill ⓓ downfall 3) The gymnast can ________ the beam without falling. ⓐ walk on ⓑ walk by ⓒ walk at

ⓓ walk in

4) Ice cream ________ easily in warm weather. ⓐ melt ⓑ melts ⓒ melting

ⓓ melted

5) ________ enough, all students passed the exam with As and Bs. ⓐ Surprise ⓑ Interesting ⓒ Interestingly ⓓ Unbelievable

Chapter 8

69



The reason 1 glaciers melt 2 the warm weather. In 1850, many glaciers melted or became very small. This period is called the Little Ice Age. Melting glaciers are very normal and common. But after 1980, scientists have discovered 3 glaciers melt faster than 4 . This melting or retreating of glaciers is the result 5 global warming. The weather on Earth has become warmer and this has a negative effect 6 the environment. When glaciers melt, the water flows into valleys and causes big floods. 7 , glaciers are made up of fresh water. Actually, glaciers contain the largest 8 of fresh water in the world. When glaciers melt, this fresh water gets mixed with dirt, sand, rocks and salt. It is 9 longer good for drinking and gets 10 .

70

1. (a) why

(b) what

(c) for

(d) when

2. (a) is

(b) are

(c) was

(d) werebe

3. (a)that

(b)when

4. (a)often

(b)usual

(c)which (c)average

(d)why (d)always

5. (a) in

(b) from

(c) of

(d) with

6. (a)on

(b)in

(c)from

(d)to

7. (a)Well

(b)Aswell

8. (a)amount

(c)Aswellas

(d)Inaddition

(b)number

(c)fraction

(d)figure

9. (a)no

(b)not

(c)never

(d)none

10. (a)loss

(b)lose

(c)lost

Essence Reading 2

(d)loose

Chapter 9 The Gothic Style Before You Read Do you like art? Do you know any art styles? Gothic art developed during the Middle Ages in Europe. It is a religious kind of art that honors the Christian god. The most impressive gothic buildings are the churches. They are very tall, bright and narrow. They are decorated with many beautiful sculptures, and have painted glass windows. Over the past centuries, Gothic art has become popular again.

New Vocabulary ■

medieval

: something that belongs to the Middle Ages

■

cathedral

: type of church

■

ethereal

: light and airy, almost like in heaven

Idioms ■

to come up with: to invent or to imagine

■

to take someone’s breath away: to impress deeply, almost like magic

■

to make inroads: to make progress, to enter other areas

Chapter 9 Glossary

T

he Middle Ages refer to the time period between approximately 1100 to around 1450 AD. At that time, medieval Europe was completely

abbey

�

a building where monks or nuns live or used to live spire

�

controlled by the powerful Christian Church. The Church’s influence all aspects of human life, even art. Many buildings at that time were churches or cathedrals. They were all built in a special style, called Gothic. The Gothic style was first introduced by a French churchman. Abbot Suget wanted to celebrate the existence of God on Earth by creating a cathedral that resembled life in Heaven. He came up with the design for the abbey church near Paris. The design he imagined was that of a very tall and straight building. The roof had the shape of a pyramid and was very pointed, and is known as a spire. The outside walls contained many spirals and thin and slender columns. The facade or front of the church was very impressive as it was meant to be the entrance into Paradise.

a tall pointed structure on top of a building, especially on top of a church tower facade

�

the front part of a building typical

�

showing all the characteristics that you would usually expect from a particular group of things sculpture

�

the art of forming solid objects out of a material such as wood, clay, metal or stone �

illuminated manuscripts

manuscripts decorated with elaborate designs replace

�

to take the place of something, or to put something or someone in the place of something or someone else present

�

happening or existing now

72

Essence Reading 2

Suget also designed a rose window, which became typical for all Gothic cathedrals. The rose window is round and made of stained glass, which is colored with the help of metallic salts. The rose window is usually placed on the western side of Gothic cathedrals. It is a symbol of the Holy Virgin Mary, a very important figure in Christian religion. The most impressive rose windows are the ones at Notre Dame de Paris, Chartres, Rouen and Saint Paul’s Cathedral in London. Besides rose windows, Gothic cathedrals have many other tall and arched stained glass windows. Along with the sharply pointed spires and slender columns, these glass windows create an ethereal, very light and airy look. They allow a lot of light to enter the cathedral. Once inside, the visitor cannot help but be impressed. Everything just takes your breath away. The high ceilings, the tall, straight lines, the soft light, all have a magical effect on you. It is said that this atmosphere made people who had lost their faith in God just fall on their knees and pray. The message was that God was all-powerful, while humans were small and unimportant in comparison to Him. Gothic cathedrals were decorated with many sculptures and paintings. They all had religious meanings, and were usually stories taken from the Bible or images of Saints. Gothic sculptures are different in that they are very natural looking. They remained a model for the next generation of sculptors. Gothic paintings appeared almost 50 years after Gothic sculptures and buildings. They are very emotional, dark and somber looking. Gothic paintings appear in four different forms. Frescoes are paintings done directly on the church wall, whereas panel paintings are done on woodwork. Illuminated manuscripts are fine paintings done on paper that decorate holy books and pieces of writings. There is also the art of stained glass done on church windows. The Gothic style also made inroads in areas not connected to religion. There are many Gothic castles and palaces. Some of them, built in Germany, Poland and Scandinavia, are made out of brick instead of stone. This special style is called Brick Gothic. The Gothic age came to an end around 1500 and was replaced by the Italian Renaissance Art. But the 18th century knew a period of Gothic Revival. The House of Parliament in London and the University of Glasgow are all built in the Gothic style. In the 20th century, the Neo-Gothic style is present in famous buildings such as the universities of Princeton and Yale, and even in the De Ridder jailhouse in Louisiana, built in 1941.

Chapter 9

73

1. What is the topic of this reading passage? (A) Gothic art (B) Gothic buildings (C) Gothic churches (D) Gothic artists

2. Who created the first Gothic building? (A) A French priest (B) A French artist (C) A French architect (D) A churchman from Paris

3. Why does the author mention Notre Dame de Paris, Chartres, Rouen and Saint Paul’s Cathedral in London at the end of paragraph 3?

(A) To describe some famous Gothic churches (B) To give examples of Gothic churches with great rose windows (C) To explain the meaning of rose windows (D) To compare French and English Gothic churches

4. What are the two things that best describe Gothic cathedrals? (Choose 2 answers)

(A) Gothic cathedrals are tall and narrow. (B) Gothic cathedrals have many windows and columns. (C) Gothic cathedrals have round roofs and towers. (D) Gothic cathedrals are dark and crowded.

74

Essence Reading 2

5. What does the sentence “...all have a magical effect on you.” mean in paragraph 4?

(A) All these things work like magic. (B) All these things are not real. (C) All these things make people feel unusual. (D) All these things are brought by God from Heaven.

6. Were Gothic buildings made of stone? (A) Yes, all of them were made of stone. (B) Yes, most of them were made of stone. (C) No, most of them were made of brick. (D) No, most of them were made of wood.

7. What style came right after the Gothic style? (A) Brick Gothic (B) Renaissance (C) Gothic revival (D) Neo-Gothic

Chapter 9

75


Vocabulary Test


to come up with

to take one’s breath away

to make inroads

1) Thomas Edison _______________ the idea of using electricity to make light. He invented the light bulb. 2) Stem cell research _______________ recently. There has been some good progress in that area recently. 3) Standing on top of a mountain just _______________. It is so impressive as if you are on top of the world.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. influence

facade

arched

ceiling

1) A _______________ is the outside front of a building. 2) A _______________ is a piece of art similar to a statue. 3) A _______________ is the opposite of the floor. 4) _______________ means power or control over someone. 5) _______________ means curved and not flat.

76

Essence Reading 2

sculpture


ethereal

cathedrals

slender

took your breath away

medieval

The Gothic style is a 1) ________ art form. It was developed in Europe during the Middle Ages. Gothic art is very religious. It is found mostly in churches and 2) ________. These buildings were very 3) ________, tall, thin and narrow. They had lots of windows to create space. They were so impressive that when you went inside they 4) ________. The atmosphere was 5) ________. It felt like you entered heaven.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) The Pope is the most powerful ________ in the Christian religion. ⓐ church ⓑ churches ⓒ churchman ⓓ churchgoer 2) This design has the ________ a cylinder. ⓐ shape ⓑ shape of ⓒ shape as

ⓓ shape like

3) I found the Louvre Museum very ________. ⓐ impresses ⓑ impressed ⓒ impressive

ⓓ impression

4) People who lost ________ in God do not go to church anymore. ⓐ faith ⓑ belief ⓒ confidence ⓓ trust 5) This desk is ________ dark rosewood. ⓐ made for ⓑ made in ⓒ made by

ⓓ made out of

Chapter 9

77



Gothic cathedrals were decorated with 1 sculptures and paintings. They all had religious meanings, and were usually stories taken from the Bible or images of Saints. Gothic sculptures are different 2 they are very natural looking. They remained a model for the next generation of 3 . Gothic paintings appeared 4 50 years after Gothic sculptures and buildings. They are very emotional, dark and somber looking. Gothic paintings appear in four different 5 . Frescoes are paintings done 6 on the church wall, 7 panel paintings are done on woodwork. Illuminated manuscripts are fine paintings done on paper that 8 holy books and pieces of writings. 9 is also the art of stained glass done 10 church windows.

1. (a)many

(b)much

(c)alot

2. (a)that

(b)inthat

(c)becauseof

3. (a)sculpt

(b)sculpts

4. (a)most

(b)mostof

5. (a)form

(b)forms

(c)forming

(d)formation

6. (a)direct

(b)directed

(c)directly

(d)direction

7. (a) otherwise

(b) whereas

(c) despite

(d) contrary

8. (a)decorates

(b)decorate

(c)decorated

(d)decorating

9. (a) It 10. (a) in

78

Essence Reading 2

(c)sculptors (c)almost

(b) This

(c) There

(b) on

(c) from

(d)lots (d)dueto (d)sculptures (d)mostly

(d) That (d) into

Chapter 10 Daylight Savings Time Before You Read Do people in your country change time on their clocks in the summer? Do you know of any countries that do that? People in Europe and North America change the time on their clocks at the beginning of summer. They move their clocks an hour ahead in order to get more sunlight in the evening. This measure is supposed to save energy and is called Daylight Savings Time. When winter comes, people in those countries move their clocks back to the usual time.

New Vocabulary ■

to revolve

■

to tilt

■

to shelve

: to move around something

: to lean or move a little to one side : to refuse an idea

Idioms ■

to have jetlag: to feel tired because of the change in time

■

to take advantage of something: to use something for one’s own good

■

to follow suit: to do something that others also do

Chapter 10 Glossary

I

t is a well-known fact that it takes the Earth approximately 365 days to move around the sun. At the same time, the Earth revolves or spins around

itself over the course of 24 hours, which explains why there is day and night. One half of the Earth is always facing the Sun and the other half is facing away from it. As a result, there are different time zones dividing the globe. Moving suddenly from one time zone into the other, as when flying for example from Asia to North America, causes jetlag. People feel tired, they wake up suddenly during the night and cannot go back to sleep. It takes time to get used to a new time zone. Another thing to consider is the slight tilting of the Earth towards the sun. The Earth does not stand straight, but leans a little to one side. Therefore, when it revolves around the Sun, the middle part of the Earth is always closer to the Sun and gets more heat. This part is called the equator, and above it lay the tropics. Countries at the tropics get the same amount of daylight all the time. The sun always rises at 6 am and sets at 6 pm. In contrast, the tips of the

approximately

�

about lean

�

to (cause to) slope in one direction, or to move the top part of the body in a particular direction equator

�

an imaginary line drawn around the middle of the Earth Tropic

�

one of the two imaginary lines around the Earth as usual

�

as regularly happens refuse

�

to say that you will not do or accept something switch

�

change) �

as of on or at starting

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Essence Reading 2

Earth or the Poles get hardly any light at all because they are so far away from the sun. There are two main seasons at the Poles. There are 6 months of summer, when the sun is always shining, even at night, and there are 6 months of winter, when there is constant darkness. In between the tropics and the Poles lies the temperate zone, where there are 4 seasons. The sun rises and sets at different times throughout the year. In the spring and summer, it gets light earlier; in the fall and winter it gets dark earlier. People who live in temperate zones take advantage of that fact to get more daylight. At the beginning of spring, countries in Europe and North America readjust their clocks. They change the time on their clocks and watches by moving them an hour ahead. As a result, the sun does not set around 7 or 8 pm as usual, but an hour later. This measure is called Daylight Savings Time (DST) and lasts until the beginning of fall, when people move their clocks back one hour to Standard or regular Time. It is thought that Benjamin Franklin first suggested the introduction of Daylight Savings Time in the 18th century. But actually, the first serious proposal came in 1907 from William Willet. Yet his idea was shelved by the British government, who refused it because they thought it was unnecessary. Daylight Savings Time was first put into practice by the German government in 1916 in order to save energy during the First World War. Shortly after, the United Kingdom followed suit, with the United States doing the same in 1918. The law was very unpopular since people had to wake up earlier and many experienced a feeling similar to jetlag. But the 1970s

energy crisis forced the US to make Daylight Savings Time the law. Studies have shown that the introduction of Daylight Savings Time in the spring saved the US 10,000 barrels of oil per day between 1974-1975. It also prevented 2,000 traffic injuries and 50 traffic-related deaths, saving the country $28 million. Currently, Americans switch to Daylight Savings Time on the first Sunday in April and move back to Standard Time on the last Sunday in October. But as of 2007, the time readjustment will happen even earlier, in March and November.

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1. What is the main idea of this passage? (A) Time is a complicated thing to calculate. (B) People in different countries measure time in different ways. (C) Daylight Savings Time is the result of the Earth moving around the Sun. (D) Daylight Savings Time is not a very popular law in the USA.

2. What does the sentence “It takes time to get used to a new time zone.” mean in paragraph 1?

(A) A flight between Asia and North America takes a long time. (B) Changing time zones makes people feel tired. (C) People need time to feel comfortable with a new time zone. (D) It may take weeks to get used to jetlag.

3. Which part of the Earth is the closest to the Sun? (A) The Equator (B) The tropics (C) The temperate zone (D) The Poles

4. It is 7 p.m. Standard Time. What time is i t for Daylight Savings Time? (A) 6 p.m. (B) 8 p.m. (C) 7 a.m. (D) 8 a.m.

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Essence Reading 2

5. Was Daylight Savings Time popular in the beginning? (A) Yes, people wanted to save energy. (B) Yes, people like staying up late in the summer months. (C) No, there was a war at that time and people hated it. (D) No, people felt tired because they couldn’t sleep that long.

6. What can be inferred about Daylight Savings Time? (A) It will be modified starting in 2007. (B) It will be canceled right after the end of 2007. (C) It will be replaced with Standard Time in March 2007. (D) It will be adjusted shortly before the start of 2007.

7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? (A) The cause of jetlag (B) The amount of daylight at the tropics (C) Why the time readjustment will happen (D) Why the British government refused Daylight Savings Time

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Vocabulary Test


to have jetlag

to take advantage of

to follow suit

1) I always _______________ when I fly from Europe to Canada. I feel very tired and it takes me days to get comfortable with the new time zone. 2) Romania was the first country to use electricity to light the streets. Soon many countries _______________ and introduced electric street lights as well. 3) You are very tall. You should_______________ your height and start playing basketball.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. zone

tip

to rise

proposal

traffic

1) _______________ means to get up. 2) A _______________ is the top or bottom end of an object. 3) A _______________ is an idea or a suggestion. 4) _______________ means transportation. 5) A _______________ is an area or a part of something.

