ENVS 200 Date - December 15th, 2016 Time Time - 12:30 pm Room Room - DC 1350, 1351 Cumulative Cumulative - Yes (“It will cover all classes, labs, and textbook readings, but will emphasize material introduced after the midterm exam”, (Larson, 2016, p.3)) * - Likely on the exam
Breakdown of Exam 40 Multiple Choice worth 1 point each 5 out of 6 Short Answer worth 4 points each 15 True/False worth 1 point each 15 Fill-in-the-Blanks/Label worth 1 point each (3 parts - labelling, word bank, no word bank)
Lab Material Bird evolution - ex, crossbills, owl eye sockets, woodpecker, duck and hummingbird beaks Scientific names - Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (King Phillip came over for great sex) (Note - Taxonomists don’t use the 5 kingdom (animalia, fungi, plantae, monera and protista) because it sucks major ass. They start at the Domain level. We seem to use the Kingdoms in this class though, so, whatever). Taxonomy (Binomial nomenclature) - Genus species, species , Who described it. Ex, Acer Ex, Acer rubrum, rubrum, L. (L for Linnaeus, who developed taxonomy) Scientific drawings*
Dichotomous key Point centered quarter method, other sample methods, plot and plotless Describe characteristics characteristics of distinct tree communities The scientific method Measure of dominance and, density and frequency (absolute and relative) and what they mean Soil tests, pH, N, P, K, colour, texture (sand, silt, clay) Soil connection to environmental conditions Soil horizons - A (organic matter) & B (mineral layer) Limiting and contributing factors of success in a restoration effort pH - plants like 5 - 8.5. Soil can range from 3 - 9 Draw and label soil pit Source of regional drinking water Urban stormwater management Origins of a moraine Role of an aquifer Watershed and delineation Habitat fragmentation Wildland - urban interface Managing biodiversity in an urban environment Identify the role of human encroachment on protected areas & explain the role of buffers and corridors Lotic water - fast, high O 2, rippling, high sediment load Lentic water - slow, low O 2, low sediment load, vertical stratification, varying amounts of light Reasons for creating Laurel lake - water control, biodiversity
Silver lake (by Waterloo park) issues - polluted, bad smell (rotting organic matter), variable water levels - Remedial measures - Riparian vegetation and a waterfall to increase O
2
Categorize levels of conductivity, turbidity, nitrates, phosphates and total suspended solids (TSS) and their importance Advantages/disad Advantages/disadvantage vantages s of Traveling-Kick-and Traveling-Kick-and-Sweep -Sweep method method Total suspended solids - weight of suspended particles, weighed Turbidity - transparency of water, tested with a laser Different wetlands - swamp, marsh, bog & fen Glacial features - isostasy, kettle lakes, kames and eskers How plants respond to gradients in env. Factors Ericaceous vegetation
Vocabulary Chapter 2 Taxonomy 29 - Giving names to organisms Systematics 29 - Organizing and classifying organisms Natural selection 30 - The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring Evolution 31 - The change, over time, in the heritable characteristics of a population or species Heritable variation 31 - The proportion of variation in a trait due to the effects of genetic factors. Fitness 31 - The success of individuals in the process of natural selection Adaptation (lecture) Adaptation (lecture) - Process by which an an animal or or plant species species becomes becomes fitted fitted to its environment; it is the result of natural selection acting upon heritable variation Common Garden 32 - An experiment in which low and high elevation plants were grown together to eliminate the influence of contrasting environments.Those from the low elevation site had better water use efficiency showing that local adaptation was apparent
Hybridization 33 - The production of offspring sharing the characteristics of two parents Reciprocal transplant 34 - A test to see whether organisms have evolved to become specialized to life in their local environment Reproductive isolation 40 - Reproductive isolation refers to the situation where different species may live in the same area, but properties of individuals prevent them from interbreeding. The things which stop species or groups of organisms reproducing sexually are called isolating mechanisms. Industrial melanism 37 - A phenomenon in which black or blackish forms of species have come to dominate populations in industrial areas. A form of evolution to help protect against predators Coevolve 39 - The process by which members of two (or more) species contribute reciprocally to the forces of natural selection that they exert on each other, e.g. parasites and their hosts. Mutualism 39 - Mutualism is the way two organisms of different species exist in a relationship in which each individual benefits from the activity of the other Species/Speciation 39 - A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding/The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution. Pre-zygotic isolation 40 - Prezygotic isolation prevents the fertilization of eggs Post-zygotic isolation 40 - Prevents the formation of fertile offspring. Allopatric speciation speciation 40 - Speciation Speciation that that occurs when when biological biological populations populations of of the same same species become vicariant, or isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange Sympatric Speciation - The process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region. Endemic 42 - Having their habitat in a specified district or area, or the presence of a disease at relatively low levels, all the time. Tectonic plate 49 - Tectonic plates are pieces of Earth's crust and uppermost mantle, together referred to as the lithosphere Analogous Analogo us 49 - Similar in superficial form or function but have different origin Homologous 49 - Derived from an equivalent structure in a common ancestry Convergent evolution 49 - The process by which organisms of different evolutionary lineages come to have similar form or behavior.
