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2. Period responsibilitl,. Airn of lvatch l. For safetl' f life rropefty sea. the marine nvironment 2. Plevention pollution f themarine EXPLAIN ROUTINB WATCH KEEPING TAKING OVER AN ACCEPTTNG WATCH (CKL) hand over the watch o the shouldnot handover chargeof th watch shouldnot The Engineer fficer in chargeof relieving ngineer fficer fhe has eason believe hat he atter s obviously ot the chief which case e shouldnotify shouldnotify thechief capable carrying ut his duties ffectively n whichcase engineer ffi accordingly. r.vatch ntil he exatnined akeover he r.vatchntil The relieving ngirreer filcershould filcer should ot akeover orvnobservations. checkedliat checked liat t is accordance ith his orvnobservations. engine oom og
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takingovcr lte vatchie vatch ie should atisfy inrself egarding; Prior o takingovcr chiefengineel chiefengineel fficer. ldersarrcl pecial rrstructions Standing ldersarrcl p e r f b n n i n gl gl r e i r L r t i e s 2" Thenrerrrbers The nrerrrbersf h i s i ' a t c h a p p a r e n t l y ' f i r l l l ' c a p a b l e effbctivelv. potential azards. ersonnelnvolvecl nvolvecl beingperfbrrnecl,ersonnel 3. Nature rvorli beingperfbrrnecl, vhcre pplicable, 4. Level residuesn bilge.ballast bilge.ballast anks. lop anks, eserve conditionol'rvater conditionol'rvater r residuesn anks,an anks, sewage anks,an tanks, resh vater anks,sewage conterttshere ii. special equirernentsor use disposirl conterttshere torageacilities. vhere pplicable conditions f fuel n all fLrel torageacilities. 5. Level 6 . C o n d i t i o n n dmode d mode o n e r a t i o n Variousmain Variousmainancl ancl uxiliary ystenls, Ir4onitoring control onsole quiprnent, iii. Autolnatic oiler orrtrols. u ' e a t l t e Lc, e , c l n t a u r i n a t e d se s u l t i n gl ' o r r 1 . P o t c n t i a l l y d v e r s eo e o n d i t i o n se shallorv vater. assigned 8. Reports engine oonr atinss 9. Availability fire ighting ppliances heir nost fl'ective port: CKL) l . A r r yp yp o r t e g t r l r t i o n s e l t u i n i u g Shipafflucnts, Ship afflucnts, f-ire i ghting equirernents, iii" Ship eadirtess. 2 . L i n e s c o r r n r u n i c a t i o nv a i l a b l e e t w e e n irrcluding autholities.
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Bridge orclers elating changes n speedor directionofoperation ar ii i m m e d i a t e l ym p l e m e n t e d . nderconstant auxiliary ysteuls nderconstant nrainpropulsion lant 2" Should supervision ntil properly elieved. spaces steering oursofthe machinery adequateoursofthe should nsure made or the purPose f eporting quipment alfunctions r breakdowns, observing performing directing outineadjustments, othernecessary othernecessaryasks' required pkeep iii. actionnecessaryo contain he effects damage esulting rom equipment 4. Take loodingetc. breakdown,ire, loodingetc. of fire ocation, amiliarwith metnbers f the watch Ensure and he various afety recautionso b observed. fightingequipment, fightingequipment,heir othermember f the watch o inforrn potentially azardous onditions. Oi1.eci ny othermember Arrange or substitute ersonrrel the event incapacity f any watchpersonnel' rnachinery paces be able o administer 8. Be awire potential azards f i r s ta ta i d . responsible machinery pace perations espite presence t Continue chiefengineer chiefengineer fficer n the machinery paces. pressures cylinders. 10. Cheik i'dicator diagra'ts o obtainpower Inport: 1 . B e a m i l i a rw i t h controls Ship'sballast Ship'sballast ystelr appropriateesponseo the alarmsystems boarddetection alarmsystems All ship boarddetection activation f those ystellls. 2. Be aware Cargo Perations atersuPPlie Operational atersuPPlie machinery or stand-by elllergency ondltlons ready prepare ship as equired. Heshould possiblemeasures prevent amage' alarm l. ln eprergelcies, ound cargoofficer'sneeds elating Be aware cargoofficer's unloading f the cargo' Equipnrentequired n the oading ontrolsystems. othership othership stability ontrolsystems. Ballast 3.EnsurethatprecautionsaretakentopreventaccidentsordamagetotheVartou electrical lrydraulic pneumatic Mechanical ysten'lsf the shiP.
the event bridgeshould bridgeshould e rnmediately otified n theevent 1. Fire. cause eductionn eduction n ship'sspeed. rnachinery paces ship'sspeed. 2. Of impending ctions rnachinerypaces Imminent teeringailure teeringailure stoppage f ship'spropulsion ystern. thegeneration f electric ower. 4. Any alterationn thegeneration 5. Any othersimilar othersimilar hreat o safety. herepossible hould accomplishedefore accomplishedefore hanges remade Thisnotification Thisnotification herepossible re made n he maximum vailableime order o afford he bridge hemaximum vailableime o takewhatever takewhatever ctions re possibleo avoid potentialmarine m arine asualty. 6 . E X P L A I N N A V I G A T I O N I N C O N G E S T E DW DW A T E R S . The engineer fficer n charge fthe rvatch hould nsure l. All machinerynvolved machinerynvolvedwith with themaneuvering the maneuvering shipcan ship can mmediately placed in rnanual rodes f operation notified hat heship he ship s in congested aters. An adequateeserve adequateeserve por.ver availablebr availablebr steering. 3. Emergency teering ndother nd otherauxiliary auxiliary quipment re eady or irnmediate operation. 7 . E X P L A I N N A V I G A T I O N D U R I N G R E S T R I C T E DV DV I S I B L I T Y . Duringnavigation Duringnavigationn n restricted isibility. he engineer fficer n charge vatch should Ensure pemanentair or steam ressure sound ignals. 2. Be ready o respondo respond o anybridge any bridgeorders. orders. 3. Ensure auxiliarymachinery auxiliarymachinery sed or ntaneuverings readilyavailable. readilyavailable.
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W T I E ND N D O Y O U C A L L C H I E F E N G I N E E R ? WFL) I. Whenengine Whenengine amage r malfunctions ccur. 2. Whendamage Whendamage r breakdown f propulsionmachinery, uxiliary nachi nery, rnonitoring governing ystems ccur. In emergencies in situations henhe hen he s in doubtas doubtas o whatdecision what decision lneasures to takesuch takesuch engine oom looding. 4 The engineer tl-icel charge f the watchshould watchshould n additionnot additionnot hesitateo hesitateo take i m m e d i a t ec ec t i o n . E X P L A I N W A T C H A T A N U N S H E L T E R E DA DA N C H O R A G E . engineer fficer charge f the watchshould watchshould nsLrre L Periodic nspections nspections nrade f all operating rrd tand-bymachinery. 2. Main auxiliarymachinery auxiliarymachinerys s maintained a state f readiness. 3. Measures re aken protect he environment pollutionby the ship. All darnage ontroland ontrol and ire fightingsystems fightingsystems readiness. IO. ENGINE ROONIWATCH KEEPING ROUTINtis. NIAII,']EIYGINE NIAII,']EIYGINE
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Turbochargers. filters clean) discharge ressure coolingwaterF.W. outlet emperature exhausf as emperaturenlet outlet Lubricating il flow, nlet outlet emperature. level L.O. gravity ank for T/C L.O. drain
Middleplatform evel S c a v e n g ei r c o o l e r Air inlet outlet emperature. S.W. nlet outlet emDerature 2 . c y l i n d e ru b r i c a t o r
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oildelivery evel n cylinder il tank or ubricator
Rocker rnt ubricator
oildelivery oil evel n feeder il tank
4. M/E scavengepace rains crackopen 5. Oil level M/ governor governor mplifierunit Bottomplatforrn evel Piston ooling return emperature flow in sightglasses Feel errperature crankcase oors thrustbearing asing Running noise evel 4. Lineshaftbearing telxperature oil evel Stern L.O. enrperature L.O.pressure level n L.O. drain S.T. UpperL.O. gravity
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Camshaftubricating il pump mechanical eal or leakase ii. bearing ernperature iii. discharge ressure FUEL YALVE COOLING Oil level n fuel valvecoolingoil tank 2. Oil temperatureo fuel valves 3. Fuelvalvecooling pump mechanical eal or leakage bearingtemperature iii. discharge ressure JACI(ET WATER SYSTEM l. Main a u x i l i a r y . W .c o o l e r F.W. inlet outlet emperature inlet outlet elnperature F . W e x p a n s i o na n k e v e l 3 . M a i n F . W .c o o l i n g i I p u n r p mechanical eal or leakage bearingtemperature iii. discharge ressure LUBE. OIL SYSTEM l. Pressureifferential crossllters evel n M / E L . O .d r a i n ii. LorverL.O. drain ank or M/E stuffing 3 . M a i nL . O .c o o l i n g p u m p i. mechanicaleal or leakage ii herlins ernnerature iii. d i s c h a r g er e s s u r e Purifier level n wormgearhousing bowl speed oil flow waterdischarges oil content inlet elnperature suction nddischarge ressure s l u d g ea n k e v e l vii. operatingvater evel L.O.c o o l e r L.O. nlet outlet emDerature
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bowl speed oil flow iii. waterdischarges oil content oil inlet emperature suctionan discharge ressure evel sludge vii. operating ater ank evel 3. Fueloil viscosity temperature engine 4. Back washF.O. secondarvilters F.O.primarypump Mechanical eal or leakage Bearing enlperature iii. D i s c h a r e et l t e r ' F.O.settling serviceanks i. Drain water i'om ank F.O. emperatr-rre iii. Oil level n tank PURIFTER ROOX( (WFL) l. F.O.supply irres br lea kage 2. Steamines valves leakage 3. Operating ater eakage 4. Purifier supply 5. Check hat he exhaust n running Load purifiermotors AIR SYSTEMS (tr/FL) l. Air compressors oil level n crankcase f-eelernperaturef crankcase drain nter-coolers after-coolers and H.P discharge ressure L.O. pressure,ir delivery emperature Coolingwater emperature pressure 2. Drain water rorn i. rnainair reservoir ii. control reservoir iii. s h i ps e r v i c e i r r e s e r v o i r iv. compressedir oil separa tor Main air reservoir ressure pumpup f low 4. One eservoir hould kept closed t full pressure hile he other S T E E R I N GG E A R ( t ' , F L )
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visual nspection tl.re teering ea an ts connectinginkage g. Operatiorr th meansof comnrunication etween he navigatingbridge and he comPaftment steering 9. Check or leakage ro th system 10. Check hat sliding surfaces re properly ubricated l. Check ha he ndividual grease ipplesor centralgreasing ystemar ull and providing ubrication AUXILIARY BOILER (WFL) Blorv hrough he water evelgauges. FeelF.D. an bearing elnperature B o i l e rd r u m water evel testwater evelalarms stealn ressure iii. 4. Cornbustion f firel n furnace cleanbright lame,no sparking Fuel supply ines or leakage pressure Fuel temperature 1 Oily drain nspection level check ortraces foil valves or leakage Steam ines Boilerblow dorvn ines emperature 10. Boiler safety alve ines errrperature purnps l. Boiler or leakage mechanical bearing etnperature discharge ressure iii. 12. Funnel tnoke olor Carryout boiler water ests ECONO]IIISER B o i l e rw a t e r i r c u l a t i n g u n l p glands leakage bearing entperature discharge ressure iii. emperaturenlet outlet Exhaust Exhaust pressure ELECTRICAL PLANT l. All rrtotors,-eel 2. bearingtemperattlre
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C0NTROL ROOM PANEL (WFL) l. Alarmenunciators 2. Equipment tateenunciators 3. Provision efiigerated oont emperatures 4. Boiler drum remote evel ndicators 5. Pumpsand dieselgenerator or stand-by tatus FRESH WATER GENERATOR (CKL, U/FL) l. Condensateevel n condenser 2. Temperaturehange cross heat xchanger 62:8 condenser 30-36 6 degC 3. Shell enrperature 4. Vacuunr ofHg FreshwateroutpLrt uantity p.p.m. ea alt 6. Salinonretereadings l. Over lows l'ornF.W. anks(Donrestic Ejector condensateumps glands or leakage ii. bearingternperature i i i . d i s c h a r g er e s s u r e DIESEL GENERATOR L.O. ank evel l. Oil level clank case, pressure temperature 2. Lube 3. Coolingwater emperaturepressure 4. Rockerarm L.O. pressure Erhaust enrperatureftereachunit Turbocharger filters air discharge ressure iii. exliaust emperaturenlet outlet l u b r i c a t i n gi l l e v e l 7. Inlet temperature 8. Seau,ater irculation lrrouglr oolers plessure Fuel njection quiprnent leakage 10. Feel emperaturefcrank case oors I 1. Govelnor il level
iii. i. ii. iii. 5. 6. 7. 8.
suction ressure bars) temperature degC C max. Discharge ressure 12bars) temperature 60 degC rnax. L . O . p r e s s u r ea k g l c m 2 ) / t e m p e r a t u r e Coolingwaterpump mechanical eal or leakage bearing emperature discharge ressure Conrpressorhaftseal or leakage Oil separator check hat he oil return in is warmer ha he crankcase Temperature f t he refrigerated pace Cornpressoru nning ours
MISCELLA]VEOUS l. Bilge oily bilge evels 2. Potableand sanitary ystemhydrophores Fire G . S .pumpp r e s s u r e W H A T O B S E R V A T T O N SD O Y O U M A K E I N C O N TR O L R O O M ? (WFL) M.E. L.O. SYSTEXT L.O. nlet Bearing .O. nlet iii. Piston ooling il inlet L.O. ilter nlet Camshaft .O. nlet L.O. nlet Punrp lllurk R.P.M. T/C R.P.N4. 3. M.E. COOLING IYATER SYSTE\T Cooling .W. nlet C o o l i n g . W .o u t l e t water iii. F . V .c o o l i n g i l o ut l e t Cooling .W. coolernlet 4. ]IT.E.A IR SYSTE]IT Startingir Main r e s e r v o i r . scavenge outlet iii. Scavengeir rranifold Speed ontrol P. o PG governor' Controlair reservoir vii. Ship ervice ir P.
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NAME 2 TYPES OF AIR COMPRESSORS Reciprocating Rotary ane Rotaryscrerv Liquid ing
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
LIST ANY SAFETY FEATURES FOUND ON AIR COMPRESSORS L.P. H.P.safety alve. Jacket aterburstins iscor reliefvalve Compressor L.O. pressure Coolingwaterhigh emperature Conrpressedir outlet(H.P.) igh enrperature
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LIST THE MOUNTINGS RESERVOIR Air inlet alve Air orrtlet alve or rnain ngine Air outletvalve br A/8, controlair, shipservice ir F u s i b l e l L r g sm e l ta t l 2 I d e g Drainvalves 6. Safety alve Pressureauge onnectionsolating alve 6 . H O W A N D W H Y I S M O I S T U R E R E M O V E D F R O M C O M P R E S S E DA I R ? B e c a u s eh, e n o i s t u l en a i r w i l l c a u s e rvill vash he oil film off the cylinderwall 2. Starting ir system xplosion E x c e s s i v ey l i n d e ri n e l piston wear Corrosion THEREANY RULE GOVERNING STARTING A I TTRESERVOIRS?
SIZE
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S l u g g i s hu c t i o n a l v e : air drawn nto hecylinderwill be returnedhrough he defective Part l l g first t l l J ( part of deliverystroke. alveduring l v g U t l l l l l g r he suction s ULtlUIl Vd ,.
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Partof the compressed delivered uring he delivery trokewill return cylinder trring he irst part ofthe suction troke.
PRONETO VALVE TROUBLE? 10. WHY AIR COMPRESSORS every evolution nd he valvemovements reextremely requent. L operates breakage. oil causes alvewear 2. Carbon eposits 3. Due presence f foreignparticles.
B O T T L E S E E DD U R I N G H E I I wHAT ATTENTION WATCH? L Thedrain n he eceiverhould e bloln' periodically. 1 2 . W H A T A R E T HE L I K E L Y C A U S E SO F L O W D E L T V E R YFROM A N A I R COMPRESSOR? lncreasedlearance olume. c l o s i n g f s u c t i o n n dd e l i v e r y a l v e s . 2. Sluggishpening Leakage compressor iston ings. 4. Too high coolingwater nlet emperature. Too high inlet emperature. D i n y a i r n l e ts t r a i n c r s . rJ. WHAT TypE oF vALVES IS FITTED oN AIR coMPRESSoRS? non-return alves. Spring oaded late t-_
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15. wHy JACKET COOLTNG S NECESSARY N AIR COMPRESSORS? L lorvershe vorkdonen conrpressinghe air. Prevents lot mechanical roblems, hichcouldarise f the ernperature uncontrolled. L-
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cracks.
HOW DO A I R C O M P R E S S O R ? WFL) O p e na l l v a l v e s n t h e p i p e . Check he oil level n the crankcase. Remove the valves n each ylinderand nsert little into he cylinder. Turn he compressor few revolutions. 5. Ensure coolingwater s re-circulating. 6. Openblow-off valves n coolers'w aterseparators drainoff all moisture.Close the valvesafter a shor-t eriod. 7. Whenstarting he L.P. suction alvemustalways e n the open position.This done nanually r automati cally y tneans f pneumatic ontrols. Check diesel enerator. Norv,start compressor. RUN]VIIVG When he compressors well underway, L . P .d i s c h a r g e : o 5 K g f / cm2. H . P .d i s c h a r g e :5 t o 3 0 K g f / c m 2 . 2. Duringoperation, pen he blorvoff valves n thecoolers'waterseparators r a moment intervals. STOPPII,IG valveson thecoolers'water eparatorslightly o drainoff all Open he blorv moisture. Set he unloader ever n thevertical osition stop he printe nover. Close charging alveon theair bottle. Thenopen blow valves n the coolers'w aterseparatorsully WHAT ROUTINE MAINTENANCE WORK MAIN AIR COMPRESSORS? Cleanair inlet -ilter oil filter. Clean nd nspect uction d i s c h a r g ea l v e s .
WILL CARRY OUT ON
9.
Grease earings n electricmotors.
STARTING AIR CAUSESAND PREVENTION 19. WHAT SYSTEM EXPLOSION? (WFL) CAUSES engine Continuouseaking f defective ylinder ir-starting alvewhile operating. Cylinder ir starting alves ticking the openposition uringmaneuvering. 3. Discharge Iubricating il mist o air starting ystem rom air compressors.
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DETECTION l. By localoverheating f the air starling alvepipe. ACTIO]V L The mainenginemust stopped nd he air starting alveshould immediatelyo limit the darnage. PREVENTION l. Air starting alves nust e correctlymaintained nd ubricated. the systenrm ust kept n a minimum regular raining nd good compressor aintenance.
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Clean Dirry oil ---------water Sludge 2, CLARIFICATION: Liquid Solids eparation Clean il Dirty oil --------Sludge 2. EXPLATNLIQUID FLOW IN PURIFTCATION. 1. From he inlet, he dity oil florvs hrouglr he distributor nto the spacebetween he bowl discswhere eparationakes lace. Water sludgewill move owards he bowl periphery. water eaves bowl by theoutlet hrough gravitydiscand he paringdisc. cleanoil is moved owards he bowl center ndproceeds outlet hrough paringdisc. evel ing gravitydiscdeternines he reewater evel n the bowl andthe positionof the interface. The level ing deternrineshe i'ee level n the bowl. 6. Parinsdisc s stationery urnpswheel,whichdips a li quid ring confined n a pares liquid. rotarypaft P U R I F Y F . O .A N D L . O . ? purifying F.O.. L Largedecreasesn maintenanceosts finjectors exhaust alves. 2. Wear fuel pumps s verymuclr educed. 3. Cylinder iners subject abrasive ctionofsnrall particles fsolid matter, vhich normallypresent oil. 4. Redr.rcedpecific uel consumption. 5. lt possible o use he ubricating il practicallyndefinitely o hatcosts very much educed.
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W H Y A R E T H E H E A V I E R F U E L O I L S U S E DT O D A Y M O R E D I F F I C U L T TO SEPARATE? density fthe oil increases, difference separatingorcesbetween oil, the breign natter nd u,atel s educed. abilityof t he centrifugal purifier o function orrectly then nrpaired. 2. Limits 0.991) density f the uel oil are ixed density, t rvill have th operating emperature fthe centrifugal eparator. operatingenrperature the separator be ess han he boiline point u'ater ue ploblern f loosing hewaterseal.
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FILLING l. Openvalve sealingiquid. Close hevalvewhensealing iquid s visible n wateroutletpipe. 3. Set3-wayvalve or supplyof un-separatedil to the machine. 4. Set suitable low with controlvalveahead f thepump. Checkwith flow meter. 5. Check he separatingemperature. BOWL DISCHARGE DaRING OPERATTON CKL) 1. Shutoffthe supplyofun-separated Displacehe oil by opening valve or adding ealingiquid or about to 20 secs.Thenclose h e valve. 3. Open he valve or bowl opening perating ater. Wait in this position ntil an emptying ound anbe heard.Close he valve mrnediately fter his. Wait some en seconds ntil he bowl closed. 5. Refill hebowl. STOPPING AFTER SL(IDGE DISCHARGE l. Open he valve sealingiquid. C I o s e v a l v ew h e n i q u i d s v i s i b l e n w at e r u t l e t i p e . 3. Stop hemotor. 4. Apply he brake. 5. Close he valve or the bowl closingoperating ater. Releasehe brakewhen he bowl hasstopped. 8 . E X P L A I N T H E W O R K I NG P R I N C I P L E O F P U R I F T E R . l. Separationakes lace n a bowl of self-cleaningt ype. leanoil and separated water dischargedontinuously nderpressure y built paringdiscpumps. 2. The separatedludge s dischargedntermittently hile he sepafators running full soeed.
6. As a clarifier fo oils containingsludgean a very small quantityof waterwhich is dischargedogetherwith the sludge.
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9. STATE THE ALARM FUNCTIONS OF PURIFIERS. Purifiermotor rip at: High pressuren oil outlet 2. Low pressuren oil outlet discharge 4. High oil temperature fter pre-heater 5. Low oil temperature fterpre-heater 6. Emergency topping r vibration 7. Logicallywrongsignal rom purifier WHAT WILL YOU DO IN THE EVENT OF PURIFIER OVERFLOW? (cKL, WFL) A. Heavyphase ontainsight phase L The quantity f sealingiquid s too small 2. Sealing nddisplacement ater low solenoid alvedefective 3. The valve the ight phase utlet closed 4. The hroughputs too large 5. Backplessure high 6. The operating emperature f the purificationoil haschanged gravity disc with too largea hole diameterha beenchosen 1 Sludge ontains rruch processiquid l . T h eb o r v l entirely losed 2. The seal ing around he slidingbowl bottomdoesnot seal Drainnozzle n operating lide clogged 4. Valveplugsdefective 5. Borvlclosingoperating atersolenoid alvedefective closed osition) 6. Bowl opening perating atersolenoid alvedef'ectiveopenposition) 7. Bo'uvl oodseal ing defective Defective perating lidesprings Operating ater ank s ernpty 10. The processiquid s not urnedoffduring sludge ischarge lt. EXPLATN NTERFACE CONTROL PROCEDURE. CKL, WFL) l. After ensuringhat he correct ravitydisc or beingpurified s fitted o the purifier, he machine s started p. 2. As soonas he beenestablishednd he dirly fuel supplied t the correct elnperaturend hroughputate, he back-pressure s increasedradually ntil waterdischarge ontains orne il.
iii. correct hroughput Kg / cm2) iv. most suitableback-pressure nsures maximumoperating fficiency.