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Essence Reading 2


readjust

have jetlag

followed suit

revolves

to take advantage

The Earth 1) ________ or spins around the sun. This influences the way people measure time. In temperate zones, people try 2) ________ of the fact that the sun rises and sets at different times during a year. They want to get more daylight so they 3) ________ their clocks twice a year. In the spring, they move the clock one hour ahead and change it back in the fall. This measure saves energy, but was not always popular. Many people 4)________ and feel tired because the time changes. The law to change the time was introduced by Germany, and the US 5) ________ soon after.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) It is a ________ fact that water freezes at O degree Celsius. ⓐ well-known ⓑ good-known ⓒ better known ⓓ always known 2) I hope I can get ________ my new busy schedule. ⓐ use ⓑ used ⓒ used to

ⓓ using

3) If you do not stand ________, you will have back problems later. ⓐ straight ⓑ straightly ⓒ straight forward ⓓ straight on 4) The sun ________ only at 8 am on this winter morning. ⓐ rise ⓑ rises ⓒ raises

ⓓ sets

5) Sue goes to college ________ next year. ⓐ in ⓑ since ⓒ by

ⓓ as of

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It is thought that Benjamin Franklin first suggested the introduction of Daylight Savings Time in 1 century. But actually, the first serious 2 came in 1907 from William Willet. Yet his idea was shelved by the British government, who refused 3 because they thought it was unnecessary. Daylight Savings Time was first put 4 practice by the German government in 1916 in order to save energy 5 the First World War. 6 , the United Kingdom followed suit, with the United States doing the same in 1918. The law was very unpopular since people had to wake up earlier and many 7 jetlag. But the 1970s energy crisis forced the US 8 Daylight Savings Time the law. Studies have shown that the introduction of Daylight Savings Time in the spring saved the US 10,000 barrels of oil per day 9 1974 and 1975. It also prevented 2,000 traffic injuries and 50 traffic-related 10 , saving the country $28 million.

1. (a)18 2. (a)proposal

(c)the18

(b)propose

(c)proposed

(d)the18th (d)proposing

3. (a) he

(b) she

(c) it

(d) them

4. (a) in

(b) into

(c) on

(d) onto

5. (a)during

(b)for

6. (a) Short after

(b) After short

7. (a) experience

(b) experienced

8. (a)tomake 9. (a)between 10. (a)die

86

(b)18th

Essence Reading 2

(b)make (b)either (b)dies

(c)while (c) Shortly after (c) experiences

(d)when (d) After shortly (d) experiencing

(c)making

(d)madeto

(c)whether (c)death

(d)from (d)deaths

Chapter 11 The Story Behind Beauty and the Beast Before You Read Do you like animation? Do you know how animation is made? The most successful animation movie in the world is Beauty and the Beast. It was made by Disney after an old French tale. Beauty and the Beast is a wonderful love story. It teaches us that beauty comes from inside our souls.

New Vocabulary ■

to nominate

:

■

prestigious

: something that brings great honor to someone

■

villain

to choose someone or something to get a prize

: the bad character in a movie or book

Idioms ■

to make waves: to create a disturbance

■

to be out of one’s mind with worry: to worry a lot, almost like crazy to put on hold: to delay something

■

Chapter 11 Glossary perform to entertain people by dancing, singing, acting or playing music

�

honor a quality that combines respect, pride and honesty

�

folktale a story that parents have passed on to their children through speech over many years

�

undergo to experience something which is unpleasant or which involves a change

�

version a particular form of something which varies slightly from other forms of the same thing

�

O

n November 13, 1991, a new animation movie was making waves around the world. This movie that everyone was talking about Beauty and the Beast. It was made by Disney and was the first animation movie ever to be nominated for an Academy Award. The Movie Academy in Hollywood chooses five movies every year to receive the famous Oscar prize. But in the end only one can win. In 1991, Beauty and the Beast won the Oscar for Best Music and for Best Song in a movie, which was performed by the popular Celine Dion. In the same year, Beauty and the Beast also got the prestigious Golden Globe Awards for Best Picture. That was a high honor for an animation film.

Beauty and the Beast is actually a very old folktale. Folktales are stories that are passed verbally from generation to generation. They have never been written down, only told or spoken. Therefore, they undergo quite many changes throughout time. In 1740, Madame Gabrielle Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve published the first written form of the story in a magazine. But the story became famous after Madame Jeanne Marie Leprince Beaumont wrote a shorter version of it in 1756. It was then translated into English in 1757.

88

Essence Reading 2

�

tale a story, especially one which might be invented or difficult to believe minor having little importance, influence or effect

�

consider to think of-as

�

The plot or story of Beauty and the Beast is a little unusual. A beautiful girl falls in love with a horrible monster after he keeps her prisoner in his castle. The girl begs the beast to let her visit her father, and he agrees. But the girl returns only after such a long time that the Beast is out of his mind with worry. He missed her a lot and now he is dying. The girl asks him to live for her, and this act of love changes the beast into a prince. The tale was made into a wonderful movie by French moviemaker Jean Cocteau in 1946. Walt Disney Company had always wanted to turnBeauty and the Beast into an animation movie. They had already been successful with Snow White, Cinderella and Sleeping Beauty. But Beauty and the Beast was a very difficult project. First, there wasn’t a lot of action in the story. Most of the time, the two main characters are sitting at the dinner table talking, and this is not very exciting. Secondly, the characters were very simple. They were both kind and loving, but not very interesting to watch. Also, in the end, people got to like the beast and were disappointed to see him change into a prince. Disney put the making of Beauty and the Beast on hold for many years until they finally decided to give it a try. Disney put together a group of young but very talented writers. These writers first drew the story on big cardboards and changed the storyline. They had a prince turn into beast because he was unkind to an old woman. The whole story now was about a young man learning to love again. Then the writers developed the two main characters and added other minor characters to the movie. These characters actually feel like real people, and are also very funny. There is also a villain in the story. Gaston is a handsome, but bad man, who wants to take Belle away from the Beast. The message of the story was still clear; beauty comes from within. This message is also carried by the wonderful music of the movie. Beauty and the Beast is a movie both parents and their children love, and is considered the most beautiful love story ever told.

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1. What is the main idea of this reading passage? (A) Beauty and the Beast is the most famous animation movie ever. (B) Disney turned a folktale into one of the best animation movies ever. (C) Disney had in the beginning trouble with making Beauty and the Beast. (D) Beauty and the Beast is a wonderful love story for all ages.

2. What can NOT be inferred about Beauty and the Beast from paragraph 2? (A) It was handed down by tradition. (B) It was first written in a language other than English. (C) It went through many complicated processes. (D) It was left almost intact .

3. Did Beauty and the Beast win the Oscar for Best Picture in 1991? (A) Yes, it won the Oscar for Best Music. (B) Yes, it won the Oscar for Best Song in a Movie. (C) No, but it won the Golden Globe for Best Picture. (D) No, but it was nominated five times.

4. What does the pronoun ‘they’ in paragraph 2 refer to? (A) Folktales (B) Stories (C) Generations (D) Changes

90

Essence Reading 2

5. What problems did Disney have with making Beauty and the Beast? (Choose 2 answers)

(A) The story was too old to be exciting for young people. (B) The story was a little boring to watch. (C) The characters of the story were not really developed. (D) The older story did not have a happy ending.

6. Which of the following is NOT true? (A) Disney changed the beginning of the movie. (B) Disney put more character s in the movie. (C) Disney created a bad character for the movie. (D) Disney changed the message of the story.

7. What does the expression “... beauty comes from within” mean in paragraph 5? (A) People should show the beauty of their souls. (B) People should express their emotions more often. (C) Love should not be expressed verbally. (D) A beautiful soul is more important than beautiful looks.

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Vocabulary Test


to make waves

to be out of one’s mind with worry

to put on hold

1) Jennifer Lopez _______________ when she broke up with Ben Affleck. Everyone was talking about their separation. 2) The science project _______________ for now. The students will work on it later in the year. 3) When her daughter did not come that evening, the mother _______________. She got so worried that she called the police.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. animation

award

folktale

beast

character

1) A _______________ is a person that appears in a movie or book. 2) A _______________ is an old story told and not written. 3) A _______________ is an ugly-looking monster. 4) _______________ is a type of cartoon movie. 5) An _______________ is a kind of prize.

92

Essence Reading 2


made waves

prestigious

orally

plot

villain

Beauty and the Beast is an old folktale, which is a story told 1) ________ to generation after generation. Walt Disney first made it into an animation movie. It 2) ________ when it became the first animation to ever win an award. This 3) ________ prize was given in honor of the movie’s great music. But Beauty and the Beast was a difficult movie to make. The 4) ________ was too simple and Disney changed the storyline. Disney also added a bad character, or a 5) ________ to make the movie more interesting to watch.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) Children enjoy watching cartoons and ________ movies. ⓐ animate ⓑ animated ⓒ animation

ⓓ animating

2) Avril Lavigne ________ live at a concert in Toronto. ⓐ perform ⓑ performed ⓒ performing

ⓓ performance

3) I will get lost if you don’t ________ for me how to get to your house. ⓐ write up ⓑ write down ⓒ write at ⓓ write over 4) Harry Potter was ________ into many languages for people all over the world. ⓐ translated ⓑ written ⓒ copied ⓓ put 5) You are supposed to wait for your parents ________ they come and pick you up. ⓐ while ⓑ when ⓒ since ⓓ until

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1

November 13, 1991, a new animation movie was making waves around the

world. This movie

2

everyone was

3

about was Beauty and the Beast. It

was made by Disney and was the first animation movie

4

to

5

for an

Academy Award. The Movie Academy in Hollywood chooses five movies every year to receive the famous Oscar prize. But in the

6

only one can win. In 1991,

Beauty and the Beast won the Oscar for Best Music and for Best Song in a movie, which was performed the Beast

9

7

was a high honor for

8

year , Beauty and

10

animation film.

1. (a) In

(b) On

(c) During

(d) For

2. (a) that

(b) who

(c) when

(d) why

3. (a)talking

(b)telling

4. (a)ever

(b)still

5. (a) nominate

(b) be nominated

(c)speaking (c)fromnow

(b)end

7. (a) with

(b) by

(c) from

8. (a)Onthesame

(b)Inthesame

(c)Onsame

9. (a)either

(b)neither

Essence Reading 2

(b) a

(d)saying (d)even

(c) nomination

6. (a)final

10. (a) an

94

the popular Celine Dion.

got the prestigious Golden Globe Awards for Best Picture. That

(c)ending

(c)also (c) most

(d) nominator (d)finish (d) to (d)Insame (d)both (d) many

Chapter 12 The Story of Ang Lee Before Your Read What kind of movies do you like? Do you know of any successful Asian moviemakers? Ang Lee is a Taiwanese movie director. His movies usually discuss social problems and are very beautifully written. Even though they are dramas, they are still light and often funny. Movie critics love them, and have given Ang Lee many prizes for making them.

New Vocabulary ■

frustrated

■

mandatory

■

sought-after

: upset due to an inability to do something : something that has to be done : wanted or desired

Idioms ■

to cannot stand: to dislike

■

to catch the eye of someone: to make someone pay attention to you

■

a box-office hit: a very popular movie

Chapter 12 Glossary

A

ng Lee was born on October 23, 1954, in Pingtun County, a farming area in Southern Taiwan. The Lee family had emigrated from China and was

very educated. Ang’s father was principal of the prestigious Tainan First Senior High School. He was very strict and asked his children to study old Chinese literature and calligraphy, or the art of ancient handwriting. Ang, however, couldn’t stand rules and disliked too much discipline. He was very creative, and preferred thinking about people and their relationships with each other. Ang tried to please his father and go to college. But he failed to pass the annual entrance examination for two years in a row. Finally, after the third try, he got into the National Art School, from which he graduated in 1975. Frustrated with his studies and upset at his lack of success in school, Ang Lee decided to do art. In Taiwan, every man or boy must serve in the army for one year. After finishing his mandatory military service, Lee moved to the USA in 1979. He got his bachelor degree in Theatre from the University of Illinois. Then he enrolled in the Tisch School of Arts in New York, where he got his Masters in Fine Arts. Ang Lee was a colleague of the famous director Spike Lee.

emigrate to leave a country permanently and go to live in another one

�

in a row one after another without a break

�

military service army training that young people must do in some countries

�

bachelor a man who has never married

�

degree a course of study at a college or university, or the qualification given to a student who has completed this

�

enroll to put yourself or someone else onto

�

the official list of members of a course, college or group colleague one of a group of people who work together

�

martial art a sport that is a traditional Asian form of fighting or defending yourself

�

96

Essence Reading 2

Together they worked on the movieJoe Bed-Stuy Barbershop: We cut heads, and on the short drama Fine Line (1984), which won at the students’ movie festival in New York. Ang Lee’s work caught the eye of the William Morris Agency. This agency became interested in Ang’s movies and hired him. But in the end, they did not give Ang Lee a chance to make movies in the USA. For 6 years, Lee stayed home to take care of the house and his two children. His wife, Jane Ling, was a molecular biologist and supported the family. This situation was embarrassing for Lee because of the culture he grew up in. But, during this hard time, he wrote many screenplays for movies. In 1990, he sent two screenplays to a competition in Taiwan and won both the first and the second prize. A big Taiwanese filmmaker, Li-Kong Hsu, invited Ang Lee to turn these screenplays into movies. Lee went to Taiwan and madePushing Hands in 1992, and The Wedding Banquet a year later. Both movies tell the stories of Chinese/Taiwanese immigrants to the USA and won awards at many international film festivals. In 1995, Ang Lee produced Eat Drink Man Woman, a story that looks at traditional family relationships in modern Taipei. It was such a successful movie that a Hollywood director made a remake of it. This is the first Asian movie ever turned into an American film. This unbelievable success made Ang Lee one of the most sought-after moviemakers in Hollywood. In 1995, he directed the classical British novel Sense and Sensibility. He followed up with The Ice Storm(1997) and Ride with the Devil(1998), which, however, were not very popular with moviegoers. In 2000, Ang Lee went back to Taiwan to film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, a traditional martial arts movie made entirely in Chinese. Surprisingly perhaps, this movie was a box-office hit. Everybody went to see it. It also received the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film. Ang Lee’s latest successes areHulk (2003) and Brokeback Mountain (2005). This last movie is the story of two gay Wyoming cowboys, for which Lee got the Oscar for Best Director.

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1. What does the word ‘calligraphy’ mean in paragraph 1? (A) Chinese literature (B) Old Chinese texts (C) Writing by hand (D) Old paintings

2. What is true about Ang Lee? (A) He liked calligraphy. (B) He was a good student. (C) He had a good imagination. (D) He disliked his father.

3. Why did Ang Lee start to make movies? (A) Because he was unhappy about what he did in school. (B) Because he moved to the USA with his parents. (C) Because he loved going to the the atre. (D) Because he was a friend of Spike Lee.

4. Where did Ang Lee study in the USA? (Choose 2 answers)

(A) Tainan First Senior High School (B) National Art School (C) University of Illinois (D) Tisch School of Arts

98

Essence Reading 2

5. What is the main idea in paragraph 3? (A) Ang Lee gets married and starts a family. (B) Ang Lee starts his career as moviemaker. (C) Ang Lee has a hard time making movies early in his career. (D) Ang Lee doesn’t like his life in the USA.

6. What can be i nferred about Jane Ling, Ang’s wife? (A) She helped Ang Lee make his movies. (B) She disliked the William Morris Agency. (C) She felt embarrassed about Ang Lee’s lack of success. (D) She went to work to earn money for the family.

