PHYSI PH YSICA CAL L AN AND D CH CHEM EMIC ICAL AL CO CONS NSTAN TANTS TS
Avogadro’s number Gas constant
N
R
Planck’s constant Boltzmann’s constant Faraday’s constant Earth’s gravitation
h k
F g
¼ 6 022 1023 mol1 ¼ 8.314 J mol1 K1 ¼ 0.08205 L atm mol1 K1 ¼ 6.626 1034 J s ¼ 1.381 1023 J K1 ¼ 9.649 104 C mol1 ¼ 9.806 m s2 :
CONVERS CON VERSION ION FACT FACTORS ORS ¼ 4.184 joules joules ( J) ¼ 1.01325 105 Pa ¼ 1010 m ¼ 103 m3 ¼ 0.0 0.0293 293 kWh 3.785 785 L ¼ 3. ¼ 0.02 0.02832 832 m3 0.06308 6308 L/s ¼ 0.0 2.20466 lb ¼ 2.204 ¼ 640 acres
1 cal 1 atm 1A 1L 100 BTU 1 gal 1 ft3 1 gal/ gal/min min 1 kg Square mile PROPE PRO PERTI RTIES ES OF WA WATER TER
, e pK , Surface Tension Dielectric Ionization r, m Density Viscosity against Air Constant Constant 3 1 1 2 1 1 T( C) (kg m ) (kg m s ) (Jm ) (C V m ) (mol2 L2) s
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
999.868 99 9 9 9 .9 9 2 9 9 9 .7 2 6 9 9 9 .1 2 5 9 9 8 .2 2 8 9 9 7 .0 6 9 99 995.671 99
0.001787 0. 0 .0 0 1 5 1 9 0.001307 0. 0.001139 0. 0.001002 0. 0 .0 0 0 8 9 0 4 0. 0.0007975 0.
w
0.075 6 0.074 9 0.074 22 0.073 49 0.072 75 0.071 97 0.071 18
88.28 86.3 84.4 82.5 80.7 78.85 77.1
14.9435 14.7338 14.5346 14.3463 14.1669 13.9965 13.8330
SI PR PREFI EFIXES XES
Multiplication Factor
Prefix
1012 109 106 103 102 101 101
tera giga mega kilo hecto deka deci
Symbol
Multiplication Factor
Prefix
Symbol
T G M k h da d
102 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018
centi milli micro na n o pico femto at t o
c m
CONCENTRATION
Molarity ppmm ppbm 3
mg/m
¼ moles of solute/L solution ¼ mg/L (in dilute systems) ¼ mg/L (in dilute systems) 1 000P ¼ ppmv MW RT ðin airÞ ;
m
n p f a
Environmental Engineering: Fundamentals, Sustainability, Design Second Edition Authors and Editors
James R. Mihelcic University of South Florida
Julie Beth Zimmerman Yale University
Contributi Contr ibuting ng Auth Authors ors Martin T. Auer Michigan Technological University David W. Hand Michigan Technological University Richard E. Honrath, Jr. Michigan Technological University Mark W. Milke University of Canterbury Michael E. Penn versity of Wisconsin-Platteville Uni versity Amy L. Stuart University of of South Florida Noel R. Urban Michigan Technological University Brian E. Whitman Wilkes University Qiong Zhang University of South Florida
About the Cover Richar Rich ard d Bu Buck ckmi mins nste terr Fu Full ller er (1 (189 8955-19 1983 83)) wa wass an en engi gine neer er,, arch ar chit itec ect, t, po poet et,, an and d de desi sign gner er.. Du Duri ring ng hi hiss li life fe,, he po pond nder ered ed the question, “Does humanity have a chance to survive last la stin ingl gly y an and d su succ cces essf sful ully ly on pl plan anet et Ea Eart rth, h, an and d if so so,, ho how? w?”” To begin to answer this question, Fuller ascribed to the “Space “Sp aceshi ship p Ear Earth” th” wor worldv ldview iew tha thatt exp expres resses ses con concer cern n ove overr the use of limited global resources and the behavior of everyone on it to act as a harmonious crew working toward tow ard the gre greate aterr goo good. d. In 1969 Fuller wrote and published a book entitled “Ope “O pera rati ting ng Ma Manu nual al fo forr Sp Spac aces eshi hip p Ea Eart rth. h.”” Th Thee fo foll llow owin ing g quot qu otat atio ion n fr from om th this is bo book ok re refle flect ctss hi hiss wo worl rldv dvie iew: w: “F “Fos ossi sill fuels can make all of humanity successful through scie sc ienc nce’ e’ss wo worl rldd-en engu gulfi lfing ng in indu dust stri rial al ev evol olut utio ion n pr prov ovid ided ed that we are not so foolish as to continue to exhaust in a spllit se sp seccon ond d of as astr tron onom omiical hi hist stor ory y th thee or orde derl rly y en ener ergy gy VP & EX EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR EDITORIAL ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER COVER COVE R DESI DESIGN GN PHOTO EDITOR ASSO AS SOCI CIAT ATE E PR PROD ODUC UCTI TION ON MA MANA NAGE GER R