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GIVE INTERFACE CONTROL SUGGESTIONS. l. The interface etween il andwatermustbe correctlypositioned us outside he disc stack order obtainmaximumseparating fficiency. 2. The biggest ravitydisc,which doesno cause rokenwater seal, the most suitable. 3. A backpressure lighter hase oil) will result moving he nterface utwards, towards he bowl periphery. Conversely back pressure applied o the heavierphase (water) ischarge, nterface ill move nwards. The nraxirnum eparatingemperaturerrespective f visc osity 5. The maincause f poorcombustion roblemss inefficient peration f the purifier. l'his can often be raced an incorrectgravity disc and ncorrectadjustment f tl-re interface ontrol. I 3 . W H A T A R E T H E C A U S E S F L I G H T P H A S EC O N T A I N S H E A V Y PHASE? S e a l i n gi q u i d s s u p p l i e d o n f i n u o u s l y . heavyphase utlet s closed. 2. Thevalve large. 3. The hroughputs 4. Back-pressure s too low. 5. Longer ntervalbetrveen ludgedischarges. 6. Thesludge pace overfilled clogged. gravitydiscwith too smalla holedianreter asbeen hosen. . I 4 . E X P L A I N T H E V A L V E P O S I T I O N SO F A L . O . P U R I F I E R . BOIVL OPEl,i, SLLlDGE DISCHARGE Borvlclosing perating ater: 2. Bor.vl peningoperating vater:ON displacentent ater: 3. Sealing sludge s throrvn ut of tlreborvl. 4. Status ime: Till the eport s heard, BOII/L OPEN l. Bowl closing perating vater: 2. Borvlopening perating ater: S e a l i n g d i s p l a c e m e n ta t e r : Status inre:For 5 6 seconds,ill thedischarge echanisms emptied hrough drainnozzle the operating lide. BOWL CLOSED l. Borvlclosing perating ater: 2. Borvlopening perating ater:
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Sealing nddisplacement ater: StatusTime: I 2 hours. Sealing iquid is present n the purifier.
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e n a Cargo pumps oil takers. general ervice. Fire
2 . D E S C R I B ET H E P R I N C T P L E OPERATION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS. In centrifugal unrp, he pressure developed rincipally by the actionofcentrifugal forcean he low through li impeller s radialy outwards. 3. NAME THE MAJOR COMPONENTS Pumpcasingand cover 3.
8.
C E N T R T F U G A LP U M P S .
Top andbottomcasing lockingpins Coupling Purnp haft Gland packing lantern Neck bush bottornbush Water servicepipes o stuffing box, bottom bush
4. WHAT POINTSWOULD YOU CHECK WHEN OPENING CENTRIFUGAL PUMP OVERHAUL? Porver upply o the pump been solated. 2. Suction nddischarge alves reshut. glandnuts ernoved nd hegtand iftedclearoff the studs ndsecured. 4. Pressure the Iine been eleased.
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5. WHAT POINTSWOULD YOU CHECK DURING INSPECTION C E N T R I F U G A LP U M P ? rotor otor shaftare irst exarnined.G ive narticular ttention i. rotorsealing urfaces i i . g l a n d a c k i n go c a t i o n i i i . r o t o rb l a d e s journal surfaces fthe bearings Exanrinempeller asing ingsand mpeller or i. wear erosion ii. clearancesetrveen using eeler auges glandpacking ocation, it new packing leeves n If there s considerable rotor shaft. Mechanical glandpacking adjusted r replaced. Examineournal surfaces f the bearings condition ndclearance Exarnine urnpcasing
7. HOW WILL START A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AFTER OVERHAUL? l. Ensurepipelinesare ree rom dirt or other oreign matter. 2. Add little ubricanto theglandpacking r mechanical eal. discharge alve shut suction alve s fully open. 3. Check hat pumpby means f the air cock. Vent any rapped ir from 5. Turn the pump shaftby lrand o ensure hat t is free o rotate. 6. Start he motor and check he rotationof pump. 7. Slowlyopen he discharge alve. 8. To stop he pump, shut he discharge alve an stop he motor. 8. WHAT IS REASON FOR STARTING CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSWITH DISCHARGE VALVE CLOSED? l. By starting pumpwith discharge alveclosed, powerdemandmade pumpon the pumpmotor s kept o the veryminimum. 2. After the pump ha startedand he momentaryhigh motor currentdemandha stabilized, discharge alve s opened. 9 . L I S T T H E FAULTS A S S O C I A T E DW I T H C E N T R I F U G A L P U M P S . l. Failure o staft i. Powersupply o the pumpbeing solated. ii. The shaftassemblymay be seized. 2. Failure printe i. leakage t the pumpgland ii. all oints shouldbe checked tightness 3. Failure o nraintain equired ischarge ressure purnp unningat a speed elownorrnal choked uclion trainer i i i . a na i r e a k suction on the mpeller asing ings excessive 4. Excessive oiseor vibratiorr c a v i t a t i o n u e o u n s u i t a b l eu c t i o n o n d i t i o n s ii. loss impeller alance iii. pump neckbushor bottorn earing ush inerworn excessively IO. WHY ARE CENTRIFUGAL USED COOLING WATER SERVICES? handle. They snall and ight or the volumes f water glandpacking, here s no mechanical 2. Except or pumpbearings, asing ings parts contact etweenhe ixed andmovingpartsof the limited mentioned. 3. Maintenance ecessarvs vervsmall.
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12 HOW IS AIR DE ALT WITH IN A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP? smallpump:purging primingpump For argepump:
13. STATE PUMP CLASSIFICATION. Centrifugal umps Axial flow propeller umps 3. Reciprocatingositive isplacementumps 4. Rotarypositive isplacementumps 5. Ejectors WHAT CAUSES MOTOR TO R U N H O T ? 1. Excessiveasing ing clearance. 2. Liquid heavier ndmoreviscouslran ating. 3. Stuffingboxes oo tight. 4. d han atingallowingpump o handl e oo rnuch iquid. Defects motor. NAME T Y P E S POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS? Reciprocatingunrps Gearpump Screrv Lobe purnp Vanepurnp Eccentric urnp DESCRIBE P R I N C I P L E O F O P E R A T I O N OF R E C I P R O C A T I N G PUMP. 1. The purnp s doubleacting, hat liquid s admitted o eitherside piston where alternatively rawn discharged. I7. WHY ARE POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP PREFERRED LUBRICATING OIL SERVICES? l. Theircharacteristics ntoresuitablehan hose centrifugal urnps. 2. Being positive isplacement nherently priming. WHAT POINTS WOULD YOU CHECK WHEN OPENING DISPLACEMENT PUMP FOR OVERHAUL? l. Exarnine all nrovingparts oiston
A POSITIVE
19. WHY IS AN AIR VESSEL IS NEEDED ON A RECIPROCATI NG POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP? 1. To dampenout the pressure ariations uring discharge. 2. As the discharge ressureises, he air is compressedn the vessel,and as he pressurealls, he air expands. 3. Th peakpressure nergy s thus stored n the air an returned o the systemwhen th pressurealls.
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20. WHAT INSPECTION WILL YOU CARRY OUT ON POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT LUBRICATING OIL PUMP? l. In gearpumps: and adialclearancesf the otorswithin heirhousing. 2. In pumpswith helical orm rotors:Examine surfaces fthe helices otors ii. contactpatternbetween he rotorshelices iii. non-uniformityof contact ndicates nequalwear n th rotor bearingswhich rvill require orrection L I S T T H E F A U L T S A S S OC I A T E DW I T H R E C I P R O C A T I N G P U M P . Gradual eduction n outputover prolonged eriod. Generalw earand ear movingparlsespecially i. Suction nddelivery alves ii. Piston ings cylinder iner 2. Reduction outputovera relatively hoftperiod breaking, tickingor disassemblyf the suction nd or discharge alves choked uction trainer 3. Purnp efuses o staft i. misalignment f any parts eplaced ii. rings oo tight,glands oo tight iii. foreignobject have eft nside iv. incorrectly valve
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circuitsare dead. 2. Switchesand circuit breakers houldbe lockedopenor altematively "NOT TO BE CLOSED" noticeattached. Where fuse been emoved, nranworkingon the eqLripurentn til he finished hould etain 4. Thecircuitshould e checked ith a suitable oltage ndicator. 2. WHAT PRECAUTIONS YOU WILL TAKE BEFORE WORKING ON STORAGE BATTBRIES COMPARTMENT? (WFL) Spacehoroughly entilated. 2. Atnrosphereestedand tbund safe. equipmento be used s of approvedype. Responsible erson n attendancet entrance. 5. Any typeof open lameshould prohibited. 6. All battery onnectionshouldbe keptcleanand ight. 'l . The batterycharges nd all circu ts fe by the batteryshouldbe switchedol rvhen leads le beingconnected r disconnected. protective pronshould e rvom vhen 8. Goggles,ubbergloves handled. WHAT IMMEDIATE ACTION WILL YOU TAKE IN CASES ELECTRIC SHOCK? ACTIO]V l. Switchotf t he current nluredperson iom the danger one. 2. Renrove out any ire, rvhichmay havestarted ith suitable ire extinguishers. alarrn houldbe raised nd he bridge nformed mmediately. 5. Deterrrine nature injuries. i. lfthe respiration ndcirculation re unctioning nd hat he patient s n a state aid lat on his back shouldbe raised of sh ock, he njuredpersonmust blood lows back o his body recovery osition). up so ii. In case respiratoryailLrre, eginartificial espiration mouth o mouth 0 / nrin.). iii. ln case frespiratory circulatory ailure.begincardio-puhnonary resuscitation cornpressionnd I inflation). That s Mouth o mouth esuscitation / min.). / min.),as vellas reartmassagen the second in the lrst place Speed ofessence ere,because absence foxygensupply esultsn the death braincellsafterabout4 minutes. 1 . W H Y I S I T U N S A F ET O E N T E R A N E N C L O S E DS P A C EW I T H O U T TAKING ADEQUATE PRECAUTIONS? WFL)
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2. pump rooms,compressor ooms,battery ockers,and storage ooms Halons. 3. Ballast anks,doublebottom anks. 4. Coffer dams,void spaces,nter-barrier paces' uc keels' 5. Fuel anks,sewageanks,pressure essels' Cable runks,P iPe runks. 7. Inert ga plant scrubber, lower spaces.
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MEASURING ASSIST WHAT INSTRUMENTATION IS AVAILABLE ANYoFTHEHAZARDSTHATCOULDBEFOUNDINANENCLOSED SPACE? WFL) l. Oxygencontentmeter analyzer) ndicator) Explosirnetercombustible 3. Chemical tain ubes
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PERMIT PURPOSE, 1. WHAT permit o work sets rvork o be done
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defined afety rocedure. organized consists asically 3. It forms a clear recordof al th foreseeable azards rl shows he correct of operations precautions. MUST T A K E I } E F O R E MINIMUM PRECAUTIONS WHAT E N C L O S E DS P A C E ? W F L ) ENTERING competent erson houldmake assessmentf the space' A responsible fficer takecharge f theoperation hould identilled. dentifled' potential azards hould 4. The space hould be prepared nd secured or entry' 5. The airnosphere fthe space houldbe testedusingoxygen analyser 'perrnit work' system hould used. nstituted' entryshould during Procedtrresefore 9.STATE6|MPORTANTFEATURESTHATSHOULDBESHowNoNA WORK. (WFL) PERMIT Record Work to be done descriPtion) AuthorizedPerson charge Period validitY Permit iii. Autholizingofficer I-ocation Crew detailed names) ENTRY NTO ENCLOSED SPACES
Access nd llumination dequate. All equipment o be used s of approved ype. 8. When breathingapparatus to be used, Familiarityof userwith apparatuss confirmed. Apparatus asbeen estedan ound o be satisfactory. ii MACHINERY OR EQUIPMENT l. Beforeworking machinery r equipmen t, nsure Removed rom servicean solated rom sources power or heat steam). All relevant ersonnelnformed. iii. Warning otices isplayed. HOT WORK l. Ifhot work to be carried ut. ensure Areasclear o dangerousmaterialan gas ree ii. Ventilation dequate. iii. Equipmentn goodorder. iv. Fire ightingappliances good order. ree. vol HC LFL, Adjacent paces learof combustible aterial l0% vol UFL) '1
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10. NAME PERSONAL EQUIPMENT FOR PROTECTTON. l. Headprotection: afety elmets. 2. Hearing rotection: muffs protection:acialshields, oggles. Face nd 4. Respiratory rotectiveequipment: reathing pparatus. Iland and oot protection: loves, afety hoes. Body protection: afety uits, afety elts. Protection gainst ro rvning:ifejackets, ife buoys.
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II. WHAT CHECKS WILL CARRY OUT ON BREATHINC APPARATUS? (CKL) Pressureauge capacity fair supply. udible larm. 2. Low Facemaskair supplyand ightness.
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I2. WHAT IS THE GENERAL EMERGENCY ALARM SIGNAL? Seven r moreshorlblast ollowed one ongblaston theship'swhistle additionally n an electricall y perated ell.
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1 3 . W H A T P R E C A U T I O N SW I L L Y O U T A K E B E F O R E W O R K I N C O N AUXILIARY MACHINERY? Removed sources f power. service nd solated 2. The starting ir valveor sirrilardevice hould e secured.
MAINENGINE? Main engine urninggearshould engaged a warningnoticedisplayed t he starting osition. 2. Cu of startingair. 3. Before hemainengineurninggear used, heck: i. Indicatorcocksar open personnel clearoffthe crankcase offany movingpart ofthe engine. lll. Chainblocks crane engine attached any ofthe runnins gear. The deckduty officer propeller s clear. confinned hat Ifa hot bearing asbeendetectedn a closed rankcase, Do not opencrankcase ntil 20 minutes fterstopping he engine.When opening p, keepclearoffpossible lantes. opened rankcasehould well ventilatedo expel flammable ases. 5. Before main engine s restafted, responsible ngineer fficershould heck hat he shaft s clear. Duty deckofl'icer hould onfirm hat he propeller s clear. W H A T P R E C A U T I O N SW I L L Y O U T A K E W H I L E T A K I N G C R A N K S H A F T D EF L E C T I O N ? l. Whenever ossible, gauge shorvs egative eadingsn compression positive expansion. Watch he arxperage s he engine s turning of resistance turning. sudden hanges reading hould nvestigatedmrrrediately. W H A T P R E C A U T I O N SW I L L Y O U T A K E B E F O R E W O R K I N G BOILER? Personnel hould tand learoffhot vaporwhendoors opened. person houldenter boileruntil: rnountings re solated afely ronr feedor steatn. Cooledsufficiently. Adequately enti ated. Atmosohereested nd oundsafe. 3. A responsible erson hould enta in attendancet entlance,vhilepersonsemain inside.
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W H A T P R E C A U T I O N SW I L L Y O U T A K E B E F O R E W O R K I N G S T E E R I N GG E A R ? ( W F L ) Work should be done steering whena ship s underway. lf it is necessary wolk when hevessel at sea, The shipshouldbe stopped.
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2. Piston i. Screwholes or liftingbolts piston rownshould e cleaned. ii. Threads hecked. 3. Eyebolts houldbe checked ensure hat They havecollars Threads re goodcondition iii. Eyebolts re screwed ard down on to their collarsbefore ifting. I9. WHAT PRECAUTIONS WILL YOU TAKE WHEN WORKING BELOW FLOOR PLATES. l. Liftinghandles houldbe used. Warning otices hould displayed. 3. The openings hould Effectivelyenced guarded. The areawell illuminated.
WHAT PERIODIC AFETYROUTINESWILL |.
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E.mergencyenerator Emergency ir compressor iii. Emergency ire pump All life boatengines Run for reasonable eriod Check oil, lubricatin il, cooling vater upplies nd ank evels Checkall operating arameters. 2. CO2 cylinder storoge room (CKL) Visually xanlined. Test he alarm check hat pumps top. machinel soace 3. One smoke detector irt eoclr circuit Test o ensure operation correct ndication n thealarmpanel Fire puslr buttott alarnt sltoultl be tesled Mocltinery space uentilutors or skyligltts Operated nd greased. Fire extinguishers Firehoses ndnozzles theircorrect ocation. Checked o ensure operable. Defective ose nozzle houldbe replaces Entergency butteries
ii.
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Guides houldbe checked.
W H A T P R E C A U T I O N SW I L L Y O U T A K E B E F O R EE N T E R I N C R E F R T G R A T E D C O M P A R T M E N T ? (WFL) L No person houldentera refrigerated hamberwithout first infornringa responsible officer. 2. lfrefrigerant eakages known or suspected,he ensure: i. Space horoughlyventilated. ii. Atmosphereestedan found safe. EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPLE OF EXPLOSIMETER. ndicator onsists f a Wheatstoneridgewith cr.rrrentupplied conbustible from a battery. i. When he bridge resistances re balanced, o curent flows through he meter. esistance filament a combustion hamber. An aspirator ulb and lexible ube used o draw sample nto he chamber. gas vill burn n presence f the ed-hot ilament ausing emperature f the filarrent rise. 3. Rise ternperaturencreaseshe resistancef the ilament nd his change resistancenbalanceshe bridge. Current low registers n themeter,which s scaled percentage the ower flammableirnitol P.P.M.. or hvdrocarbons. (LFL FIFL) or hydrocarbons % dangerous I.G:3-8%of02inl.G. iii. 5. False eadings re ikely when, Oxygen ontent f the sample Il present ii. inert iii. with rich mixtureabove he ower lammableimit. 2 3 . E X P L A I N T H E P R I N C I P L E OF OXYGEN A N A L Y Z E R . ( W F L ) paramagnetic. o ield s intensified y the presence oxygen nd ts ntensitywill vary with quantity oxygen. 2. Most othergases diamagnetic. 3. Thusglass pheresilled with nitrogen mounted tthe endsof a barto form dumb-bell ill tend o be pushed a strong ymmetrical, on-unifonnmagnetic field n which horizontally uspended. When surrounding ascontains xygen, dunrb-bell pheres pushed further ut ofthe frelddue o change roduced paramagneticxygen. 5. Torqueactingon thedunrlr-bell proportional o the oxygen oncenlration therefore restoringorcenecessaryo bring he dumb-bell ack o the zero position alsoproportionalo the oxygen oncentration.
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bottom. 3. Accurate alibrations obtained using, i. purenitrogenor CO2 or zero checkan Normal at2loh oxygen span. WHAT ARE CHEMICAL STAIN TUBES? EXPLAIN IN DETAIL.
M a i ne n g i n e iii. Auxiliaryengine iv. F.O.prirnarypump v. Fuelvalvecooling punrp v i . M a i n L.O.pump vii. L.O. pump for camshaft,urbocharger, tern ube viii. Engine oom fans, orcedand nduceddraught ans ix Purifier oom exhaust an x. Accomnrodationan Close i. Engine oom skylights, uick closing alves Funnel entilators, entilator ampers, lower laps,exh.Fan laps i i i . A l l o p e n i n g so e n g i n e o o r n Opendoor releaseocker or engine oom fire extinguishing ystem.This will autonraticallytartalarmsiren n engine oorn. OpenCO2 master a lve engine oom. i. Pull valve evers releaseockeroutwards, release andle, where-after will fi ll engine oom n about2 minutes. 5. Proceedo CO2 roorn check hatall CO2 cylinders engine oom havebeen released.fnecessary penextra cylinders y hand. 6. After fire, take care hat all machinerypaftshavebeencooled dor.vn efore ventilating ngine oom. 7. Beforeenteringengine oom after CO fire extinguishing, sea breathingapparatus with ifelineattached.Cany safety an nsulatedire axe. 2. EXPLAIN F I R E E X T I N G U I S H T N GC A R G O S P A C E S . WFL) 1 . L o c a t e s p a c e i n f l r e .e s u r e t h a t n o b o d y i s l e f t i n f i r e s p a c et o . pventilationand blockall air passages. Openstopvalveoutside on fire. Check hat, hose valves or all other holds closed. 3. OpenCO2 master alv e n roomnrarked TO CARGO SPACES". Thenopenby hand, equired umber f CO2 cylinder alves. 5. Usewaterhoses or coolingdownaccessibleecks bulkheadsending o be overheated. Takecare hatnobodygivesaccess air to fire space y opening atches inspection. should emain n fire space or a minirnurn 48 hours. Do not ventilate space ntil vessel as eached arborwhere ufficient ire assistances available. 8. Release dditional accordingo best uclgement intervals epending n nature fflre anddistance nearest arbor. l n d i c a t i o n sW F L ) ?
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4. With the us of cornpressed ir, the CO2 distribut ionpipescould be blown through accordingly. Weigh he CO2 cylinders. EXPLATN CO2 FLOODING SEQUENCE. WFL) l. Themachinery pace ECTORVALVES andSTARTING VALVES areopened pilot cylinders. OPERATINGHANDLE pulled o open he head alves 2. Gas rom the pilot cylinders,on entering he operating ylinder pushes he working pistondown, husoperating ll the cylinderheadvalvescoupled the wire. 3. Gas hen lows into the ntachinery pace ia the CO2 rnain,sectorvalve and various distributors. 5. GIVE A LIST OF FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING INSTALLATIONS. pressurizedvater praying ystem. . 2. A fire smothering O2 installatio n. fixed oarn nstallation. . 4. A fixed system ischarging alon 1301 BTM) 6. EXPLAIN YOUR ACTIONS IN THE EVENT FIRE I N P U R I F I E R ROOM. fire n its irst ew rninutes be readilyextinguished. rompt correct ctiorr essential. 1. Iffire breaks ut i. Tlrealannshould raised. ii. The bridgeshould nfbrmed mmediately. iii. An atternpt hould made extinguish limit usingsuitable portable ire extinguishers ire. smothering 2. Limiting i. All openingso the space hould e shut reduce he supply the ire. fuel ines eeding he ire or threatenedy it should solated. iii. Cornbustible aterials djacento the should removed. If a fire s filling witlr snroke umes, ny personnel properlyequippedwith breathing pparatushould out ofthe space vithout elay. waterhoses or cooli ngdown accessibleecks bulkheadsending o b overheated. 5. After a fire hasbeenextinguished,recautionshould e akenagainst spontaneouse -ignition.
bottle
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Sod umbicarbonate454Gms.) water (7 t/zL)
3. Chemical oarn sulphate
Gms.) Aluntinium y,L)
Sodiumbicarbonate %) Foamstabilizer
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4. Mech.Foam water
L) AFFF (270 ml.) 3 % conc.
5. D.C.P.
A. Ammoniumphosphate Sodium potassium icarbonate Kg.) CO2 C. Sodium potassium barium Chloridemixture
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Magnesium tearate preventpowder from caking
6. CO2
at 5l bars B.C.F.
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Kg. at l0 Kg I cm2
EFFECT Cooling
CLASS
2. Chemical Mech.Foam B l a n k e t i n s
3. D.C.P.
Inhibiting
B,C,D
Envelopng ith CO? Diluting supplyof Oxygerr
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DESCRIBE SYSTEMBRIEFLY.WHAT ACTIONTO BE TAKEN CASEOF BREAKDOWN I.G.PLANT? I.C.SYSTEM
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stopped nd he deck-isolatingalveclosed. 9. WHAT CHECKS W|LL CARRY OUT ON CO2 CYLTNDER? (WFL) Checkpressure 52 bars 2. Weigh he CO2 cylinderand f a weightdifferenceof 10Yoor more s observed, should e sent or recharging. Weiehtof CO2 45 Ks. ii. Weight ull :109 iii. Weightenrpfy 3. An ultrasonic r radioactiveevel ndicator etector ouldbe used o check iquid level. E X P L A I N C H E M I C A L S I N F I R E E X T I N GU I S H E R S . W F L ) WATER i. Outer container ontains9L of water. ii. 60 gms.of CO2 cartridge" iii. Discharge sec. SODA ACID i. Outercontainer ontains: of sodiunr icarbon ate ixed water make of solution. ii. 57 of sulphuric cid bottle cage. 1/ 2 min, range m. iii. Discharge im 3. CFIEMICAL OAM i. Outercontainer ontains: %o odium icarbonate nd,3 foarnstabilizer mixed n water o nrake of solution ii. lnnercontaitrer ontains: aluminium ulphatemixed n rvater o make L o solution iii. Dischargeim rvithin t/zmin, range6 m. M E C H A N I C A LFOAM i. Outercontainer ontains: 70 ml of cono.AFFF mixed water o make foamsolution. cartridge. iii. Dischargeime within min (about50 sec). 5. DRY CHEMICALPOWDER i. Outercontainer ontains ;5 Kg. Of sodiumbicarbonatenixedwith very small quantity f magnesiunt tearate. ii. 60 ms cartridge. iii. Discharge withinl5sec. 6. CO2 4.-5 CO2 at bars. Dischargeinre sec. 7. HALON
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2. Strike he knob or plunger ocated the cap o actuate he piercingmechanism, which n turn breaks sealing iscof thecartridge. 3. Direct he et at th baseof the flame,with a side o side apid sweepingmotion. HOW DO YOU OPERATE CHEMICAL FOAM EXTINGUISHER? L Pull the plunger, est t on the notchprovidedan 2. Tum extinguisher shakingwell, o ensurehe mixing of the wo liqui ds, rvitha finger blocking he outlet nozzle. 3. Direct he foam o somenearlyvefiical surface o that th foam runsdown the side blanketshe iquid. 4. Whereno vefticalsurface available, dju st he distance uch hat he discharged foam allsgently the iquid surface. G I V E T H E D I S C H A R G E T I M E O F F I R E E X T I N G U I S H E R S . WFL) l . D . C . P . 1 5s e c . Halon sec. 3. CO2 20 s e c . Mech. oam sec. 5. Water 60 sec. 6. Sodaacid chem. oa Vzmin. 7 1 3 6 - L hem.Foam l5 n t i n . W H A T E A C H F I R E D R I L L S T I A L LC O N S I S T S l. Reportingo stations ndpreparingor the duties escribedn the muster ist. 2. Startinga fire pump using at least et of water show hat the system s in proper working rder. 3. Checking i. Fireman's utfits otherpersonalescue quipment. ii. The relevant ommunication quipment. iii. The operationof watertightdoors, ire doorsand fire dampers. The necessaryrrangements subsequentbandonmentfthe ship.