7. What do Ang Lee’s first movies all have in common? (A) They all won first prize at a screenwriting competition. (B) They were all made with the help of Li-Kong Hsu. (C) They were all very successful in Hollywood. (D) They all talk about Chinese and Taiwanese culture.

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Vocabulary Test


to cannot stand

to catch the eye of someone

a box-office hit

1) Frank _______________ his teacher during class time today. The teacher saw him when he tried to copy his homework from another classmate. 2) Farrah _______________ tomatoes. She doesn’t even like tomato sauce or tomato soup. 3) King Kong was a big _______________. It was even more popular than Superman or Batman.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. principal

masters

agency

moviegoer

director

1) A _______________ is the person that makes a movie. 2) A _______________ is the person who runs a school. 3) A _______________ is a higher degree of education. 4) _______________ are people who love going to the movie theatre. 5) An _______________ is a place that hires artists.

100

Essence Reading 2


mandatory

caught the eye

sought-after

couldn’t stand

frustrated

Ang Lee is a famous movie director. When he was young, he 1) ________ rules and disliked going to school. He was very 2) ________ and upset because he did not get into college. He also had to go into the army because military service was 3) ________ in Taiwan. After he moved to the USA, he 4) ________ of an agency. People got interested in his work, and he sold a few screenplays for movies. Today, Ang Lee is a very 5) ________ director who made a lot of popular films.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) Both of my parents were born ________ Germany. ⓐ in ⓑ from ⓒ at

ⓓ on

2) I am a very good dancer; my brother, ________, is not. ⓐ but ⓑ though ⓒ however

ⓓ yet

3) Korea won a gold medal in speed skating for two years ________. ⓐ in line ⓑ in a row ⓒ one after the other ⓓ behind 4) It was very ________ to see the actor make a mistake on stage. ⓐ embarrass ⓑ embarrassed ⓒ embarrassing ⓓ embarrassment 5) Steven Spielberg is a successful ________ in Hollywood. ⓐ film creator ⓑ movie creator ⓒ moviegoer

ⓓ moviemaker

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Ang Lee’s work caught the became

2

1

of the William Morris Agency. This agency

in Ang’s movies and hired him. But in the end, they did not give

Ang Lee a chance to make movies in the USA. take

4

molecular 8

of the house and 6

and

7

the culture he grew

5

3

6 years, Lee stayed home to

two children. His wife, Jane Ling, was a

the family. This situation was embarrassing for Lee 9

in. But, during

10

, he wrote many

screenplays for movies.

1. (a) eye 2. (a)interest

(b)interesting

3. (a)While

(b)When

4. (a)care

(b)attention

5. (a) his

(b) her

(c) nose (c)interested (c)During (c)careful (c) their

(d) mouth (d)interests (d)For (d)attention (d) our

6. (a)biology

(b)biologist

(c)biological

(d)biologically

7. (a)support

(b)supports

(c)supporting

(d)supported

8. (a)because

(b)since

9. (a) up 10. (a) this hard time

102

(b) ear

Essence Reading 2

(b) for (b) hard this time

(c)as (c) from (c) this time hard

(d)becauseof (d) down (d) hard time this

Chapter 13 The Indy500 Racing League Before You Read Do you like car racing? Which car racing championships do you prefer? There are currently two main car racing championships in the world. Indy500 is a North American Championship. It uses very big, fast cars on oval speed tracks. Formula1 is more international, but most races are held in Europe. Formula1 has more fans than Indy500 because it is a more technical race.

New Vocabulary ■

controversy

■

official

■

to overtake

: arguments or debate

: person who works for a sports competition :

to get in front of another car

Idioms ■

■

■

to break away from: to separate from to hit some hard times: to be in trouble or to have problems qualifying round: the period before a race, when slower athletes have to leave the competition

Chapter 13 Glossary

T

he Indy500 Racing League(IRL) is a car racing championship that takes place on oval speed tracks or courses in the USA. The name Indy comes

from the most famous and largest speed track in the world, the Indianapolis 500. This speed track, as well as IRL are owned by the car company Hulman & CO. Tony George, the president of Hulman & CO and of the Indianapolis Speed track, decided to break away from the American Car Championships (CART) and make his own championship. He and a few other drivers separated from CART because they wanted to race more cheaply built open cars, and also give young drivers a chance. There was a lot of controversy over this move. CART argued against it in court, but eventually lost. Many car drivers moved from CART to Indy500 so that CART finally stopped existing. Interestingly, Tony George wanted an open car race series with over 33 cars, but right now Indy500 runs exactly like the former CART series. There are only 11 very strong teams involved, each team having not more than 3 drivers. Races are held every weekend during the summer for 14 weeks in a row. There is a qualifying round on Saturday, and only the best times are allowed to compete the next day. On Sunday, qualified drivers all start from

104

Essence Reading 2

championship a high-level competition to decide who is the best, especially in a

�

sport argue to speak angrily to someone, telling them that you disagree with them

�

involved connected

�

compete to try to be more successful than someone or something else

�

horsepower a unit for measuring the power of an engine

�

strict greatly limiting someone’s freedom to behave as they

�

wish, and likely to severely punish them if they disobey

the same starting line, then race about 100 times around the track at over 200mph. There are a lot of overtaking and crashes, and many drivers and officials have died. Indy500 became very unpopular, so people who work for Indy500 had to make changes to the tracks and cars to make them safer. Indy cars are built by two companies, Dallara and Panoz. They make cars especially for oval tracks, with wings in front and the back, and big airboxes. The oil and cooling systems are built on either side of the car. Honda makes all 650 horsepower Indy engines.

F

ormula One started as a European car-racing championship in 1950. It is now an international competition organized by the International Automobile Federation in Paris. Its president is Max Mosley, but the real organizer is Italian Bernie Ecclestone. He made some good changes when Formula One hit some hard times in the late nineties. Famous car driver Ayrton Senna died on the track, and there were also problems when German champion Michael Schumacher won the Grand Prix so many years in a row that it became uninteresting to watch. Ecclestone introduced a lot of strict safety rules in the car design. He also changed the rules of the competition. There are many qualifying rounds before the actual race, and drivers start one behind the other. Ever since these changes, no driver ever died in Formula One again. This championship is the most watched competition in the world right now after soccer and baseball. The Formula One season usually starts in March and is held every second weekend until the end of November. There are a total of 18 races in one season. Half of these races are held in Europe, but there are many races on other continents too. The only place without a Formula One race is Africa. There are 10 teams involved, each team having 2 drivers. The best teams are Renault, Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz, Honda and Toyota. These teams built both the car and its engine. Formula One also has a constructor’s championship for the team that builds the best car. The cars are much smaller and narrower because Formula One is not run on speed tracks, but on circuits and sometimes on closed city streets. The drivers must be more technical and skilled on these types of tracks. Some circuits, like the ones in Monaco, are very tight, and it is hard to overtake there. Circuits such as Monza, Italy, or Germany, are very fast and wide. Cars reach up to 200 mph, and the engines have around 750 horsepower.

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105

1. What is the same for both Indy500 and Formula 1? (A) The speed tracks (B) The cars (C) The teams (D) The accidents

2. Why does the author talk about CART in paragraph 1 of passage 1? (A) To explain the creation of Indy500 (B) To compare two different American car racing series (C) To argue against the character of Tony George (D) To suggest that Indy500 is an illegal car racing championship

3. Which of the following problems did Formula One once have? (Choose 2 answers)

(A) It had to go to court against CART. (B) It lost popularity at one time. (C) It had drivers die in car crashes. (D) It became too expens ive to run.

4. Which of the following is NOT true? (A) Indy500 is run only in the United States. (B) Indy500 has more races than Formula One. (C) Indy500 has a different start than Formula One. (D) Indy500 has a different qualifying round than Formula One.

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Essence Reading 2

5. How powerful are Indy500 cars? (A) More powerful than Formula One cars (B) Less powerful than Formula One cars (C) As powerful as Formula One cars (D) More powerful than any other race cars

6. Is Formula One a more difficult competition than Indy500? (A) Yes, because there are more carmakers involved. (B) Yes, because the racetracks require better drivers. (C) No, because there is less overtaking and fewer crashes. (D) No, because the cars are smaller and narrower.

7. What does the word ‘circuit’ mean in paragraph 3 i n passage 2? (A) An oval speed track (B) A special race track (C) A closed city street (D) A race track in Monaco

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Vocabulary Test


to break away

qualifying round

to hit some hard times

1) Ten people have to leave the competition after the last _______________. 2) I _______________ last week when I failed both of my science exams. 3) The runner managed to _______________ from the group and later win the race.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. race

starting line

crash

season

engine

1) The _______________ is the part that drives and moves a car. 2) A _______________ is the point where a race begins. 3) A _______________ is a car accident. 4) A _______________ is a period of time when something takes place. 5) A _______________ is a type of competition.

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Essence Reading 2


constructors broke away

controversy overtaking

hit some hard times

Indy500 is an American car racing championship. It 1) ________ from the National Championships because of some arguments. But it never became really popular due to this 2) ________. Formula One, however, is many people’s favorite. It 3) ________ in the nineties, but now the problems are over. Formula One gives a title to both drivers and 4) ________. This is one difference from Indy500. Another difference is connected to rules about 5) ________ or getting in front of other cars.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) The Cannes Film Festival ________ every year in May. ⓐ takes place ⓑ takes part ⓒ takes hold

ⓓ takes there

2) Many toys can be made more ________ in China than the USA. ⓐ cheap ⓑ cheaper ⓒ cheapest ⓓ cheaply 3) It snows a lot ________ the winter in parts of Canada and the USA. ⓐ when ⓑ for ⓒ while ⓓ during 4) Our school ________ a Christmas concert every year in December. ⓐ organize ⓑ organizes ⓒ organized ⓓ organizer 5) Carla drives to her parents’ place by the lake every ________ week. ⓐ two ⓑ both ⓒ second ⓓ twice

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There are 10 teams involved, each team

1

2 drivers.

2

teams are

Renault, Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz, Honda and Toyota. These teams built

3

the

car and its engine. Formula One also has a constructor’s championship for the team that builds the best car. The cars are

4

smaller and narrower because

Formula One is not run on speed tracks,

5

on circuits and sometimes on

closed city streets. The drivers must be more technical and skilled on these of tracks. Some circuits, like

7

in Monaco, are very tight, and it is hard

6 8

there. Circuits such as Monza, Italy, or Germany, are very fast and wide. Cars reach 9

200 mph, and the engines have

1. (a)has

750 horsepower.

(b)having

(c)tohave

2. (a)better

(b)thebetter

(c)best

3. (a)either

(b)both

4. (a)many

(b)byfar

(c)much

5. (a) and

(b) but

(c) so

6. (a)type

(b)types

7. (a)one

(b)theone

8. (a)overtake 9. (a) up to 10. (a)round

110

10

Essence Reading 2

(d)between (d)ever (d) for

(c)way (c)ones

(d)ways (d)theones

(c)overtakes (c) up

(b)surrounded

(d)thebest

(c)neither

(b)overtaking (b) to

(d)have

(d)toovertake (d) till

(c)around

(d)surround

Chapter 14 Maria Mutola: The Fastest African Woman in the World Before You Read Do you like running? Who do you think is the fastest runner of all time? Maria Mutola is one of the greatest runners in the world. She is an Olympic and World champion in the 800mMutola run, and athletetoto bring asports medalinfor her home country Mozambique. is the nowonly working develop Africa, and to make that continent healthier and safer.

New Vocabulary ■

discouraged

■

potential

■

charity

: ready to give up

: talent : giving something to people in need or donation

Idioms ■

to be eager to: to be very interested in

■

to lose out on: to not win something that is wanted very much

■

to pay off: to have good results after hard work

Chapter 14 Glossary suburb an area on the edge of a large town or city

�

aria Mutola was born in 1972 in

courage the ability to control your fear in a dangerous or difficult situation

�

M

the little African country of Mozambique. Maria grew up in the poor suburbs of Maputo, the capital of Mozambique. Her father worked at the railway, and her mother sold fruits and vegetables at the local street market. Even as a young child, Maria was eager to play sports. She was especially interested in soccer, and always played with the boys. This is how she became such a tough runner later. A former athlete saw her run on the field and decided to coach her. At first, Maria was discouraged with the hard training and wanted to give up. But at age 15, after only training a few months, she won the silver medal in the 800 metres at the African Championships. This gave her the courage to go on. In the same year, she ran a personal best time at the 1988 Summer Olympic Games, but did not qualify for the finals. Over the next years, Mutola had no chance to train properly, but still won any event in which she participated in Africa. Because of her potential and talent, the International Olympic Committee sent her to the USA to train on a scholarship. In 1991, Maria finished 4th at the World Championships in Tokyo with a World junior record of 1:57:63. The only reason she lost out on a medal and didn’t win was the fact that other runners fell in front of her and blocked her way to the finish line. She also didn’t win a medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics. After these disappointments, Maria Mutola decided to move back to South Africa. Her US coach, Margo Jennings, faxed her the training schedules there,

112

Essence Reading 2

participate to take part in an activity

�

triple having three parts of the same type

�

flu an infectious illness which is like a very bad cold, but which causes a fever

�

commonwealth a country or part of a country that is governed by its people or representatives

�

elected by its people raise to obtain money

�

spread when something moves to cover a larger area or affect a larger number of people

�

disease illness of people, animals, plants, etc., caused by infection or a failure of health rather than by an accident

�

doping taking illegal medicines

�

and the change paid off. Maria Mutola won any race she ever competed in between 1992 and 1996. She became a triple indoor and outdoor world champion, and broke the world record twice in 1995. She was the first woman to run the 1000m in under two and a half minutes, beating the other athletes who were her competition by over 2 seconds. Still, at the 1996 Summer Olympics, she lost the gold medal again because she was sick with the flu. Many people think Maria Mutola is one of the greatest female runners of all times. She won the 1997 World Championships only weeks after her father was killed in a car crash. In total, she has nine 800-metre world titles, and is also a world cup and Commonwealth champion. Her greatest moment came at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney when she finally won the gold medal in the 800m. The people of Mozambique were so proud of her that they named a street in Maputo after her. A BBC reporter called her “The Maputo Express” because she was so fast and strong. Maria Mutola is a great athlete off the field as well. She has started the Lurdes Mutola Foundation. This charity program raises money for the development of sports and the education of young people in Africa. It also works to stop the spread of AIDS and HIV in poor countries, and to have all African children protected against such dangerous childhood diseases as measles and polio. Maria Mutola has also donated money to build new social houses in Maputo, as well as a modern outdoor running track. She is also involved in promoting sports without drugs and doping. For her achievements, Maria Mutola has been made a youth ambassador for the United Nations in 1993. She also carried the official Olympic Flag at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin.

1. Did Maria Mutola like training hard as a child? (A) Yes, this is why she became a champion at age 15. (B) Yes, she liked training with boys. (C) No, she went to soccer pra ctice instead. (D) No, she found it really difficult.

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113

2. Where did Maria Mutola run her first personal best time? (A) At the 1998 African Championships (B) At the 1998 Summer Olympics (C) At the 1991 World Championships (D) At the 1992 Summer Olympics

3. What can be inferred about Maria Mutola’s performance at the World Championships in Tokyo in 1991?

(A) She could have done better, but she was unlucky. (B) She should have done better, but she hadn’t trained enough. (C) She did her best, but it still wasn’t good enough. (D) She couldn’t have done any better than that.

4. Why did Maria Mutola return to Africa for training? (A) Because she was unhappy about losing in 1991 and 1992. (B) Because she didn’t win an Olymp ic medal. (C) Because other runners were unfair to her during a race. (D) Because her coach could fax the training schedule.