Chapter 3 Conditions 58 Physicochemical features of the environment such as its temperature, humidity, pH, or in aquatic environments, salinity Resources 58, 68 Are consumed consumed by organisms organisms in the course course of their their growth and and reproduction reproduction Response curve 59 Response curves illustrating the effects of a range of environmental conditions Thermophile 61 Specialized fungi, bacteria, and archaea can survive at very high temperatures (over 60C) Chilling injury 61 At body temperatu temperatures res a few degrees above zero zero Celsius, organisms may be forced forced into extended periods of inactivity, and the cell membranes of sensitive species may begin to break down. Photoperiod 61 The most widely used external signal is the length of the period of daylight within the daily cycle Diapause 61 A state of of arrested developme development nt or growth, growth, accompanied accompanied by by greatly decreased decreased metabolism metabolism,, often correlated with the seasons, usually applied only to insects. Acclimatization Acclimatizat ion 62 The habituation of an organism’s physiological response to environmental conditions (usually applied to natural environments). Ex: Exposure to relatively low temperatures may lead to an increased rate of metabolism at such temperatures and/or to an increased tolerance of even lower temperatures Ectotherm 64 An organism organism in which the body temperat temperature ure relies on on sources of heat outside itself. itself. Ex: plants, algae, bacteria, and archaea, most species of animals, invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, and most fisho
Phenology 65
The study of periodic biological events; in practice, often applied to periodic phenomena themselves, such as the lifetime pattern in an organism of growth, development and reproduction in relation to the seasons. Endotherm 66 An organism organism which is able to generate generate heat within within itself to raise its body body temperature temperature significantly. Ex: mainly birds and mammals Acidophile 68 A type of of microbial specialists specialists which which thrive in environments environments that that are highly highly acidic Ex: Thiobacillus ferroxidans, is found in the waste from industrial metal-leaching processes and tolerates the extreme acidity of pH 1.0. At the other end of the pH spectrum, some cyanobacteria in highly alkaline soda lakes can grow at pH 13. Strategy 68
Photoinhibition 69 Photoinhibition is light-induced reduction in the photosynthetic capacity of a plant, alga, or cyanobacterium Ex: At high intensities of solar radiation the rate of fixation of carbon decreases with increasing radiation intensity Sun/shade leaves 69 Many trees, especially, produce different types of leaf in positions exposed to full sunlight (‘sun leaves’) and in places lower in the canopy where they are shaded (‘shade leaves’). Ex: Sun leaves are thicker, with more densely packed chloroplasts (which process the incoming radiation) within cells and more cell layers. The more flimsy shade leaves intercept diffused and filtered radiation low in the canopy but may nonetheless supplement the main photosynthetic activity of the sun leaves high in the canopy. Avoider 72 72 Have a short lifespan: their photosynthetic activity is concentrated during periods when water is relatively available. For the remainder of the year, they remain dormant as seeds, a stage that requires neither photosynthesis nor transpiration. Ex: desert annuals, annual weeds, and most crop plants Tolerator 72 They tolerate drought and low-water conditions, but of course their highest rate of photosynthesis is slower. These plants have sacrificed their ability to achieve rapid
photosynthesis when water is abundant but gained the insurance of being able to photosynthesize throughout the seasons. Ex: Plants in seasonally dry tropical regions Deciduous 72 A tree or shrub that that sheds its its leaves annually annually C3 pathway 73 Their first product of photosynthesis is a sugar containing three carbon atoms, wasteful of water, reach max rates of photosynthesis at low intensities of radiation and are less successful in arid areas C4 pathway 73 Produces 4 carbon sugar as the initial product, efficient with the use of CO2 and water CAM 74 (crassulacean acid metabolism) Very efficient at photosynthesis. CAM plants open their stomata at night and absorb carbon dioxide and fix it as malic acid. They close their stomata during the day and release the carbon dioxide internally for photosynthesis. Autotroph Autotrop h 79 An organism organism that is indepen independent dent of outside sources sources for organic food food materials materials and manufactures its own organic material from inorganic sources. Ex: Green plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and other photosynthetic bacteria Primary producer 79 Organisms in an ecosystem that produce biomass from inorganic compounds Ex: assemble carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients into complex molecules (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleotides, Heterotroph 79 An organism organism with a requiremen requirementt for energy-rich energy-rich organic organic molecules molecules (animals, (animals, fungi, and and most bacteria). Chemo-autotrophic 79 An organism organism that depends depends on inorganic inorganic chemicals chemicals for its energy energy and principally on on carbon dioxide for its carbon. Decomposer 80 Feed on already dead plants and animals Parasite 80
Feed on one or a very few host plants or animals while they are alive but do now usually kill their hosts at least immediately Predator 80 Eat prey organisms typically killing them Grazer 80 Consume parts of many prey organisms, but do not (usually) kill their prey, at least not immediately. Generalist 80 Feed on a wide variety of foods, although they very often have clear preferences and a rank order of what they will choose when there are alternatives available Specialist 80 Can thrive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions or has a limited diet. Defenses 83 Serve to reduce the chance of an encounter with a consumer and/or increase the chance of survival in such encounters Ex: The spiny leaves of holly are not eaten by larvae of the oak eggar moth, but if the spines are removed, the leaves are eaten quite readily. Secondary chemicals 83 Play no role in normal plant biochemical pathways but do deter herbivory Constitutive chemicals 84 Quantitative chemicals (so-called because they are most effective at relatively high concentrations), which make the tissues that contain them, such as mature oak leaves, relatively indigestib indigestible le Called constitutive chemicals because they tend to be produced even in the absence of herbivore attack Inducible chemicals 84 Toxic or qualitative chemicals, which are poisonous even in small quantities but can be produced relatively rapidly produced only in response to damage itself, and hence with lower fixed costs to the plants Crypsis 85 Matches its background, or possesses a pattern that disrupts its outline, or resembles an inedible feature of its environment Ex: green colouration of grasshoppers and caterpillars