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WHAT EACH ABANDON SHIP DRILL SHALL INCLUDE? 1. Repoftingo stations nd preparing or theduties escribedn the muster ist. 2. Checking i. That he cretv suitably ressed. ii. That ife ackets correctly onned. Loweringofat least ne ife boatafter necessaryreparationor laLrnching. Starting operatinghe ife boatengine. Operation davitsused or launching rafts.
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2. DESCRIBE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THE OILY WATER YOUR LAST SHIP. SEPARATOR FITTED PRINCIPLE: The gravitydifferentialbetween il and water. exists sa collection f almost pherical lobules In oily watermixtures various izes. 2. Th force actingon such globule causing t to move n the water proportional the differencen weightbetween he oi par-ticle nd particle of water of equalvolume. (RHOw RHOo) Fs
separatingorce D i a .O f o i l g l o b u l e The esistanceo the movement f the globuledepends n its size viscosity f the iquid For smallparticlesmovingunder tream ine low. by Stokes Fr:3pi muvD resistanceo movement nru: Viscosity fluid terminal elosity particle D : d i a .O f o i l p a r t i c l e 5. Duringseparatiorr, globule 6. The errninal elocity Rising elosity, :
(RHOw RHOo)
High rateof separations favoredby globule. Large E,levatedenrperature the system. Laminar r streanl ine lorv. 3. EXPLAIN THE OPERATION OF OILY WATER SEPARATORS. CKL, wFL) A. Prior opefation l. Open he ollorving alves. i. The valvebetween bilgepumpand he separator ii. The valvebetweenhe and l chambers iii. The overboard alve condensateutletvalves heat he accurnulatedil in the oil iv. Stearl nlet collecting harnber 30 deg. Cleanwater lr.rshinqalve o oil contel.lteter
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2. Change he seawater valve o the bilge valve,so hat the bilge water may be fe into the separator. 3. Continue he operation. Stoppage f operation 1. Before bilge emptied, top he bilgepump. 2. Feedse water nto the separatoror a postpurge or about 10 minutes. It is essential keep he separator of waterevenwhile running s suspended. 4. EXPLAIN CONTROL OF DISCHARGE OF OIL FROM CARGO TANK AREAS OF OIL TANKERS. A. Wirhin50 N.M. from and l. No discharges xcept leanor segregatedallast. more Outside special rea 50 N.M. from and l. No discharge xcepteithercleanor segregated allastor when i. The tanker en routeand, nstantaneous of discharge f oil does exceed 0 litres N.M. and iii. the quantity foil discharged exceed /15000 existing hips) 1/30000 fo new shipsor tankers)of th total quantityof cargowhich was carriedon th previous oyage. iv. The ankerhas n operation, n oil discharge onitoring nd controlsystem slop ank arrangements. C. Within a special rea 1. No dischargesxcept leanor segregatedallast. Special reas: n relation o its oceonographic ecological ondition nd parlicularcharacter f i ts traffic. L the Mediterranean 2. the black 3 . t h eB a l t i c e a gulfs area 5. the gulf of Aden 6. the Antarctic 7. Red 8. UK and europe CONTROL OF DISCHARGE FROM MACHINERY S P A C E SO F A L L S H I P S . C K L , W F L ) Before ischarging ilges rornmachinery paces, arpol 13 l8 regulations ust strictly ollowed. A. When he ship s at more han 2 N.M. from and l. No discharge xceptwhen i. theship proceeding route
shiphas n operation, n oil discharge onitoring controlsystem, waterseparating r filteringequipment; iv On oi tankers, he bilge waterdoesnot originate rom cargopump room bilge, or is not mixed with oil cargo esidue. C. Any wherewithin a specialareas No discharge xceptwhen th ship s proceeding route oil content f theeffluentwithoutdilutiondoesnot exceed p.p.m. t shiphas n operation il filteringequipment automatic 5 p.p.m. stopping evice.A nd, On oil tanke rs, bilgewaterdoes ot originate cargopump bilge or is not mixedwith cargo esidue. D. Antarctic ships o discharge. 6. EXPLAIN MARPOL 73 78 REGULATION FOR DISPOSALOF GARBAGE
NNEX
Distance from land
Typeof garbase
Outside pecial reas
0-t2
N.M.
plastics including synthetic --Prohibited-rope, fishingnets, garbage baqs. Dunnage. ---------Prohibitedf it will float----lining, Packing rnaterials. Food Ground wastes. Prohibited Comminute Other garbage including Paper products, rags, Metals.
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Inside pecial
Ground Comminute
--------Prohibited--------
--------Prohibited-------
Prohibited
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1. Distancerom land 4 N.M. i. Discharge rohibitedunless hi has n operationa sewage reatmentplant approved y the administrationo standards eveloped I.M.O. and he effluent does produce isible loating ol idsor discolorati on f the surrounding ater. 2. Distancerom and l2 N.M. i. Discharge rohibitedunless he ship has n operation sewage reatmentplant to comminute nd disinfect he sewage f a type approvedby the administration. Distancerom andover N.M. i. From holding anksat a moderate atewhenship en route and proceeding no less han knots.Procedures be approvedby the administration. NOTE: I . Faecal oliforms hould ot exceed 2. Total suspendedolids ontent hould ot exceed mg./l
DESCRIBE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF BIOLOGICAL SEWAGETREATMENT PLANT FITTED ON YOUR LAST SHIP. 1. The treatment lant usesa tank, which is divided nto 3 watertightcompartments. An aerationcompartment Settling ompaftment iii. Chlorine ontact ompartment 2. In an aeration ompartment,erobic acteria hose xistences aided atmosphericxygen,which s pumped n, digest ewage. 3. In settlingcompaftment,he activated ludge s settledou from the sewage. In chlorinator,he sewages reatedo kill any emaining acteria nd hen t i discharged. POINTS l. The activated ludge the settling ank continuouslyecycled ndbuildsup. This sludgemustbe dischargedor every 3 months a decontrolled rea. 2. Tablets placed the chlorinator nd equire eplacements hey used W H A T P R E C A U T I O N SMUST THE W A T C H K E E P E R T A K E T O E N S U R E THAT OILY WATER SEPARATOR DISCHARGE OVERBOARD IS CLEAR? (cKL, WFL) 1. At suitablentervals, cocks be used o asceftainhe evelsof oil andwater approximately check the automatic etection. 2. Ensure orrect unctioning f automatic p.p.m. topping evice.
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2. Openan closewater cock to check hat he water cock connection o the boiler is clear. 3. Open close tearn ock o check hat he steam ock connection the boiler clear. Close drain. 5. Open he watercock. Watershould he gradually ise up to th to of the gauge glass. 6. Open steam ockand hewater n the gauge lass hould all to the evelof the 'rvaterin th boiler. 2. WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCESOF ABNORMAL WATER LEVEL. A. Ifthe rvater evel falls to an extentwhere he sas/water eat ransfersurface reduced. The steam ressure tend o fall. 2. The uel burning atewill be automaticallyncreasedo restorehe steam pressure. 3. The heatingsurfaces vill distort. 4. The brick rvorkwill darnaged. warpedand, 5. Casings 6. Pressureartswill leak. For lrehighwater evelconditiorr. l . T h eb o i l e rw i l l p r i n e . 2. The carry over ofwater will danragehe superheater nd hazard he turbines. 3. WHAT T H I N G S TO B E C H E C K E D B E F O R E T A K I N G W A T E R BOILER? A. When vater ock s opened nd waterdoesnot flow up the gauge lass. l. Water evel:Below watercockconnectiono the boiler 2. Filling: is unsafe water nto he boiler. B. When vater ock beenopened,he vater lows o op of thegauge lass, an vhen he steamcock is opened, he water lorv down and oLltof the gaugeglass. l. Water evel:Betweenhe watercockconnection boilerand he bottom th gauge lass. Filling: safe o water nto he boiler. C. I afteropenng hewatercock,when gauge lass s full of water; he steam ock is opened nd he waterdoes descendn theglass, Water evel:Above he steam ockconnectiono the boiler. Filling:There s a danger prirr boiler f any tional eed s into
4. NAME THB BOILER MOUNTINGS. 1. Safety alves.
8. 9.
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Air ventcock. ventcock. Blow down valves Scumblow-down Scumblow-down ii. Bottomblorv-down Bottomblorv-down 10. Running ownor own or drainvalves. drainvalves. I l Sampling alve. E.G.E. team aisins irculatins alves.
5. HOW WOULD YOU USE THE SURFACE BLOW? l. Raise hewater he water evel n the boiler o above he scumpan. 2. Open he surfaceblow-down surfaceblow-down valve quickly an close t; when he water evel in the gau-eelass gau-ee lass easeso easeso drop. Blow out hegauge he gauge lass note he condition f t he waterwhich waterwhichappears appearsn n the gauge lass fterblowing fterblowing t. 4. If thereare there are any signsof signs of fl oating matter epeat he surfaceblow-down surfaceblow-down until the water shows lean. WHAT IS THE PURP OSEOF OSE OF BOTTOM BLOW-DOWN VALVE? L For removing edinrent. ud, bits of scale tc., rom he bottorn boiler. 2. To reduce he concentration f impuritiesn impuritiesn the boiler vater. i. By removing the mpurewater mpurewater hrough he bottomblow, bottomblow, and eplacing \\ rti\\r trrr',\ rr,\l \\ \\\'ii' Jur! \\htul
PURPOSEOF PURPOSEOF OILY DRAIN INSPECTION TANK. EXPLAIN water,due o a leak appearanceffuel oil on the surface fthe water,due l. Ifthere s any appearanceffuel bilge until he rouble nmediatelydrained o nspectionank nspectionank s nmediatelydrained heater, remedied. device. mportantsafetydevice. cascadeype oil filter is a most mportantsafety 2. Observation an with cascadeype frorn prevents protecting boilersagainst boilersagainst erious amage r an explosion, getting arried ver nto he boiler. 8. 1. 2. 3.
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WHAT COLOR SMOKE INDICATES? Efficient ornbustion: light brown haze Black smoke. lnsufficient lnsufficient ir: Blacksmoke. Excess ir: White smoke.
stack.
THE AUXILIARY BOILER. 9 . D E S C R I B ET ET H E L A Y O U T Type: water ubeboiler, ubeboiler, l. AQ3 Aalborgvertical Aalborgverticalwater 2. workingpresstlre bar.
Shellcrown Shellcrownplate 5. Uppel ube plate i. largecenter largecenterbar bar stay 6. Lower tube plate 7. Furnace rown Smallcenter Smallcenter stay.
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NAME THE BOILER AUXILIARIES. F.D. an and uel burningequiprnent. F.O.pumps F.O.pumpsand burningequiprnent. F.O.heaters F.O.heaters F.O.burners F.O.burners Feed urrps E.G.E,.irculating E.G.E,.irculating umps Sootblowers Sootblowers ressrrreeducing alves Steam ressrrreeducing
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urnaceor fire box Cylindrical urnaceor pipe Elliptical Smoke ox Baffle plates Uptake
II. l. 2. 3. 4.
HOW WILL CARRY OUT SOOT BLOWING The stearrr o the sootblower should e horoughly rained fl'moisture. sootblowershould Blow steanr ine down well beforeoperating. beforeoperating. Never stop otatingsoot blower while steam s flowing through he unit. otating sootblower Have a regularschedule regularschedule or operating oo blowers. nozzles. Regular nspectionshould nspections hould made o sootblower sootblowernozzles.
I2. EXPLAIN HYDRAULIC TEST ON BOILERS. l. Hydraulic s carried ut i. After rnajorshell rnajorshell epairs ii. When esting n l ieu of an nternal xamination hydraulic est, 2. Whencarrying Whencarrying i. The safetyvalves safetyvalvesar ar gagged. ii. All valves re irmly closed. houldbe applied rneans preferableo usewanr waterand hepressure he pressure houldbe iii. It is preferableo usewanr waterand of a small am handpump. 1.5X workingpressure. iv. Maximunrpressure 1.25 o 1.5X about heldat held at he equired evel houldbe applied radually 3. The pressure houldbe hour.until hour.until he surveyor courpleted examination.
i. 25 Ltrs.of Ltrs.of liquid alkaline leaner LAC) ii. 5 Ltrs of liquid coagulant 4. Fill up the boiler with water normalworking normalworking evel and at th same ime add 2i3 of chemicals and iquidcoagulant) iquid coagulant) raduallyup to 7 KglCm2 5. Fire he boiler raising he pressure raduallyup 6. Upon reaching ressure f 7 KglCm2, i. Bottomblow Bottom blow down at intervalsof intervalsof 2 Hrs., Blow down from waterwall water wall headers intervalsof ii intervalsof 3 Hrs. Eachblow Each blow down gaugeglass. shouldbe shouldbe approximately " on the gaugeglass. 7. Raise he water evelby evel by the feedpump feed pump after eachblow-down eachblow-down procedureand at the same imeadd ime add he remaining /3 LAC and iquid coagulant ividedequally ividedequallyby by l0 blowdowns hoursperiod. 8. Fire he boiler again raisepressure raisepressureo 7 KglCm2, and repeatprocedure repeatprocedure6 & 7. 9. Whenboiling When boiling out procedure cornpleted fter 12 Hrs. period, ir shouldbe shouldbe secured ndboiler nd boilerallowed allowed o cool down. emperature f steam rum drops When emperaturef deg. he solution hould dumped verboard.
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YOU START AN EXHAUST GAS BOILER? Ensure dequate ake-up eed available checkboiler checkboilerwater water evel s maintained. Openair Openair vents n economiser eaders. gland. Circulate oolingcoils oolingcoilson on circulating OpenE.G.E. OpenE.G.E. team aising i rculating alves. nd discharge alves circulating ump. Opensuction Opensuction nddischarge 6. Start irculating ump. l. Expelall Expelall air close ventsor.l ventsor.l conontisereaders. conontiser eaders. 8. Testcasing/gas Test casing/gasrunk runk drains or water eakage. 9. Repeat ir venting o expel esidual ir. Whenmain Whenmainengine ncreases,qualise team ressures. engine stafted nd power evel ncreases,qualise I l. Light boiler ires vhen teatn ressure stable. 12. Purgeboiler Purgeboiler furnaceswith furnaceswith air for 3 to minutesan minutesan stop orced draught an 13. Keep b o i l e rw rw a t e r e v e l . 1 5 . H O W W I L L Y O U S H U T D O W N A N D S E C U R EA EA B O I L E R . Carryout Carryout sootblowing sootblowing f permissible. Change ombustion ontrol rom automatico automatico manual. Change supply o diesel il. Shut team fffuel heaters nd raceheating. raceheating. valve. Closeburner Closeburner upplyvalves upplyvalves main shut 6. Purgeboiler Purgeboiler turnaces vith air for 3 to 5 nrinutes; top orceddraught orced draught an. pressures Close tearn topvalves topvalveson on boilerwhen boilerwhenpressure s reduced.
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2. Startclosing he boiler blow-down valve when he pressure low enough,an when t is down to the desired alue, he valve mustbe closeddown tightly and he ship sidevalveclosed. 3. Allow much me possible or theboiler o cool down and oose pressure, nd when he pressures atmospheric, pen he air vent and gaugeglassdrains to ensure ressurensideboiler s atmospheric. HOW WILL YOU DETECT BOILER'TUBE FAILURE? A. Slight eakage f a boiler ube be difficult o traceas he escaping ater s vaporised nd s unlikely o be seenamidst he funnelgases. Such eakagema be suspected Unusually igh nake feed equirements. 2. Boilerwatersampling eadings not asexpected. In the eventofa tube upturing, Indications i. Noise ii. Furnacelamedistorlion iii. Appearance ffunnel gases iv. Lossof water evel 2. The Engineer's larmshould operated call assistancend uel shut from the burnersofthe affectedboiler. 3. The forced draught an mustbe kept running. Th boilersteam valveshould e closed. 5. Maintainnormalwater evel n defective oileruntil he boilercoolsdown. 6. If the amount f leakage xceedshe low capacity f the water evel ndicator, discontinuehe eedwatersupply. 7 Lift the safetyvalvesof the boiler to reduce he pressure uickly only if it seems ikely that the steam eakagewill endanger ersonnel. 8. Stop he forced draught an after he steampressure asdecreased. 9. Whencool, he boilershouldbe emptied hrough bottomblow down valve. WHAT WILL YOU DO T H E R E I S P R E S E N C EO F W A T E R I N F U E L OIL? A. Indications Unstablelame shape 2. The lamebeingextinguished 3. Fluctuating pressure Causes l. Fromcontamination he uel delivered. 2. From waterentering hrough ank vents n roughweather. 3. Failure f steam eating oils n the ank. Careless seofwash deckhoses.
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fuel oi rail to discharge ontaminateduel to the wasteoil tank. 5. Clreck urnace clearof un-burnt uel, purge urnacean re-light boiler fire. 6. Operate ootblowersas soonas possible fterboilersar on normal oads. 7. Identify sourceof water n contaminatedan an drain of water. WHAT SAFETY DEVICES ARE PROVIDED FOR BOILER CONTROL PANEL? (WFL) A. Water l. High, ow and ow water evel boilerdrum. 2. Low nrain eed waterpressure. 3. High condensatend eed vater alinity. B. Steam High superheaterteam utlet emperature. 2. Hish steam ressure. 3. Lorvpressuren burner tearn ssistanceines. Fuel 1. Enrergencyrip. 2. Forceddraught an failure. burnermotor ailure. p u m pm o t o r a i l u r e . 5. Flame ailure. 6. High and oil temperature. 7. Boiler uel inlet ow pressure. Oily drain nspectionank vithcascadeype ilter. E X P L A I N B O I L E R S O O T FI R E S . lgnitionof an accumulation f soot ich carbonwhensuppliedwith thenecessary oxygen anbe he source f fire sufficientlyntense rnelt burn steel. Causes l. Poorcombustion. power or prolonged eriods. Operating t 2I. EXPLAIN HYDROGENFIRE. l. Whenoverheating f a superheaterue o insufficient teanr i rculation very severe,he ube naterial gniteat about700 deg.C andburning the steanr produce re hydrogen. The ron u,ill continue urning n steamndependentlyf any supplyof oxygen fionr he air. 3. The hydrogen roduced y the reactionwill burn,on coming nto contactwith air. 4. Oncesucha fire hasstarted herear Iikely to be 2 fires burning nstantaneously i. Iron burning steatn H y d r o g e n u r n i n g n air
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2. Suddenadmission f air to a fuel rich burnerma well oroduce he same esult. Prevention l. Ensureadequate urgingbefore gnition 2. Failure obtain gnitionat tlre irst attempt nustbe followed by adequate purging. WHAT WILL I F T H E R E I S A F I R E I N E X H . G A S B O IL E R ? ,A. If sparking reporled r observedemperatureise s say deg. at the funnel, he enginespeed houldbe reduceduntil sparks ease nd he temperaturealls to a level consistent it th enginepower. Thereafter peedmay be again ncreased conditions reobservedo be norrnal t the equired orver evel. until P; If the funnel emperature ontinues o rise or if th observed emperature is is say 28 deg. it indicates hat a fire is present. The mainengine houldbe stoppedmmediately. evidence internal Watercirculation houldbe maintained nless here s leakage. 3. The outside f t he casingmay be cooledwith water f there s a risk overheating. 4. Do not usesootblowers r applywater o ire. removedwlrilea fire is burning. 5. lnspection oorsshould 6. Watermay be used nside he casing or cooling purposes nl after any fire is extinguished. 1. The unit mustbe thoroughlycleaned nd careful nspectionmade or water leakage. WILL PREVENT FIRES N ECONOMISERS? maintaining nain ngine. G o o dc o m b u s t i o nf f u e l n ii. Circulation f water hrouglr unit. By keeping xhaust aseconomiser learof sootdeposits y Waterwashing. ii. Regular seof sootblowers.
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25. WHAT ARE THE REQUIREMENTSOF EFFICIENT BOILER? Proper rnount foil at sufficient ressure. 2. Proper nrount f air rvithminimurn xcess Proper tomisation goodmixture air andoil. Proper temperature. High urnace emperature.
BURNING IN A
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27. EXPLAIN THE OPERATION OF COMBUSTION SYSTEM.(WFL) electric ircuitsystem Heat circulatehe uel. 2. Purge hecombustion pace funburntgas. Ignite he lame by controllingt, naintain he steam ressure. Operation Ensure Adequatemake feed s available Boilerwater evel s maintained. lh 2. When he boiler stafted, uffent s supplied irst to the fuel heater. electric eat ing lements re hermostaticall ontrolled. Whenoil in heater eaches equired tomising emperature,nother thennostat witches n the fan andoil circulatingpurnp. 4. Air frorn he fa purges he combustion pace or a set irne. recirculation rocessakes laceduring he entirepre-purge eriod. This ensureshat he oil the burner s hot and hin enough atomise. pre purgeperiod, voltage s applied o After solenoid alve which closes. 7 . O i l p r e s s u r eu i l d s p opens piston alve n burnerat 0 to I(g/Cm2. 8. The oil reaches he nozzle,getsatomised nd gnitedby a spark ro porlable electric gniter. Th oil which penetrates to th piston space eturn back o the tank vi th leakage il line. 10. At further oadingofthe boiler,a voltage s applied o the solenoid alve whichopens. I 1. The fuel now also eacheshe nozzle burneroperates full load. The an damper operated t the same ime o adjust he air delivery o the requirement. pressure witchacted n bv boilersteam 12. The solenoids re controlled pressure. HOW WATER LEVEL IS CONTROLLED IN A BOILER? 1. Water evel s rnaintained a feedpumpcontrolled y a float operated N/OFF switch. 2. The loat chamber fittederternal o the boiler connected pipes o the steam ndwaterspaces.There s a drainat the bottomof the loat chamber. A similar loatswitch s fined o activate n alarm shutdown n the eventof low water evel becauseloat chambers nd gaugeglasses re at the water evel. LIST FUEL BURNING FAULTS.