5. Which of the following is NOT true? (A) Maria Mutola has not lost a race between 1992 and 1996. (B) Maria Mutola is the first woman to run the 800m in under 2.5 minutes. (C) Maria Mutola ran the fastest time in the world in 1995. (D) Maria Mutola won three indoor world championships until 1996.

114

Essence Reading 2

6. What does the author think about Maria Mutola? (A) Maria Mutola is the greatest female runner of all times. (B) Maria Mutola is as fast and strong as “The Maputo Express”. (C) Maria Mutola is a hero only in her home country. (D) Maria Mutola is a great athlete both on and off the field.

7. What is the main idea in paragraph 5? (A) Maria Mutola does a lot of different work to help the poor people of Africa. (B) Maria Mutola has developed a sports program for youth in Africa. (C) Maria Mutola works to improve the health of children in Africa. (D) Maria Mutola has been recognized by the United Nations for her work in Africa.

Chapter 14

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Vocabulary Test


to be eager to

to lose out on

to pay off

1) Sammy _______________ learn how to play chess. He became interested in chess when he watched his grandfather play. 2) It is more expensive to drive to work than to take the bus. Driving to work _______________. 3) You shouldn’t stop going to the gym because you _______________ some good exercise.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. suburbs

coach

disappointment

achievement

1) A _______________ trains athletes and sports teams. 2) _______________ is a feeling of sadness after losing something. 3) A _______________ is a place where athletes compete. 4) _______________ means doing something great. 5) The _______________ is a place just outside of a big city.

116

Essence Reading 2

field


charity

potential

paid off

title

discouraged

Maria Mutola was a very talented young athlete. She showed her 1) ________ when she won her first 800 m race at age 15. She went to train in the US, but was at first unhappy and 2) ________ when she could not repeat her first performance. However, the training 3) ________ and Maria became the best female runner over 800m. She won many world championships, as well as on Olympic 4) ________. Maria Mutola does a lot of 5) ________ work and donates money to help the poor countries in Africa.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) My father is a ________ basketball player. ⓐ first ⓑ former ⓒ previous

ⓓ before

2) Soccer ________ starts every morning at 6 am in front of the school. ⓐ train ⓑ trainer ⓒ trained ⓓ training 3) Louise did not ________ the spelling contest finals. ⓐ qualify in ⓑ qualify at ⓒ qualify for

ⓓ qualify on

4) The golf ________ were canceled due to bad weather. ⓐ champion ⓑ champions ⓒ championship

ⓓ championships

5) I was ________ a cold and missed class yesterday. ⓐ sick with ⓑ sickly ⓒ suffering

ⓓ ill

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Maria Mutola is a great athlete off the field

1

Mutola Foundation. This charity program

2

. She has started the Lurdes money

3

the development

of sports and the education of young people in Africa. It also works to stop the spread of AIDS and HIV in poor countries, and to have

4

African children

protected against such dangerous childhood diseases

5

measles and polio.

Maria Mutola has also donated money to build new social houses in Maputo, a modern outdoor running track. She is also involved

7

without drugs and doping. For her achievements, Maria Mutola has been 9

ambassador for the United Nations in 1993. She also

10

8

(b)aswell

2. (a)rises

(b)raises

3. (a) for 4. (a)every

(b)each

(d)aswellas

(c)corrects (c) in

(d)assembles (d) from

(c)mostly

(d)all

5. (a) like

(b) as

(c) that

(d) to

6. (a)well

(b)aswell

(c)as

(d)aswellas

7. (a) for

118

(b) to

(c)as

(b) on

8. (a)made

(b)became

9. (a)young

(b)youth

10. (a)carried

(b)mailed

Essence Reading 2

(c) in

(d) to

(c)taken (c)younger (c)sent

a

the official

Olympic Flag at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin.

1. (a)well

6

promoting sports

(d)had (d)youngest (d)forward

Chapter 15 Marriage in Different Societies Before You Read What do you know about marriages in your country? How have marriage customs changed in the society you live in? Marriage has changed a lot during history. Marriage used to be a business arrangement? between the parents of the married couple. This practice still exists in certain countries in the Middle East. But modern marriages are very free nowadays. Many people think that because of this freedom there is so much divorce.

New Vocabulary ■

dowry

: money given for the bride on her wedding day

■

well-off

■

to be frowned upon

: rich :

to be thought of as shameful, to not accept

Idioms ■

to have little say in something: to not be allowed to have an opinion

■

closely knit: tight or strong

■

out of wedlock: not married

Chapter 15 Glossary

M

arriage nowadays is a choice people make on their own. But this has not always been the case in society. Thousands of years ago, there were

fewer people that lived in the world. The average lifespan was shorter than it is today. A man usually lived until he was about 40 years old, while women died even sooner because of childbirth. There were many wars, many illnesses, and people had to protect themselves by making more children while they were still young. The parents lived through their children. Marriage was not so much a romantic love story but a business transaction, or deal. Most marriages were arranged between parents while their children were still very young. It was the custom that the fathers chose who their children were going to marry. The mother had little to say in it since she rarely made any decisions outside the household. Usually, the fathers met to arrange the wedding date and the dowry the bride would receive on her wedding day. The more money and land a girl had, the more chances she had to marry well. Therefore, it was important that her father chose the bridegroom very well. Usually, it was someone who came from a good family or who was rich too. It was very unlikely that people married outside their social class. A few well-off and rich merchants got to marry poorer noblewomen and became king’s business advisors. In a way, poor peasants had an easier choice as it was less important whom they married.

120

Essence Reading 2

custom a way of behaving or a belief which has been established for a

�

long time arrange to plan or prepare for; to organize

�

merchant a person whose job is to buy and sell products in large amounts, especially by trading with other countries

�

sign a notice giving information, directions, a warning, etc

�

security when something is not likely to fail or be lost

�

establish

�

to start a company or organization that will continue for a long time conservative tending not to like or trust change, especially sudden change

�

common-law someone who is not officially a wife or husband but is considered to be one because she or he has been living with their partner for a long time

�

legalize to allow something by law

�

The practice of arranged marriages is still common in some countries in the Middle East, such as India or Pakistan. Here, social classes are still strongly divided and very well kept. Often, however, arranged marriages are a sign that people do not want to let go of the past. The past gives them comfort and security in an ever-changing world. An interesting form of arranged marriages can be found throughout the British Empire in the 18th-19th centuries. At that time, England had established many colonies all around the globe. But these places were very far away. If people came to live there, they did not return to England ever again since traveling by ship was rather long and dangerous. Englishmen who settled in such far-off colonies often found themselves alone. The only women around were the natives. But while French, Spaniards and Dutch saw no trouble in marrying native women, Englishmen were very conservative. They would write letters home and ask relatives or neighbors to send them a local wife. Many women had no dowry so they agreed to the transaction. The man would pay for their ship voyage to the colonies and the woman would work all her life to pay him back. It is believed that these marriages were the happiest of all. The 20th century saw marriages opening up. But marriage and family still played an important role in society. In the 50s, families were very closely knit and tight since the Second World War had done a lot of damage to society. A traditional nuclear family consisted of a working father and stay-at-home mother, as well as their two or three children. Divorce was frowned upon, and many women stayed in an unhappy marriage out of shame to ask for a divorce. The feminist movement of the 70s brought an end to this situation. Unfortunately, 70% of marriages end in a divorce nowadays. Also more children are born out of wedlock since it is no longer shameful to give birth without being married. In fact, more people chose to stay single or get married in their late thirties. Often, marriages are common-law, with two people sharing the same house and bank account without being formally married. There are a lot of single parents raising their children, while countries like Canada, Belgium, Spain and the Netherlands have recently legalized gay marriages.

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1. What is the topic word in paragraph 1? (A) Marriage (B) People (C) Society (D) Life span

2. Which of the following arranged marriage was impossible? (A) A prince marrying a noblewoman. (B) A tradesman marrying a trades woman. (C) A merchant marrying a noblewoman. (D) A tradesman marrying a peasant woman.

3. What does the sentence “people do not want to let go of the past.” mean in paragraph 3?

(A) People in India hate mod ern times. (B) Not all people like change. (C) People never change. (D) People in history made different choices.

4. Which of the following is NOT true? (A) English colonists sailed to England to look for a wife. (B) English colonists arranged marriages by mail. (C) English colonists felt lonely withou t a wife. (D) English colonists did not want to marry native women.

122

Essence Reading 2

5. Why did many Englishwomen agree to marry colonists? (A) Because they had no money. (B) Because they were not from good familie s. (C) Because they had to pay for their ship voyage. (D) Because they were happily in love.

6. What can be inferred about marriage practices in the 50s? (A) Marriages were very free and open. (B) Many women lived by themselves. (C) Divorce was not very popular. (D) People got married later and had fewer children.

7. What are two forms of marriage in modern times? (Choose 2 answers)

(A) Divorce (B) Common-law marriages (C) Single parents (D) Gay marriages

Chapter 15

123


Vocabulary Test


to have little say in

closely knit

out of wedlock

1) My mother was born _______________ and was later adopted by her stepfather. 2) The Smith’s are a _______________ family. They care about each other and do many things together. 3) Students _______________ what their homework will be for the next day. The teacher usually makes that decision.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. society

bridegroom

voyage

divorce

single

1) A _______________ is a man who has a wedding and gets married. 2) _______________ is a group of people living together. 3) _______________ is the legal ending of a marriage. 4) A _______________ is a person who lives alone and is not married. 5) A _______________ is a way to travel by ship.

124

Essence Reading 2


transaction had little say in well-off closely knit

out of wedlock

Marriages used to be more of a business 1) ________ or a deal between parents. Children 2) ________ who they got to marry. Their parents always decided for them. 3) ________ people usually had more difficulty finding a good partner than poor people. Today, marriage is more open. But while people are free to choose their partner, families are not so 4) ________. Many marriages end in divorce. Perhaps this is the reason why so many couples live 5) ________ and never get married in the first place.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) You need to learn to make decisions ________. ⓐ yourself ⓑ by yourself ⓒ by your own

ⓓ on your own

2) Let’s finish gardening ________ the weather is still nice. ⓐ when ⓑ while ⓒ for

ⓓ during

3) It is a ________ in my country to bring gifts to a newborn baby. ⓐ custom ⓑ customs ⓒ customary ⓓ customarily 4) The company has ________ a Christmas party for all its employees. ⓐ arrange ⓑ arranges ⓒ arranged ⓓ arranging 5) I see no trouble ________ having a meeting later this afternoon. ⓐ in ⓑ for ⓒ by ⓓ to

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125



An interesting form of

1

marriages can be found throughout the British Empire

in the 18th-19th centuries.

2

that time, England had established many

colonies all around the globe. But these places were very far

3

. If people

came to live there, they did not return to England ever again since traveling ship was

5

colonies often found 7

4

long and dangerous. Englishmen who settled in such far-off 6

alone. The only women around were the natives. But

French, Spaniards and Dutch saw no trouble in marrying native women,

Englishmen were very conservative. They would write letters home and ask relatives or neighbors to send

8

a local wife. Many women had no dowry so they

agreed to the transaction. The man would pay for their ship voyage to the colonies and the woman would work all her life to pay marriages were

1. (a)arrange 2. (a) At 3. (a)from 4. (a) by

9

back. It is believed that these

of all.

(b)arrangement (b) In

(c)arranged (c) On

(b)away (b) on

(d)arranging (d) For

(c)isolated (c) in

(d)further (d) to

5. (a)few

(b)little

(c)rather

(d)soon

6. (a)them

(b)him

(c)her

(d)themselves

7. (a)while

(b)despite

8. (a)they

(b)them

9. (a) him 10. (a)happy

126

10

Essence Reading 2

(b) them (b)happier

(c)inspiteof (c)their (c) her (c)happiest

(d)nevertheless (d)themselves (d) us (d)thehappiest

Chapter 16 The Right to Have a Gun Before You Read Do many people in your country have guns? What do you know about gun laws in other countries? A lot of Americans have their own guns. The US Gun Law asks people to register any guns they have. But this law is not very popular. Some people think guns should be free because it helps people to protect themselves against criminals. Others say that guns are very dangerous, and many people get killed by accident because of them.

New Vocabulary ■

restriction

■

debate

■

advocate

: strict rules, limit

: argument, discussion or controversy : someone in favor of something

Idioms ■

to break into: to enter a house using force or power

■

to take a hard line against something: to be very much against something

■

to commit suicide: to kill oneself

Chapter 16 Glossary

I

n 1968, the US passed the Gun Control Act, which made it legal for people to have guns. But this law is very strict. People who want to own guns have

to get approval from the police and pay $200 in tax. They also need to pass a criminal record check to make sure that they are not criminals and will not use the gun to fire at people. Furthermore, they need to register their gun with the police and also send their fingerprints and a photograph to a government agency. This registration process takes about 6 months. It also takes 30 days to get permission to take a gun from one US state to another. Full-automatic firearms cost about $8,000 and are very hard to get. Because of these restrictions and rules, only 30% of all Americans actually own guns. But the number is probably higher since many people keep guns illegally. There is a lot of debate and discussion over the right to have a gun. Many political parties argue that people have the right to carry a gun to protect themselves. If a thief uses force to break into a home and steal something, then the owner of the house can scare him away by showing his weapon. It seems that 2.5 million lives are saved each year in the USA because people use guns for protection.

approval

�

official permission party

�

an organization of people with particular political beliefs in local or national government argue

�

to speak angrily to someone, telling them that you disagree with them pretend

�

to behave as if something is true when you know that it is not armed

�

using or carrying weapons injured

�

hurt or physically harmed prevent

�

to stop something from happening or someone from doing something victim

�

someone or something which has been hurt, damaged or killed or has suffered

128

Essence Reading 2

In fact, gun-right advocates are in favor of making guns legal because guns keep crime low. Since 1990, the crime rate has gone down by almost 70%. This happened mostly because people are recently allowed to carry guns with them when going out. Criminals are less likely to attack someone on the street if they know that a person might have a gun on him or her. Gun-right groups also say that guns should not be registered. In case of a new attack against the USA, terrorists can find a registered gun and use them against the local population.

H

owever, there are many groups in the USA that take a hard line against guns. They are strongly against making guns legal because firearms are very dangerous. Often, people who use guns do not have proper training and can shoot someone by accident. Recently, some older children were playing alone in the house. They found their father’s gun unlocked in a bedroom drawer. They wanted to pretend that they were shooting at each other. But the gun was loaded and one child was killed, while two others were badly injured. Gun-control groups use this terrible accident to show why guns should be made illegal. They argue that guns actually make people more violent. Some research has shown that for every time a gun is used to prevent a crime there are 22 shootings by accident. 76.6% of all victims were killed by a relative or someone they knew, and only 3.6% were shot at by criminals. The rest of the shootings involved police or the army. The risk for violence is five times greater in households where there are guns available. Most of the shootings happen after family members fight with each other. In other serious cases, teenagers brought guns to school and began shooting at their teachers and classmates. In the end, they committed suicide by killing themselves with the same gun. More than 30,000 people are killed each year by guns. Many shootings are gang-related, and most shots are fired from illegal guns. Thus gun-right groups argue that if guns were legal, the police and the government would have more control over who uses a gun or not. Statistics show that most gun owners are highly educated middle-class people who live in small towns.