Aposematism Aposema tism 85 The use of bright colouration to advertise that an organism is dangerous or unpalatable. Ex:caterpillars of Cinnabar moths. Mimics 85 The resemblance of an organism (the mimic) either to another organism or to a nonliving object (the model), presumably conferring a benefit on the mimic in natural selection. Ex: the palatable viceroy butterfly mimics the distasteful monarch, and a blue jay that has learned to avoid monarchs will also avoid viceroys Intraspecific competition 86 Competition between individuals of the same species. Exploitation competition 86 Competition in which any adverse effects on an organism are brought about by reductions in resource levels caused by other, competing organisms Interference competition 86 Competition between two organisms in which one physically excludes the other from a portion of habitat and hence from the resources that could be exploited there. Vital rate 86
Density (in)dependence 86 The tendency for the death rate in a population to increase, or the birth or growth rate to decrease, as the density of the population increases. Niche 88 The limits, for all important environmental features, within which individuals of a species can survive, grow, and reproduce. Habitat 88 Strictly the place where a microorganism, plant, or animal lives but is not its niche n-dimensional hypervolume 88 n is the number of of dimensions that make make up the niche, the simplified three-dimensional version nonetheless captures the idea of the ecological niche of a species
Chapter 4
Hadley Cell 93 a large-scale atmospheric convection cell in which air rises at the equator and sinks at medium latitudes, typically about 30° north or south. Moves air away from the equator. Polar Cell 93 MOVE heat TOWARD the poles Ferrel Cell 93 Created by the interaction of Hadley and polar cells Coriolis Effect 93 Surface winds are diverted to the right in the northern hemisphere (clockwise) and to the left (counter clockwise) in the southern hemisphere. Diverts winds to the east and west. Affect ocean streams Rainshadow 95 a region having little rainfall because it is sheltered from prevailing rain-bearing winds by a range of hills. Moisture is lost on one side so air on the next side is super dry Global Conveyor Belt 96 The global global ocean ocean conveyor belt is belt is a constantly moving system of deep-ocean circulation driven by temperature and salinity. The great ocean conveyor moves moves water around the globe. The ocean is not a still body of water. Biome 97 biome. (bī'ōm') A large community of plants and animals that occupies a distinct region. biome. Terrestrial biomes biomes,, typically defined by their climate and dominant vegetation, include grassland, tundra, desert, tropical rainforest, and deciduous and coniferous forests. Epiphyte 99 epiphytes, which are plants that grow on other plants, rooted on the damp upper branches. The epiphytes depend on the sparse resources of mineral nutrients they extract from crevices and pockets of humus on the tree branches. Species richness 101 Species richness is richness is the number of different species species represented represented in an ecological community, landscape or region. Species richness is richness is simply a count of species species,, and it does not take into account the abundances of the species species or or their relative abundance distributions. Happens a lot in tropical areas. Savanna 104 A savanna savanna is is a rolling grassland scattered with shrubs and isolated trees, which can be found between a tropical rainforest and desert biome. Not enough rain falls on a savanna savanna to to support forests. Savannas Savannas are are also known as tropical grasslands. High decomposition rates.
Grassland/Prairie 105 A grassland grassland is is a region where the average annual precipitation is great enough to support grasses, and in some areas a few trees. The precipitation is so eratic that drought and fire prevent large forests from growing. Grasses can survive fires because they grow from the bottom instead of the top. Desert 105 A desert desert is is a barren area of land where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation. About one third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid Temperate forest 106 Temperate forests correspond forests correspond to forest forest concentration concentration formed in the northern and southern hemisphere, or in temperate temperate regions. regions. Main characteristics include: wide leaves, large and tall trees , large wild canopy and non seasonal vegetation. Succession 106 Ecological succession is succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. The time scale can be decades (for example, after a wildfire), or even millions of years after a mass extinction. Starts with fast growing species that eventually get dominated by slow growing ones. Boreal forest 106 The boreal forest (also forest (also known as the taiga, a russian word meaning meaning swampy swampy moist forest forest)) is found in a nearly continuous belt across North America and Eurasia. Most of Canada and Russia are covered by coniferous trees that make up this biome. Much of the areas now occupied by boreal forests (as well as much of the northern temperate forests) were occupied by the ice sheet during the last ice age, which started to withdraw only 20,000 years ago. Permafrost 107 Permafrost is a major environmental constraint in boreal spruce forests. The water in the soil remains frozen throughout the year, creating permanent drought except when the sun warms the very surface. The root system of spruce can develop in only the superficial soil layer, from which the trees derive all their water during the short growing season. This makes low diversity communities which is ideal for pest outbreak. Tundra 107 Tundra is a type of biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short Tundra is growing seasons. Watershed 108 an area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas.