Cause i. Low pressure 2. Action i. Increase ir supply o furnace Black smokewith black streaks n oi spray. Cause i. Dirfy fuel atomisers ii Carbondeposits n air registers -n Action Increase ir supply Change tomisers D. Hissing spluttering f fires Cause i. Water n fuel 2. Action i. Drain and changeover fuel suction Atomisers arbonised n tip 1. Cause i. Fuel oo hot 2. Action i. Adjust fuel temperature 30. HOW DO YOU ADJUST A BOILER SAFETY VALVE? Type:Full ifting springsafety alvewith closed pringhousing. l. Safetyvalvesmust be setat a pressure ot exceeding Yo above he approved workingpressure f the boiler. 2. Verily the accuracyof the boiler pressure auge. 3. Eachse of valves hen adjusted ndependently singgagswith the main steamstop valveofthe boilerclosed pressure broughtup to within 0.2 or 0.3 barof the desired low off pressure. 5. Arrangements ere henmade keep pressure onstant hilst he valveswere beingadjusted. 6. At this stage. he compression ut of the valve hat was ifting wa screweddown until the valve seated. 1. The valve was subsequently djusted n turn by slackingback ts compression ut until hevalve ifted. 8. The compression ut wa hen screwed own sufficientlyso that,when the valve spindle 'vasightly apped own, he valve eturned seatand emained losed. WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF OIL OR GREASE N BOILER WATER? Oil or grease boilerwatercauses
BOILER? boiler fbrms an nsulating ayer on th waterside of th heatingsurfaces. Scale 2. This insulating ayerof scale esists he ransferof heat iom the fire an ho conrbustion aseso the water,and he heatwhich would normally pass nto the water remains n the metal and heats t. If th ayerof scale sufficiently hick and esists he transferof heatsufficiently, the metalwill overheat, ecome veakand bag,blisteror rupture. -33.
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SCALE IS FORMED? L When steambubble s formedon a heatingsurface, ll the salts th bubblewilt flow toward he hottestpaft, which is the heatingsurfacemetal. 2. Since lightlysoluble altsbecome nsoluble high ernperatures,c alewill be forrnedat th baseof th bubble. When he bubble eaves heating urface, ring of scaless eft. These ings interlace nd scale formed. 34. GIVE A LIST CHEMICALS AND MINERALS THAT CAUSE PROBLEMS A BOILER SYSTEM. Source f corrosion 2.
Oxygen chloride Source f scale Calciunt Magnesium 3. Silica C. Source f solidscontent Sulphate Chloride 3. Nitrate 35. WHY DO YOU MAINTAIN HIGH ALKALINITY IN BOILER WATER? (CKL) l. The mostcommonchemicals sed precipitate alcium altsare- odiurn j]fgipha1g{Tri sodiumphosphate nd disodiumphosphate). 2. Thesechemicals eact vith calciumsalts o fonn tricalcium phosphate, flocculent precipitate. ensure hat his eaction akes lace. high alkalinitymust maintained boiler. 4. At of 9 .5 or less, calciumsalts vill not be precipitated roperly. 5. Magnesiums readilyprecipitated y the alkalinity boilerwater sludge form of magnesium ydroxide.
2.
To give aikalinity an minimiseaorosion i. Sodiumhydroxide ii. Sodium arbonate To conditionsludge coagulants) i. Starch ii. Sodiurn lunrinate iii. Tannins To remove racesof oxygen i. Mechanical eaerator ii. Sodium ulphite iii. Hydrazine To reduce isk ofcaustic crackins i. Sodium ulphate Sodium i(rate To reduce isk ofcarry over offoam Anti foams To protect ee and condensate ystemsrom corrosion i. Filrningamines ii. Neutralisingamines
3 7 . H OW I S S C A L E F O R M A T I O N P R E V E N T E D N A B O I L E R ? By adding soluble hemical o the boilerwaterwhichwill reactwith the calcium sulphate,he most conrmonscale orming salt, o form a highly solublesalt and a hannless ludge. A. For ow pressure oilers i. Calciumhydroxide lirne) Sodium arbonatesoda) iii. Sodiumhydroxide caustic oda) Na2CO3 CaSO4 Na2SO4 chenrical scale ormingsalt sludge soluble B. For high pressure oilers i. Tri-sodiumphosphate ii. Di-sodiumphosphate
3CaS04 3Na2S04 scaleorming
boilercompound ludge
C. Coagulantsre henadded
38. WHY
2Na3PO4
prevent ludge
soluble sticking o the boilersurfaces.
BOILERFEEDWATERTREATMENTREQUIRED?WFL)
To control sludge ormationan prevention f carry over with the steam.
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39. DEFINE THE TERMS: CARRY OVER, PRIMING. l. Carryover: Phenomenon f waterdropletsbeingcarriedover with the steam nto steam yslem. 2. Prirning:Contamination f the steamby the injectionof grossquantitiesof water. i. Remedy:Corect chemical reatment feedwater and boiler water shouldbe canied out. 40. WHY DO YOU TEST BOILER WATER DAILY? Aim: To control he chemicalreatment blow-down. magnesiunralts n the water. l. Hardness:s the sumof calcium 2. Alkalinity: i. To prevent cidiccorrosion magnesium alts. ii. To assistn the precipitation f calcium 3. Chlorides i. To calculate of blorv-dorvn he steam pace. ii. To determine ondensereakage in Boilerwater in Feedwater X 100 iii. % blorv-down Sulphite boilerwater o be sure hat i. To maintain esidual ulphite oncentrations all oxygen s scavenged. ii. 2Na2SO3 (normal H 10.5) i. As a checkon alkalinity means eutral, H 7 meansmorealkaline Totaldissolved olids i. To ensure omplete oilerwatercontrol ii. To determine low-down ate. DONE B O T L E RW A T E R ? ( C K L ) 41. WHAT ALL TESTS w a t e r u b eb o i l e r s p t o 17.5 ar l. Alkalinityest CaCO3) i. Alkalinity phenolphthalein ii. Totalalkalinitl -200 CaCO3) iii. Caustic lkalinity 2. Chloride CaCO3) Na2SO3) 3. Sulphite ppm asPO4) 4. Plrosphate pprnCaCO3) 5. Hardness value 10.5 l l Litre or feed vater) Dissolved xygen est 0.02
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2. The forced draught an mustbe kept running. , 3. If the water evel is between he water cock connection o the boiler and he bottom of the gaugeglass, t i safe o pu feed water nto the boiler. 4. If the water evel alls to an extentwhere he gas-water ea ransfersurface s reduced; team ressure tend o fall. Then boilersteam topvalveshould closed. 5. If the operating oiler is exhaust oiler, t is safe o pu feedwater nto the auxiliary boiler. Th boilersmust mmediately ecured ntil he water evel s established corrected. EXPLAIN CONVERSION FROM CaCO3. FromCaCO3 Nacl X 1.17
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2.
X b 0.71
iii. NaOH X by 0.80 FromPO4 o P2O5 X by 0.75
44. EXPLAIN CHANGES IN TEST RESULTS
TEST
1. Hardness T.D.Solids ontent Chloride 4. Alkalinity 5. Phosphate
WATERCONTAMINATION
Increases Increases Increases Decreases Decreases
W H A T I S T H E P E R M I S S I B L EC H L O R I D E L E V E L ? ( C K L ) Upto 17.5 ars CaCO3chlorideevel) L Scotch 3000 Verlical ire tube 3. Package 4. Water ube 17.5 31bars L Water ub W H A T I S T H E P E R M I S S I B L EA L K A L I N I T Y T O P H E N O L P H T H A L E I N ?
(wFL)
Scotch 2. Vertical 3. Package
P-alkalinity
Caustic
300 700 50 500 300 500 150 400 300 75 -200
3.
LL
Package Water ube
3000
2250
2. Overboard alve for ejectorsystem 3. Inlet outlet alves fseacoolingwater o condenser 4. F.W. ank illing valve B. Close he ollowing alves 1. Close nlet and outlet valvesofjacket cooling water o heatexchanger. 2. Vacuumbreaker alve 3. Testcock 4. Drain valve from the heatexcharrger 5. Freshwaterdischarse alve STARTING ejector stafted nd should e ascertainedhat he pumpyields pressure 4.5 kglcm2 2. The evacuation f the plant s now startedand at the same ime th heatexchanger is autornaticallyed rvith th correctamountof feedwater. When vaclrummeter hows boLrt vacuum, he acket coolingwater circulatedhrough heatexchanger, starling oiling n the heatexchanger. l-.
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Vacuum 73.66 50.8
of Hg)
Boiling oint deg. 26.4 11.46
4. Switch salinometer. his unit rvill unctionautomatically he alarm level been t sea alt. When evaporation ndcondensation commenced nd he condenser quaner ull of produced i'eshwater, condensate mp started nd about reshwater discharge alveopened.WhenF.W.G s well underway, check operating arameters. STOPPING l. Stopjacket oolingwatercirculation hrough heatexchanger ndclose nlet outlet alves. Then condensateurnp stopped nd he resh vater ischarge alveclosed. ejector s stopped he vacuum reaker alveopened. 4. Finally heheatexchangers emptied f seawaterby opening he drainvalve bottomofthe heatexchanger. Then he nlet outletvalves fthe sea oolinq vater o conde nser reclosed.
. 2.
n e spee Starting iravailabletengine.
Full astern rder l. Move fuel ever o STOPposition. reversingever telegraph)o ASTERN position. iii. fuel ever o START position a few seconds break he engine peed. fuel ever o STOPposition. Check reduced. Engine START position. Check Carrshaft s in ASTERN position. Engine otatingASTERN on air. 5. Move fuel ever o MAX. position. Checkengine peed ASTERN ncreasing. 7. Find best uel notchposition o avoidpropeller avitation.Reduce supply slowly. B. If engine ails o start l. Move Reversingever AHEAD position. i i . F u e l e v e r S T A R Tp o s i t i o n . Checkengine rnovingAHEAD on air. 3. Move i. fuel ever o STOPposition. Reversingever o ASTERN position. C. WhenEngine s operating t full astern, Start Standby ieselgenerator. M a i na i r c o l n p r e s s o r s . Initiate hange vel Diesel uel supply. acket coolingwaterand ub. oil ternpel'atures 3. Adjust 2 . W H A T A C T I O N WILL Y O U TA K E I F T H E E N G I N E ROOM IS FLOODING? I. Stage In case failureof watersystems the Engine o oln,correct ctionma enable rvater ntake o be contained. Il. Stage
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Takemain enginecontrols rom bridge machineryspaceand reducespeed. Divert available umps bilgemainduty ncludingEmergency ilge injection. 4. Attemptsmust be madeusingall availablestaff o locate he sourceof th flooding carryout emergencyepairs. Stage A. If the flooding such hat low level auxiliarymachineryma be subrnerged r low leveldiesel enerators partly mmersed,hen; l. Closeall nonessential suctions nd elated umps. 2. Opencircuitbreakers t themainswitchboard o all low levelnonessential auxiliarymachinery. 3. If the water evel alls, selective peningof se suctionsmay indicate he defective ervice r line. 4. lf not mainenginemustbe stopped,urninggearengaged nd usedwhile the Lrbricating punrpkept n service. V. Stage A. If the loodingcannot e contained efore he pumps bilgeduty are submerged,h e boilersmustbe secured ndall machinery hould shutdown. 2.
3 . W H A T S E R V TC E S N D E Q U T p M E N TA R E S U p p L t E D P O W E R FROM THE EMERGENCY SWITCH BOARD? Th emergency eneratormust be rated o providepower fo the driving rnotorsof l. The emergency ilge pump. F i r ep u n r p s . 3. Steering ear. Water ight doors. 5. Fire ightingequipment. Services l. Emergencyighting or occupied reas. 2. Navigation ights. 3. Communicationsystems. Alarm systems. 5. Electrical ontroldevicesn the operation f mainmachinery. 4. WHAT ACTION WILL YOU WILL TAKE IN CASE .BLACK OUT'AT SEA. M o v em a i ne n g i n e o n t r o l s ' S T O P ' . Operate ngineers' larm o call assistance. Startstandby iesel enerators ranually. equired generator ircuitbreaker. 5. Mains ighting estored, mergencyightsoff.
ENGINE ROOM
ynchronise
closediesel
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pumP. Turbocharger vii. Stern ube L.O. PumP. viii. Governor mplifierL.O. pump. Boilerwatercirculating ump. x. Boiler feedwaterPunrp. Fuelvalvecooling PumP. xii. Fuel primarypunP. suPPlYans. xiii. Engine xiv. Main air / control compressors. Checkcontrol consoles nd ensure o unsafe onditionsexist. Accept alarms. Inform bridge ha power available. Resetm ainengineSLOW DOWN / SHUT DOWN controls. Inform bridge ha Main engine ready or normal operation. Restartmain engineand ncrease peed normal' eset utomatic ontrols. StarlF.O. purifier galleypowersupply' estore Startdomestic reshwaterpurnp plantdef'ects. makegood Identify
STATE THE DESIRABLE PROPERTIES F A FUEL OIL. 1. High calorificvalue. 2. A minimum water, ediment, ulphur, other mpurities. 3. A fluidity such hat t pumpedwithout reating too much. 4. Theoil should be oo slowburning o cause el ayed gnition n the engine cylinder. 5. The oil shouldburn completelywithout eavingany carbon esidue n the form of as or soot. LIST THE SAFETY DEVICES FITTED ON FUEL OIL SERVICE TANKS. Fueloutletvalves pipes Thermometers Overflowpipes High evel, orv evel high emperaturelarms. W H Y D O S O M E S H I P SM A N E U V E R O N A D I E S E L O I L ? Maneuvering diesel l. Ensures he uel ineswill clogged. 2. Givesmorepositive tarling eversing. As inadequate eavyoi temperature auses l. Pooratomisation combustion. 2. Increased ear of cylinder inersand rings. Deterioration fexhaust alveseat. 5. WHY FUEL IS PREHEATEDTO l0 l5 cStBEI-ORE NJECTION? Aim: l. To ensure orrect tornisation combustion. Inadequatereheating, too highviscosity auses, l. Pooratomisation ndcornbustion. 2. Increased ear cy'linderiners ings. 3. Deterioration exhaust alveseat. 4. Resultsn too righ njection ressureseading o excessivenechanicaltresses fuel oil system. 6 . W H Y I S I T N E C E S S A R YT O A T O M I S E T I I E F U E L N D I E S E L E N G I N E CYLINDER? through various tages fcombustion very order o enable fuel charge srnall inre nterval, absolutely ssentialo r it brokendown o minutelysmall droplets.
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To . overcomehe contpressionressure. 2. atomise he fuel and distribute t in a desiredmanner. 9. WHAT TYPE FUEL OILS WERE l. Marinedieseloil(MDO) Viscosify l3 cStat 40 deg. Separatingemperature deg. iii. Specific ravity 0.84 2. Hearry uel (lFO 180) Viscosiry 180 at 50 deg. ii. Separatingemperature 90 to 98 deg. iii. Specific ravity 0.98 Note: cSt: I mrn2/sec . stokes 0.001nr2lsec 3. mu N - s e c / m 2
ON YOUR SHIP?
IO. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN HIGH GRADE AND LOW GRADE FUEL. High grade uel. Reducedgnitiondelay pressure Rapid 3. High peakpressures arly n cycles 4. Reduced xhaust emperatures Lo grade uel. Extendedgnitiondelay Slow rise pressure 3. Low and retardedpeak pressures 4. Elevatedexhaust emperatureseading T/ surging 1 I . W H A T D O Y O U U N D E R S T A N DB Y T H E T E R M V A R I A B L E I N J E C T I O N TIMING? Variable njection iming is form of fuel pump control enablingan engine operate with the designedmaximum ylinder iring or combustion ressurerom approxirnately poweroulput o rnaximrrm ower. Advantages: l. The strengthdesigned nto the crankshaft nd other mportantparts better utilised. Improves hermalefficiency. 3. Lowersspecific uel consumption. Methods: By lowering he pumpbarrel. 2. Earlyclosing suction alve.
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During his period here s no rise n pressure ithin hecylinderdue o combustion. lgnitiondelay i. Mixing period. Interactionperiod.
E X P L A I N D I E S E L K N OC K . If the gnition delay s very long so much fuel can accumulateha th rate of pressure rise s almost nstantaneous.uc situationproduces xtremepressure ifferentialsan violentga vibrationknown as "Detonation". Remedyby I. lncreasen compressionressure. 2. Retter tomization. Cood urbulence. S T A T E I MP O R T A N T P R O P E R T I E SO F F U E L O I L S A N D T H E I R SIGNIFICANCE. L Viscosity 2. Density 3. Pourpoint:Demand or heating team. Carbon esidue:D eposits,ouling. 5. Asphaltcontent: ouling, burning. 6. Sulphur:C orrosivewear n cylinder iners. alumina:Wear,abrasive ear fuel njection qnipment. Silica 8. Sodium vanadium:H igh emperatureorosionof exh.valves nd seats. 9. Ash content: brasivewear. Fuelcornpatibility:ncompatibility blended uels. 1 5 . D E F I N E , F L A S H P O I N T , P OU R P O I N T , A N D U L L A G E . Flashpoint: The lowest emperature t which a tiquid givesoff sufficientga fornr a flammable iquid. mixturenear he surface Pourpoint:The lowest emperature which petroleum will remain luid. Ullage:The depth space bove he iquid n a tank. S T A T E P R E C A U T I O N ST O B E O B S E R V E DW H E N B U N K E R I N G . All scuppers hould plugged. 2. Tank air pipesshouldbe clear. 3. Drip traysmust kept under he ship-shore onnection. s securely place. Ensure lankat opposite ndofcrossover 5. Be fully conversant ith the ayoutof pipes, anks, ndvalves tc. 6. Know how much neededn each ank. '7 Every effort nrustbe made o segregate unkers rorn different sources n different tanks.
3. Know discharge at of pump supplying ou 14 Soundings houldbe takenat frequent ntervals. 15. Havepumpslowed when oppingoff. NOTE: L The bunkersample houldbe retained or at least90 days. 2. Maintain he bunker ank emperature t 35 deg.C to avoid possibility of wa formation,settling ank emperature t 45 deg. C, service ank temperature 85 deg. C. 3. Themax.density f fuel s 0.991at l5 deg. purifier 4. Whenmachines reworking n series,he irst maclrine houldbe set and heother clarifier.
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W H A T C H E C K S W I L L Y O U M A K E F O R F . O .T A N K S ? Drain water rom tank. Check; i. F.O. emperature ii. Oil level n tank iii. The freemovement float Tankair pipesshouldbe clear.
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. resence c 3. Presence f water,especially n influx of se water,as he chloride ons also act as an norganic cid. Signsof deterioration Sludge recipitation purifiermultiplies. Smellof oil becomes crid pungent. 3. Color of becomes ark n sightglasses. 4. Machinedsteel crankcase ecomes offee brown by thin layer of lacquer. Paint n crankcase eelsoffor blisters. 6. Excessive arbon fbrmed n pistoncooling chamber. HOW WILL D E T E C T P R E S E N C EO F W A T E R OIL? l. By derv ormationon the sight glasses. 2. Milky appearance. By immersing body glass r metal)heated 300 deg.C in an oil s ample, hissing, ater present. Removalof water By continuous urification. E X P L A T NA N A L Y S T S LUBE. OrL. (WFL) Specific ravity Flash oint:Gives of cont amination ith fuel oil. Viscosity; Rises y, Oxidation. Contamination ith heavy oil or water. Decreases D i l u t i o nw i t h f u e l o i l ( d i e s e l ) . 4. Total acid number TAN): This s the otalcontent organic nd norganic cids oil. Strongacid number SAN): This s the otalcontent f inorganic cids (sulphuric cid). Alkalinity Total base umber) BN: Gives emaining lkalinity n oils. 7 Water:Permissiblep to 0.2 V:o. 8. Conardson arbon: Residue ncomplete ornbustion fuel. Cracked ubricating Precipitation umber:Amount insolublengredientsn the oil. 10. Ash content:Consists f wearnarticles. and nd ust. 4. WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES l. Good ubricating roperlies.
TELEMOTOR FLUID?
5. WHAT ARE THE PROPERTTESOF L.O. FOR REFRIGER ATION COMPRESSORS? L Goodchemical tability. 2. Good thermalstabilitv. viscosity. 4. Low wax content. 5. Low pourpoint, 6. Moisture ree. 6. HOW WILL Y OU DETERMINE OIL/WATER LEAKAGE INTO CRANKCASE? Fuelcontamination l. Increase oil level n the ank. 2 . S r n e l l o f h eo i l . 3. Increase viscosiry case f H.F.O.contamination. Decreasen flashpoint. WatercontanrinationCKL, WFL) L Increasen oil level the ank. 2. Sudden ncrease fpressuredifferentialacross he by-pass ilter.
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e e a n s e signal ro th bridge elemotor ransmitter. Th elemotor eceiver ylinderwill thennove, thiswill result n a movement or slipper of the causing pumpingaction. 4. A return inkage r hunting mounted n the iller will repositionhe loating lever o hat pumping ccurswhen he equired udderangle s reached. 2. WRITE A NOTE ON RUDDER. Use:To steer he ship Area: LengthX Depth ship
Aspect atio: Depth:2
width
l. rudderwith all of its areaaf of th turning axis known as unbalanced udder. 2. rudderwith srnallpart of it area orward of the turning axis is knorvn as semi balancedudder. 3. When more than 25 % of the rudderarea s forward of th turning axis, here s no torqueon the rudderstock at cef tainanglesand suchan arrangement known as balancedudder. 3 . W H A T C H E C K S Y O U W I L L C A R R Y O U T ON T H E S T E E R I N G G E A R BEFORE LEAVTNG PORT. (WFL) A. Within 12 hrs.beforedepafture,he ship'ssteering earshallbe checked nd ested. The estprocedure hall nclude he operation rnainsteering ear. The auxiliarysteering ear. Th renrotesteering ea control systems. The steering ositions ocated n the navigating ridge. The emergency owersupply. The rudderangle rrdicators relation o the actual osition f the rudder. powerunit ailurealarms. The steering The rernotesteering ea control system ower failure alarms. Automatic solating rrangements otherautonratic quiprnent. B. The checks ests hall nclude The full mov ement f the rudderaccordingo the equired apabilities f steering ear. visual nspection fthe steering connectinginkage. The operatiorr f the means f c ommunication etweenhe navigating ridge steering compartment Emergency teering rills shall akeplaceat ea st nce months. These rills shall nclude Directcontrol rorrrwithin he steering compartment. The cornmunicationrocedurevith he navisatins ridee.
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rotor s able o move n housingwhich s solidlyaftachedo the ship's slructure. i. Chambers re ormedbetween he vaneson the rotor and he vanes n the housing. ii These hambers il vary in size as he rotor movesan ca be pressurised, sincesealing tripsare itted on the moving faces. i. Thus by supplyinghydraulic luid to al th chamberso the left of the moving vanean drawing luid from all the chambers n the right, the rudderstock can be made to turnanti-clockwise. Clockwisemovementw ill occur pressure suction uppli es re eversed. Threevanesare usualan permit an angularmovementof 70 deg. vanes acts stops imiting uddermovement. 5. The hydraulic luid supplied y a variable eliverypump control vill electrical. 6. A reliefvalve is fitted in the system o preventover-pressure. i.
5 . H O W W O U L D Y O U O P E R A T E T H E S T E E R I N GG E A R L O C A L L Y O N YOUR LAST SHrP.(WFL) The bridgeshouldbe nnrediately oti fied n the event imminent teeringailure. zeroposition rudderangle. Change ver of controlmethod hould e done n 3. The connecting in shouldbe inserted nto position or control ofthe steeringgear by Trick Wheel from within the steering ea compartment. Check operation f the means f cornmunicationetween navigating ridge and he steeringgear compartment. 5. The direct control from within th steering ea compartment. rudderaccordingo the equired apabiliti es f the 6. The full movement rudder. power unit failurealarms. 1. The steering 8. The ruddershouldbe moved hard over to hard over usingeachpower unit ir.r urn beforecutting off the power o test he audibleand visual alarrnson the bridge. 9. At the same ime check he rudder angle ndicators n relation o the actual position of the udderusing communicationystem rovided. ight provided n the bridge o indicatehe runningmotorof the Veri[' that powerunit s working. navigating ridge. Check he steering ositions ocated WHAT SHOULD BE THE ACTION OF THE NAVIGATING STAFF D U R I N G S T E E R I N GG E A R E M E R G E N C Y ? ( W F L ) l. Duringemergency, navigating taffwill not know which powerunit s defective.
7. HOW DO YOU TEST THE OPERATION OF ALTERNATIVE POWER SUPPLIES? i.
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Isolate he directsupply ine or Open he breakerbetween he main and emergency witch boards.