saving savi ngss of bi bill llio ions ns of ye year ars’ s’ en ener ergy gy co cons nser erva vati tion on ab aboa oard rd ourr Sp ou Spac aces eshi hip p Ea Eart rth. h. Th Thes esee en ener ergy gy sa savi ving ngss ha have ve be been en pu putt into int o our Spa Spaces ceship hip’s ’s lif life-r e-rege egener nerati ationon-gua guaran rantee teeing ing ban bank k acco ac coun untt fo forr us usee on only ly in se self lf-s -sta tart rter er fu func ncti tion ons. s.”” To fu furt rthe herr comm co mmun unic icat atee hi hiss id idea eas, s, Fu Full ller er de deve velo lope ped d th thee Dy Dyma maxi xion on Map, shown on the cover. This map is a projection of a World map onto the surface of a polyhedron. The projection can be unfolded in many different ways and flatt fla tten ened ed ou outt to fo form rm a tw twoo-di dime mens nsio iona nall ma map p th that at re reta tain inss the look an and d integrity of a globe map. Importantly, the Dyma Dy maxi xion on ma map p ha hass no “r “rig ight ht wa way y up up.” .” Fu Full ller er be beli liev eved ed th that at in the un uniive vers rsee th theere was no “u “up p” an and d “d “dow own” n” or “n “nor orth th”” and “south”: only “in” and “out.” He linked the northupsu up supe peri rior or/s /sou outh th-d -dow ownn-in infe feri rior or pr pres esen enta tati tion on of mo most st othe ot herr wo worl rld d ma maps ps to cu cult ltur ural al bi bias as..
Don Fowley Linda Ratts Hope Ellis Christopher Ru Ruel Kenji Ngien Kenji Ngieng g Mary Ann Price Joyc Jo ycee Po Poh h
Cover Cred Credit: it: The Fulle Fullerr Proje Projection ction Map desig design n is a trade trademark mark of the Buckm Buckminste insterr Fuller Insti Institute. tute. # 1938, 1967 & 1992. All righ rights ts reserved, www.bfi.org www.bfi.org.. This boo This book k was set in Palatino Palatino by Th Thoms omson on Digital Digital and printe printed d and bound bound by Cou Courie rierr Ken Kendal dallvil lville. le. The cov cover er was pri printe nted d by Cou Courie rierr Kendallville. Thiss boo Thi book k is pri printe nted d on acid free free pap paper. er. Founded in 1807, Founded 1807, John John Wiley Wiley & Sons Sons,, Inc. has has been a valued valued source source of knowledg knowledgee and underst understandi anding ng for more than 200 200 years, years, helpi helping ng people peo ple aro around und the wor world ld meet the their ir nee needs ds and fulfill fulfill the their ir asp aspira iratio tions. ns. Our com compan pany y is bui built lt on a fou founda ndatio tion n of pri princi nciple pless tha thatt inc includ ludee responsib respo nsibility ility to the comm communit unities ies we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launch launched ed a Corp Corporate orate Citize Citizenshi nship p Initi Initiative, ative, a glob global al effort eff ort to add addres resss the env enviro ironm nment ental, al, social, social, economic economic,, and ethical ethical cha challe llenge ngess we fac facee in our bus busine iness. ss. Among Among the iss issues ues we are add addres ressin sing g are carbo carbon n impact, impact, paper speci specificatio fications ns and procurem procurement, ent, ethical ethical cond conduct uct within our our busin business ess and among among our vendo vendors, rs, and commu community nity and chari charitable table suppo support. rt. For more infor informatio mation, n, pleas pleasee visit our websi website: te: www.wiley.com/go/citizenship www.wiley.com/go/citizenship.. Copyright # 20 2014 14,, 20 2010 10 Jo John hn Wi Wile ley y & So Sons ns,, In Inc. c. Al Alll ri righ ghts ts re rese serv rved ed.. No pa part rt of th this is pu publ blic icat atio ion n ma may y be re repr prod oduc uced ed,, st stor ored ed in a re retr trie ieva vall system sys tem or tra trans nsmit mitted ted in any fo form rm or by any me means ans,, ele electr ctroni onic, c, mec mechan hanica ical, l, ph photo otocop copyin ying, g, rec record ording ing,, sca scann nning ing or oth otherw erwise ise,, exc except ept as perm pe rmit itte ted d un unde derr Se Sect ctio ions ns 10 1077 or 10 1088 of th thee 19 1976 76 Un Unit ited ed St Stat ates es Co Copy pyri righ ghtt Ac Act, t, wi with thou outt ei eith ther er th thee pr prio iorr wr writ itte ten n pe perm rmis issi sion on of th thee Pu Publ blis ishe her, r, or author aut horiza izatio tion n thr throug ough h pay paymen mentt of the app approp ropria riate te per per-co -copy py fee to the Cop Copyr yrigh ightt Cle Cleara arance nce Ce Cente nter, r, In Inc. c. 222 Ros Rosewo ewood od Dr Drive ive,, Dan Danver vers, s, MA 01923, webs website ite www.copyright.com www.copyright.com.. Req Reques uests ts to the Pub Publis lisher her for per permis missio sion n sho should uld be add addres ressed sed to the Per Permis missio sions ns De Depar partme tment, nt, Joh John n Wil Wiley ey & So Sons, ns, In Inc., c., 111 Riv River er Str Street eet,, Hob Hoboke oken, n, NJ 070 0703030-577 5774, 4, (20 (201)7 1)74848-601 6011, 1, fax (20 (201)7 1)74848-600 6008, 8, web websit sitee http://www.wiley http://www.wiley.com/go/p .com/go/permissions ermissions.. Evaluatio Evalua tion n cop copies ies are pro provid vided ed to qua qualifi lified ed aca academ demics ics and pro profes fessio sional nalss for rev review iew pur purpos poses es onl only, y, for use