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1. What are the two passages mainly about? (A) The right to have a gun (B) The right to control a gun (C) The right to use a gun (D) The right to buy and sell a gun

2. What is the purpose of the two passages? (A) To argue against a new law (B) To argue against an old law (C) To present two opposite points of view (D) To explain the gun control act

3. Which passage argues in favor of guns? (A) First passage (B) Second passage (C) Both passages (D) None of the two passages

4. Which of the following is NOT legal? (A) Buying a gun (B) Moving a gun between states (C) Carrying a gun (D) Using an unregistered gun

130

Essence Reading 2

5. Why do only 30% of Americans have a gun? (A) Because there are too many rules regarding guns. (B) Because guns are very expensive and hard to get. (C) Because it is very complicated to register a gun. (D) Because it is illegal to have a gun.

6. What are two arguments in favor of guns? (Choose 2 answers)

(A) There are fewer terrorist attacks if guns are made legal. (B) There is less crime on the street if guns are made legal. (C) There are fewer accidents if guns are made legal. (D) There are fewer attacks on people if guns are made legal.

7. How many people are shot by accident each year? (A) 76,6% of all people who get shot (B) 3,6% of all people who get shot (C) 22 times more people than criminals (D) 30,000 people in total

Chapter 16

131


Vocabulary Test


to commit suicide

to scare someone away

to be in favor of

1) Many teenagers _______________ because they do not have friends and are lonely at home. 2) The child _______________ the dog when he yelled at the little animal. 3) I _______________ teachers giving a lot of homework every day. I think students need to do more homework these days.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. act

permission

weapon

victim

crime

1) An _______________ is a piece of law. 2) _______________ means doing something wrong against the law. 3) _______________ is the opposite of refusing something. 4) A _______________ is a person who suffers something bad. 5) A _______________ is a gun or a knife used for protection.

132

Essence Reading 2


break into firearms

take a hard line against commit suicide

debate

There is a lot of 1) ________ about the right to hold a gun. Some people argue that guns and 2) ________ should be made legal. They are used for protection in case criminals 3) ________ someone’s house or attack people on the street. Others 4) ________ weapons of any kind. They say guns only make people more violent. A lot of people use guns to shoot at each other and often 5) ________.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) You need to ask for ________ if you want to take a vacation from school. ⓐ license ⓑ disapproval ⓒ permission ⓓ allowance 2) University ________ fees are very high in the United States. ⓐ register ⓑ registry ⓒ registration ⓓ registered 3) It is ________ to drive a car without a driver’s license. ⓐ legal ⓑ illegal ⓒ illegally

ⓓ law

4) The police officer did not ________ the criminal. ⓐ fire at ⓑ get shot ⓒ kill for

ⓓ shoot to

5) The child dropped his milk ________. ⓐ on accident ⓑ for accident

ⓓ by accident

ⓒ in accident

Chapter 16

133



Gun-control groups use this terrible accident to show why guns should illegal. They argue that guns actually make people more

2

1

. Some research

has shown that for every time a gun is used to prevent a crime there are 22 4

3

accident. 76.6% of all victims were killed by a relative or someone they

knew, and only 3.6% were shot at by criminals.

5

the shootings involved

police or the army. The risk for violence is five times greater in households there are guns available.

7

6

the shootings happen after family members fight

with each other. In other serious cases, teenagers brought guns to school and 8

shooting

suicide by killing

their teachers and classmates. In the end, they committed with the same gun.

1. (a)make

(b)makes

2. (a)violence

(b)violent

3. (a)shots

(b)shoots

4. (a) by 5. (a)Rest 6. (a)who

(b) with (b)Restof (b)which

7. (a)Most

(b)Mostof

8. (a)begin

(b)began

9. (a) at 10. (a)they

134

9 10

Essence Reading 2

(b) to (b)them

(c)bemade

(d)making

(c)amiableness

(d)amiable

(c)shootings (c) from (c)Therestof

(d)shot (d) in (d)Therest

(c)where

(d)when

(c)Mostly

(d)Almost

(c)begun (c) for (c)their

(d)beginning (d) from (d)themselves

Chapter 17 Arguments Over an Island in the Pacific Before You Read What are some current issues in your country? What makes news in Asia? Japan plans to send a ship to a small island in the Pacific Ocean. South Korea is not very happy about these plans. It says the little island belongs to South Korea and should not be touched by Japan. The two countries should solve this problem in a friendly manner.

New Vocabulary ■

to announce

■

to defeat

■

to demand

:

:

to tell everyone

to win against someone

:

to ask forcefully

Idioms ■

■

■

a point of contention: disagreement, argument or conflict to take over: to gain control over something to bridge the gap: to adjust differences of opinion

Chapter 17 Glossary

J

apan announced on April 14th, 2006 that it plans to do some research on a small island in the Sea of East. The Times World Atlas calls the place

Liancourt Rocks, which is actually a group of 33 small islands. Liancourt Rocks lies about 87 km(54 miles) east of the Ullung islands in South Korea and 157 kilometers northwest of Oki islands in Japan. It has been a point of contention between the two countries for a long time now. The disagreement started in 1905, when Japan attached the island to its Empire and called it Takeshima. Five years later, Japan also occupied the rest of Korea and attacked other Asian countries. But it was defeated in 1945 after the Second World War and lost most of its possessions. In 1954, South Korea took over the island and called it Dokdo. At the moment, the South Korean army controls and protects the island. Only a fisherman and his wife live on Liancourt Rocks now. But the waters around the island are rich in different kinds of fish. It does not look like a very important piece of land on the map. But Japan claims that Liancourt Rocks belongs to them. They say they own the island by right. Japan is no longer an Empire. When it lost all of its colonies, it also lost Korea and Dokdo Island. Dokdo Island has always been Korean territory and part of its country. Japan wants to rebuild its Empire by sending its ships there. On the other hand, Japan claims that it only wants to

136

Essence Reading 2

disagreement

�

difference in each other’s opinion attach

�

to place or fix in position colony

�

a country or area controlled politically by a more powerful and often distant country refuse

�

to say that you will not do or accept something declare

�

to announce something clearly, firmly, publicly or officially monument

�

a statue or building that is built to honor a special person or event official

�

relating to a position of responsibility protest

�

a strong complaint expressing disagreement, disapproval or opposition calm down

�

to stop feeling upset

check the waters for more fish. There are many South Korean fishing boats in the area and Japanese fishermen have no place to do their own fishing. However, Japan has similar problems with two other neighbors, China and Russia, over two other islands, Senkaku/Diaoyu and North Territories/Kurils. Liancourt Rocks may seem an unimportant matter, but it is not. If Japan gives up its right to it, it has a good chance of losing its right to the other islands as well. Japan has demanded that the USA act as a judge in this argument, but South Korea refuses to have another country make decisions regarding over its own land. It has also asked international organizations to rename the Sea of Japan the East Sea. It seemed that the problem was to be solved in a friendly manner. Last year was Korea-Japan Friendship Year. However, in March 2005, Japan has declared February 22nd “Takeshima Day”. Matters went from bad to worse when the Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi visited a monument in Tokyo that also honors 14 war criminals. This visit has angered many Asian countries. In fact, China has recently met with South Korea to discuss what they call a “Japanese invasion”. China has promised to support South Korea in the Sea of Japan in return for Korea’s support of China in the Yellow Sea. China would also like to help North and South Korea to bridge the gap between them and become friendly again. Meanwhile, a Japanese ship has left the island of Honshu on April 17th and is scheduled to return on April 26th. In response, 18 South Korean boats are checking the waters near the island to make sure nobody lands there. The South Korean Vice Foreign Minister Yu Myung Hwan has made an official protest with the Japanese embassy in Seoul. It is therefore possible that the Japanese trip will be delayed until matters calm down.

Chapter 17

137

1. What are South Korea and Japan disagreeing about? (A) A piece of land (B) Part of an ocean (C) A fishing village (D) A research mission

2. What can be inferred about Liancourt Rocks? (A) It is uninhabited. (B) It is a fisher village. (C) It is very rocky. (D) It is rich in fish.

3. What are Senkaku/Diaoyu and North Territories/Kurils examples of? (A) Other islands Japan and South Korea disagree about. (B) Other islands Japan and China disagree about. (C) Other islands Japan and Russia disagree about. (D) Other islands Japan and Asian countries disagree about.

4. Why does the author say, “Liancourt Rocks may seem an unimportant matter, but it is not.” in paragraph 3?

(A) He thinks this disagreement is not important. (B) He thinks Liancourt Rocks is too small to disagree about. (C) He thinks this disagreement is more serious than it seems. (D) He thinks this disagreement is more important to one country than the other.

138

Essence Reading 2

5. Does South Korea want other countries to solve this problem? (A) Yes, it has asked the USA to decide who is right about the island. (B) Yes, it has asked other countries to give the place a different name. (C) No, it thinks that other countries have no right to decide in this matter. (D) No, it thinks Japan only wants to control Korea.

6. What other country wants to help South Korea in this matter? (A) USA (B) China (C) Russia (D) North Korea

7. What does the author think will happen next? (A) The Japanese ship will land on the island on April 17th. (B) The Japanese ship will land on the island before April 26th. (C) The Japanese ship will land on the island on April 26th. (D) The Japanese ship will land on the island after April 26th.

Chapter 17

139


Vocabulary Test


to take over

a point of contention

to bridge the gap

1) The USA and Cuba have a lot of disagreements, but they hope to _______________ between them and become friendly again. 2) Diane keeps fighting with her brother over their new bike. It seems this bike is their _______________. 3) Mr. Kent _______________ our class while our regular teacher was on vacation.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. possession

island

empire

support

protest

1) An _______________ is a piece of land surrounded by water. 2) _______________ means ownership, something that you have. 3) An _______________ is a big country that controls other countries. 4) A _______________ is a type of complaint. 5) _______________ means help.

140

Essence Reading 2


the point of contention

demands

was defeated

territories

claims

A small island is 1) ________ between South Korea and Japan. The disagreement started after Japan 2) ________ in the war and lost its former colonies and 3) ________ to neighboring countries. South Korea 4) ________ the island has always been part of its own country. Right now, Japan wants to send ships to the island, while South Korea 5) ________ that Japans stops this action. It has asked the same of Japan in the past. The world hopes that the two countries will bridge the gap and find a friendly solution to the problem.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) Europe lies west ________ Asia. ⓐ on ⓑ of

ⓒ from

ⓓ by

2) There is a file ________ to this e-mail message. ⓐ attach ⓑ attaches ⓒ attached

ⓓ attaching

3) The guitar ________ our music teacher. ⓐ belongs to ⓑ is ⓒ owns

ⓓ possesses

4) The weather yesterday was ________ than before. ⓐ bad ⓑ worse ⓒ worst

ⓓ the worst

5) The players ________ against their coach’s decision. ⓐ protest ⓑ protests ⓒ protester

ⓓ protesting

Chapter 17

141



Japan is no longer an Empire. When it lost

1

its colonies, it also

2

Korea

and Dokdo Island. Dokdo Island has always been Korean territory and part of its country. Japan only wants to rebuild its Empire by

3

its ships there. On the

other hand, Japan says that it only wants to check

4

for more fish. There are

many South Korean fishing boats in the area and Japanese fishermen have no place to do their own

5

. However, Japan has similar problems with two

neighbors, China and Russia, over two other islands, Senkaku/Diaoyu Territories/Kurils. Liancourt Rocks may

8

6 7

North

an unimportant matter, but it is not.

If Japan gives up its right to it, it has a good chance of losing its right to the other islands as well. Japan has demanded the USA to act argument, but South Korea refuses to

10

9

a judge in this

another country decide over its own

land.

1. (a)every

(b)each

2. (a)lose

(b)loses

(c)lost

3. (a)send

(b)sent

(c)sending

4. (a)water

(b)waters

(c)thewater

(d)thewaters

5. (a)fish

(b)fishes

(c)fishing

(d)fisherman

6. (a)another

(b)other

(c)some

(d)few

7. (a) and 8. (a)seem 9. (a) as 10. (a)have

142

Essence Reading 2

(b) but (b)lookat (b) like (b)get

(c)allof

(c) for (c)lookinto (c) as if (c)give

(d)everything (d)loss (d)sends

(d) so (d)watch (d) for (d)persuade

Chapter 18 Another Terrorist Attack in the Middle East Before You Read Do you read the newspaper? What are some top international stories these days? Israel has been at war with Palestine for a long time. Recently, a terrorist attack happened in the capital of Israel. Many people were killed when a bomb exploded in the street. The new Israeli Prime Minister wants to bring peace and order to the region.

New Vocabulary ■

radically

■

ally

■

elections

: completely

: political friend : voting for a new government

Idioms ■

■

■

to work out: to find a solution to blow up: to cause an explosion to cease fire: to stop shooting

Chapter 18 Glossary

I

srael and Palestine have been at war with each other for many years now. The reason behind the conflict is religion. Palestine is a very old country

lying in the Middle East. It is an Arabic nation where most of its population is Muslim. Israel lies at the border with Palestine. It is a much younger country formed by Jews, whose religion is radically and completely different from the Muslim religion. Israel grew stronger after the Second World War, when it became a friend and ally of the United States. It started to occupy land from surrounding countries based on the fact that Jews used to live on that land thousands of years ago. In order to stop a war, the leaders of Israel and Palestine have decided to declare the Gaza Strip, which lies between the two countries, a neutral territory. That means that Gaza does not belong to anyone.

conflict

�

fighting between two or more groups of people or countries Muslim

�

a person who follows the religion of Islam declare

�

to announce something clearly, firmly, publicly or officially neutral

�

not saying or doing anything that would encourage or help any of the groups involved in an argument or war nationalist

�

The solution did not work out as planned, however. The problem did not get solved because there were many nationalist groups both in Palestine and Israel who hate each other. The Hamas group is the most powerful terrorist group in the region. They say that Israelis are different and should not live next to other Muslim countries. Hamas is an illegal group that is very much disliked by the Palestinian government. They have done a lot of damage to the peace movement in the area by organizing over 60 suicide bombings since 2000.

a person who wants political independence for their country �

party

an organization of people with particular political beliefs which competes in elections to try to win positions in local or national government

parliament

�

in some countries, the group of (usually) elected politicians or other people who make the laws for their country give out

�

to give something for free deal with

�

to handle

144

Essence Reading 2

That year, the Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon signed an agreement with the Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas to cease fire in Gaza and stop soldiers from shooting at each other. But Sharon suffered a stroke in January 2006 and is now in a hospital. Elections were held in both countries. In Palestine, many people voted for the Hamas group, while Israelis gave their votes to many different parties. Finally, Ehmud Olmert from the central Kadima party became the Israelis Prime Minister, but he didn’t have a lot of support in parliament. While he was trying to form a government, Hamas struck and attacked Israel. On April 17, 2006, Israelis celebrate Pesach, a big religious holiday. On that day of joy, 18year-old Sami Samil Hama, who worked as a waiter in a village in Gaza, put a powerful bomb into a blue bag and went to a restaurant in Tel Aviv, the capital of Israel. A security guard saw him and tried to stop him, but Hama opened his bag and blew himself up on the street. Nine other people died in the explosion along with him. There was blood everywhere. Hamas celebrated the attack with shouts of joy and gave out sweets to people on the street. They say the bombing was a result of Israel soldiers killing two Palestinians in Gaza. But the whole world is in shock. USA called the Tel Aviv bombing a criminal act because so many innocent people who have nothing to do with the war died. Both the USA and the European Union will stop sending money, food and medicine to Palestine. They do not want to help a government that allows teenagers to go out and kill not only themselves, but other people too. Even the Palestinian president was upset and said his government had nothing to do with the killings. Hamas, however, was proud of their terrorist attack. They believe war with Israel will bring Palestine freedom, and plan even more attacks in the future. The world has to be ready to deal with this problem.