Riparian 110 of or relating to wetlands adjacent to rivers and streams. Like trees next to water stream. Waterloo has riparian buffers. Floodplain 111 Area of land land that waterboys can flood flood and become become part part of that water. Amazon Amazon in only only few km wide during low flow periods but expands onto forested floodplain in and becomes over 50km. Phytoplankton 112 Plankton consisting of microscopic plants. Prominent in deep lakes because no light can access lower parts. Zooplankton 112 plankton consisting of small animals and the immature stages of larger animals. Eat phytoplankton. Thermocline 112 In many lakes during the summer, below the surface layer lies a transitional zone, the thermocline, in which temperature rapidly decreases. The thermocline acts as a barrier for exchange between the surface layer and the deeper, colder water. Often, little if any light penetrates as deeply as this lower layer, as the light is absorbed and scattered by the water and particles in the surface layer. Without light, no photosynthesis occurs in the lower layer. Dead organic matter from the surface layer will sink through the thermocline and decompose in the lower layer. Swamp 113 A swamp swamp is is a wetland wetland that that is forested. [1] Many swamps occur along large rivers where they are critically dependent upon natural water level fluctuations. an area of low-lying, uncultivated ground where water collects; a bog or marsh. Part of a wetland. Between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Marsh 113 Marshes and fens are dominated by grasses and/or sedges. Also part of wetlands. an area of low-lying land that is flooded in wet seasons or at high tide, and typically remains waterlogged at all times. Fen 113 Same shit as marsh. a low and marshy or frequently flooded area of land. Bog 113 wet muddy ground too soft to support a heavy body. DOMINATED BY MOSSES. Photic zone 113
Area in water water where the light reaches Symbiont 115 either of two organisms that live in symbiosis with one another. Gyre 115 a circular pattern of currents in an ocean basin. 2 clockwise gyres in northern hemisphere. 3 moving counter clockwise in the southern hemisphere. Subtropical gyre has low nutrient levels and very high light intensity Upwelling 116 a rising of seawater, magma, or other liquid. Lots of nutrients in these areas. Caused by strong prevailing winds that blow parallel to coastlines, but die to the Coriolis effect, the water moves at a 90 degree angle to the prevailing winds. Happens when narrow continental shelf. Continental shelf 117 the area of seabed around a large landmass where the sea is relatively shallow compared with the open ocean. The continental shelf is geologically part of the continental crust. Large amounts of phytoplankton. Intertidal zone 118 These ecosystems serve as nursery grounds for many species of fish and invertebrates and provide critical habitat for other species The intertidal zone is the part of the shoreline that is submerged at high tide but exposed to air at low tide. The extent of this zone depends on the height of tides and the slope of the shore. Area that that is underwater underwater at high high tide and and above above water at at low tide. Littoral zone 118 The littoral zone is zone is the near shore area where sunlight penetrates all the way to the sediment and allows aquatic plants (macrophytes) to grow. Light levels of about 1% or less of surface values usually define this depth. Coral bleaching 119 Warmer water temperatures can result in coral bleaching. bleaching . When water is too warm,corals warm, corals will will expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues causing the coral coral to to turn completely white. This is called coral bleaching. bleaching . Estuary 119 Where river meets sea. Has a very high variation in salinity. Salt wedge, when the denser saline water sinks below a layer of freshwater. Chapter 5
Population 124 - A - A group of individuals individuals of one one species species in an area, area, though though the size size and nature nature of the area is defined, often arbitrarily, for the purposes of the study being undertaken. Unitary 126 - Organisms such as birds and reptiles that have simple organism characteristics, for example, 2 eyes. Plants (modular organisms), on the other hand, have many leaves, or even stalks. Determinate 126 - The predictable life cycle of unitary organisms is described as “determinate”. Modular/Module 126 - Organisms such as plants and corals which grow haphazardly, one module (unit) at a time. For example, a bacteria colony that keeps expanding. Indeterminate 126 - The growth of modular organisms is described as “indeterminate”. Zygote 126 - Single-celled “seed” or fertilized egg, or weird microbial shit Genet 126 - Genetic individual, an organism from its creation to the demise of its last module. Mark-recapture 127 - Estimate of population size generated by capturing a sample of individuals from an area, marking them, and then capturing another sample shortly after. This can be used to predict the population size. (If you captured 12% of the marked population day 2, then that means that you captured roughly 12% of the total population). Annual 128 128 - A plant plant that lives for one one year or less Perennial 128 - A plant that lives for more than two years Biennial 128 - A plant that lives for two years, flowering, seeding and dying in the second Iteroparous 128 - Organisms that breed repeatedly, rather than dying of stress while attempting to reproduce. Semelparous 128 - Organisms which have only a single reproductive episode Seed bank 128 - Dormant seeds buried in the soil Cohort 133 - A roman military unit smaller than a Legion. In ecology, it’s all individuals of a population born within a particular period. Cohort life table 133 - Records survivorship of members of the cohort over time. Static life table 133 - Record of the numbers of survivors of different ages Age-specific Age-spec ific fecundity fecundity schedule schedule 134 - Record of births by specific specific age age groups of a population population
Basic reproductive rate (R0) 136 - Measure of how much a population increased or decreased during a specific generation Survivorship curve 136 - Plots of log( l x ) values against cohort age Age structure structure 137 - Similar to a cohort life table, but but show the the ages of individuals individuals captured captured at one time, meaning that if there was a change in a pattern, it would not be known Aggregated Aggrega ted pattern pattern 138 - Organisms live in dense dense clusters (ex, bees) bees) Random pattern 138 - Organisms live in a random spread (ex, snow leopards) Regular pattern 138 - Organisms live at regular intervals (ex, trees in an orchard) Dispersal 138 - The way individuals spread away from one another Migration 138 - Mass directional movement of large numbers of a species from one location to another Density 139 - Number of individuals divided by size of the habitat in question Inbreeding 141 - Breeding between closely related individuals Carrying capacity (K) 142 - When births = deaths in a population Exponential growth 145 - Motherfuckers, y’all better know this. It’s X 2 , where the y-axis is population size. Intrinsic rate of increase (r) 145 - Exponential population growth. It’s what you’d see with no intraspecific competition. Logistic growth 145 - Population growth begins as exponential, but begins to slow and then approach K slowly. Makes a S shape over time, kind of. Net recruitment 147 - # of births - # of deaths over a period of time Trade-off 148 - Gain of one thing at the expense of another (ex, better drought resistance at the expense of Cost of reproduction 148 - Resources and energy are diverted to reproduction at the cost of the organism’s own growth or fitness. (Alternatively, growth is achieved at the cost of reproduction). r species 148 - Rapidly expanding and reproducing species, often short lived organisms, ex. jellyfish