in the their ir cou course rsess dur during ing the nex nextt acad ac adem emic ic ye year ar.. Th Thes esee co copi pies es ar aree li lice cens nsed ed an and d ma may y no nott be so sold ld or tr tran ansf sfer erre red d to a th thir ird d pa part rty. y. Up Upon on co comp mple leti tion on of th thee re revi view ew pe peri riod od,, pl plea ease se return retur n the evalua evaluation tion copy to Wiley Wiley.. Retur Return n instr instructio uctions ns and a free of charg chargee retur return n mailin mailing g label are availab available le at HYPER HYPERLINK LINK “http:// www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel”” www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel.. If you hav havee cho chosen sen to ado adopt pt thi thiss tex textbo tbook ok for use in you yourr cou course rse,, please ple ase acc accept ept thi thiss boo book k as you yourr com compli plime menta ntary ry des desk k cop copy. y. Out Outsid sidee of the Uni United ted Sta States tes,, ple please ase con contac tactt you yourr loc local al sal sales es rep repres resent entati ative. ve.
ISBN 97811187 9781118741498 41498 Prin Pr inte ted d in th thee Un Unit ited ed St State atess of Am Amer eric icaa 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface Now more than ever, there has been an increasing awareness of the unsustainability abil ity traj trajecto ectory ry our soc society iety is curr currentl ently y foll followi owing. ng. Occu Occurrin rring g sim simulta ultaneou neously, sly, ther theree have been numero numerous us proclamations, proclamations, internati international onal meetings, and efforts to assess the current state of affairs and begin to design new technologies, policies, and businesss models aimed at advancing the goal of a sustainable busines sustainable future. With this in mind, there is an obvious need to continue to manage and remediate legacy environmental environ mental challenges from nutrient enrichment of surface waters to groundwater contamination. At the heart of meeting these objectives is training the next generation of engineers, and environmental engineers in particular, to have a deep understanding understan ding of the fundamentals of the discipline while also possessing a keen awarene awar eness ss of sus sustaina tainabil bility. ity. Reor Reorient ienting ing the focu focuss envi environ ronmen mental tal engi enginee neerin ring g is the very motivation for this book – providing both the fundamental training to solve environmental problems as well as the broad understanding of sustainability. As we move from the stark and egregious environmental problems that gave rise to the field of environmental engineering more than five decades ago to the more mo re com comple plex x and glo global bal cha challe llenge ngess of tod today, ay, the fie field ld of env enviro ironme nmenta ntall eng engine ineerering must evolve as well. Looking to the future, there is a clear need for environmental engineers who are able to collaborate across disciplines and communicate broadly to the scientific community, policymakers, and the public. Sustainability presents many opportunities for environmental engineers to evolve from those who characterize, manage, and remediate existing environmental problems to those who are designing and developing new technologies that address sustainability challenges while avoiding unintended consequences. On this journey, it is impe im pera rativ tivee to ho hono norr th thee gr grea eatt le legac gacy y of th this is di disc scip ipli line ne – th thee cr crea eati tivi vity, ty, pa pass ssio ion, n, an and d dedi de dica cati tion on fo forr pu publ blic ic go good od – an and d co cont ntin inue ue to se serv rvee in th thee un uniq ique ue ro role le of be bene nefit fitti ting ng people and the planet as we move to face emerging challenges and design a more sustainable future. This book is motivated by the discussion that is evolving from one centered on describing, characterizing, quantifying, and monitoring current environmental problems to one that is focused on the design and development of innovative new solutions. Innovation requires enhanced skills and tools beyond the fundamental and important environmental engineering curriculum including the ability to think creatively and critically, to work in interdisciplinary teams, and to consider the entire system. As shown in the table below, the very nature of the challenges faced by environmental engineers is changing. 20th Century Environmental Issues
21st Century Environmental Issues
Local
Global
Acute
Chronic
Obvious
Subtle
Immediate
Multigenerational
Discrete
Complex