2. Checkheautomatictarting f theemergencyeneratorndpower upplyo the steeringear. WHAT ARE THE RESULTS AtR lN STEERINGGEAR? WFL) a uses, 1. Air being ompressible
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lncorrect alanc e etween nits. rregular peration. ii. Time lags 2. Indication, i. Dcfeclive teering. Jerkyoperation nd, Jumping t the pressure auges. iii. 3. Shouldai ge into the systenr,t may be removedby purging at the air release valves. Shoulda largequantity f air gainaccess iving aultysteeringhen otallyempty an recharge. Follow safety rocedure. 6. Inform CI an bridee. CHARGE ROTARY VANE ACTUATOR? (WFL) l. Charging hould done n thezeroposition f the rudderangle. 2. Ensurehat he position f all valves n t he system re n accordance ith thename plateon the steeringgear. 3. The steeringgearshouldbe changed ver from telemotor o local control by hand wheelwithin the steeringgearcompartment control movements f the steeringgear. 4. Check he oil level n th eplenishingank. 'Ihe rotaty vane actuator houldbe charged hrough he stop valveson the unit with 5. i. the by-pass alveopen, purnps. vented hrouglt he air release alves n the actuator The replenishing mustbe kept oppedup during he operation. 2. When ts evelceaseso fall andonly air-free luid s escaping, i. tlre air release alvesand he by-pass alve shouldbe closedan valves eturnedo theirnormal unningpositions. 3. Under local control, he steering ea shouldbe run slowly from hard over to hard overseveral imes pumpand henwith the other, i. using whilst he air release alves re periodically penedo ensurehat all air been eleased.
steering ea checksan ests,an emergency teering rills.
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lgnition of the dry carbondepositsettling n the upperpart of th scavenge ox may be caused Prolongedlow-by. Slow burning n thecylinder. 3. Blorv-backhrough scavengingofts due o too large esistance exhaust system. Indicaliotts: Decreasen engine peed. Irregular unning engine. Surging fturbochargers. Increase exhaustemperaturesfcorresponding nits. 5. High ocal emperaturen scavengerunks. 6. AIarrn by temperature ensitive robes itted to scavenge ystems. 1. Sparksan smokeemitted rom scavenge rains. 8. Smoke exhaust as. Prevenliorr: I(eeppiston ings n goodorder prevent low-past. 2" Cleanscavenging eltsas often possible. 3" Keep he exhaust ortsclearofcarbon deposit. not let cylinderunit be appreciably verloaded compared others. frIeosures: Set ltecylirrderubricator o maximum elivery. Close hescavenge rails. he uelpump liftingand ocking he ollerguide. Intbrm chief Engineer. Slo,w orvn rnrnediately, bridge orpermission stop. Stop permitted. 3. Whenengine s stopped, pulxps fuel oil and nozzle ooling. 4' Apply fire extinguishing quipmentto scavenging Closebutterllyvalves air ductafter blowers. ,5. Do openscavenging befbre lre extinct siteof fire cooleddown below d e g .C . W h i l eo p e n i n g k e e p l e a r p o s s i b l el a n r e s . Clean scavenging oxesofdry deposit sludge. Clean nd nspect, Piston ods cylindcr iners oncerned Surface ondition straightness i i i . a l i g n u r e n t . g o o dc o a t v i t h oil. Stuffing bottorn f scavengin,qox for cracks. f good, epeat t n s p e c t i o n su r i n g u r n i n g . 8. Ifthe pistonhavingcaused he ire cannot e overhauled once,porver 1 the affected ylinder rray ave o be reduced shutoffrvhen he engine s restarted. lf theheating f the box walls been onsiderable. nearest boltsshould re-tightenednd he alignnrent fthe camshaft earinss hould be clrecked.
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mixture. Couses: Hol spots tlue to, 1 Overheating f bearings, iston od gland(stuffing box). 2. Sparks ro pistonblow past. 3. Fires n spaces djacent the crankcase. 4. Lowering f flashpoint lubricating il contamination ith fuel oil. Delectiort: Deteclion of hot spot by, l. Engine oise. 2. Increase terrrperatures. 3. Smell appearance densewhiteoil mist. 4. Temperature ensitive robes itted near he bearingoil returns. 5. Crankcase mist detector. Elintinutiort: By, l. Propermaintenance,u brication ndoil condition. 2. Maintaining igh lashpointof lubricating il. 3. When startingup after repairs, FEEL OVER" moving parts at suitable ntervals. 4. Discover il nrist time andavoidhot spots. Note: Crankcase xplosion oors ift at 5 kN/m2 or 0.05Kglcm2. 2. Temperature f hot spot,min. 360 deg. fuIessures: Slorvdorvn urmediately, bridge or permissiono stop. Stop permitted. 2. Whenengine stopped, toppumps or fuel oil andnozzle ooling. prepare ire fightingequipment. 3. Openskylight 4. Do not opencrankcase ntil 20 minutes fterstopping he engine. Stop ubricating pump. ii. Cut offstartingair, engageurninggear. iii. Takeoff all l owerrnost oors sideof t he crankcase. Locate spot. i. Feelover slidingsurfaces. ii. Look for squeezed ut bearingmetal heatdiscoloration. iii. Feeloveralsoceilingofcrankcase. iv. Make similarsearch thrustbearing. Preventurtherheating y, i . M a k i n g p e r r t t a n e net p a i r . i i . P r o p e ru b r i c a t i n gi l s u p p l y . iii. Satisfactoryondition f the rictional urfacesnvolved. 8. Start ublicating punrp check flow fi'omall slidingsurfaces, hile urning engine evolutionwith urninggear. over,especially rictional omponent Stop causedhe heating should over.
Improper tomisation,nisplaceduel sprays. Pooror excess enetration. 4. Incorrect uel tenrperature. Incorrectnjection iming. 6. Insufficient ir supply. Il crcoles: l. High exhaustemperatures. 2. Danrage exhaust alves. 3. Scavengeires. 4. Overheatingf the Engine. D r o p n maximurni r i n gp r e s s u r e . 6. Lossof thermalefficiencv.
2.
4. WHAT WILL YOU DO IN THE EVENT EXHAUST VALVE LEAK? Detectiott: Riseof exhaustemperature. 2. Falling compression maximum ombustion ressure the espective cylinder. Actiort: Exhaust alveshouldbe changedmmediately limit the damage. Fuelpump oller guideshould e ifter. 5. WHAT WILL YOU DO IN E V E N T O F G O V E R N O R FA I L U R E ? 1. The governorwill reduce he fuel pump delivery o zero n caseof failure of governor pump of the oil supply amplifier ylinder. 2. To permit starlingand runningwith the governorcu out, changeover to EMERGENCY. W h e n t h e g o v e rn o r i s c u t o u t , n o p ro t e c t i o n a g a i n s t r ac i n g i s a t h a nadn. e u v e r i n g should hereforebe performedwith specialcareparticularlywhen sailing n hard weather. 6 . W H A T W I L L Y O U D O I N C A S E O F P I S T O NRING BLOW P A S T ? Indicatiott: l. Rise exhaustemperature. Fallingof th e compression maximum ombustion ressure f the respective cylinder. 3. Sparksand smokeemitted rom scavenge rains. piston 4. Inspection condition hrough he scavenging orts. Ctuses: 1. Due collapse f otherwisentactpiston ings. Acliott:
WHAT ACTION WILL YOU TAKE IN THE EVENT OF TURBOCHARGER L.O. PUMP FAILURE? Aclion: 1. The mainengine houl d e stopped. 2. lt takes 0 minutesbefore he T/C L.O. gravity ank is emptywhich is sufficient or lubricationofthe turbochargers ntil thesear stopped. WHAT ARE THE CAUSESOF TURBOCHARGER SURGING? Turbocharger ill surgedue o abnormalchange n eitherair or exhaust as lo from the urbocharger. i. air.
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ii. If an engine operatedwith one or more unitsno producingpower. iii. Malfunction n system. iv. Rapidvariations engine oad. 2. Fouling On the air side i. Intake ilter ii. Impeller iii. Diffuser Charge ir cooler v. Chokedscavenge ofts On the exh. side Chokedgrids ii. Nozzle i i i . M o v i n gb l a d e s iv. Exh. boiler 3. Scavengeire or bearingdamage. Actiott: l. Reduce ngine peed ndpower. 2. Waterwash he urbochargernd emove ouling. 9. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF KNOCKING AND WHAT ACTION WILL YOU TAKE? Causes: 1. Faulty uel njection early njection). 2. Piston ooling il failure. 3. Cylinder ubrication nadequater excessive. B e a r i n g l e a r a n c e sx c e s s i v e . Acliott: l. Ifsoundclearlyemanates a cylinder, hutofffuel from cylinder check,
OVERHEATING? Csuses: l. Inadequateistonorjacketcooling. 2. Inadequateylinder ubrication. Cylinderoverloaded. 4. Badly worn ringsor liner. Misalignrnent. Actiort: Check. l. Piston oolingoil outlet emperature nd low. 2. Cylinder ubrication, acket coolingwater outlet emperature. 3. Checkpowerby indicatorcardand balance ylinderpower. on cylinderuntil t overhauledo checkcomponent lignment. Reduce 5. Engage urning gearsoonafter stopping. 6. Check uel valves or properactionan spraydirection. II. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES E X C E S S I V EW E A R CYLINDER LINERS? Causes: Inadequatecylinderlubrication. 2. Useof i ncorect cylinder ubeoil. Improperacket coolingwater elnperature. purification. 4. Improper uel Faulty uel njection. O v e r o a d i n g f t h ee n g i n e . Actiort: Check, L Cylinderlubrication. Alkalinityof cylinder ubricant s compatible ith the sulphur ontent in use. Jacket ooling emperature. F.O.purification. Fuel njector peration. 6. Porver indicatorcard and balance ylinder power. I 2 . W H A T A R E T H E C A U S E SO F P I S T O N R I N G B R E A K A G E ? Cuuses: l. Rings Faulty itting. ii. Excessive earof ringsor ring grooves. incorrect inss. iii. Badlyworn iner. 3. lnadequateylinder ubrication. Aclion:
fuel
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Failure lube pump. Insufficient L.O. drain ank. 3. Oil temperatureoo high. 4. Excessive earing learances. 5. Oil filter choked. Failure lube pipe or coupling. Action: pressurealls below 1.2Kglcm2,STOPengine. Sfowdown mmediately, 2. Check temperature L.O. sump evel. 3. Examine rankcase,heckall bearing astening ndpiping. WHAT ACTION WILL TAKE IN CASE BEARINGS RUNNING HOT? Csuses: Lube pressure low. 2. Obstructionn lube supply. F a i l u r e f l u b eo i l p i p e c o u p l i n g . Bearing learancesoo srnall. Bearing anraged. Dirt or metallicparticles bearing. Actiott: l. Cut offfuel from affectedcylinder and observe emperaturerend ensure continued peration safe. 2. Avoid overloading therunits. 3. Stopengine rnrnediately examine rankcase. EXPLAIN EMERCENCY RUNNING WITH CYLINDERS OUT ACTION. Case: Pistott, crossheud,connecling rod, utrd lelescopepipes ore out. Procedure: punrp liftingand ocking he oller guide. Cut out he 2. Put exhaust alveout of act ionso hat he valve emai ns losed. 3. Dismantle starting ir pipe blankoff themainpipeand he control Dismantle istonwith piston od andstuffing ox, cross ead, onnecting crankpin earing. 5. Blank the stuffingbox openingwith 2 plates. 6. Blank inlet ronr he elescopic ipe. Set hecylinder ubricator o'Zero' delivery. Staning fterputtingcylinders ut of action. Beforestarting heck, Oil flow through he bearings. 2. The ightness f blanked ff openings.
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I6. WHAT ARE CAUSES AND INDICATIONS OVERHEATED PISTON? Ceuses: 1. Piston oolingoil failure. Inadequateylinder ubrication. 3. Cylindersoverloaded. 4. Badly worn ring or liner. 5. Increasednternal riction in engine. 6. Faulty uel njection. 1. Occurrence fafterburnins. Ittdicutions: l. Engine oise. 2. Decreasen engine peed. 3. Riseof exhaust nd piston cooling oil temperatures. Riseofjacket coolingwateroutlet emperature. 5. Smoke exhaust Mertsures: Slow down mmediately ithoutstopping. Set he cylinder ubric atorso maximumposition. 3. Cut out he uel pumpby lifting and ocking ollerguide. 4. After the engine sufficientlycooled t can be stopped. 5. Engage urning gearsoon after stopping. 6. Check uel valves or proper actionand spraycondition.
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7 Pressures emperatures: normal or the engine peed. 8. Lubricators or cylindersan rockerarms:All areworking, deliveringcorrect dosage. Crankcase il mist detector. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO KEEP THE F.W. OUTLET TEMPERATURE FROM THE M/E AT ABOUT deg. l. A lowertelnperatu reue o sulphur ontent uel, cause ondensation sulphuric cid the cylinderwalls. 2. A higher enrperaturempedes he formationof an adequateubricatingoil film on cylinderwall. Both esultsn high cylinderwear. 3. WHAT MAINTENANCE WORK IS INVOLVED IN KEEPING M/E IN GOOD ORDER? Combustionnraintenance, nvolves l. Piston ing eplacement. 2. Air irrlet, xhaust nd uel valvechanges ndoverhaul. Cleaning i. Turbocharger ir inlet ilters blading. S c a v e n g ei r c o o l e r . iii. Scavenge or1s. Attending o instrumentationssociated cornbustion. B. Bearing djustment ndnraintenancef corlectalignmentn all runningparts. l. Bearing xamination adjustments 2. Attending o lubrication coolingservices. plates, rames, oversafety evices tc. Examination f WHAT FACTORSWOULD CONSIDER N DECIDING WHETHER TO OPEN P A CYLINDER UNIT OVERHAUL REUSE? Overhaul: l. If engine s operated nder plannedmaintenancerogram, ylinderunits should ot be opened until he required umberofoperating ours beenachieved. 2.. If after aking ndicator ards r checking ylinderpressures ith a maximum pressurendicator,t is establishedhat hecompressionressures low due o leaking piston ings.overhaul fthe unit should e arranged t the earliest pportunity. Reuse piston ings: piston, wear ate l. In deciding vhether reuse iston ings emoved piston mustbe known. 2. It is naximumwearallowed n the piston ing to establish compared expected remaining. expectedemainingife is found o be ess han he programned ours betrveenverhaul f the cylinderunits, he ringsmustbe scrapped.
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Clean hecoolingwatersystem. de-ionized r distilledwater. 3. Add the corrosion nhibitor (only nitrate boratebased). 4. Carry out regularchecksof the coolingwatersystemand he conditionof th coolingwater. Nante of irthibilors: l. DEWT DrervameroidU.S.A. CWT DIESEL VecomHolland. 6. EXPLAIN RUNNING IN OF LINERS AND RINGS. 1. The engine speel / Ioad sltonld be increasedgraclually, i. For a new engineor after ii. Renetval renovation flarge bearings. iii. Renewal r renovation f cylinder iners piston ings. 2. Sequence: i. Increase he engine pm to 80 Yo th courseofthe first to 4 hoursan rnaintain his speed or 6 hours. Afterthis 8 to l0 hours unning, he ncrease full rpm s effected tepwise during he ollorving12 o 14 hours, iving total unning period to 24 hours. B. l. If only one or two cylinders / bearings ltuve been reneteedor renoviled. i. The fuel pump index or the cylinder(s) question decreased y 25 %o nd engine up nornrally. The ndices oncernedncreased radually uringan ntervalof20 hours. iii. Throughout whole unning period 20 to 24 hours, he cylinder dosage houldbe at the maximum evel. E X P L A I N F E E L O V E R S E Q U E N C EO F M A I N E N G I N E . lf theconditionof thenrachinerys uncertain i.e.,after epairs r alterations) oversequence houldalways e follorved. L After l5 to 30 minutes unningon SLOW. A g a i na f t e r h o u r u n n i n g . 3. At seaafter hour runningat service peed. The engine s stopped, he crankcase openedand moving partsare elt over on sliding surfaces. Feel: Main, crankpin ndcrossheadearings. Piston ods stuffinsboxes. Crossheadshoes. T e l e s c o p i ci p e s . 5. Chains bearings the chaincasing. C a n r s h a f te a r i n g o u s i n g s . 1. Thrustbearinqs.
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2. 4. 5. B. In l. 2. 3. 4.
. Ineffectiveair coolers. Foulingofair and passages. ImproperF.O.purification. Wrong position of camshaft. checkchain ension) single cylinders Defective uel valves. Leaky exhaust alve. Blow-by, eaky combustion hamber. Wrongposition f fuel cam.
2. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF EXHAUST TEMPERATURE DECREASE? l. Decreased cavenging i r temperature. Air in fuelpumpsand uel valves. 3. Spindle n fuelvalvesticking. 4. Fuelpumpplunger tickingor leaking. 5. Suction alve n fuel pumpdefective. 3 . W H A T A R E T H E C A U S E SO F E N G I N E R P M D E C R E A S B ? l. Pressureefore uel pump oo low. 2. Fuelvalve fuel purnpdefective. 3. Water the uel. 4. Fire n scavenging 5. Increasednternal riction n Engine seizure piston). Slow down or shutdown. 7. Fueloil characteristics. 8. Foulingof hull or darnaged ropeller. GIVE I. 2. 3. 4.
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BHP Loss exhaust Loss hrough .C.W. Loss hrough ystem il
EXPLAIN INFORMATION FROM DRAW DIAGRAM. Maxintum pressure too low, compressionpressure correcl. Check i. Fuelvalves or properaction spraydirection. ii. Fuel s injected oo late. iii. The fuel carnshould advanced. B. Moxinum pressure too Itigh, contpressiortpressure correct. f,.
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A P P R O X I M A T E HEAT BALANCE?
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ii. Leaky exhaust alve. iii. Scavenge supply oo ow. iv. Fouling of exhaust ystem nd or air intakesystem. E X P L A I N P E R M I S S I B L ED E V I A T I O N S . Mean ndicated ressure:W hen hesedeviatesmore han 0.5 KglCm2 from the I nrean alue,adjustment f fuel pump ndex shouldbe made. 2. Maximum pressures nd compression ressures:When hesedeviatesmore than 2 KglCm2 from the meanvalue, he cause houldbe found and corrected. 3. Compression ressure ivided by scavenging ir pressure atio: Comoression ressure Barometricpressure L0 Kg/Cm2) Barometricpressure Scavenge ressure Givesvaluable nformationabout, i. Tightness ndalteration f the compressionpace f the ndividual ylinder. ii. Ratio between 8 exceed deg. 4. Coolingoil: emperature across pistonshould 5. Coolingwater: emperature acrosshe engine hould exceed deg. Pressure rop across .O.& L.O. filter: When hisexceeds .5 KglCm2 ilter should ecleaned. Temperature ifference etween nlet scavenge outletof air cooler large Limit deg. Air cooler ouled. Pressure rop across /C air filter ncreasinglimit 50 %) i. Air filter fouled. Pressure rop across ir sideof air cooler ncreasinglimit Air sideof cooler buled. S.W. emperatureifference cross ir cooler oo large limit 8 deg. Water too small.
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. ow level. T/C L.O. gravity Overspeed 120 prn. M/E sltut down (Additional) l. Thrustbearingsegment igh tenrperature, 5 deg.C.
M/E slow down: Kglcm2. l. Main L.O. ow pressure pressure Kg/cm2. 2. Camshaft .O. Cyl. coolingF.W. outlethigh enrp. 80 deg. T/C coolingF.W. outlethigh enrp. 80 deg. Piston ooling outlethigh emp. 75 deg. deg. 6. Crossheadearing .O. high emp. hf/E slor tlown (Additional) Scavenge boxeshigh emp. 150deg. 2. Thrustbearing egment 85 deg. 0.5 bar. 3. Fresh vateracrossM/ 4. Piston ooling outlet Non flow. 5. Main bearings 70 deg. 6. Crankshaftbealings 70 des.
2. LIST S A F E T Y DEVICES FITTED TO M/E. NAXIE LOCATION l. Relief alves Combustion lramber 2. Relief alves Crankcase Reliefvalves Scavenge paces 4 Reliefvalves Fuelpumps systems Reliefvalves Startingair system Interlocks Turninggear 1 Shut dor'vn Lub/Cooling ystems 8 . S h u td o w n Various ystems 9. Shutdown Bridge Overspeed Engine Il mist detector crankcase 12. Temperaturerobe Bearing il returns 13. Temperaturerobe Scavenge pace 90
PROTECTION Excessive ressure Explosion High pressure High pressure Excessive ressure Preventstarting Low pressure High/Low emp. Communication ailure Governor ailure Hot running parts Excessiveemp. Scavengeir'e
LIST SAFETY DEVICES N THE STARTINGAIR SYSTEM OF M/E. l. Non return alve. Spring oaded afety alve. Bursting iscs. 4. Flame rap.
somehigher speed. WHAT DETECTORS ARE FITTED TO CRANKCASE? (WFL) 1. Crankcase il rnistdetector. 2. Temperature robes itted to bearingoil returns. Piston oolingoil outlet emperaturerobes. 4. Infra red or ultra violet flame detectorso detectho soots. Fire releases adiant energy th form of infra adiation, ii. visible ight, iii. ultravioletadiation. 5. Temperature robes itted to thrustbearing. Main, alarm deg. ii. crankpin, nd iii. crossheadearing .O. outlets. Crankcase ressureeliefvalves. 6. WHAT DETECTORSARE FITTED TO COMBUSTION CHAMBER? l. Cylinder afety alve.
4. Valve o distributor losed. 5. No air pressure pneumatic tartingsystem. 6. Masterpilot valvenot actuated t all.
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2. WHY ENGINE TURNS TOO SLOWLY OR IRREGULARLY STARTING AIR? 1. Low air pressuren air bottle. 2. Piston alves n starting distributor ticking. Air starting alve n cylinder overs efective. 4. Faulty imingof distributor. 3. WHY ENGINE TURNS ON STARTING AIR BUT NO FUEL INJECTED DUE TO TOO LOW FUEL PUMP INDEX? l. Sluggishmovement f maneuveringear. 2. Incorrect djustntent fmaneuvering ear. Failures governor rnplifier. 4. Regulating ir pressure governor oo low. Due o uncalled down unctions. 4. WHY ENGINE TURNSON STARTING AIR BUT NO FUEL IS INJECTED DUE TO FAILURES F U E L S Y S T E M ? ( F ' U E LP U M P I N D E X l. Air fuel pumpsand valves. pump oo ow. 2. Pressure efore 3. Suction alve fuel pumpsdefective. Worn out fuel pumps. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4.
W H Y W H E N F U E L I S I N J E C T E D ,B U T I G N I T I O N F A I L S ? W a t e r fuelo i l . Fuelvalves atomizers efective. Compression ressure uringstarting ess han22 Kglcm2. Too late njection fuel. Viscosityof fuel high.
WHY FIRST IGNITIONS TOO VIOLENT. SAFETY VALVES ARE OPENING? Engine ylinders ot scavengedufficiently. Oil has ollected piston rown. ear. 3. Sluggishmovement f re_s:,ulating Fuelpump ndex aised oo high. 7 . W H Y E N G I N E S T A R T S B U T S T O P SA F T E R l. Regulating ir pressr.rre a ils.
REVOLUTIONS?
, 4. During the inspection,he coolingwatershouldbe circulatingso that possible intemal eakage ay be discovered. 2. WHAT CHECKS WILL YOU CARRY OAT ON CRIINKSHAFTS? Look for, Surface amage fjournals. Cracks t fillet radii,oil holes otherareaswherestress oncentrationsccur. 3. Slipped hrink it by reference arks. 4. Ovality. 3. HOW WILL YOU CARRY OUT CRANK CASE EXAMINATION? A. Oilflow purnp s still runningand he oil warm,see hat l. While flowing reely from crosshead bearings. ii. crankpin ndmainbearings. iii. camshaft rive rainbearings. iv. chaindrive spraypipes. 2. The oiljets shouldbe of unifornr hickness direction. Deviationsmay be a signofsqueezedmetalor clogged p oil grooves. 3. Observe ightglasses i. Piston oolingoil outlets, hrust lock, iii. highest oint the chaindrive. Ensure adequate mountof oil is flowing. B. Oil pan pump s stopped, bottom the oil L After should e searched fragurents bearingmetal. C. Bauring cleoronccs. Checkall bearing learances ith feelergauges. D. Ruttttittg gear fastenings. 1. Checkchain ension adjust fnecessary. Exarnineockingdevices, ll bolts nuts n crankcase nd e-tighten necessary.