Opportunistic species 148 - r species that take advantage of openings to explode in numbers. Common examples are colonizing species and invasive species. Ex, fireweed after a fire. K species 148 - Slowly reproducing species that have to expend energy in intraspecific competition, ex. tigers
Chapter 6 Interspecific competition 155 - Competition with individuals or populations of another species for resources which reduces fecundity Fundamental niche 158 - Conditions that allow a species to live, grow and reproduce when in isolation from competing species Realized niche 158 - Combination of conditions that allow a species to grow, reproduce, yadda yadda, in the presence of competing other species Niche differentiation 159 - Differentiation in realized niches (ex. Darwin/Galapagos finches) Differential resource utilization 159 - Competing species coexist by using slightly different resources in slightly different ways Competitive exclusion principle 160 - Also known as the Gause principle 1. If 2 species species coexi coexist, st, there there is niche niche diffe different rentiati iation on 2. If ther there e is no different differentiatio iation, n, one will will outcompe outcompete te the other other Trade-off 166 - Benefit of one ability at the expense of another, ex. Colonization vs competition Ghost of Competition Past 169 - Evolutionary traits that reduce competition between species exist because of a historical competition that led to evolution (I think) -> Isn’t this the example of the giant sloth and avocado? When species A which species B used to rely on (coevolution) goes extinct, but species B carries on anyway through whatever means? AKA evolutionary anachronism - Michelle Y. ^ yes that’s right. The short clip that we watched on the sloth was also titled that - Gillian G.S Character displacement 170 - A morphological response to competition from another species Ecological release 170 - Absence of competing species Niche complementarity 174 - niche differentiation in a community of species involves several niche dimensions
-Tendency for coexisting species that occupy similar position along one niche dimension
Guild 174, 183 (better defn) - A group of species that exploit the class of resource in the same/similar ways Null model 180 - How a population is predicted to perform in the absence of interspecific competition (provided ecological release)
Chapter 7 Predator 186 - Eats other organisms, ex. eagle, pigeon Prey 186 - Is eaten by other organisms, ex. grass, pigeon True predator 186 - Kills and eats several or many organisms over the course of its life. Prey dies shortly after being attacked by a true predator, ex. eagle, tiger, seed eating pigeon Grazer 186 - Attacks many organisms and eats part of them over the course of its life, usually does not kill them, ex. sheep, leeches Parasite 186 - Attacks one or very few organisms and eats part of them during their lifetime, usually does not kill them, ex. tapeworm, mistletoe Host 186 - Organism attacked by a parasite Parasitoid 187 - Similar to parasites, but kill their host. Compensation 191 - Plant retaliation to predation that is beneficial, such as stimulated growth Consumption 191 - Eating another or part of another organism Sit-and-wait 195 - Predators that wait for their prey to come to them, ex. spiders, barnacles Transmission 196 - How parasites spread to new prey Optimal foraging 197 - How a predator maximizes energy gains while minimizing losses. This can be high energy expenditure, high reward or low energy, low reward Handling time 197 - How long/how much effort it takes to consume a prey/food. Porcupines have a long handling time, while soft berries have a short handling time Search time 197 - How long it takes a predator to find its prey. Leaves have a short search time, sea turtles have a long search time
Generalist 197 - Species that consume a wide range of foods Specialist 198 - Species that focus on a few foods Mutual interference 207 - Reduction in consumption rate/individual caused by increase in predator density (Metapopulation 209 – See Ch. 9) - The patchy dispersal of a population of organisms Disturbance 212 - Any sort of shit that messes with the living shit, like flooding or wolves eating faces n’ shit, or fires burning the F*** out of everything Predator-mediated coexistence 212 - When a predator promotes the coexistence of one or multiple species that would otherwise be outcompeted. For example, if one organism is the shit at eating grass, but also sucks at not getting eviscerated, then the organisms who do a shit job of eating grass, but a good job of not being eviscerated survive ^(missing the predator part of the ex)
Chapter 8 (section 8.3, pp. 232-9) Symbiosis 232 - Two organisms that are physically intertwined, such as N-fixing bacteria in root nodules. Parasites are usually excluded from this definition, even though the technically fit into this definition. Symbiont 232 - Occupies a habitat provided by a host. Parasites are usually excluded from this definition, even though the technically fit into this definition. Host 232 - Provider of the habitat. Includes hosts of parasites. Mutualism 232 - Two (or more) organisms interact in a manner that benefits both. Pollination 232 - Assisted plant reproduction. Mycorrhiza 232 - Fungi that have a mutualistic relationship with plant roots, generally N-fixation. Pollen 235 - Plant sperm Nectar 235 - Sugary lure created by plants to attract pollinators Nectary 235 - Nectar producing plant “organ” Gut microbiota 236 - Microorganisms occupying parts of animal alimentary canals
Chapter 9 (Message Vanessa for clarification/corrections) (Regulation 248) - Optional - Optional , tendency of population to stay at a certain level (decreases when too high, rises when too low) - no population is free of regulation (Determination 249) - Optional , reflects effects of factors that affect population, whether dependent/independent of density (k-value analysis 250) - Optional , determines relation between regulation and determination - the higher the k value, higher the mortality rate for each phase of the life cycle (k = killing) Metapopulation 255 - consists of series of sub populations, linked by migration - metapopulations can be stable while their sub populations are not Patch 255 - relatively homogenous area that differs from its surroundings Disturbance 259 - an event of folding or faulting that affects a relatively large area Gap 259 - area of natural disturbance or event leading to the extinction of many different species (gaps are ripe for colonization) Founder-controlled community 259 - community controlled by large number of good colonists and equal competitors who can hold the spot until they die Priority effect 260 - species that arrives first is able to hold its spot, despite equal competitors Dominance-controlled comm. 261 - community in which some species are profoundly stronger and more competitive at colonization Community succession 262 - pattern of colonization and extinction in communities, categorized by primary and secondary succession Climax stage 262 - presumed end of successional sequence, community that has reached a steady state Primary succession 262 - the colonization of a gap not previously influenced by a community (ie. lava, melted glacier area) Secondary succession 262 - the further colonization of a region where species are partially/completed removed, but seeds/spores still remain in community typical sequence of colonization: annual weeds → herbaceous perennials → shrubs → early successional trees → late successional trees.