Chapter 18

145

1. What is the main reason for the war between Israel and Palestine? (A) Religion (B) The Gaza strip (C) The Hamas terrorist attack (D) The Israeli occupation

2. What does the expression ‘neutral territory’ mean in paragraph 2? (A) A strip of land in Gaza (B) A piece of land between two countries (C) The border between two countries (D) An area that belongs to no specific country

3. What does the word ‘solution’ refers to in paragraph 2? (A) Creating a neutral territory in Gaza (B) Stopping the war (C) The problem between Palestine and Israel (D) The Israeli occupation of land

4. Are Hamas the only ones to blame for the war with Israel? (A) Yes, because they are terrorists. (B) Yes, because they are the most powerful group in the region. (C) No, because there are other nationalist groups too. (D) No, because they are supported by the government.

146

Essence Reading 2

5. What two things happened in the winter of 2006? (Choose 2 answers)

(A) Israel and Palestine signed a peace agreement. (B) Hamas organized 60 suicide bombings in Israel. (C) Hamas became very popular in Palestine. (D) Israel changed its Prime Minister.

6. Why does the author mention the year 2000 in paragraph 3? (A) To mark a turning point in the war between Israel and Palestine (B) To commemorate a tragic event in the history of both countries (C) To anticipate the unfortunate events that will happen next (D) To continue the idea expressed in paragraph 2

7. Which of the following is NOT true? (A) The USA is strongly against the Hamas group. (B) The European Union is strongly against the Hamas group. (C) The Palestinian government is against the Hamas group. (D) The Hamas group will stop its terrorist attacks for now.

Chapter 18

147


Vocabulary Test


to work out

to blow up

to cease fire

1) Siblings often fight with each other. They have to learn to _______________ their problems and find solution for both of them. 2) Chris often gets very angry and _______________. He starts yelling and screaming very loudly and cannot be stopped. 3) Germany and Russia have decided to stop the war and to _______________ in 1945.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. nation

suicide

conflict

border

bombing

1) A _______________ is the whole population of a country. 2) _______________ means an explosion organized by people. 3) _______________ means to kill oneself. 4) _______________ is the opposite of peace or agreement. 5) _______________ is the end of one country and the beginning of another.

148

Essence Reading 2


strike

blew himself up

innocent

radically

to work out

Israel and Palestine are two 1) ________ and very different countries. But they try 2) ________ their problems and come to an agreement. But this is not easy because of so many terrorist groups who 3) ________ at each other and are ready for an attack at any time. Recently, a terrorist 4) ________ using a bomb and killed many 5) ________ people who have nothing to do with the war.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) China has been ________ Tibet for over 50 years. ⓐ at war with ⓑ at fight with ⓒ at conflict with ⓓ at war for 2) The basketball team has ________ the gym for the last hour. ⓐ occupy ⓑ occupied ⓒ occupying ⓓ occupation 3) The city is ________ by a large river. ⓐ surrounded ⓑ surrounding

ⓒ surroundings

4) My next-door ________ works as an architect. ⓐ neighbor ⓑ neighboring ⓒ neighborhood

ⓓ surround

ⓓ neighbors

5) The school has to ________ many students who often come in late. ⓐ deal since ⓑ deal together ⓒ deal because ⓓ deal with

Chapter 18

149



Israel and Palestine have been at war with each other reason

2

Middle East. It is an Arabic nation 5

4

7

many years now. The 3

in the

most of its population is Muslim. Israel

at the border with Palestine. It is a

Jews,

1

the conflict is religion. Palestine is a very old country 6

younger country formed by

religion is radically and completely different from the Muslim religion.

Israel grew stronger after the Second World War, when it became a friend and ally of the United States. It started to occupy land from surrounding countries on the fact that Jews

1. (a) on

live on that land

(b) for

10

(c) in

(d) during

(b)behind

3. (a) lie

(b) lay

(c) laying

4. (a)who

(b)whose

(c)where

5. (a) lies

(b) lays

(c) lied

(d) laid

6. (a) very

(b) too

(c) much

(d) many

7. (a)who

(b)which

(c)whose

(d)that

8. (a)base

(b)basis

(c)basing

(d)based

9. (a)useto

(b)areusedto

Essence Reading 2

(b)thousands

8

years ago.

2. (a)beside

10. (a)thousand

150

9

(c)below

(c)usedto (c)millionof

(d)down (d) lying (d)when

(d)wereusedto (d)thousandsof

Chapter 19 The History of Romania Before You Read Are you good at history? Do you know about the history of any European country? Romania is a small country in Eastern Europe. But it is very rich in history and tradition. Romania used to be divided into three countries until the First World War. For over 50 years, it was a Communist country. Today Romania tries to recover from the past and build better a future.

New Vocabulary ■

to dub

■

:

mighty

■

to struggle

to nickname

: powerful :

to fight hard or to go through tough times

Idioms ■

to keep in touch with: to stay in contact

■

to take something by storm:

to defeat easily because of large number or

to impress a lot ■

to make a dream come true: to finally achieve something you have wanted for a long time

Chapter 19 Glossary

R

omania is a small country that lies in the Balkan region in South Eastern Europe. Its neighboring countries are all Slavic nations, such as Serbia,

Bulgaria and Russia. Its other neighbor, Hungary, is a Finnish nation. On the other hand, people in Romania speak Romanian, which is a Latin language, just like Italian, French and Spanish. Thus historians have dubbed or nicknamed Romania “a Latin island in a Slavic sea.” The reason why Romania is the only Latin country in the Balkans lies in the past. Thousands of years ago, Romania was inhabited by the Geto-Daks. This native population was made of proud warriors who lived high in the mountains. Many times they managed to defeat the mighty and powerful Roman soldiers. Finally, in the year 1000, the Roman Emperor Trajan sent a huge army across the border to take the Geto-Daks by storm. The Romans were too many and too well-trained for the Geto-Daks to have a chance. They were defeated, and the Romans built a new colony in that part of the world. Many Roman soldiers married Geto-Daks women and taught them Latin ways. After the Romans left, the population had been changed so much in language and culture that it now called itself Romanian. During the Middle Ages, Romanians struggled to form their own country. They fought hard to unify all Romanian people under one ruler. But high and steep mountains divide the country, and it was difficult to travel across and keep in touch with neighbors. Many small rulers called voyvods controlled different parts

152

Essence Reading 2

inhabit

�

to live in a place unify

�

to bring together to form a single unit at war

�

participating in armed conflict dominate

�

to control or rule a country humiliating

�

making someone feel ashamed unemployment

�

the state of not making money abroad

�

to a foreign country have had enough

�

to be able to tolerate no more of it

of Romania, but they had little contact with each other and were often at war with one another. Therefore, it was easy for more powerful countries to conquer these different parts of Romania and rule them by force. For centuries, Romania was basically dominated by three different Empires. Southern Romania, or Muntenia, was under the tough rule of the Turkish Empire. Romanian voyvods were forced to send their sons to the Turkish capital so that they were raised in Turkish ways. Eastern Romania, or Moldavia, had to pay protection money to the Russian Empire. Western Romania, or Transylvania, was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. People went to German schools and were not allowed to speak their own language. It was a very humiliating period in Romanian history. Finally, in 1871, when the Turks were at war with Russia, Romanians fought bravely and earned their freedom. Muntenia was united with Moldavia under the wise rule of prince Alexander Cuza. But it would take many more years to make their dream come true. At the end of the First World War, Romanians finally achieved what they had wanted for such a long time. Transylvania was united with Romania on December 1, 1918. This date is a Romanian national holiday. The period between the two World Wars was Romania’s Golden Age. The economy was strong, there was little unemployment, the government was democratic, arts and culture were developing. Many people went to study abroad. The Second World War put an end to that. Romania first fought on the side of Germany because its king was of German srcin. But in 1944, the Communist party came in power. The king was sent away, and the country switched sides to fight alongside the Communist Soviet Union. When the war ended, Romania became a Communist country. For 50 years, people suffered under the Communist rule. There was little food, no electricity or hot water in villages and small cities. Many important pieces of Romanian literature and art from the Golden Age were destroyed. People were put in jail; others ran illegally across the border to other countries. On December 16, 1998, Romanians had had enough. There was a bloody revolution, the government was overthrown, and new elections were held. Today, Romanians are trying to rebuild their future in a free country.

Chapter 19

153

1. What does the nickname “a Latin island i n a Slavic sea” mean in paragraph 1?

(A) Romania is a Latin country surrounded by Slavic countries. (B) Romania is an island in the middle of the Slavic Ocean. (C) Romania is the only Latin country in Europe. (D) Romania is very far away from other Latin countries.

2. What are two reasons for the Geto-Daks defeat by the Roman army? (Choose 2 answers)

(A) The Geto-Daks were not very good warriors. (B) The Geto-Daks were fewer in number than Romans. (C) The Geto-Daks had less military training than Romans. (D) The Geto-Daks had fewer weapons than Romans.

3. What does the word ‘voyvods’ in paragraph 3 refers to? (A) Romanian people (B) Romanian mountains (C) Small Romanian rulers (D) Romania’s neighbors

4. Why does the author mention Muntenia, Moldavia and Transylvania in paragraph 4? (A) To indicate parts of Romania

(B) To emphasize as Romanian voyvods (C) To give examples of empires that controlled Romania (D) To indicate Romanian colonies ruled by an Empire

154

Essence Reading 2

5. Which of the following is NOT true about Romania’s Golden Age? (A) People were free to go to other countries. (B) There were more jobs than at other times in history. (C) Many political parties participated in free elections. (D) There was no king to rule the country.

6. What is the main idea in paragraph 7? (A) Romanians put an end to 50 years of suffering. (B) The Communist rule in Romania was very tough. (C) The Communist rule ended because of a revolution. (D) Romanians live in a free country nowadays.

7. What can NOT be inferred about Romania from the last paragraph? (A) There has been the conversion of communism to more liberal status. (B) Romanian’s heyday came while under Communist rule. (C) The period of Communism came later than the Golden Age. (D) Its effort to become a free country will finally come true.

Chapter 19

155


Vocabulary Test


to take something by storm to make a dream come true

to keep in touch with

1) People around the world were very impressed when they heard Andrea Bocelli sing for the first time. The Italian singer just _______________. 2) Jeannie finally managed to get her degree in international law. She _______________ after a lot of hard work. 3) It is easier to _______________ other people by e-mail. This connection is faster and cheaper than phone or regular mail.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. Defeat

warrior

ruler

empire

government

1) An _______________ is large and powerful, and controls other countries. 2) _______________ is the opposite of win. 3) A _______________ is the group of politicians that rules over a country. 4) A _______________ is the leader of a country, like a king for example. 5) A _______________ is a soldier who fights in battles.

156

Essence Reading 2


made their dream come true powerful struggled

inhabited

conquered

Romania used to be 1) ________ by the Geto-Daks. When Roman soldiers defeated and 2) ________ the native people, the country became Latin. Romanians 3) ________ in history. It was hard for them to be free. Many mighty and 4) ________ nations controlled Romania in the past. But finally, Romanians 5) ________ and earned their freedom after many wars.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) The student has ________ to finish his exam on time. ⓐ managed ⓑ succeeded ⓒ accomplished

ⓓ achieved

2) This novel is exciting and very ________ written. ⓐ good ⓑ better ⓒ best

ⓓ well

3) I feel very hungry,________, I will order a double meal. ⓐ because ⓑ during ⓒ and therefore

ⓓ for

4) Christa felt ________ when people told her she looked fat. ⓐ humiliate ⓑ humiliated ⓒ humiliating

ⓓ humiliation

5) In the spring, many people ________ grass allergies. ⓐ suffer from ⓑ suffer by ⓒ suffer because

ⓓ suffer in

Chapter 19

157



When the war ended, Romania became a Communist country. For 50 years, people suffered

1

the Communist rule.

2

was

water in villages and small cities. Many important

3 4

food, no electricity or hot of Romanian literature

and art from the Golden Age were destroyed. People were illegally 8

6

the border to

in jail; others ran

9

. Today, Romanians are trying to rebuild

future in a free country.

1. (a)under

(b)from

(c)with

2. (a) It

(b) This

(c) That

3. (a)few

(b)little

(c)much

4. (a)peace

(b)peaces

(c)piece

(d)pieces

5. (a)put

(b)made

(c)installed

(d)had

6. (a)to

(b)cross

(c)across

7. (a)one

(b)another

(c)other

8. (a) were

(b) are

9. (a)hold 10. (a) its

158

5

countries. On December 16, 1998, Romanians

had enough. There was a bloody revolution, the government was

overthrown, and new elections 10

7

Essence Reading 2

(b)held (b) his

(c) had (c)werehold (c) our

(d)for (d) There (d)many

(d)from (d)unlike (d) did (d)wereheld (d) their

Chapter 20 The Fall of the Aztec Empire Before You Read Do you know of any famous empires in world history? Do you know how they ended? The Aztec empire was one was the biggest empires in the world during the 14th century. It stretched over Mexico and other countries in Central America. But the arrival of the Spanish put an end to the Aztec empire. The Spanish brought with them diseases that killed most Aztecs very quickly.

New Vocabulary ■

sophisticated

■

ruthless

■

to besiege

: very well developed, elegant and intelligent

: cruel, showing no mercy or pity :

to surround a city and not give it any food or water

Idioms ■

■

■

to make one’s fortune: to become rich and important to get back at someone: to make someone pay for something they did wrong to turn on someone: to become aggressive against someone

Chapter 20 Glossary

T

he Aztec people were American Indians who used to live in Mexico and other Mesoamerican or Central American countries, such as Guatemala

and Honduras. The Aztecs came from the northern parts of America and settled in Mexico around 1325. They organized a very powerful kingdom and built their capital city of Tenochtitlan. At the height of the Aztec Empire, Tenochtitlan had a population of about 130,000 people, which made it the second largest city in the world at that time. The Aztecs had a very sophisticated and developed culture. They were excellent farmers, builders and scientists. They had their own writing system, and created wonderful jewelry out of pure gold. Many European countries had heard about the wealth and riches of the Aztecs. The Spanish king sent his ships across the Atlantic to bring home the famous Aztec gold. Thus many Spanish sailors and soldiers went in search of the New World and found America. These adventurers were called ‘conquistadors’ because they were ruthless and cruel. They only cared about money, not people, and destroyed entire civilizations to get what they wanted.

cruel

�

extremely unkind and unpleasant and causing pain to people or animals intentionally conquer

�

to take control or possession of foreign land, or a group of people, by force warrior

�

a soldier, usually one who has both experience and skill in fighting, especially in the past pay for

�

to be punished for doing something bad to someone else, or to suffer because of a mistake that you made Impress

�

to cause someone to admire or respect you because of something that you have done or said accompanied by

�

being with someone smallpox

�

an extremely infectious disease which causes a fever, spots on the skin and often death remaining

�

continuing to exist or be left after other parts or things have been used or taken away

160

Essence Reading 2

One of these conquistadors was Hernando Cortes. He arrived in Cuba in 1511, but soon got in trouble with the Cuban governor, Diego Velasquez, who eventually sent him far away to find the Aztec gold. Cortes left Santiago de Cuba in 1518 armed with 600 soldiers, 16 horses and many cannons. He wanted to escape Velasquez and alsomake his fortune and become rich by conquering the Aztecs. He soon landed on the eastern Mexican coast, where he founded the city of Vera Cruz. Here he met Malinche, the daughter of a local chief. Malinche offered to help Cortes because she fell in love with him, but also for another reason. The Aztecs were feared warriors. They had conquered many Mexican tribes, one of which was Malinche’s. Malinche wanted to get back at the Aztecs and make them pay for what they did to her people. She went to talk to other Mexican tribes, who agreed to help Cortes beat the Aztecs. Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan on November 10, 1519. His men were impressed by how big and well developed the city was. But the Aztecs were shocked to see cannons and horses. Their weapons were made of wood and animal leather, while the Spaniards had metal helmets, breastplates and swords. The Aztec Emperor Montezuma thought the Spaniards were gods who had come to destroy his people. Therefore he welcomed Cortes into his palace, kissed the ground before his feet and showered him with gifts of gold. But Cortes cheated Montezuma. He took his gold, but kept him a prisoner in his own palace. Soon after, Cortes got news that one of his own men had made himself king in Vera Cruz. Cortez rushed off to deal with the problem. While he was away, his soldiers attacked an Aztec religious meeting and killed many locals. The population turned on the Spaniards and started to fight them. When Cortes returned, he tried to get Montezuma to calm his people, but the Aztecs didn’t like their king and stoned him to death. Finally, after a bloody fight, Cortes lost so many men that he had to leave Tenochtitlan and find protection with a neighboring tribe. On August 1521, Cortes returned to the Aztec capital accompanied by a large army of local tribes. He surrounded and besieged Tenochtitlan. The people inside the city walls had no food or water for nearly three months. Most died of hunger, but also of a terrible disease, smallpox, which the Spaniards had brought with them from Europe. Cortes destroyed Tenochtitlan and conquered the remaining Aztecs. Mexico City exists today in place of the old Tenochtitlan.