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sp acemen MAKE WHILE TAKING 2. WHAT OBSERVATIONS WILL CRANKSHAFT DEFLECTION? gauge hatshows egative eadings ndercompression wheneverpossible, positive expansion0.15 o 0'68). An 2. Watch amperage he engine s turning get an dea of resistanceo turning' shouldbe investigatedmmediately' sudden hanges TAKE CRANKSHAFT DEFLECTION? WILL CrankPosition (Port) : 1. Near :P Port
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Starboard Near bottom (starboard) Bottom X+Y)12
vertical nisalignmentT Deflection Deflection ro horizontal misalignment To check, ournal, clearances nder I . Ovality C:T+B D:P+S should nearlY same.
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5. Sudden rop L.O. pressure. 6. Sudden ise n L.O. entperature. 1. Sudden ise engine pnr. 8. Abnormal rise C.W. temperature. 9. Stoppage f C .W. supply. 10. Abnormal ise n exhaust as emperature. 1. 12. Detectionof damage working parts. 2. HOW WILL YOU PARALLEL AN A/C GENERATOR WITH OTHER SETS ALREADY LOAD. L Thespeed f the ncomingmachinemust adjusted ntil ts frequency approximately qual o that ofthe generators lready onnectedo the busbars. 2. The voltagemustbe adjusted o correspondwith that of the busbars. 3. The paralleling witchmust nearly possible t he momentwhen tw instantaneousoltagesare n phaseand equal magnitude. 4. The governorsettings fthe generators re adjusted o achieve W load sharing. 3. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF GOVERNORS? L A governor s used o maintai Engine peedwithin certain rescribedimits throughout operating ower ange. addition o speed ontrol,modern overnors provideothercontrol unctions suchas oadcontrol inritations hichwill protect n engine rom adverse operating onditions.
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EXPLAIN SYNCHRONISATION. A. UsingSynchroscope When voltages n phase, pointer emains t l2 o clock. The dial is markedFAST SLOW with appropriate rrows indicate whether nconring nachine running fastor too slow. 3. lt is good practice o lrave he pointer otatingnot faster han on revolution FAST direction nd o initiate losingwhen sec. pointer about I clock. thisway with the machine lightly ast t will immediately ssumeoad, whereasf switched lren unning low t rvould a motoring oad vhichnright possibly peratehe reverse ower elay. B. Synchronisingy thesequence ethod The mornent o synchronize when key amp riangle) s darkand he other wo larnps equally right. Switch synchroscopemmediately ftersynchrorrisation.
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3. Cool. S.W. ow pressure Kg/Cm2) 4. Rockerarm L.O. low pressure0. KgiCm2) C. Auto slurt, syttchro, load chonge at, 1. L.O. ow pressure KglCm2) Cool.F.W. high emp. deg. 3. Preferentialrio.
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NAME A/C GENERATOR PROTECTION SYSTEMS. Preferencetripping. Reverse owerprotection Undervoltage rotection Over voltageprotection Over currentprotection Instantaneousver currentprotection Lossof excitation Dillerentialprotcction Earth ault protection Distribution etworkorotection
7. HOW WILL YOU START AN AUX. ENGINE? L Checkoil level n i. crankcase ii. R/A L.O. iii. Turbocharger earings .O. Governor .O. v. Fuelvalvecooling tank 2. CheckF.W.expansion evel 3. The linkagebetrveenhe governorand he fuel pumps shouldbe checked or freedomof movementan he whole system ubricated. 4. StartL.O. primingpump,whenL.O. s circulating,urn heenginemanually hrough revolutionso makesure nothing fouling. Ensureirculation c o o l i n g . W . ,F . V .c o o l i n g i l . 6. Ensure tarlingai reservoir s fully charged nd drain water io startingai system. Turn engine lowly evolution n starting ir with open ndicator ocks. 8. Th engine s then started nd ru on NO LOAD for 2 minutes. 9. Check, emperaturepressure. emperaturepressure, ocker L.O. pressure. 8 . W H A T W O U L D H A P P E N F Y OU A T T E M P T E D T O C O N N E C T A N ' O U T PHASE'ALTERNATOR TO THE MAIN BUSBARS? argecirculating urrent eachgenerator ircuitbreaker. physically amage generatorsnd heir primemovers. 2. The large orces Result s blackout.
w i t h i na c c e p t a b l eim i t s .
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2. HOW WILL YOU COMMISSION AUXILIARY ENGINE AFTER DECARBONISATION? L OpenD.O.valves n theengine ndventeachelement f the uel filter. i. Prirne ump, njection njector. 2. The linkagebetween he govemor and he fuel pumpsshouldbe checked or freedomof movementan he whole system ubricated. 3. Check L.O. sump evel startL.O. primingpump. WhenL.O. is circulating turn enginemanually hrough revolutionso makesure hatnothing fouling. 4. Openappropriate alves n the waterand reshwatercirculatirrg ystem.Ensure cooling S.W. circulating. 5. Ensure tartingair receiver s fully chargedan open he startingai inlet valve. 6. Turn the engineslowly onerevolutionon startingair with open ndic atorcocks. 7. Th engine s then staftedan run on no load or minutes. After whi ch the engine s stopped, rankcase openedand moving paftsare elt over on sliding surface. 8. The same rocedures repeated fter hour unning. 9. If majorcomponents piston ingsand inershavebeen enewed uring gradually o 80 ohinthe course f the irst 2 overhaul,ncrease engine speed) 4 hours maintain his oad 6 hours. 10. AfterthisS-l0hoursrunning,theincreasetolp i rm ll (load)iseffectedinsteps during he ollowing hours, ivinga totalnrnning period hours. I l On steady load,check; i. rraxinrum iring pressure, exhausttemperature. iii. discrepancy hould rectified adjustmento the irring rack setting the uel pumps. primingpump shouldbe starled p and un for l5 12. When he engine s stopped 20 minutes n order o allow he pistonso cool slorvly evenly.
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N A M E T H E 3 - P H A S EA L T E R N A T O R I N S T R U M E N T A T I ON Ammeter Voltmeter Wattmeter Frequencyneter Synchronisingdevice
4. WHY A.V.R.IS REQUTRED? l. The alternating urrent enerator upplying load a considerableoltagedrop resulting rorn havinga lagging ower actor'. 2. Therelbre exciter n nraintaininghe alternator oltage,nust ary with the oad current ndalso he oower actor.
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3. Inductive capacitiveoads ombined resistiveoadsproduce agging leadingpower factorwhich havevalues ess hanone. so power consumed voltage current power actor. 4. The ratio between ru and apparent ower termedas he power factor Power actor: True power apparent ower: kW / kVA Th currentwave or lagsbehind he voltage. 1.732X V Cos(phi)Watts 6. EXPLAIN HOURS INSPECTION ROUTINE. Clean i. T/C air filters, L.O.,F.O. iii. rocker arm L.O. filters. 2. Drain and renew R/A L.O., bearing .O., iii. Governor 3. Inspection nd apping i. Inlet exhaust alves, airstarting alves. 4. Inspection i. fuel injectors, ii. valvegear crankcase. Check, alve appet learance. EXPLAIN 6000HOURS INSPECTION ROUTINE. Clean L . O .c o o l e r , air cooler. Renewal f fuelatomizers. 3. Inspection i. Piston, ii. piston ings, iii. bearing, mainbearine. Check i. fuel pump iming, crankshaft eflection.
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i. startingair system, pneumatic tartingsystem or water. ii 3. Lubricatebearings nd od connectionsor maneuvering ear. 4. Staft L.O. pumps or Main engine ii Carnshaft iii. Turbochargers iv Govemoramplifier,an checkpressures ResetM ain engineSLOW DOWN / SH UT DOWN controls. 6. Check hat ubricators or cylindersan rockerarmsare illed with oi an hat they respond handpumping. 7. Lubricateall cylinderswhile turning he enginewith th turning gear. 8. StartMain S.W. and F.W. pumpsand checkpressures. 9. Switch on Electricequipment or maneuvering ystem. 0. Start F.O.primarypump. ii. Fuelvalvecooling pump checkpressures. I l . V e n t f u e lv a l v e s 12. Setstoppistonvalve n "SERVICE"position open supply o prreumatic starting ystem. Turn engine slowly one evolution n starting i r with open ndicator ocks a safeguard gainstdarnage rom liquid which might havecollected on of th cylinders.Watch f liquid s emitted rom ndicator ocksduringslow urning. 14. Close ndicator ocks valves. 15 Inform bridge hat engine s ready or starting. 2. HOW WILL YOU PREPARE MACHINERY FOR SEA? Deparlure porl D.O. settling nd service anks o kept ull. 2. Keepboth bottles ully pressed. generators in advance. 4. H.O. service ank emperature brought o normal ank o be drained ff water. 5. Controls o be ested nd clock synchronised least Hrs.prior sailing. 6. Main engine o be blown throughan ried out both from Enginecontrol room and bridge least Hr. beforesailing. least nehour before ailing, standby enerator n load. standby ecord ollowing eading s. i. M.E. counter. M.8., and F.O. low meter iii. Boiler F.O. low meter
iii. Boiler F.O. meter M.E. Cylinderoil flow meter 12. Open steam o M.E. fuel oil heaters ndbring up temperature radually. When he emperatureeaches deg.C. change verMain engine o H.O. and recordF.O. low meter eadingon changeover. 14. Bring up M.E. speed radually o normal. uction LOW. 15. Change Arrivsl Port l. D.O. settling serviceanks o be kept ull. 2. Keepboth air bottles ully pressed. 3. Tr ou all 3 generators ell in advance. 4. H.O. service ank emperature be brought o normalan an to be drainedof water. 5. On receiving2 hrs. notice rom bridge, i. Shutoffboth fi'eshwatergenerators nd drain offthe heatexchangers. standby enerator n load. iii. Change versea uction o HIGH. At I Hr. notice rom bridge, Conrmenceeducing he F.O. emperature radually hat F.O. emperature deg.C within half hours irne. drops At the same commenceeducingM.E. r.p.m.gradually he r.p.m. brought o maneuvering peed80 r.p.m. n half an hours ime. iii. Change ver o D.O. exactlyat half an hours ime after eceiving1 Hr. notice so hat the engine s run sufficientlyon D.O. before he commencement f maneuvering. RecordM.E. fuel oil flow meteron change ver. standby ecord he olloling readings. i. M.E.counter. F.O. low meter M.E., i i i . B o i l e rF . O . l o w m e t e r iv. M.E. Cylinderoil flow meter Set he cylinder ubricator Maximumposition. After finishedwith engine given,carryout he ollowing; i. RecordM.E,. ounter,M .E., andA/E F.O. low meter,Boiler F.O. low meter. M.E. Cylinderoil flow meter. valves. ii. Stopboiler watercirculating mp shut iii. Change ver calorifier eatingo ELECTRIC. Shutoff steam umping ontrollernletvalve. OpenM.E,. ndicator ocks vi. Change ver acketcoolingwatersystem warmingup ine with auxiliary system.
shows hat the speed s sufficient. 4. Experiencewill show he time required or rotationon startingair for eachplant. 5. Check hat he desireddirectionof rotation obtained. HOW DO YOU PREPARE M.E. VOYAGE? l. D.O. settlingand service anks o be keptfull. 2. Keep both air bottles ully pressed. 3. Try out all 3 generators ell in advance. 4. H.O. service ank emperatureo be brought o normal and ank to be drainedof water. 5. Disengageurning gear,check hat t is locked 'out' position. 6. Crackopen Scavenge rains Stuffing drains. 1. Drain i. startingair system, pneumaticstartingsystem or water. ii 8. Lubricatebearings nd rod connectionsor maneuvering ear. StartL.O. pumps Main engine Carnshaft iii. Turbochargers iv Governoramplifier, and checkpressures 10. ResetMain engineSLOW DOWN SHUT DOWN conrrols. I l Observe ightglasses i. Piston oolingoil outlet bearing .O. outlet iii. The hrustbearing iv. the highest oint of thechaindrive. Check hat ubricatorsor cylinders nd ockerarmsare illed with oil and hat hey respond o handpumping. 13. Lubricate ll cylinderswhile urning enginewith the urninggear. StartMain S.W. F.W. punps checkpressures. 15. The emperature the coolingF.W. outlet he M.E. shoutd e broughtup to 60 deg. Srvitch n Electricequipment ntaneuveringystem. stoppistonvalve "SERVICE"position openair supply o pneunratic startingsystem Stan i. F.O.primarypump. ii. Fuelvalvecooling pump checkpressures. V e n ta l l u e lv a l v e s .
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open ndicator ocks. Close ndicator ocks valves. 2l . M.E . shouldbe tried out both rom enginecontrol room and from bridge at leaston hourbefore ailing. 28. At leastone hour beforesailing,pu standby enerator load. 29. Inform bridge hat engine s ready or starti ng.
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HOW DO YOU SHUT DOWN M.E. IN PORT? Ensure 'Finishedwith the elegraph Engines' nd the uel ever at'Stop' position. Close he starting ir valves nd solate control the engine. 3. Stop F.O.primary pump an shutoff steam i. F.O.heater Fuelpipeheater racer ines 4. Engage he turning gear and open he indicatorcocks. 5. Changeover Jacket oolingwatersystem warming rvithauxiliary ystem. Main S.W. main F.W. coolingpumps auxiliaryS.W. andauxiliaryF.W. coolingpumps. 6. Openall draincocks Scavenge receiver Scavenge paces iii. Diaphragm lands iv. Starting ir manifold Exhaust svstem. By-passMain L.O. and Main F.W. coolers. Stop M a i nL . O . ii. Canrshaft .O. and iii. Governor rnplifier pumps. 9. Continue .O. purification or at least hrs.after M.E. stopped. Checkconsumption f all L.O., F.O., otherconsumableFeedwater, water). I l. Any adjustmentseededo improveefficiencymustbe carried 12. Clean Scavenge ir coolers nd ii. T/C air filters. regular ntervalsM.E. should e turnedover the urninggear,whilstoperating cylinder ubricators y hand,with L.O. punlps operation.
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i. In a 2 strokecycle engine, he cycle of events s accomplished 2 strokesof th piston ravel or in one engine evolution. 2. Particularlyat high speedshe exhaust alve of the 2 strokecycle enginemust open relatively arlier ofthe 4 stroke ycleengine,freasonable cavenging fthe cylinder be obtained.Thisresults i. Lower utilisationof th energy the burnedgases. ii Poor fuel economy. 3. The separate xhaust nd ntakestrokesofthe strokecycle provide greater opportunity or the dissipation f heat i'omcritical partssuchas he piston an essentially ernrit he strokecycle engine ru at higherspeeds han he 2 stroke cycleengine. 4. In general arge apacity speed iesels predominantly stroke cycle rype,while the high speed, ower capacityengines end oward the 4 strokecycle. 2. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF TURBOCHARGING? l. Turbochar_eing s the erm used indicate weightof air supplied engine asbeen onsiderablyncreased. 2. This allowsmore uel o be used strokewith a consequentn crease engine outputpower. Turbocharging had he effect lowering he specific veight dieselengines Le.,morepower obtained engineweight. 3. WHAT THE CONSEQUBNCE SMALL AND TOO LARGE? A. Too muchclearance auses Latevalveopening. 2. Earlyclosing. Noisy operation. B. Too little clearance auses l. Earlyopening. 2. Lateclosing. 3. May prevent omplete losure.
THE TAPPET CLEARANCE BEING
4. HOW COMPARE CROSSHEAD AND TRUNK PISTON ENGINES? A. Trunkpistonengines head oom. Requires 2. Their rvorkingpaftsare ewer. 3. Much ess ostlv Droduce. B. Crossheadnsines
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ADVANTAGES UNIFLOW SCAVENGE OVER CROSSSCAVENGEDENGINE? l. Th crossscavenged ngine annot ake he advantage fa increase thermal efficiency by increasing he stroke bore atio. 2. Reduceshe specific uel consumption. WHAT IS THE PURPOSEOF PISTON RINGS COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE? I. For sealing gases bove piston. 2. For spreading evenlyaround circumference a cylinder. 3. For controllirlg alnount f lubricating passing or down cylilder wall. TAKE PISTON RING CLEARANCE? Ifthe ring ga inadequate; L The ring ma breakdu a restrictionon its free expansion. 2. It may scuff he liner due o very heavywall pressures. 3. It may cause large ncreasen linerwear. Ifthe vertical learance insufficient; I . It break grooveon oneside eventually llow blow past. 2. Piston eizure. 3. Scavenge ires. 8. WHAT S A STERN TUBE WHAT IS ITS PURPOSE? stern-tube earings uppofi overhanging eightofthe propeller screw shaft. 2. The load on thesebearings transfered on to the stern-tubewhich is suppoftedby the stern-frame nd he internalpartsofthe ship's structure round he aft peak. 3. Th forrvardend of th stern ube houses he sterngland which prevents eawater passing hrough he stern ube and nt ship,an alsooil leakage ro th stern ubes. 4. The stern ub bearingsare itted ust behind he sterngland neckbush an at the af ofstern ube. 9, WHAT A THRUST BEARING WHAT IS tTS PURPOSE? l. The hrust rorn propeller s aken main hrustbearingwhich ransmits the hrust the ship'shull causes ship o be propelled n the direction fthe thrust. 2. Tlre main hrustbearing always itted mainengine rankslraft. 3. The hrustbearing s mostcommonly f the ilting ype. 4. This of bearing uildsup an oilpressure etweenhe whitemetal of the thrust he hrust ollar shaft evolves.
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I1. WHAT ARE THE TIE BOLTS? 1 Bed plate, A-frames,scavenging ir box, cooling ackets are ightened ogetherby means f tie bolts. 2. It lower nuts bearagainst he be plate crossgirders. The uppernuts are ightened against uppersideofthe coolingjackets y nreans fhydraulic ools. I2. EXPLAIN CHAIN TRANSMISSION ARRANGEMENT? A chain ransmissions arranged drive; and uel pumps. Camshaftor valveactuating 2. Governor 3. Starting ir distributor Cylinder ubricators. I3. 1. 2. 3.
WHY A-FRAMBS ARE PROVIDED? To support cylinderunits. positioned n the uppersideofthe bedplate. They It carries cavenging ir box andcoolingjacket.
I 4 . D E S C R I B EC Y L I N D E R L U B R I C A T T O N A DIESEL ENGINE? cylinder ubrication, oil i s fed hrough rom smallopeningsn the cylinder wall, usually ocatedabout he level of the second ing from th to of pistonwhen at B.D.C. This oit supplied y a smallpurnp o each i ne which measures amount oil used oil). H O W I S C R O S S H E A DA N D G U D G E O N P I N B E A R I N G S LUBRICATED? L The rnain ubricating ystensupplies il to crossheadirectlyby telescopic ipes sr.vinging connections. xcess il thenpasses Bottom bearirrss. Guides. iii. Piston ooling. 2. For gudgeon in bearings, oil supply made of oil holes n th e crank shaft o the bottom en and hen hrough he connecting od. W H A T A R E S C A V E N G ES Y S T E M S ? l. Loop scavenge. Cross cavenge. 3. Uniflow scavenge. I7. EXPLAIN OIL COOLING AND WATER COOLING cooling
PISTON.
WATER COOLING l. Telescopicglandsar used convey he waterdirectly an from the piston. 2. Th sealingglandsan standpipes or thesepass hrough he diaphragm o a casing which completely solates hem fom th crankcase. 3. separate iston coolingwater system ncludingpumpsan heat exchangerw ill be necessary.
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WHAT METHODS Pulse ystem AIlows apid acceleration Constant ressure ystem.
TURBOCHARGING?
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. r 5. To give the ship betterse keepingqualities rough weather. 6. To trim the vessel th depthof water orward s such hat the possibility of pounding amages reducedo minimum. 2. WHY PROPULSION SHIPS DONE BY LOW SPEED ENGINES? Cavitation, he forming an burstingof vapour illed cavitiesor bubbles,ca occur as a resultofpressure ariations n the back ofa propellerblade. The resultsare, l. Lossofthrust. 2. Erosion f thebladesurface. Vibration noise. 3. WHAT IS A BTLGE NJECTION VALVE? IIOW IS IT USED? l. A bilge njection alve s fitted of a branch ine connecting ith the main water uction ine. 2. Screwdown non-return ype. This valveenableshe argemain watercoolingpump o be usedas a bil ge punp in an emergency. W H A T A R E TH E P R O B L E M S W I T H B I L G E P U M P I N G S Y S T E M S ? Choked uction trainer. Leaks n thebilgepipirrgdue o internal ndexternal orrosion. Seal ailureat strainer asins box covers.
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6 . W H A T I S T H E P U R P O S EO F T H E B I L G E S Y S T E M ? remove oose vater ronrmachinery, oiler cargospaces.Pumps 1. Ballast umps, 2 . M a i n S . W .pumps, Fire G . S .p u r n p s , B i l g ep u m p . 7 . W H A T P R E C A U T I O N SW I L L Y O U O B S E R V ED U R I N G B A L L A S T I N G ? L Carefullyobserverirn,stability tc. 2. Avoid hull damage o tank pressurisationD.B. tanks). 3. Tank air pipesshouldbe clear. only minimalamounts estuary nd iver water or ballast urposes. 5. Ballasting r deballasting perations ust started nly after eceipt written instructions ChiefEngineer he Master. gravity low. 6. Doublebottorn anksmust filled up
Seal ailure at strainer asingor mud bo covers: When he coversare removed or cleaning, he mustbe carefully eplacedwith a new oint or gasket. 2. Leaks th bilge piping du o intemal or externalcorrosion i. To locate he eak, eachpipe is thenback looded by filling with water under pressure ro th sea. ii Th leak s rhen epairedwith soft rubberpatchan pipe clip to blank of hole prevent ingress. iii. Choked uction trainer:Regular leaning boxes suction trainer. L-...-
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Lengthy unning imes. Lack offrost suction ipe. Higher evel ofsuperheat efrigerant apour eaving he evaporator compressor. 5. High pressure utouts perate. Overcharge High evaporation condenserressures. 2. Very sensitive xpansion alveworking. Excessroston suction ipe. C. Air in system High dischargeernp. pressure. Incorrect ondenser evaporatoremp.differentials. 3. Inetticient orking .iumping fgaugepointers. l)itl-\'('()n(r(.lt\c.l.ol'irrsullic'i('nt('()r)linl,.rv:r(t,r.((.h1.)
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causing;
WILL OVERCOME FAULTS REFRIGERATION SYSTEM? Undercltarge: additional efiigerant houldbe adnritted a liquid t poilt pressure ofthe system efore evaporator he systenr running, until desired perational onditions obtained. Overcltarge: excess ef igerant hould discharged empty efrigerant bottle. Air in the efrigerant:The air will tend o accunrulate condenser. Stop machine. 2' Isolate condenser, ut maintain he lorv of coolingwater r or-2hours. After prolonged ooling. conderrsedefi'igerant hould at the water temperatufe. 4. If the corlespondingemperature pressure auge eading s higher water emperature present. open purgevalveon 1he op ofthe condenser discharsehe air.
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Oil in the system l. Confirm that the requiredspecificationor the oil is corect. 2^ Check separation or correct unctioning. 3. The charge n thesystem hould pumped nto he receiver nd he surfaces contactwith th refrigerant, i. Chemicallydegreased, ii. Flushed nddriedwith compressed 4. Before echarging,he system houldbe purgedwith refrigerant removeai moisture. C. PartialBlockageat the regulator iltersshould e checkedo ascertairrnv contamination. 2. The regulator alveshould i. isolated, ii. dismantled, iii. cleaned, iv. reassembled, v. purgedwith refrigerant efore unning.
EXPLAIN FUNCTION O F T H E R M O - E X P A N S I O N V A L V B . passesnto he evaporator oils. 1. To control he quantity f Iiquid efri gerant To maintain constant egree f superheatf the eaving he coils. 4 . G I V E E V A P O R A T O R A N D C O N D E N S E RP R E S S U R E S F R - I 2 , A N D R - 2 2 .