Chronosequence 262 - shows ecological succession over time-dependent developments (ie. dune ridges in Lake Michigan, shows trees ranging from ages 30 - 440, show succession → forest transition) Food web 269 - complex of interrelated food chains, demonstrates how energy is transferred in a community Trophic level 269 - different levels of the food web, shows energy transfer (ie. primary producer → herbivore → predator) Direct effect 269 - ie. predator on herbivorous prey Indirect effect 269 - other predators of the prey dominate, leave no food for secondary predator Trophic cascade 270 - predator reduces abundance of prey, prey’s abundance of resources increases (ie. the prey’s prey pop increases) Top-down control 272 - food web controlled by top of trophic level (ie. predator eats lots of prey, affects primary producers) Bottom-up control 272 - food web controlled by the bottom of the trophic level (usually starting from nutrient or primary producers), (ie. poor soil quality, plants unable to grow, herbivore gets no food, predator gets none as well) Meta-analysis 273 - structured analyses of large numbers of data sets to recognize consistent trends (ie. resilient communities) Stability 274 - ability to remain unchanged in the face of a disturbance, two types - fragile stability, unchanged by small disturbance but strongly altered by large disturbance -robust stability, unchanged by large disturbances Keystone species 274 - a species whose removal would have significant effects on the community (possible on any trophic level) *Model food webs are characterized by species richness, connectance and interaction strength (Connectance 276) - Optional , fraction of all possible pairs of species that directly interact (Interaction strength 276) - Optional , the rate at which species interact with others in the community (Compartmentalization 276) – Optional , species that mostly interact with other subspecies, but not with entire community
Chapter 10 (Message Vanessa for clarification clarification/corrections) /corrections) Species richness 283 - number of species that exist in a community Diversity index 283 - measure that combines species richness and the evenness of distribution of species Rank-abundance diagram 283 - a graphical plot of differential abundances of species in a community ie. Shannon H diversity index, Niche breadth 283 - length of portion of resource continuum used by species Niche overlap 283 - when two (or more) species use the same resources Shannon diversity index (H) 284 - determines the proportion of individuals (or biomass) that the species contributes to the total sample, H = -{PilnPi Species evenness 284 - the abundance of each species in respect to the total population (ie. if one species dominates) Productivity hypothesis 285 - importance of climate in determining productivity at the lowest trophic level Saturation 285 - act, process, or result of saturating (being completely full of a substance/organisms) Energy hypothesis 286 - direct role of energy (ie. env temp) on organisms in a community Eutrophication 286 - anoxia due to oversaturation of nutrients in water Paradox of enrichment 286 - severe eutrophication leads to lower species richness (one possible resolution = high productivity = high rates of pop growth, competitive exclusion takes place) Particulate organic matter 287 - material of plant or animal origin suspended in water 288 - local scale (community), differences among communities in a region, whole regional scale of communities respectively Potential evapotranspiration 289 - amount of water transferred from saturated surface Harsh environment 295 - Environments dominated by abiotic factors (low richness and spatial heterogeneity) Benthic 295 - bottom dwelling species
Intermediate disturbance hyp. 296 - Species richness is highest when disturbance is not too high or too low ( many disturbances = most plants early successional, rare disturbances = competitive exclusion principle) Species-area relationship 298 - As island area decreases, species richness decreases. Larger areas encompass more different types of habitats Equilibrium theory of island biogeography 299 - MacArthur & Wilson suggested balance between immigration and extinction varies with island size/ how populations are isolated. Immigration rate = 0 when all species types are from the source pool of that island Source pool 300 - the area where different species emigrate from, Turnover 301 - the result of some species becoming locally extinct and others immigrating
Chapter 11 (message Raquel/ Alex for clarification) Standing crop 310- bodies of living organisms within a unit area constitute a standing crop of biomass
Biomass 310- mass of organisms per unit area of ground/water, usually in units of energy (joules per square meter), dry organic matter (grams per square meter) or mass of carbon (grams carbon per square meter) Primary productivity 310- o rate which biomass is produced per unit are or volume through photosynthesis -Expressed in energy, dry organic matter, mass of carbon
Gross primary productivity 310- total fixation of energy by photosynthesis. Portion is respired away by primary producer organisms [autotrophs] and lost from the ecosystem as Respiratory heat (R auto)9
Net primary productivity 310- difference between GPP and respiration of all organisms in an ecosystem [R total] -Measures net rate of accumulation or loss of organic matter, energy, or organic carbon from ecosystem and equivalent to rate of NPP – respiration of all heterotrophic organism [R het]
Secondary productivity 310- rate of production of biomass by heterotrophs Net ecosystem productivity 310- Terrestrial sink is simply balance between NPP and heterotrophic respiration, summed up for all terrestrial ecosystems
Live consumer system 311- Portion of primary production consumed by herbivores, then they are eaten by carnivores