Chapter 20

161

1. What are Guatemala and Honduras in paragraph 1 examples of ? (A) Aztec people (B) Parts of Mexico (C) Parts of northern America (D) Countries in Central America

2. What can be inferred about Tenochtitlan at the height of the Aztec Empire? (A) It was the most beautiful city of the world at that time. (B) It was the second largest city in the world at that time. (C) It was the biggest city in the world at that time. (D) It was the richest city in the world at that time.

3. What does the word ‘conquistadors’ in paragraph 2 refer to? (A) The Spanish king (B) Spanish ships (C) Spanish sailors and soldiers (D) Hernando Cortes

4. Why did Malinche agree to help Cortes against the Aztecs? (Choose 2 answers)

(A) Because Malinche loved Cortes. (B) Because Cortes loved Malinche. (C) Because Malinche feared Cortes. (D) Because Malinche hated the Aztecs.

162

Essence Reading 2

5. What does the author indicate by the sentence, “Montezuma...showered him/Cortes with gifts of gold.” in paragraph 4?

(A) Montezuma was a very clean person. (B) Montezuma was a rich and clever king. (C) Montezuma was afraid of Cortes. (D) Montezuma was a friend of Cortes.

6. In what order do the following happen? (A) Leaving for Vera Cruz, destroying Tenochtitlan, killing Aztecs, killing Montezuma (B) Leaving for Vera Cruz, destroying Tenochtitlan, killing Montezuma, killing Aztecs (C) Killing Aztecs, killing Montezuma, destroying Tenochtitlan, leaving for Vera Cruz (D) Leaving for Vera Cruz, killing Aztecs, killing Montezuma, destroying Tenochtitlan

7. What is the topic of paragraph 6? (A) The destruction of Tenochtitlan (B) The return of Cortes and his army (C) The conquering of the Aztecs (D) The building of Mexico City

Chapter 20

163


Vocabulary Test


to make one’s fortune

to get back at someone

to turn on someone

1) At first, the neighbors lived peacefully next to each other. But soon they had a fight and _______________ each other. 2) Many young people used to leave home and try to _______________ and earn money on their own. 3) Mary was angry that her boyfriend cheated on her. She _______________ and had a date with another man.

2. Use one of the following words to fill in the blanks. sailors

armed

to conquer

to accompany

1) _______________ is the opposite of to build. 2) _______________ are people who work on ships. 3) _______________ means to rule by force. 4) _______________ means to have weapons. 5) _______________ means to join someone on a journey.

164

Essence Reading 2

to destroy


sophisticated

to make their fortune

besieged

wealth

ruthless

The Aztecs were a 1) ________ and very well developed empire in the middle of the 16th century. Europeans had heard about their 2)________ and decided to go get the Aztec gold. Many 3) ________ and cruel Spanish sailors traveled to Mexico 4) ________ and become rich and famous. The Spanish army surrounded and 5) ________ the Aztec capital city. Hungry and sick, the Aztecs had to give up and were soon destroyed.

4. Fill in the blanks using the new vocabulary you learned in this passage. 1) I ________ play chess when I was a child. ⓐ usual ⓑ usually ⓒ used to

ⓓ was used to

2) This necklace is an expensive piece of ________. ⓐ jewel ⓑ jewels ⓒ jeweler

ⓓ jewelry

3) Many immigrants come to America ________ a better life. ⓐ in search of ⓑ to search of ⓒ to search about

ⓓ in search about

4) The little child ________ spiders and bugs. ⓐ fears ⓑ scares ⓒ terrifies

ⓓ horrifies

5) Dana was ________ to hear that she had lost her job. ⓐ shock ⓑ shocked ⓒ shocking

ⓓ shocks

Chapter 20

165



Many European countries had heard about the wealth and The Spanish king sent

2

1

of the Aztecs.

ships across the Atlantic to bring home the famous

Aztec gold. Thus many Spanish

3

and soldiers went

4

the New World

and found America. These adventurers were called ‘conquistadors’ because they were ruthless destroyed

5 7

cruel. They only cared about money, civilizations to get

8

they wanted.

6

people, and

9

of these

conquistadors was Hernando Cortes. He arrived in Cuba in 1511, but

10

got

in trouble with the Cuban governor, Diego Velasquez, who eventually sent him far away to find the Aztec gold.

1. (a)rich 2. (a) its

(b) his

3. (a)sail

(b)sails

4. (a)insearchof

(b)lookfor

5. (a) and

(b) but

6. (a) no

(b) never

7. (a)general

166

(b)richer

(b)entire

(c)richest (c) their (c)sailor (c)find (c) so (c) not (c)throughout

8. (a)that

(b)what

(c)who

9. (a) One

(b) Some

(c) Afew

10. (a)soon

(b)early

(c)after

Essence Reading 2

(d)riches (d) our (d)sailors (d)locate (d) for (d) no one (d)ingeneral (d)which (d) Few (d)short

Vocabulary List A

abandon to leave a place, thing or person forever abbey a building where monks or nuns live or used to live ablation removal of material by melting, evaporation, or erosion abroad to a foreign country accept to agree to take something accompanied bybeing with someone accompanyto go with someone or to be provided or exist at the same time as something according toas stated by account an arrangement with a bank to keep your money there and to allow you to take it out when you need to accumulationbuild-up advocate a proponent aerodynamicof the science which studies the movement of gases and the way solid bodies, such as aircraft, move through them afterwardsafter the time mentioned; later agile able to move your body quickly and easily ahead in or into the future; before AIDS a serious disease caused by a virus which destroys the body’s natural protection from infection, and which usually causes death airy with a lot of light and space all times best to date allow to permit all-powerfulvery powerful ally someone who helps and supports someone else, a country that has agreed officially to give help and support to another one, especially during a war alone without other people altogethercompletely or in total ambassadoran important official who lives in a foreign country to represent his or her own country ampere the unit of electric current anger to make someone angry anklet a chain or ring worn as jewelry around the ankle apart separated by a distance or, less commonly, by time approval official permission approximatelyabout aquatic connected with water arched shaped like an arch argue to speak angrily to someone, telling them that you disagree with them argue to speak angrily to someone, telling them that you disagree with them armed using or carrying weapons arrange to plan or prepare for; to organize as of starting on or at as usual as regularly happens aspect the way at war participating in a war, armed conflict athlete a person who is very good at sports or physical exercise, especially one who competes in organized events

168

Essence Reading 2

atom the smallest unit of any chemical element attach to place or fix in position attached connected attack a violent act intended to hurt or damage someone or something attract (of people, things, places, etc.)to pull or draw someone or something towards them award a prize in recognition of some accomplishment B

bachelor a man who has never married bark the hard outer covering of a tree be afraid ofto be frightened of be away leave be eager to be very interested in be frowned upto be thought of as shameful be made up ofconsist of beat to defeat or do better than behavior someone’s behavior is how they behave belly the stomach or the front part of the body besiege to surround a place, especially with an army, to prevent people or supplies getting in or out betrayal being unfaithful to someone biologist a scientist who studies biology blacksmitha person who makes and repairs iron tools and horseshoes bloody including much killing blow up explode box-officea commercially very successful film bracelet a piece of jewelry which is worn around the wrist or arm break away fromto leave or to escape from someone who is holding you break intoto get into a building or car using force, usually to steal something bride a woman who is about to get married or has just got married bridge the gapto connect two things or to make the difference between them smaller bring back to lifeto revive brittle delicate and easily broken burn down to destroy something, especially a building, by fire, or to be destroyed by fire bury to put a dead body into the ground, or to put something into a hole in the ground and cover it by accidentby chance by way of by C

calculate to judge the number or amount of something by using the information that you already have, and adding, multiplying, subtracting or dividing numbers calligraphy(the art of producing) beautiful writing calm down to stop feeling upset cancel outto remove the effect of one thing by doing another

thing which has the opposite effect capital a city which is the centre of government of a country or smaller political area capital a city which is the centre of government of a country or smaller political area care about to show interest in castle a large strong building, built in the past by a ruler catch the to get someone’s attention cathedral a very large, usually stone, building for Christian worship ceiling the inner surface of a room which you can see when you look above you celebrate to take part in special enjoyable activities in order to show that a particular occasion is important century a period of 100 years

compass a device for finding direction which has a freely moving needle that always points to magnetic north compassiona strong feeling of sympathy and sadness for the suffering or bad luck of others and a desire to help them compete to try to be more successful than someone or something else competitionwhen someone is trying to win something, an organized event in which people try to win a prize completelyin every way or as much as possible conflict fighting between two or more groups of people or countries conquer to take control or possession of foreign land, or a group of people, by force conquistadora conqueror conservativetending not to like or trust change, especially

championshipa high-level competition to decide who is the best, especially in a sport channel a passage for water or other liquids to flow along character a person, especially when you are describing a particular quality that they have charge the amount of electricity that an electrical device stores or that a substance carries charged storing electricity charisma a special power which some people possess naturally which makes them able to influence other people and attract their attention and admiration charity a system of giving money, food or help free to those who are in need because they are ill, poor or homeless, or any organization which is established to provide money or help in this way chick a baby bird, especially a young chicken chief the person in charge of a group or organization, or the ruler of a tribe childbirththe act of giving birth to a baby churchmana man who is actively involved in the church, especially as a priest circuit a race track, running-track etc. cirque a deep semicircular hollow located on a mountain slope claim to say that something is true or is a fact clan a group of families, especially in Scotland, who srcinate from the same family and have the same name climate the average weather conditions of a particular region of the world over a long period of time, with regard to temperature, rainfall, air pressure, etc. close to almost clumsy awkward in movement or manner colleague one of a group of people who work together colony a country or area controlled politically by a more powerful and often distant country come to an endto finish come up withto suggest an idea or plan comfort a pleasant feeling of being relaxed and free from pain to make a comment comment to do something illegal or something that is commit considered wrong common the same in a lot of places or for a lot of people common-lawsomeone who is not officially a wife or husband but is considered to be one because she or he has been living with their partner for a long time commonwealtha country or part of a country that is governed by its people or representatives elected by its people

sudden change consider to think of ~as constant staying the same, or not getting less or more contain to have something inside or include something as a part contentionthe disagreement that results from opposing arguments continentone of the seven large land masses on the Earth’s surface, surrounded, or mainly surrounded, by sea and usually consisting of various countries contrary toopposite to controversya lot of disagreement or argument about something, usually because it affects or is important to many people convince to persuade someone or make them certain courage the ability to control your fear in a dangerous or difficult situation court a large room in a building where trials and other legal cases happen, or the people present in such a room, especially the officials and those deciding whether someone is guilty crack to break something so that it does not separate crash an accident, especially one which damages a vehicle crevasse a very deep crack in the thick ice of a glacier crime illegal activities criminal relating to crime, someone who commits a crime cross an object in the shape of a cross( ) used as a symbol of Christianity crucify to kill someone by tying or nailing them to a cross and leaving them there to die cruel extremely unkind and unpleasant and causing pain to people or animals intentionally current a movement of water, air or electricity, in a particular direction custom a way of behaving or a belief which has been established for a long time D

dairy a place on a farm where milk and cream are kept and cheese and butter are made, or a company which supplies milk and products made from milk damage harm or injury deal with to handle, to take action in order to achieve something or in order to solve a problem debate serious discussion of a subject in which many people take part

Vocabulary List

169

declare to announce something clearly, firmly, publicly or officially defeat to win a victory over someone in a fight, war or competition degree a course of study at a college or university, or the qualification given to a student who has completed this delay to make something happen at a later time than srcinally planned or expected demand to ask for something forcefully depositionthe laying down on the earth’s surface depressiona part in a surface which is slightly lower than the rest destroy to damage something so badly that it does not exist or cannot be used devise to invent a plan, system, object, etc., usually cleverly or

emigrate to leave a country permanently and go to live in another one emotionalhaving and expressing strong feelings encourage to make someone more likely to do something endangeredanimals or plants which may soon not exist because there are very few now alive energetic having or involving a lot of energy enroll to put yourself or someone else onto the official list of members of a course, college or group enter to come or go into a particular place entertain to keep a group of people interested or amused entire whole or complete entrance a door, gate, etc. by which you can enter a building or place not harmful to the environment environmentally-friendly

imaginatively die out to become less common and finally stop existing direction the position towards which someone or something moves or faces director a manager of an organization, company, college, etc. disagreementdifference in each other’s opinion disappear to not exist any more disappearancewhen someone or something disappears discouragedhaving lost your confidence or enthusiasm for something discussionwhen people talk about something and tell each other their ideas or opinions disease illness of people, animals, plants, etc., caused by infection or a failure of health rather than by an accident diverse varied or different divorce when a marriage is ended by an official or legal process dominate to control or rule a country doping taking illegal medicines double to be twice the size, amount, price, etc. downward towards a lower position dowry in some societies, an amount of money or property which a woman’s parents give to the man she marries drug any natural or artificially made chemical which is used as a medicine dub to give a name

equator an imaginary line drawn around the middle of theEarth especiallyvery much establish to start a company or organization that will continue for a long time estimate to guess the cost, size, value, etc. of something ethereal light and delicate, especially in an unnatural way eventuallyfinally except not including; but not exciting making you feel excited execute to do or perform something, especially in a planned way explain to make something clear extremely very

E

Easter a Christian religious holiday to celebrate Jesus Christ’s return to life after he was killed eat away to erode effect the result of a particular influence elder an older person, especially one with a respected position in society election the process of choosing people for office, a time when people vote in order to choose someone for a political or official job electric fielda region surrounding a electrically charged particle electromagneta device made from a piece of iron that becomes magnetic when a changing current is passed through the wire that goes round it embarrassingmaking you feel embarrassed embassy the group of people who represent their country in a foreign country