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R-12 -29.8 0.81
R-22 -40.8
Absolute ondenser ress.
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deg.
WILL YOU START CONDITIONING PLANT? Coolingwatercircuit Open Coolingwaterpump suction nddischarge alves. ii. Condensernlet outletvalves. iii. Overboard ischarge alve. 2. Start oolingwaterpump checkdischarge ressure 3. Vent condenser aterside. Air circuit l. Checkacconrmodation are unning. 2 . C h a n g e i r n l e t l a p o ' C O N D I T I O N E DA I R ' . Gas ircuit l. Check
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iv Ho ga dischargeso defrosting ircuitsare closed. 3. Startcompressor. 4. Slowly opensuctionvalve and checkcompressor perating onditions. Stopping Close iquid eceiver utletvalve. 2. Checkoperation f compressorow pressure utoutand hat will stop compressor. discharge alves. Close onpressor uction 4. Change ir inlet flap to "Natural supply". 6. WHAT TEMPERATURES WOULD YOU EXPECT TO FIND MAINTAIN IN THE FOLLOWING REFRIGERATED ROOMS? l. Meat,Fish: deg. Vegetable, airy: deg. 3. Canned oods: deg. 4. Lobby, potato:+4 deg. 7. WHAT ARE A D V A N T A G E S O F R . 2 2O V E R R - 1 2 ? R-22 I . It is more suitable or a low temperature ange han R- 12. 2. The pressure n the evaporator ide of the system s higher han atmospheric lo temperatures, educing he of drawing into he system. Evaporatingenperature t atmospheric ressure lower han R- 2. 4. Its performance betterapproachingha of ammonia. It is not misciblewith oil over he ull temperatureange. globalwarmingpotential re ower han hat R-12 6. Ozonedepletion otential R-12 1 C.O.P.of R-12 s hisher han hat of R-22. 8. WHAT PARAMETERS WILL CHECK FOR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM? deg. temperature fthe refrigeratedpace:-30 2. Suction ressure: Discharge ressure:2 bar 4. Suction d e g .C I l . 3 2 o r 3 ernperature: 5. Discharge emperature: deg.C / 6. Liquid ine emperature:5 deg. Compressorunning ime: noderate EXPANSIONVALVE IS OPERATING 9, HOW DO YOU ENSURETHAT CORRECTLY? not on A correctly perating xpansion alvewill have rostingon the outletside, t h e n l e ts i d e .
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4. The main engine hould stopped. 5. Quick closingvalvesoperated. 6. Pumpsstopped ndmachinery pace oorsclosed. 7. The emergency enerator houldbe run to supplyessential ervices. 8. The emergencyir pump stafted o provide boundarycooling. 9. The solating alveon the mainoutside machinery pacemust Checks hould madeon adjacent ol dsand heaccommodation.
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5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
closed.
WHAT EQUTPMENT WrLL FrND tN FrRE LOCKER? Protectiveclothing. Boots gloves rubber" R i g i dh e l m e t . An electric afety amp. An axe. Self contained ompressed ir breathingapparatus. Fireproof ife line. A smoke elmet smokemaskwith pump an air hose. I n l c r n a t i o n a lh o r e c o n n e c t i o n .
3 . W H A T P R E C A U T I O N SWILL TAKE AGAINST FIRE? l. Prevent il leakage. 2. Removeall combustiblematerials rom vr,rlnerableositions. 3. Suitablemetal containers houldbe provided or the storage cottonwaste, cleaning etc.,afteruse. i. Suchcontainers houldbe emptiedat fiequent ntervalsand he contents afely disposed ff. 4. Wood,paint,spirits, nd ins of oil should ot be kept machinery paces. 5. All electric viringshould well nraintained keptclean dry. i. The rated oa capacityofthe wires and fusesshouldneverbe exceeded. SHOULD PAINTS, OILS AND CHEMICALS BE STORED ON BOARD SHIP? l. They shouldbe kept paint ockers chemical ockers, lean dry. Strictvigilance, Carefulstowage, iii. Suitable entilation necessary. They shouldnot be stowed n closeproximity o oil or paintsor near steam ipes.
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i. Fonnationof Fonnationof foam layer vhich solateshe solates he burning products ro th surrounding 3. Powder i. Inhibition combustion. Interrupting he chemical hain eaction. ii iii. Separation f burningmaterials burning materials rorn he surrounding ir. 4. CO2 Formationof a local nert atmosphere hich isolates he burning materials ro i. Formationof surrounding 5, HOW DO YOU START AND S TOP EMERGENCY FIRE PUMP? Open i. One ir hydrantvalve hydrantvalve on fire line. ii Emergency ir pump suctionan suctionan discharge alves. Check i. F.O.,L.O., F.O.,L.O., andcooling and coolingwater supplies nd ank evels. watersupplies Hydraulic il pressure etting al ve or openposition. openposition. 3. Staning i. Turn the batterystafting battery staftingswitch switch o "START" position an release nce he engine icks speed. Throttle he hydraulic il pressure etting alve o Cm2. iii. Check he l-ree lo of water hrough he fire hydrant. STOPPING Openhydraulic Openhydraulic il pressure etting alve ully. 2. Graduallypress handledownwardstill Graduallypress he fuel lev er handledownwards engine tops. 3. Close i. Fire hydrant alve. pump suction nddischarge ii. Ernergency pumpsuction nd dischargevalves. 6. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND D I S A D V A N T A G E SO SO F F I R E EXTINGUISHERS? A. ll/oter I. Advantages i. Readilyavailable. Readilyavailable. ii. Cood coolingeffect. coolingeffect. iii. Smothering ction steam. 2. Disadvarttages: t can caase; i. Damage a. Cargo, b. Machinery, nd c. Electrical ystems.
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Little coolingeffect. coolingeffect. iii. suitable electricalires. electrical ires. C. Dry chentical powder I. Atlvontuges Most suitable rediunr extinguishing gaseous, b. chemical, c. electrical, metallic ires toxic andnon and non conductor f electricity. 2. Disodvontoges Leaves esidue ii. Negligible oolingeffect. oolingeffect.
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I. Advanloges i. Non toxic and non conductorof conductorof electricity. ii. Leaves o residue. iii. It is not subject o deterioration quality vithage. vithage. 2. Disodvantoges i. Highly asphyxiating ii. Little coolingeffect coolingeffect iii. Solid particles f CO2 generatestatic lectricity E. IIalon l. Advuttages i. Extinguishmentf Extinguishmentf fire ncredibly apid. ii. Leaves o residue. 2. Disodvantuges It is not effectiveagainst i. effective against Deepseated olidmaterial olid material ires. b. Combustible hemical ires. ii. Little coolingeffect coolingeffect iii. Slightly oxic iv Damage he ozone ayer. HOW WILL YOU TRAIN SEAFARERS IN FIRE FIGHTING? Locationand Locationand use i. Portableand Portableand mobile fire extinguishers. Fixed extinguishing ppliances. iii. Fircman's utfit. Starting i. Emergency enerator ii. Emergency pump
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BE EXTINGUISHED? tuble Extittgu slter Water CO2 Soda acid Principle:ooling Principle:ooling Foam 2. Drypowder Dry powder Principle:mothering Principle:mothering 1. Drypowder Dry powder Principle: motheringit nonconductiveaterial mothering it nonconductiveaterial
REQUIRED FOR F.F.A.? WHAT MAINTENANCE Discharge, lean, nd echarge early. less. 2. Weigh cartridge nd enew f 0 10. WHAT CHECKS WILL YOU CARRY BREATHING APPARATUS? (CKL) Pressure auge capacity fair supply. i. Open cylinder valve fully and read offpressuregauge 20 bars). 2. High pressureeak est i. Closecylinder Closecylinder alve observe ressure auge. pressurendicated pressurendicated hould ot dropmore drop more han 0 bar n oneminute. one minute. 3. Low pressure udiblealann udible alann (between 70 bar) i. Open close ylinder alve. pressure aciliry of demand ii. Vent apparatus arefullyby switchingon the +v pressureaciliry arefully by switchingon valve hand. iii. Whistle must soundat soundat pressure ppropriate o the cylinder itted. iv. Deactivate he demandvalve depressinghe re button. demandvalve by depressinghe 4. Facemask Facemask supplyand supplyand ightness. Closecylinder Closecylinder alve,breathe alve,breathe ormallyuntil ormallyuntil he air in the system s exhausted. maskshould maskshould on to the ace. iii. it does Opencylinder Open cylinder alve, Adjusthead Adjust headharness, harness, c. Repeat est.
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nickel Lub. oi cooler ubes:Alurniniumbrass:76 copper 22 zinc aluminium
WHAT MATERIALS ARE USED IN HEAT EXCHANGERS? l. Pumpcasing; metal: 88 copper
2.
zinc Pump mpeller:A luminiumbronze: 80 copper aluminium 5-Fe Nickel
Propeller: luminiumbronze: 70 copper aluminium rnanganese 5-Fe Nickel 4. Pumpshaft:Stainlessteel: chromium nickel molybdenum carbon Pumpbearings: hosphor ronze 6. Joints: i. Compressed sbestos ii. Rubber cotton reinforced for water rings:Silicone 8. Valve seats: tellite obalt chromium llov 3. WHAT ARE BEARING MATERIALS? Tirr Whitemetal: antimony copper Trace cadmium
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WHAT MATERIALS ARE USED IN DIESELENGINES? Cylinder iner:Perlitic ast ron 2. Cylinder cover: Heat resistant aststeel(0.25% Carbon) 3. Piston: i. Upper part heat esistant as steel ii. Lower part Perlitic
2.
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30 copper Fe, Mn Diaphragm or pneumatically ontrolledvalve:Neoprene
6. WHAT ARE TRI-METALLTC BEARINGS? A/E con.rod big end bearings -'75% Lead aluminium 20 Yo -5Yo Nickel
EXPLAINDIESELENGINECRANK SHAFTMATERIAL? carbon) cast hrow, emib uiltconstruction. Plain arbon teels0. 0. Types Fullybuilt, Senribuilt, ieceorged. iii. 8. EXPLAIN THE EFFECT OF CARBON CONTENT IN IRON. Mild steel Mediumcarbon teel -100%pearlite 0.87 1.7 High carbon teel 1.1 4.2 Cast rons
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If water blows freely out of the drain, he bottom connections re n order. 2. Then prove he to connections re n order by i. closing erminalan gaugeglasswater cocksan ii leaving erminalan gaugeglasssteam ocksand drain pipe open If steamblows reely out of the drain, he top connections re order B. In the eventof either blorving reely,a blowingprocedureeferred o a crossblowing s adopted. l. with i. Terminal tearn Gauge lasswatercockclosed, open i. Terminalwatercock, ii Gaugeglasssteamcock and drain to check he erminalwatercockconnectiono the boiler clear then hese ocks passageso theboiler clear). 3. Witlr Tenninalwatercock and Gauge lass team closed, open i. Terrninal team ock, ii. Gauge lasswatercock drain connectiono theboiler s clear then hese ocks check hat he erminal team passageso the boiler clear). W H Y I S I T N E C E S S A R YT O K E E P O X Y G E N O U T BOILER? Dissolved xygen ancause erious ittingof themetalsurface. 2. For corrosion o take place, xygenntr.rst presento accomplishhe orntation f water s essential. metaloxides. ence e-aerationf the 3. WHAT IS solution. Logarithm fthe reciprocal fthe hydrogen concentration 2. ThepH value ncreasess hydrogenon concentrationecreases. By maintaining valueof theboilerbetween 0.5 o I 1.0,corrosion s kept o a rninimum. 4. The pH valueof the watershould e between .5 9.2. pH is too high, can ead o, Foaming the steam rum. he boilermetal. Possibility f caustic ttack grams iter. iii. pH logl0( | / [H+] concentrationf hydrogen
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Ifavailableadditional ludge onditionershould e added, speciallyhose o reduce foaming. 7 Bottom blow down at intervals f l5 seconds remove he oily sludge ormed by the chemicalreatment. 8. Trace he sourceof oil contamination nd rectify immediately. 9. If thecontaminations heavy, boiler down andsubject t alkali boil out. 5. WHAT DOES ALKALINITY TEST INDICATE? l. Because f the difficulty measuring valueaccuratelyt normalpractice aphenolphthaleinestwhichmeasureshe amounts f hydroxides carbonates sample. alkalinity evel too low thencorosion occur. alkalinity evel high, can ead o foaming n the steam rum. 4. If the alkalinity s due hydroxides, he resultingcausticalkalinity ca ea caustic attack. 6. WHAT DOESCHLORIDE TEST INDICATE? This s to measure amount f chlori de the sample. Undernormalboilerconditions hese emain n solution not affected y the treatment hemicals. chloride evel too high t indicates i. Condensereakage nto steamspace. Undueamounts f dissolved alts present boilerwater. iii. Possibility foaming deposits. 7 . W H A T D O E S H A R D N E S ST E S T I N D I C A T E ? l. This s to measure amount f hardness alts n the sanple. the hardnessevel s too high, t indicates Contamination. ii. Phosphateeserve eing oo lorv. iii. Possibility scale ormation. WHAT DOESSODIUM SULPHITE OR HYDRAZINE TEST INDICATE? L To ensure an adequateeserve chemical beingmaintained. 2. If the sulphite r hydrazine eserve thencorrosion anoccur. sulphite eserve high, i. It increases dissolved olids ontent. 4. If the hydrazine eserves too high, An excessive mount ammonia be formedwhichnray ead o attackupon copperalloys n the systent.
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WHAT DOES PHOSPHATE TEST INDICATE? measure amount f phosphaten the sample. l. This 2. Phosphateeserve houldbe maintained th boiler water ready hardness altswhich may enter. 3. If the phosphateeserves too ow, t allowspossibility i. Scale ormation, ii. Excessive mounts hydroxide orming n the boiler water. 4. Ifthe phosphateeserve s too high, t can ead o i. Foamingn the steam rum. Undue mounts sludge eposits heating urfaces.
neutralise ny
I I . D E S C R I B EH O W W O U L D Y O U M A K E A L K A L I N I T Y T E S T . Take sample f Boilerwater. I nl(10 drops) f phenolphthalein. i. If th sarrpleha pH value greater han 8.4 it will turn PINK. 3. Add 0.02 sulphuric cid until hepink colour disappears. 4. I mlof 0.02 sulphuric willprecipitate CaCO3. u s e dX l 0 : 5" Thusml of 0 . 0 2N s u l p h u r i c Alkalinity phenolphthalein terms CaCO3
I2. EXPLAIN THB THEORY BEHIND THE ALKALINITY TEST. Phenolphthaleins lessalkaline hanhydroxides r carbonates. 2. Whenphenolphthaleins added o a sample ontaining ydroxides nd or carbonates, will turn pink in colour. 3. The acidusedafter colouration ill firstneutralise hydroxides,ormingsalts. 4. lt will then eactwith the carbonate olecules resentbrming bicarbonate olecules. phenolphthalein. 5. Bicarbonate olecules re alkaline all thehydroxides ndcarbonates 6. Hencepink colouration ill disappear beendealt by th acid. EXPLAIN METHYL ORANGE TEST FOR TOTAL ALKALINITY. Takealkalinity phenolphthaleinample. Ad ml of methyl orange. it turnsyellow, t indicates presence f bicarbonates. sample rrtmediatelyurnspink indicates o bicarbonates present. 0.02N sulphuric cid until pink. m l o f 0 . 0 2N s u l p h u r i c willprecipitate CaCO3. Total ml of 0.02N sulphuric sed n both he phenolphthalein methylorange ests 300. CaCO3 X l 0 : T o t a la l k a l i n i t yn t e r m s
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. e 2. Add l0 ml of bariumchloride. phenolphthalein,e sult 3. Add colouration. 4. Add 0.02N sulphuric ciduntil hepink colour disappears. 5. I mlof 0.02 sulphuric cidwillprecipit ate CaCO3. 6. Thus of 0.02N sulphuric cidusedX l0: 'l Causticalkalinity termsof pp CaCO3 20 EXPLAIN THEORY BEHIND BARIUM C}ILORIDE TEST. l. Barium hloridewill precipitate the carbonates hich present. 2" Thusany pink colouration akingplacewhen I ml of phenolphthaleinndicator s added to the solution s due hydroxides only. EXPLAIN CHLORIDE TEST (STLVERNTTRATE TEST). A. In boilerwaterwheresulphite s absent L Takealkalinity o phenolphthaleinample. 2. Add 2 mlof sulphuric cid. potassium hromatendicator. 3. Add ml i. ResultYellorvcolourationf chlorides represent. 4. Add 0.02 N silver nitratesolutionuntil a brown colouration esults. I 0.02 silvernitratewill precipitate0 ppm of CaCO3 Thusml of 0.02N silvernitrate olution X CaCO3 300. phenolphthalein B. ln boilerwaterwheresulphite s present nd f the sample is not available L Take 100ml sample f boilerwater. potassium ersulphate stir well until dissolved 2. Add phenolphthalein,e sultpink colouration. Add I 4. Add 0.02N sulphuric ciduntil he pink colour disappears. 5. Follow steps above n A. I8. EXPLAIN THE THEORY BEHIND CHLORIDE TEST. l. The alkalinity to phenolphthalein anrpleakenha had he hydroxidesand carbonates now conductedor chlorides. dealtwith and heywill playno further chemical eactions hich sample madenow slightlyacidic speed p take place. potassium hromate ndchlorides, principal affinity 3. Silvernitrate preference owever fo the chlorides. reactwith When t hasneutralisedhe chlorides resentn thesample,t is then th potassium hromate, n doing so, produces reddishbrown colouration. amount fsilver nitrate olution sed s a direct nleasure therefore pparent boilerwatersamDle. of the chloride ontent
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24. EXPLAIN 4-DIMETHYL AMINO BENZALDEHYDE TEST. In presence f hydrazine hi regentproduces YELLOW colour. The intensityof the colour depending pon he amountof hydrazine resent n the sample. Take ml of boilerwatersample, xclude ir andcool o about deg. Add l5 ml of 0.5N hydrochloric cid o each f 2 Nessler ylinders. 3. Add25 boilerwatersample nd 0 ml of 4-dimethyl minobenzaldehydeo one cylinder.--( of boilerwatersample o othercylinder.---(2) 5. Place ample in right handcompartment the nessleriser. 6. Placesample 2) in left handcomparlntent f the nessleriser. Matchsamples gainst colours. 8. Disc eading hydrazine 0.1 o 0,25 Note: l. Greatcaremust be taken avoid the samplecoming nt contactwith the air during the est,otherwiseany hydrazine the sample an reactwith oxygen. 2. The hydrazine eserve should e between o 0.3 ppm. 2s. l. 2. 3. 4.
EXPLAIN pH TEST BY COLOURIMETRIC METHOD. Take sarnple f boilerwater. Place .2 ml or thymol glass toppered Nessler ylinder. Add 50 ml of sample nto heNessler ylinder ensureablet dissolved.---(l) Put50 ml of sample nto he otherNessler ylinder.---(2) Place ample l) in right handcompartment Nessleriser. 6. Place ample left handcompartment f theNessleriser. 7. Matchsamples gainst isccolours. 8. Read nearestm atching olour. Note: Greatcaremust taken o avoid he sample oming contactwith the air during the testotherwisesomeof tlre carbonatesm ay form bicarbonates o changing he alkalinity level the sample. 2. The nessler ylinderwithout he colour ndicator placed eneathhe disc n-order f theboilerwater tselfupon he observed esult. 26. HOW DO D E T E C T C O N D E N S E RL B A K A G E ? Increase salinonretereading. 2. Variouschanges the results f the outine ests arried ut on samples f feed boilerwater. 3. Riseof water evel in the reserve eed ank. Actiott:
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advisedmaximum. lf the chloride evel s well above he advisedmaximum, i. The quantifyand he frequency blowdownmust be ncreasedo bring the level below he advisedmaximum. chloride evel excessive,o r example times maximumadvised igure, then, i. Either he boiler be shutdown or at the very least, ii. The steamofftake rom the affectedboiler minimesedwhilst keeping ts pressure normal, hereby essening possibility fexcessive arryover. Trace hesource f contamination ectifli mmediatelv. WHAT I PPM
PPM? dissolved olids l 000 000 gm purewater: mg / Liter
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29. WHY DO YOU ADD PHOSPHATES? . Phosphateseactwith the sulphates calciuman magnesium, recipitating hem as their corresponding hosphates, hich ca be blown ou ofthe boiler beforeany scale forms.or 2. Convertinghem o highlysoluble odium altswhich emain solution. The imponant ypes i. Di-sodium hosphate Tri-sodiumplrosphate THE STEAM OR WATER COCKS 30. WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF EITHER A R E C H O K E D I N G A U G E G LA S S ? Thenwaterwill gradually ill thegauge lass ue o the steam bove he watercondensing. 31. WHAT IS THE POSITION OF COCKS? (CKL, WFL) gauge lass itting s in operation cockhandles houldbe vertical. l. When 2. If they were arranged orizontallyand he gauge in operation, ibration effectsma verticalposition hereby cause cock handle o gradually end o take i. closing he cock, n the case fs team watercocks, nd opening, n the case f the drain. 'r.a
EXPLAIN BOILER WATER TREATMENT. (CKL, WFL) standard oilercompound onsists Sodiumcarbonate, ii. Di-sodiurn hosphate iii. Starch, r a sludge onditionern theproportions 3,4, and by mass respectively. sodium arbonate used i. to providealkalinity
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35. WHAT IS ELECTROC}TEMICAL CORROSION? l. When ron is in contactwith water which contains ydrogen ons,corrosionmay result. 2. The hydrogen ons n contactwith the metalsurfacebecomehydrogenatomsby taking an electron rom metal. 3. The resultantmetal on cornbineswith hydroxyl ons n contactwith the metal surface form a metallichydroxide, hich s solublen water,hence he metal corroded. 4. So he boilerwatershould i. alkalinewith, ii. very ittle or no dissolved xygen ontent. EXPLAIN GALVANIC ACTION. l. When2 dissimilarmetals represent a saline olution, alvanic ctionmay occur, resulting the corrosion f the morebasemetal zinc, ron). 2. Corrosionof nonferrousmetals n steaman condensate ystemsma result n deposits ofcopperon boiler ubesurfaces hichdue o galvanic ction o boilercorrosion. 37. WHAT IS CAUSTIC CRACKING OR CAUSTIC EMBRI TTLEMENT? l. This s a fornt intercrystalline racking aused y waterwith high evelof caustic alkalinity oming nto contactwith steelw hich not beenstress elieved. 2. It is often ound n way i. leaking iveted oints ii bolted fittings. 3. So ensure n adequateeserve fsodium sulphate r sodiumnitrate.