Decomposer system 311- decomposition of dead organic matter Decomposer 311- bacteria and fungi Detritivore 311- animals that consume dead matter Liebig’s Law of the Minimum 315- states that the growth of a plant i s limited primarily by one nutrient that is relatively short supply – relative, needs of the plant -Found out nitrogen is more important to agricultural crop growth
Colimitation 315- both nitrogen and phosphorus are limiting to production Stoichiometry 319- relationship between the abundances of elements in organisms Eutrophication 321- process of excess nutrient enrichment à cannot support animal life and loss of biodiversity
Positive feedback 322Transfer efficiencies 327- efficiency with which energy is passed through various steps in trophic structure of a community
Consumption efficiency 327- (CE) percentage of total productivity available at one trophic level that is consumed by the trophic level above -Percentage of joules or organic carbon produced per unit time and are as NPP finds way into guts of herbivores
Assimilation efficiency 327- (AE) percentage of food energy taken into the guts of consumer in trophic level that is assimilated across the gut wall and becomes available for incorporation into growth or to do work
Production efficiency 327- (PE) percentage of assimilated energy incorporated into new biomass, remainder is entirely lost to community as respiratory heat -Varies across taxonomic class of organisms concerned
Trophic transfer efficiency 327-
o
from one trophic level to the next is CE x AE x PE
-Represents the percentage of energy at one trophic level transferred to next
Immobilization 330- when inorganic element is incorporated into organic form, often during primary production.
Mineralization 330- Conversion of elements from organic to inorganic compounds Decomposition 330- gradual disintegration of dead organic matter and brought about by both physical and biological agencies
Microbivore 330- Minute organisms that act as detritivores Aquatic detritivores are are usually classified according according to their feeding mode mode
1. Shre Shredd dder er 33 3311-detritivores that feed on coarse particulate organic matter. 2. Col Collec lector tor-fi -filte lterer rer 33 3311- I.e.; trees leaves fallen into a river larvae of blackflies in rivers, consume the fine particulate organic matter that otherwise would be carried downstream
Cellulase 332- Enzyme required to break down cellulose in leaves. Most organisms use cellulases from bacteria, fungi or protozoa. (Note - protozoa are bacteria. It probably means Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.) Nitrogen cycle 333- Continuing transformation of nitrogen being assimilated into biomass and be mineralized into ammonium. Nitrogen fixation 333- converts into organic nitrogen in biomass of primary producers, fed upon animals and decomposed by bacteria, becoming organic nitrogen in heterotrophs -Mineralize nitrogen to ammonium à ammonium assimilated by primary producers or nitrified to nitrate -Nitrate is assimilated by primary producers or denitrified back to N 2
Nitrification 333- bacteria convert ammonium to nitrate. -Bacteria mediating nitrification are autotrophs, using the resulting energy of the nitrogen conversion to fix carbon dioxide into organic biomass
Denitrification 333- occurs in environments largely divided of oxygen and type of respiration in which bacteria use nitrate instead of oxygen as an electron acceptor
Closed system 334-No transfer of nutrients and energy into and out of the ecosystem Open system 334- Lots of transfer of nutrients and energy into and out of the ecosystem (think Panema). Weathering 335- Eroding of bedrock and soil by physical and chemical processes. Deposition 335- Atmospheric deposition is the net flux of materials from the atmosphere to the ecosystem.
Chapter 12 (Msg Alex Cressman if you need clarification) Biogeochemistry 344 - biotic controls on environmental chemistry and the geochemical control of the structure and function of ecosystems (Stuff like the K, N and C cycles). Source-sink 349 - Carbon is emitted from various sources and absorbed through sinks - mostly oceans and terrestrial biomass. Radiative forcing 355 - The imbalance between incoming solar and outgoing infrared radiation Residence time 355 - How long a compound remains in the atmosphere Methanogenesis 356 - Production of Methane by archaea in the absence of O 2. Fracking 358 - Hydraulic fracturing of shale rock to extract natural gas.
Chapter 13 (Msg Alex Cressman if you need clarification) Conservation 371 - The science of preserving biodiversity Biodiversity 372 - Species richness, can include community and genetic diversity Restoration 372 - Rebuilding or creation of habitats, ecosystems, communities, etc Demographic uncertainty 375 - Random variations in a population, such as too few female births, can weaken a population. Environmental uncertainty 375 - An unpredictable environmental event, like a late frost, that can weaken a population. Allele 376 - A gene, often used used to describe describe a characterist characteristic ic or rare one. one. Effective population size 376 - N e size of the ideal population in which the the actual population is equivalent in genetic terms. Sex ratio is 1:1, number of offspring among parents is random and the population size is constant. Homozygous 377 - Matching pair of alleles (ex, two O blood type alleles give a person O blood, any other combination gives another blood type). Heterozygous 377 - Unmatched pair of alleles (ex, an A and an O type allele, when combined, give a person type A blood). Inbreeding depression 377 - Reduced fitness in offspring as a result of consanguineous mating. Overexploitation 378 - A population that is being harvested at an unsustainable rate.