170

Essence Reading 2

F

facade the front part of a building face to turn or be turned towards something physically; to be opposite faith strong belief in God or a particular religion fall to belong to a particular group, subject or area far away fromnot close to fasting a period of time when you eat no food feather one of the many soft light things which cover a bird’s body, consisting of a long thin central part with hair-like material along each side feed on to eat female of a woman fever a medical condition in which the body temperature is higher than usual and the heart beats very fast figure the shape of the human body, or a person fingerprintthe pattern of curved lines on the end of a finger or thumb firearm a gun that can be carried easily fisherman someone who catches fish, especially as their job flightlessnot able to fly flipper one of two arm-like parts of particular sea creatures float to stay on the surface of a liquid and not sink flu an infectious illness which is like a very bad cold, but which causes a fever folktale a story that parents have passed on to their children through speech over many years follow suitto do the same thing as someone else follow up withto continue with forbid to refuse to allow something, especially officially, or to prevent a particular plan of action by making it impossible

freedom the condition or right of being able or allowed to do, say, think, etc. whatever you want to, without being controlled or limited freeze change water into ice friendly behaving in a pleasant, kind way towards someone frustrateddisappointed function to work or operate furthermorein addition; more importantly G

gather aroundto bring or come together in one place generationall the people of about the same age within a society get back to return to a place after you have been somewhere else

get rid ofto free or relieve oneself of something or someone undesirable or unwanted get togethermeet each other give birth toto produce a baby, to be the cause of something give off to produce heat, light, a smell or a gas give out to give something for free give up to stop doing something before you have completed it, usually because it is too difficult glacier a large mass of ice which moves slowly global warminga gradual increase in world temperatures caused by polluting gases go out to leave a room or building, especially in order to do something for entertainment governor a person in charge of a particular political unit granular made of granules gravity the force which attracts objects towards one another, especially the force that makes things fall to the ground grow to gradually become an adult H

hang to fasten or support something at the top leaving the other parts free to move harmful causing harm have a mind of one’sto control the way one behaves independently have a soft spotto have a warm feeling for someone or something have had to be able to tolerate no more of it to have no voice in a matter have little to say in have to do with~to be related to hazard something that is dangerous head the position of being in charge headpiece a hat heart attacka serious medical condition in which the heart does not get enough blood, causing great pain and often leading to death height the distance from the top to the bottom of something, or the quality of being tall hide to put something or someone in a place where they cannot be seen or found hire to employ someone hit hard timeto be in trouble HIV the virus that causes AIDS(= a serious disease that

destroys the body’s ability to fight infection) holy very religious or pure honor a quality that combines respect, pride and honesty horrible very unpleasant or bad horsepowera unit for measuring the power of an engine householda family huge extremely large in size or amount humid (of air and weather conditions) containing extremely small drops of water in the air humiliatingmaking someone feel ashamed hymn a song of praise that Christians sing to God I

illegal against the law; not allowed by law a disease of the body or mind illness manuscripts decorated with illuminated manuscripts elaborate designs immigrant a person who has come to a different country in order to live there permanently impress to cause someone to admire or respect you because of something that you have done or said in a row one after another without a break in comparison tocompared to in danger ofin a situation in which someone may suffer from harm in favor ofsupporting in honor ofto commemorate something in place ofinstead of in return forin exchange for in search trying to find something in shock being shocked in total the amount obtained when several smaller amounts are added together

independentnot influenced or controlled in any way by other people inhabit to live in a place injured hurt or physically harmed innocent having very little experience and not knowing about the bad things that happen in life instrumentan object, such as a piano, guitar or drum, which is played to produce musical sounds introduceto put something into use, operation or a place for the first time involved connected J

jetlag the tiredness caused by long-distance air travel jewelry decorative objects worn on your clothes judge a person who is in charge of a trial in a court K

keep in touch withto maintain contact with keep up to continue without stopping or changing kingdom a country ruled by a king or queen knit close to know by heartto memorize

Vocabulary List

171

L

lava hot liquid rock which comes out of the earth through a volcano, or the solid rock formed when it cools leader a person in control of a group, country or situation lean to(cause to) slope in one direction, or to move the top part of the body in a particular direction leather animal skin treated in order to preserve it, and used to make shoes, bags, clothes, equipment, etc. legal allowed by the law legalize to allow something by law legend a very old story from ancient times length the measurement of something from end to end or along its longest side let go to stop holding something or move into a horizontal position on a surface lie to be in lifespan the length of time for which a person, animal or thing exists lift to move something from a lower to a higher position literaturewritten materials such as novels, poems, and plays live off to live by using something lively having or showing a lot of energy and enthusiasm, or showing interesting and exciting thought local from, existing in, serving, or responsible for a small area, especially of a country loop wire an oval shaped single coil lose balanceto lose physical stability in which the weight of a body is evenly distributed M

magnetic with the power of a magnet main larger, more important or more influential than others of the same type make a mistakedo a regrettable action make inroads into encroach make moneyto earn money to finally achieve what one make one’s dream come TRUE eagerly has wanted make one’s fortuneto become prosperous make waves to be very active so that other people notice you, often in a way that intentionally causes trouble mammal any animal of which the female gives birth to babies mandatory required martial arta sport that is a traditional Asian form of fighting or defending yourself masters a degree above the level Bachelor mate to have sex and produce young meal an occasion when food is eaten, or the food which is eaten on such an occasion measles an infectious disease which produces small red spots all over the body measure to discover the exact size or amount of something, or to be of a particular size medieval related to the Middle Ages meet in the middleto compromise melodic relating to the melody in a piece of music melt to turn from something solid into something soft or liquid merchant a person whose job is to buy and sell products in large amounts, especially by trading with other countries mercy kindness and forgiveness shown towards someone whom you have authority over

172

Essence Reading 2

middle-classa social group that consists of well-educated people, such as doctors, lawyers, and teachers, who have good jobs and are neither very rich nor very poor mighty having great strength military servicearmy training that young people must do in some countries minor having little importance, influence or effect mistake to be wrong about monument a statue or building that is built to honor a special person or event moody often unfriendly because they feel angry or unhappy mountainoushaving a lot of mountains mouth the place where a river flows into the sea moviegoer a person who regularly goes to watch films at the cinema mud earth that has become wet and sticky Muslim a person who follows the religion of Islam N

name afterto give someone or something the same name as another person or thing nationalista person who wants political independence for their country necklace a piece of jewelry worn around the neck negative of the type of electrical charge which is carried by electrons, not hopeful, or tending to consider only the bad side of a situation neighboringnear an adjacent territory neutral not saying or doing anything that would encourage or help any of the groups involved in an argument or war no longer in the past but not now nomad a member of a group of people who move from one place to another rather than living in one place all of the time nominate to officially choose someone for a job normal ordinary or usual; the same as would be expected nowadays at the present time O

object a thing that you can see or touch but that is not usually a living animal, plant or person observe to watch carefully official a person who has a position of responsibility in an organization on top of on opposing competing or fighting against each other opposite something or someone that is completely different from another person or thing organize to make arrangements for something to happen organizer a host srcin the beginning or cause of something, a person’s family background or ancestry out of one’s mindunable to behave or deal with things normally because something has made you very worried, unhappy or angry out of shamefeeling shameful oval shaped like an egg overall in general rather than in particular overtake to go beyond something by being a greater amount or degree overtakingcatching up with and going past a car

overthrowto defeat completely own to have something that legally belongs to you

protest a strong complaint expressing disagreement, disapproval or opposition put on holdto delay

P

palace a large house that is the official home of a king parliamentin some countries, the group of usually elected politicians or other people who make the laws for their country participateto take part in an activity particle an extremely small piece of matter party an organization of people with particular political beliefs which competes in elections to try to win positions in local or national government pass away to die pass down from generation to generation to be inherited routemoney or track and another pathtoa give to between someoneone for place something you want to buy pay or for services provided pay for to be punished for doing something bad to someone else, or to suffer because of a mistake that you made pay off to have a fruitful result perform to do an action or piece of work, to entertain people by dancing, singing, acting or playing music permissionconsent personalitythe type of person you are, which is shown by the way you behave, feel and think pile up to form a pile, or to put a lot of things into a pile plenty of (the state of having) enough or more than enough, or a large amount plot the story of a book, film, play, etc. plumage a bird’s covering of feathers point to aim something pointed having sharp end poison to spoil, to kill a person or animal or to make them very

Q

qualify to have the legal right qualifyinga preliminary section of a competition quite a bita lot R

radically basically rainfall rain, or the amount of rain that falls rainforesta forest in a tropical area which receives a lot of rain raise to obtain money, to take care of a person, or an animal or plant, until they are completely grown rarely not often rather in preference to; instead of readjust to change in order to fit a different situation refuse to say that you will not do or accept something register to put information, especially your name, into an official list or record relative a member of your family release to allow a substance to flow out from somewhere religious relating to religion remaining continuing to exist or be left after other parts or things have been used or taken away remake a newer version of an old film rent out to allow someone the use of one’s property repel to force something or someone to move away or stop attacking you replace to take the place of something, or to put something or someone in the place of something or someone else

ill by giving them poison poisonousvery harmful and able to cause illness or death pole either of two completely opposite or different opinions, positions or qualities polio a serious infectious disease that can cause permanent paralysis(= inability to move the body) polite caring for other people’s Feelings pope (the title of) the leader of the Roman Catholic Church positive being the type of electrical charge which is carried by protons potentialpowers not yet developed poverty the condition of being extremely poor power stationa factory where electricity is produced pray to speak to a god either privately or in a religious ceremony present happening or existing now prestigiousgreatly respected and admired pretend to behave as if something is true when you know that it is not

reply an answer rescue to help someone or something out of a dangerous, harmful or unpleasant situation respect admiration felt or shown for someone or something that you believe has good ideas or qualities restrictiona regulation retreat to go away from a place or person in order to escape from fighting or danger revolutionthe overthrow of a government revolve to move around riches a large amount of money or valuable possessions rise to move upwards risk the possibility of something bad happening rock to cause someone or something to move backwards and forwards or from side to side in a regular way rough it to live in a very primitive way rub to press or be pressed against something with a circular or up and down repeated movement

prevent to stop something from happening or someone from doing something principal the person in charge of a school prisoner a person who is kept in prison as a punishment proper suitable or correct properly suitably protect to keep someone or something safe from injury, damage or loss

rude not polite; offensive or embarrassing run to be in control of ruthless without thinking or caring about any pain caused to others; cruel S

save to stop someone or something from being killed, injured or destroyed

Vocabulary List

173

scare away to make a person or an animal so frightened that they go away to live in extreme poverty scrape a meager living screenplaythe text for a film sculptor a person forming solid objects out of a material sculpturethe art of forming solid objects out of a material such as wood, clay, metal or stone seclude to isolate security when something is not likely to fail or be lost security guardsomeone whose job involves preventing people going into places without permission, delivering and collecting large amounts of money, or protecting goods from being stolen sediment very small pieces of a solid material which have fallen to the bottom of a liquid

speed up to make something happen or move faster spin to(cause to) turn around and around, especially fast spire a tall pointed structure on top of a building, especially on top of a church tower split up to(cause to) divide into two or more parts, especially along a particular line spread when something moves to cover a larger area or affect a larger number of people sprinkle to scatter a few bits or drops of something over a surface stained glassglass which has been colored and cut into various shapes to form pictures or patterns, used especially in church windows stand to bear something which is unpleasant or difficult stand stillnot moving

sensuous giving or expressing pleasure through the physical senses separated isolated serious needing or deserving your complete attention seriously not joking or intended to amuse serve to work for; to do your duty to set to put something in the stated place or position settle to go and live somewhere, especially permanently severe very serious sexual relating to the activity of sex shameful deserving blame, or being a reason for feeling ashamed shelve to not take action on something until a later time shock to make someone feel upset or surprised shoot to fire a bullet or an arrow, or to hit, injure or kill a person or animal by firing a bullet or arrow at them shower to fall abundantly sign a notice giving information, directions, a warning, etc. similar looking or being almost, but not exactly, the same sin the offence of breaking, or the breaking of, a religious or moral law skilled having the abilities needed to do an activity or job well slender thin and delicate, often in a way that is attractive slope a surface which lies at an angle to the horizontal so that some points on it are higher than others slow down to make someone or something become slower smallpox an extremely infectious disease which causes a fever, spots on the skin and often death smuggling taking goods into a country secretly and illegally snowflake a small piece of snow soil the mixture of fragmented rock, plant and animal debris that lies on the surface of the Earth, above the bedrock, containing water and air, as well as living organisms such as bacteria, fungi and invertebrates solemn serious and without any amusement solve to find an answer to a problem somber dark and plain

statisticsnumerical facts stay-at-homesomeone who does not like to go to parties or events outside the home and is considered boring step on to put one’s foot down on it storyline (in a book, film, play, etc.) the plot stretch to extend in space strict greatly limiting someone’s freedom strike to hit or attack someone or something forcefully or violently stroke a sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the brain, which can cause a loss of the ability to move particular parts of the body strongly very much or in a very serious way struggle to strive vigorously suburb an area on the edge of a large town or city succeed to have the desired results successfulachieving the desired results suffer to undergo physical or mental pain suicide the act of killing yourself intentionally, or a person who has done this supervisionwhen someone watches a person or activity and makes certain that everything is done correctly, safely, etc. support to give a person the money survive to continue to live or exist switch to change sword a weapon with a long sharp metal blade and a handle, used especially in the past

clever sophisticated to do complicated tasksin a complicated way and therefore able sought-afterwanted by many people and usually of high quality or rare spark a tiny red-hot glowing fiery particle that jumps out from some burning material species a set of animals or plants in which the members have similar characteristics to each other and can breed with each other

174

Essence Reading 2

T

take a hard lineto be very severe in the way that you deal with someone or something take advantage ofto use take care ofto look after someone or something take in to eat or drink take one’s to be extremely beautiful or surprising take over to get control of something to challenge or take someone or something by storm compete with them tale a story, especially one which might be invented or difficult to believe tax (an amount of) money paid to the government, which is based on your income or of the cost of goods or services you have bought tell apart to be able to see the difference between two very similar things or people

temperate (of weather conditions) neither very hot nor very cold temple a building used for the worship of a god or gods in some religions terrible very unpleasant or serious or of low quality territory (an area of) land or sometimes sea, which is considered as belonging to or connected with a particular country or person text words or lyric lines thick having a large distance between two sides thus in this way tight held or kept together firmly or closely tilting a slanting position tired in need of rest or sleep title the position you get by beating all other competitors in a

vote for to express your choice or opinion, especially by officially marking a paper or by raising your hand or speaking in a meeting

sports competition toboggan a long light sledge tough strong; not easily broken or weakened or defeated toxic poisonous track a specially prepared course for racing traditionalfollowing or belonging to the customs or ways of behaving that have continued in a group of people or society for a long time without changing transactiondealing translate to change words into a different language transmit to pass something from one person or place to another transport to take goods or people from one place to another triple having three parts of the same type tropic one of the two imaginary lines around the Earth try an attempt to do something turn on to attack or criticize someone suddenly and unexpectedly

when they come to the place where you are within inside woodwork the wooden parts of a building, especially a house work out to be the result of a calculation wrap to cover or enclose something with paper, cloth or other material

W

waddle to walk with short steps, swinging the body from one side to the other wake up to(cause to) become conscious after sleeping warring at war with each other warrior a soldier, usually one who has both experience and skill in fighting, especially in the past weapon any object used in fighting or war, such as a gun, bomb, sword, etc. welcome to meet and speak to someone in a friendly way

showing all the characteristics that you would usually typical expect from a particular group of things U

unbelievableextremely surprising undergo to experience something which is unpleasant or which involves a change unemploymentthe state of not making money unfriendlynot friendly unify to bring together to form a single unit unkind slightly cruel unlocked not locked unpopularnot liked by many people up to until upset angry usual normal; happening, done or used most often V

verbally by mouth version a particular form of something which varies slightly from other forms of the same thing victim someone or something which has been hurt, damaged or killed or has suffered villain a bad person who harms other people or breaks the law violence actions or words which are intended to hurt people violent using force to hurt or attack

Vocabulary List

175

MEMO

Essence Reading 2

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