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Extemally: 1. All refractoryshouldbe in good order. 2. All valvesand cocksshouldbe good operable ondition. 3. Manholean handhole oo oints shouldbe good condition an properly ightened Superheat ontrolvalvesshouldbe correctlyset o ensure ha all initially generated steam lows through he superheaters. Thenclose, i. Main and auxiliary steamstop valves. Gauge lass raincocks. iii. Feed ontroller nd evelalarms utout solatins alves. iv. Running blowdownvalves. 6. Thenopen, i" Steamdrum an superheater ir vents. ii. superheaterrainvalves. iii. Water evelgauge lass solating alves cocks. iv Pressure auge solatingvalve. v. Feedcheckvalves. 7. The boiler be filled with distilled e-aerated ater o a level between lowestand normal water evel. 39. HOW DO YOU FLASH UP A BOILER? Check he f'ueloil system. i. Start uel oil servicepump and check or leaks. ii Heat he fuel oil to the required emperature. 2. Star-the forced draught an an purge he boiler. Carryout a final check o makesure, Gauge lass solating alves cocks open. Water s showing n the gauge lass, iii. that steamdrum and superheater ir ventsare open. 4. Flash the burner means f ignitionequipment. Use he owestpossibleiring rate. Adjust he air supply obtain he bestcombustion onditions Check hatas heboilerheats p, hewater evel n thegauge lass egins
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40. HOW D O Y O U R A I S E S T E A M I N B O I L E R ? l. After abouton hour, steamshouldshowat the steamdrum and superheater ir vents and,when ssuing trongly, Open he superheaterirculating alve Close heair vents. 2. When he steampressure as eached valueof about KglCm2, blow through he water evel gauges o ensure hey are working correctly. i. The controller nd evelalarms out solating alves now be opened
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i. close he superheaterirculatingand drain valves. 6. Bring the boiler up to rvorkingpressure, eeping he firing rate as steadyas possible. 7. Adjust th safetyvalves their conect blow offpressures, nd es i. The water evel alarmsan ii. Remoteoperated uel oil cut off gear. 8. Open he main steam ine drains,crack open he rnainsteamstop valve and wann through mainsteamine. i. Thenclose hedrains nd ully open mainsteam topvalve. 9. The procedurerom flashingup to coupling up at full rvorkingpressure hould ake about4-6hours. WHAT IS YOUR ACTION IF THERE IS LOW WATER LEVEL? l. After blowing hrough he gaugeglass,when watercock hasbeenopened. he water flows to the top of the gaugeglass,and when he steamcock s opened, he water lows down out ofthe gauge lass. 2. Then he water evel is between he watercock connection o th boiler and he bottom ofthe gauge lass. Action; L Reduce Boiler ii. rateof firing. 2. lncrease supplyand fnecessary i. Standby eed pump an ii. Auxiliary eedcheck nto operation. Iflevel not known,check l. The othergauge lass provided. 2. Boilerdrum remote evel ndicator. WHAT YOUR ACTION IF THERE IS TOO LOW WATER LEVEL? l. After blowing through he gaugeglass,when water cock is openedan water doesno flow up the gaugeglass. 2. Then he water evel s below hewatercockconnectiono the boiler. Action; I . Take heboilerout of operation. Shutoffthe fuel and i. close he steam topvalve. 3. Ifit is suspected overheating occurred, i. Operate he easinggearon the safetyvalves release he boiler pressure. 4. When he boiler cooleddorvn t should e examined safecondition. Only retumed o servicewhenconsidered e
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2. The open circuit in phasewill preventa motor from startingbu runningmotor ma continue o operate vith he ault. Csuses: 1. Blowing of on of the fusesprotecting he circuit. 2. Faulfycontactor r brokenwire. Detection: 1. By overloadprotectivedevices n the supply ines over current elay. OCR). 2. Overheating,umming ound. Results: l. A motor ruming with a single phase ault will carry excess urrent n the remaining supplycables. 2. Motor windingswill haveunequal istribution f current. 3. Overheatingvill cause urnout f theoverloaded oil. Prevention: l. By useof filled cartridge usesand not re-wirable uses. 2, By setting he overloadprotectivedevices airly low. Placing hermisters windings o nreasure hermal ffects. Action: l. Immediately hange ver he unningpurnp. 2. The cause f the ault must ocated nd epaired. 3. In the event f a fuseblowing, Replace ll 3 fuses a phase upplyeven f only one foundblown after fault. ii The replacernentuse ink rnustbe ofthe correctcurrent ating,gradeand type. 4. The insulation esistance f the motorshould hen checked. 2 . H O W D O Y O U R E S T O R ET H E I N S U L A T I O N R E S I S T A N C E F MOTOR? Restoringhe nsulation alueof thestatorwinding o a high value s achieved stages. Cleaning. Drying. iii. Re-varnishing. 2. Salt contamination an be removedby washingwith clean reshwater. 3. An greaseor oil in the windingshas o be removedusinga detergent iquid suchas Armaclean. 4. Dry the statorwindingswith lo power electricheaters r lampswith plenty of ventilation o all ow the danrpnesso escape. 5. With the windings lean the nsulationesistance remains igh overa few hours,apply coupleofcoatsofgood qualityair-drying nsulating arnish.
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WHAT PROTECTIVE DEVICES PROVIDED Shortcircuit protection,by fuses. protection,by Bi-metallic hennaloverload elays. Magneticoverload elays. Built protective evices,ike hermistors. Electronicmotor orotection elavs.
MOTOR?
5. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT WAYS OF STARTING A/C MOTORS? l. Directonlinestarting. Star-delta tafter. 3. Auto transformer tarter. 4. Electronic tarters.
6. HOW IS THE MOTOR DIRECTIONREVERSED. Simply y nterchanging 2 supply connectionst This everseshedirection f the otatingmagneticield.
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7. WHAT IS YOUR ACTION THE VOLTAGE VERY LOW? l. An A.V.R. rvill control he generator's oltage o valueover 2.5 % of the load range. This is its steady tatevoltage egulation. 2. The A.V.R. senseshe generator utputvoltageand acts alter he field current o maintain he voltage t ts value. trimmer' regulator itted on th generator ontrol panelprovides he se 3. A hand voltage evel. Note: 1. The governorsettings fthe generators re adjusted o achieve W load sharing. 2. The excitation s adjustedo achieve VAr loadsharing.This achieved automatically y A.V.R. unit. 8. WHY DO YOU SWITCH OFF SYNCHROSCOPE? Th synchroscopehouldnot be eft n circuit or more han20 min. as continuouslyated. 9 . H O W D O Y O U S Y N C H R O N I S EG E N E R A T O R I F T H E S Y N C H R O S C O P E GOESOUT OF ORDER? SEQUENCE, ethod s preferred t displays rotationof lampbrightness which ndicates hether he nconringmachine s running oo fast clockwise) slow (anti clockwise). 2. As with thesynchroscope, sequence appear rotate lowly
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ll. EXPLAIN UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTION. 7o or below) l. Its main function s to trip the breakerwhen severe oltagedip occurs around 50 2. It alsopreventshe circuit breaker ro beingclosedwhen he generator oltage s very low or absent. 3. The undervoltage elay alsoprovidesback-upprotection shortcircuit protection. 12. EXPLAIN REVERSE POWER PROTECTION. FULL POWER LOSS) l. A reverse ower relay monitors he directionof power lowing between he generator nd he switchboard bu bars). 2. If prime mover failure occurs, he generatorwould act as a motor. The reverse power relay detects his fault and acts o trip the generator ircuit breaker. 13. HOW DO YOU DETECT EARTH FAULT? l. The earth ault ndicators be either a setof lampsor an instrument alibrated n kOhm to show he system nsulation esistance alue to earthon the 440 Y and220 V sections. 2. Each amp is connected etweenon phaseand he commonneutralpoint. 3. Closing of the test switch connects he neutralpoint to earth. 4. If the system s healthy,hen he ampswill glow with equalbrightness. lf an earth ault occurson one ine. he lamo connected that line show dull light or extinguished nd he other ampswill glow brighter. EARTH FAULT l. Tracing he earth ault must be coordinatedwith the operational equirements f the ship's lectricalervices. at a time andby watching 2. Open he circuit breakerseeding oadsA, B, C etc. th earth hult indicator,notewhich circuit breaker,when ripped,clears he earth ault. The earth ault must hen be on thatparticularcircuit. he circuit nto smaller The rnethod f tracing he ault continually reaking partscontaining he earth ault until it i s finally located. 4. Where here no earth ault indicator,an insulation esistanceestermust be used. Causes re, Dampnessn insulation. Damagednsulation. Surfacedirt. Singlephasing
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HOW DO YOU TEST NSULATIONRESISTANCE? Provehecorrect perationf the nst rument.
Switch he nstrument 'Mega C) Short he probes ogether. iii. Presshe estbuttonor turn handle 160 evs/min.) 'l'he pointer hould ndicate resistance. Isolate nd ock off the equipmento be ested. Disconnect he supply eadsand remove he links between he terminalswhich ar used o star or delta connect he motor. Prove equipmento be dead. Switch nstrument 'Mega Connect he probes pairs equipmentenninals U1-U2, Vl-V2, Wl-W2). llr. Do not buttonor turn hehandle. lf the pointerdeflects, circuit s alive. 4. Measure phase phase nsulationesistancealues. Uz-V V2-W1, W2-Ul 5. Confirm that a reliable earthconnection s obtai nedby connecti ng he probes separate arth on the equipment ramewhile or pole) o earth nsulationesistancealues.Ul-E, 6. Measure phase
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6. A fully charged eadacid batterywill have specificgravity of 1.21 o 1.28at 15 deg.C. and hiswill fall to somethingn the egion l0 whe n t is fully discharged. 7. Voltages Fully charged Fully discharged Leadacid 2.0 1.73 1.2 Leadalkaline l.14 Gravity Fully charged Fully discharged Lead cid 1.28 L e a da l k a l i n e 1 . 1 9 1.145 INSULATION FAILURE? WHAT ARE RESULTS Insulation ailureusually esult 1. An earth ault. phase. 2. Short circuited urns Phase phase aults. 2I. HOW DO YOU TAKE SHORE ELECTRICAL SUPPLY? l. After the terminal connections re made,belbreclosing he breaker, i. Phase equence checkedwith the phase equencendicator ensure hat motorswill not run in the wrong direction. ii The indicator am showsavailabilityof shorepower at the switch board. 2. The shoresupplybreaker s closedafter he ship's alternators re disconnected. D O Y O U M A K E S U R ET H A T T H E P H A S EC O N N E C T I O N S CORRBCT AFTER AN OVERHAUL? Star-delta tartedmotors: Identifu he pairs ends statorwindings y continuity esting. 'f)' 'continuity' i. Switch lre nstrument ofconnection o earth. ii. Connect iii. Determine he other end of connection sins IR tester.with one probe connectedo earth. scale iv. Presshe button turn hehandle. heck he ndication n 2.
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Identify he pairs endsof connectionsetween Delta contactors nd motor erminalsand.
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24. EXPLAIN OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION. The over voltage elay causeshe generator ircuit breaker o be tripped, l. Only if both over-excitation nd an over-voltage re present imultaneously t a particulargeneratorwith an A.V.R. fault. 25. EXPLAIN OVER CURRENT PROTECTION (150 7o of full load current for sec.) Th over crrrrent elay causeshe generator ircuit breaker o be tripped, eventofhigh overcurrent uchas hatassociatedvithshortcircuit. Only 26. Th l. 2.
EXPLAIN INSTANTANEOUS OVER CURRENT PROTECTION. instantaneousver current elay causesapid ripping ofa generator, with an nternal ault, with currents n excess f the maximum senerator ault current.
27. EXP LAIN LOSS OF EXCITATION? The lossof excitation elay ensuresha generator xperiencing of excitation be tripped, Only rather healthymachinesripping overcurrent.
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30. HOW DO YOU BRING UP THE VOLTAGE OF A GENERATOR B EFORE SYNCTIRONISATION? l. The speedof speedof the ncominggeneratormust be adjusteduntil adjusteduntil its frequency s approximately qual o that ofthe generators lreadyconnected lreadyconnectedo o the bus bars. 2. The D/C excitation ield currentshould currentshouldbe be regulated produce he required generator /C outputvoltage. output voltage. voltagemust be trimmedwith trimmed with a hand rimmer regulator itted on the generator 3. The voltagemust control panel, correspondwith t hat ofthe bu bars. -2.5% 4. The A.V.R. will thencontrol then control he generator utput oltage valueover valueover he load range.
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DO YOU CHARGE A BATTERY? The cell s disconnectedi'om he oad connected o a D/C chargingsupply chargingsupplyofthe ofthe correctvoltage. correctvoltage. The positive charging upply s connectedo connectedo the positive the negative fthe charging upply negative fthe cell.
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areaenclosed n the diagram epresentshe work done. 2. The areaenclosed measuredo derivemeanpressure nd multiplying by engine 3. Th work diagram s measuredo constant, he power n a cylinder s calculated. speedan speedan cylinder constant,he 2. WHY DO YOU TAKE DRAW DIAGRAM? (CKL) piston momentarily omes o a stop, he indicator when lre pistonmomentarily deadcentreswhen l. At deadcentres enginecylinder n a precord any'thing f what happening n the enginecylinder instrument ails to recordany'thing diagram. nfluenceon the perfonnance fa diesel 2. Importantprocesses aving profound nfluenceon deadcentres. place at or near he deadcentres. enginedo take placeat obtainedby moving the drum iagramwhich is obtainedby 3. A draw diagram s pressure-time iagramwhich efore and after he T.D.C. coveringa few degrees eforeand at constant elocity during the period coveringa are; informationobtainedare; 4. The vital informationobtained Contpression maximum ombustion ressure. ii. The nature fthe expansion urve. iii. Loss compression. iv. Incorrect njection iming. afterburning. v. Occurrence afterburning. GD I A G R A M ? D O Y O U T A K E L I G H T S P R I N GD vitha lig ht spring. This diagram s aken vitha pressuren the cylinderduring cylinderduringexhaustittg scavenging The variation pressuren nagnified in liglrt spring diagram. pressure s a trreasure f clearness f exhaust assages. 3. The drop in pressures shows he pressure scavenge ir at cylinder ntake. This diagram BLACK SMOKE? (CKL) WHAT ARE THE CAUSES producing moke. units 1. lmproperF.O. lmproperF.O. emperature viscosity. F.O.purification. 2. lmproperF.O.purification. Foulingofair Foulingofair Passages. 4. Wrong position f carnshaft. one unit onlY smoke s from oneunit l. Defective uel valves. 2. Leaky exhaust alve. leakycombustion hamber. Blow-by or leakycombustion 4. Wrong position fuel cam. 5. Scavenge ir suPPlY low. Actiou: Replace efective alves. RectifuF.O. RectifuF.O. purification nd iming. CheckF.O. enlperature viscosity.
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2. The water may be n the fuel or leaking nto th cylinder hroughcracked hrough cracked cylinder iner, cylinder cover or turbocharger asing. B. Blue sntoke: l. Excessivecylinderlubrication. 2. Failureofscraper Failureofscraper ings,causing ings, causingexcessive excessiveubricating ubricatingoil oil to be burnt in th cylinder. 6. WHAT ARE THE REASONS FOR THE OIL LEVEL TO RISE IN ENGINE L.O.SUMP? Ressons: (WFL, CKL) 1. Water eaks n the cooling system, uchas glandsor seal ings, allowing uchas glandsor contamination f the crankcasero pistonsetc. crankcasero cylinder ackets,watercooled water cooledpistons 2. Therema There ma be a leak at the oil cooler. Action: l. Put stand-bygenerator stand-bygenerator n load. 2. Immediatelystop Immediatelystop defectivegenerator r main engine. Inform chief Engineer, nd Bridge. 7 . W H A T A R E T H E RE R E A S O N SFOR SFOR THE O I L L E V E L T O F A L L I N E N G I N E L.O. SUMP? Reusons: (WFL) 1. Theremay There may be an oil leak n the systemand systemand his must be searchedor searchedor at all L.O. i. Pumps Coolers iii. Pressureelief Pressureelief valves iv Crank casean casean drain tank, an void tank. L.O. purifier ogether ith the purifierpump purifierpump shouldbe Waterseal Water seal shouldbe checked. drain gridswithin within he crankcase ill cause he oil levelto build up 3. Chokingof Chokingof oil draingrids therean there an not return o the drain ank. 4. Failure of scraper ings causingexcessive causingexcessiveubricating ubricatingoi oi to be burnt in the cylinder. i. Stuffing box leakages. 5. Piston oolingoil oolingoil leakageo leakageo scavenge rain ank. Actiort: . avebeen ncorrectlv checkmust checkmust carried ut o ascertain no valves avebeen opened r closed, llowingoil llowing oil to enteror enteror l eave he system. 8. WHAT IS CRANKCASE OIL MIST DETECTORAND IT IS THERE? (wFL) l. The crankcase il mist detectorwill detectorwill detect he presence f oil mist at concentrations wef below the level at which explosionsmay explosionsmay occur (2 5 % of LEL). Giving a warning n time o allow avoiding ction o slowdown he engine nd ii. Prevent ithera ithera serious amase r an exolosion.
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4. The instrumentmust be resetbefore he alarmceases nd samplingwill recommencets sequence. lllaintenance: l. The detector hould ested aily. 2. The enses mirrorsshould e cleaned eriodically. Types: l. Comparator fp 2. Levle type 9. WHY CYLINDER LUBRICANT SHOULD HAVE HIGH ALKALINITY? (CKL) l. In cylinder ubrication,he alkaline il likely o protect he inersurface gainst corrosive ttackby neutralising eaksulphuric sulphurous cids. 2. So hecylinder ubricant hould ave TotalBase to 80 KOH/gm. Viscosity: at 50 deg. T.B.N. OF TRUNK PISTON ENGINES GREATBR THAN THAT oF cRossHEAD ENGTNELUB. OrL? (CKL) 1. The runk pistonengines se dualpurposeubricating 2. The same il is used or lubricat ion f bearingsn the crankcase also he cylinders. The L.O. n use trunk runk pistonengines urning lended r selected containing ulphur houldpossess T.B.N. of 24 30 mg KOH W H A T A R E T H E C R TT E R I AF O R T R U N K P T S T O NE N G T N EL . O . ? ( C K L ) l. A high degreeof stability without oxidationat high temperatures. High flashpoint. 3. Oiliness or both bearing nd inersurfaceubrication. 4. Non sludge orming. 5. Detergency nd dispersancy roperties. 6. Viscosity 60 cStat 50 deg. 7. T.B.N. :215 deg. Flash oint W H A T A R E T H E C R T T E R I AF O R M / E L . O . S E L E C T I O N . ? ( C K L ) l . H i g hc h e m i c a l t a b i l i t y . 2. Oiliness. A degree detergency ndalkalinity or mild cleaning nd neutralising ffect. 4. A mild dispersancyropefty. Viscosity deg. T.B.N. l0 mg KOH :215 deg. . Flashpoint Note:
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HOW DO YOU TAKE TNDICATOR DIAGRAM? A. Before aking ndicatordiagramensure, l. Indicatorpiston,cylinderan he writing mechanism re cleanedan lubricated. 2. Indicatorcock is free fronr accumulation sootand oil. 3. The indicator s fastenedo the cock such position ha th indicatorcord becomes arallelwith the movementof th drive to which the hook is fastened. 4. The lengthofthe indicatorcord s so adjusted hat, i. the diagram positioned the center fthe paper. positions. ii. the cord s tight B. Operation i. With ndicator ock closed, racean atmosphericine. 2. Open he indicatorcock and race he work diagramby pressing he writing pointer against he paperwhile the paperdrum turns one inre. Close he ndicator ock. C. Draw diagram Releasehe cord driveon engine. 2. Watch he movementof the writing pointeran press t against h paper at th momentwhen th writing pointermovesupwards. Pull simultaneouslyhe ndicator ord quickly hat he writing pointer races the compression nd gnition part of the cycle, he draw diagram. I 4 . E X P L A I N C O MP A R A T O R T Y P E O I L M I S T D E T E C T O R ? eceives sample f oil mist rom each rankposition turn l. The measuring referenceube,which eceiveshe average il compares density f thatwith mist sarnple all the emaining rankchambers. 2. In addition, nceduringeach canning ycle he otaryvalvepasseshe average sample o the reference ube and compareswith a sampleof cleanair drarvn hrough he measuringube. 15. HOW DO YOU TEST OrL MIST DETECTOR? WFL) at right hand of the scale. I . Oil rnist detector neter s graduatedrom 0 to visr.tal larm 2. Presshe checkbutton, hemetershouldmove o 8 andaudible circuitwill operate. 3. Operateselectorbutton and rotatesamplingvalve knob to positionzero for zero check n the rneter,alarm stops. i. At positionzero,cleanair is admitted o both reference nd measuring ubes or zerocalibration.
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Once alarm evel been at either or 100ppm. An th samplingpoint selected i.e., eitherafter he oily water separator jl af the filter). 3. The monitoringunit will then irst flush tself with fresh water clearall pipelines an he measuring hamber. 4. change S. valve bilge valve so that he bilge water ma be fed into th separator. 5. Samplingof the bilge water then akesplace ro th selected amplingpoint. i. Th amountof oi present displayedon the monito 6. where the level acceptable,he overboarddischarge alve no openedan th bilge water pumpedoverboard. monitored il level ises an excessiveevel, he monitorwiil simultaneouslynitiateaudible visualalarms stop bilgepump. divert th bilge water discharge a settlingor slop tank and, il iii. continue o monitor he ecirculated water. bilgepump must be stoppedmanually. when bilgepump stopped, monitoring closes after lushing itself with clean resh water. discharge recirculating alve, Sampling alve and, iii. th cleanwater flushing valve are pneumatically perated. Itlote: To test the oil content meter, introduce a drop of oit through the measttring chcrmber.
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Compilationof machineryspace og book and understanding ignificanceof readingsaken. 3. Routinedutiesundertaken uring a watch. 4. Routine ssociated ith handing ver o the ollowingwatch. 5. Safetyprecautionso be observed uring watchan mmediateactions n the eventofa fire or accident. 6. Routinepumpingoperations f ballast,bilge and reshwater. 7. Use ofoily waterseparator ndprecautions be observed o prevent environnrental ution. 8. Operation f auxiliary oiler ncluding ombustion ystem. Methods f checkingwater evel n boilers ndactionnecessary water evel abnorrnal. 10. Preparing, tarting, ouplingand changingover alternators generators. l. Imrnediate ctionnecesSaryn cases f electric hock. 12. Locationand rectificati on f contmon -aults pumps purnping ystems. 13. Locationand ectiflcation f common aults n machinery nd plant n engine an boiler rooms.(Compressors,efrigeration, .W.G, Steeringgear,Purifiers) 14. Recognition f boilerwatercontamination. 15. Boiler rvater, ests nd reatment. C o m m u n i c a t i o nb i l i t v n E n c l i s h .
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lub. name quantity 3. viscosity density 5. flash point pour point 7. remarks ke words a. management f fire extinguishing nd anti-pollutionappliance b. controlofthe valves transferring moorings e. operation or topping of f. emergency hutdown g. emergencymeasuresor oi spillage h. reporting rocedures emergency communication eans officer n-charge: chief engineer l. fully responsible or the transferof fuel oil and ub oil. 2. responsible or makingapplications nd other epofts oil companyor harbour administration uthority hrough he captain. 3. discuss he oil transferplan and proceduresnvolving he emergency hutdownan otherdetailswith the oil transfening essel. responsible making samples spot the oil transfer peration d necessary sking orthe characteristics fthe oi supplied ro th oil transferring vessel k e e p i n gh e m . 5. in command f treating handling f accident f oit spillage otheremergency situations.
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c. responsibleor the oil transferoperation nd safefyduring he whole transferring. checkconstantly he stateofthe tanks n replenishing nd control he transfer ate. d. direct he operations f toppingoff and he motorman charge o make sounding often,and keepa closewatchon the changes fullage. e. during he oil transf eroperation, prepared or an emergency hutdownat any time. in caseof something bnormal,as he oil t ransferring essel mmediately stop pumping. when accident f oil spillage ccurs eport o chiefengineermmediately, organize ll crew to remove he spilled oil at once o minimize he pollution. g. in caseofemergency, eport o chiefengineerand captainat once he oil transferring essel take appropriatemeasures uickly and do everythingpossible avoid an accident. signals h. for safety f the oil transfer peration,he communication eans nd shouldbe confirmedwith the oil t ransferring essel, nd he portable adiotelephones used the wo sides houldbe set n thesame hannel. oiler a. responsible or reporling he oil level oundabnormal, oti0/ he responsible ngineer when he changes f ullage immediately and he oil transferring essel stoppumping. case f emergency,eport o responsiblengineermmediately corresponding measures. d. maintain ffective ommunications ith the ensineers. engr. / fitter pollutionprevention ppliances t the position place extinguishing connection f the oading rmsand he ship'smanifolds. close he relevant alves ndshutoffall the valves b. assist rd engineero open usedupon he completion the oil transfer peration. oil transfer perati on nd ulfill th work c. obey he orders f the engineer uring assigned, atch heworkingcondition f th connectiono the oadingarmsand he valves. a closewatchon the changes when he operation ftopping offapproaches, assisthe engineero changehe anks or replenishingorrectly, open ullage valvesofthe next ank or replenishmentirst and henclose he valves fthe tank being nearly illed up. transferring essel mmediatelyo stop in case f emergencyepoft o the pumping close he valves oncerned. orders fthe engineer nd ake when accident foil spillage appens, bey emove he effectivemeasures pt'eventhe spilledoil from spreading, lean spilled il to rnininrize pollution. g. in case femergency, eport o responsible ngineer r chiefengineer t once oil transf'erringessel o takeappropriate easuresuickly. 6t
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