Introduced species 383 - A species brought into a new area by humans. Invasive species 383 - An introduced species that has a negative effect on native species. Extinction vortex 386 - A population that is reduced to too small of a population to recover enters an extinction vortex, as subsequent generations become less fit due to inbreeding depression, until eventually the species or population goes extinct. Minimum viable population 390 - The smallest number of individuals required for a group to have a 95% chance of persisting for 100 years. Population viability analysis 390 - Model used to estimate how large of a population is required to survive given certain conditions. Charismatic species 393 - Pretty, well known species that the public likes, like pandas and elephants. Protected area 393 - “A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.” Marine protected area 395 - Like national parks, but all or mostly water No-take zone 395 - Protected marine reserves off-limits to fishing Coral bleaching 397 - Ejection of photosynthetic algae from coral due to stress, causing coral to turn white. Caused by warming water, ocean acidification or pollution. (And calcium breakdown from carbon particulates) Complementarity selection 400 - Process of protecting conservation areas, beginning with the best, then protecting what the first site lacks, then protecting what the first 2 lact, etc Irreplaceability 400 - Likelihood of the protection of a site being needed to meet conservation goals, or the likelihood that a goal will not be met without it. Ecosystem services 401 - Benefits provided to people by (healthy) ecosystems Provisioning services 401 - Direct benefits, like food, water, medicine and pollination Cultural services 401 - Spiritual or aesthetic services, religion and education77 Supporting Services 401 - Pollution filtration, flood regulation and C sequestration Regulating services 401 - Nutrient cycling, primary production and soil formation
Chapter 14 (Msg Alex Cressman if you need clarification) Demographic transition 411 - Switch from high birth, high death rates to low birth and death rates. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 415 - Atmospheric ozone depleting aerosol compound banned by the Montreal Protocol in 1987. Emerging infectious disease 418 - Diseases that are new or expanding beyond their traditional ran ra nge, ex. ex. AIDS an d SA SARS. Zoonoses 418 - Infections that circulate naturally in non-human vertebrate hosts but can be transmitted to humans, ex. ebola from bats. Pest 421 - A species considered undesirable because it negatively impacts us or our crops. Economic injury level 421 - The point at which the damage caused by a pest exceeds the cost of suppressing it. Eradicate 421 - Intentional human elimination of a population. Monoculture 422 - A single crop planted in a field/series of fields Pesticide 422 - Chemical compound used to control pests by killing, suppressing or driving them away. Herbicide 422 - Plant targeting pesticide Insecticide 422 - Insect targeting pesticide Fungicide 422 - Fungus targeting pesticide Biomagnification 422 - Accumulation of pesticide compounds in upper trophic levels that organisms can not eliminate from their bodies, poisoning them. Target pest resurgence 424 - When a pest species natural predators are eliminated/reduced by bioaccumulation, so the pest surges in population when it finds an unsprayed area. Resistance 425 - A pest’s ability to shrug off the effect of a pesticide. Genes for surviving the pesticide spread rapidly as those organisms have an evolutionary advantage. Biological control 426 - Using a pest’s natural enemies for population suppression. Integrated pest management 428 -Combination of physical (keep pests away), cultural (crop rotation), biological and chemical control to manage pest populations.
Desertification 430 - Arid or semi-arid land converted to desert by poor agricultural practices. Salinization 430 - Creation of salt deserts due to irrigating arid or semi-arid cropland. Biofuels 431 - Energy developed from biomass (charcoal, ethanol, etc.) Aquaculture Aquacult ure 434, 437 - Farming Farming of fish, fish, shellfish and algae. algae. Maximum sustainable yield 434 - Maximum number of fish that can be harvested without damaging the fish stock. Chapter 12 Biogeochemistry- science that looks at how biota control the chemistry of the environment and the geochemical control of the structure and function of ecosystems Source/sink- site of storage of an element/mechanism for loss of a material Radiative Forcing- imbalance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared ration (watts per square metre) Residence Time- amount of time a substance will stay in a system Methanogenesis- production of methane by bacteria in absence of oxygen Fracking- high-volume fracturing of rock Chapter 13 Conservation - The science concerned with increasing the probability that the Earth’s biodiversity will persist in the future; the actions we take to slow down or reverse these losses of species and biodiversity Biodiversity - The species richness (number of species), and genetic diversity of a defined geographic region Restoration - The act of returning an ecosystem to a former state; can be passive or active; directly focused on biodiversity Note: this is the 200 definition, he seemed to talk about this more than restoring ecosystem function Demographic Uncertainty - Random variations in the number of individuals that are born male and female, or in the number that happen to die or reproduce in a given year, or in the genetic quality of the individuals in terms of survival/reproductive capacities
Environmental Uncertainty - Unpredictable changes in environmental factors, whether disasters (floods, storms, or droughts of magnitude that occur rarely) or relatively minor events (year-to-year variation in avg. temp. or rainfall); a small population i more likely to be reduced by adverse conditions Allele - Any Any or several several forms of a gene that that are responsible responsible for for hereditary hereditary variation Effective Population Size - The size of the ideal population to which the actual population is equivalent in genetic terms; “ideal” means a 1:1 sex ratio, number of offspring among parents is random, and the population size remains constant (represented by Ne) Ne) Homozygous - Alleles provided by mother and father are identical (bad, probably related) Heterozygous - Alleles provided by mother and father are different (good) Inbreeding Depression - The result of individuals that breed with close relatives, who are more likely to produce offspring with harmful alleles from both parents, causing deleterious effects Overexploitation - When populations are harvested at an unsustainable rate, given their natural rates of mortality and capacities for reproduction Introduced Species - I’ll let ya figure that out for yourself
