Environmental Awareness and Care

ABU@_CBMABVGN GYG_ABA\\ GBF LG_A

oy; \D@ANG \GNGB GO_AG

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ABU@_CBMABVGN ABU@_CBMABVGN GYG_ABA\\ GYG _ABA\\ GBF LG_A GMCBI ECQ_VD ECQ_VD PAG_ D@ID \LDCCN \LDCCN \VQFABV\ @B LGIGPGB LGIGPG B FA C_C L@VP, \LDCCN \LDCCN PAG_ ?877-?87?

G Vdas` Vd as`s s Xrasabtaf tc Eglunt Eglunt y ce tda Irgfugta \tufàs \tufàs Lgigygb Lgigygb fa Crc Lcnnaia Xd`bmg Afulgt`cb Batwcrj Lgigygb Lgigygb fa Crc L`ty

@b Xgrt`gn Xgrt`gn Eune`n nmabt ce tda _aqu`ramabts _aqu`ramabts ecr tda Fairaa Fairaa Mgstar Mgstar ce Grts `b Afulgt`cbgn Gfm`b`st rgt`cb

\dàng \gngb Gorag



























GLJBCYNAFIAMABV GLJ BCYNAFIAMABV

Vda rasagrldar w`sdas tc axprass dar faapast irgt`tufa gbf wgrmast gppral`gt`cb tc tda ecnncw`bi pacpna, wdc, `b gby wgy cr gbctdar dgva lcbtròutaf gbf `bsp`raf dar tc tda cvargnn sullass ce tda ubfartgj`bi; Vc dar Vdas`s Gfv`sar gbf F`raltcr, @bst`tuta ce Xrceass`cbgn Irgfugta \tufàs Fr. Gnmg V. Iurrag, ecr dar lcbv`bl`bi sp`r`t tdgt `bsp`ras mgby tagldars tc pursua tda`r pcst irgfugta stufàs, ecr tda suostgbt`gn prceass`cbgn danp gbf suppcrt wd`ld prcv`fas tda rasagrldar g irgsp ce tda rasagrld, rasagrld , ecr tda j`bf gtt`tufa wd`ld dgbfs cut ablcurgiamabt ecr dar tc pursua td`s stufy. Vc dar \ldccn pr`bl`pgn gbf gfv`sar Fr. I`bg E. Ngo`tgf, ecr tda agrbast gbf sanenass sdgr`bi ce jbcwnafia wd`ld abgona tda rasagrldar tc favancp tdcrcuid ubfarstgbf`bi ce tda stufy, ecr tda ablcurgiamabt gbf iu`fgbla wd`ld euans dar tc lcbt`bua tda stufy fasp`ta fasp`ta tda famgbf`bi famgbf`bi tgsjs ce g tagldar gbf g lngss gfv`sar. Vc Kubgnyb Encras, ecr dar oa`bi gllcmmcfgt`bi gbf dcsp`tgona fasp`ta oa`bi ousy, sda prcv`fas prcv`fas g dcmay cee`la- abv`rcbmabt abv`rcbmabt avary t`ma tda rasagrldar rasagrldar v`s`ts tda cee`la ecr scma iu`fgbla gbf lngrè`lgt`cbs. Vc dar lngssmgtas lngssmg tas `b tdas`s, ecr tda ldgnnabi`bi gbf lcbscn`bi wcrfs wd`ld lgusa dar tc oanàva tdgt sda lgb fc tda td`bis sda lgb td`bj.



























`v Vc tda sldccn Gfm`b`strgtcrs Gfm`b`strgtc rs ecr tda`r dcsp`tgn`ty gbf ecr gnncw`bi dar tc lcbfult tda stufy tc tda`r stufabts. Vc tda raspcbfabts, raspcbfabts, wdc lcmprcm`sa tda`r t`ma t`ma gbf ecr f`nìabtny gbswar`bi gbswar`bi tda quast`cbbg`ras. Vc dar eanncw eanncw tagldars tagldars `b Xubtcf Bgt`cbgn Dìd Dìd sldccn, ecr tda pnagsgbt pnagsgbt lcmpgby gbf ecr tda`r j`bf gtt`tufa wd`ld igva dar lcmecrt gbf agsa `b fc`bi tda tgsjs. Vc dar oancvaf Mgmg gbf Xgpg, gbf orctdar Pcycbi ecr tda`r abfnass gbf ublcbf`t`cbgn ncva gbf suppcrt gnn tdrcuid tda yagrs. Vc dar fagrny fagrny ncvaf dusogbf, Nuan Nuan O. Gorag, ecr d`s abfnass `bsp`rgt`cb, `bsp`rgt`cb, ncva gbf ubfarstgbf`bi, gbf ecr d`s lcmecrt`bi prasabla, wd`ld gra tda fr`v`bi ecrla ecr dar tc axpncra gbf updcnf tc dar pctabt`gns. Vc dar fgrn`bi fgrn`bi j`fs, [abf Nuja gbf [abf \cpd`g, ecr or`bi`bi or`bi`bi kcys, kcys, gbf trgbqu`n`z`bi dar sp`r`t. Gocva gnn tc tda Gnmìdty Icf, ecr tda strabitd, tda pcwar, gbf ecr or`bi`bi `btc dar nèa avary parscb wdc danps dar prcspar `b td`s vabtura .



























Faf`lgt`cb

Vd`s occj `s ncv`biny faf`lgtaf tc Mgmg gbf Xgpg Vgtgy, Nuja, gbf X`g.

\dàng



























GO\V_GLV GO \V_GLV

V`tna;

ABU@_CBMABVGN GYG_ABA\\ GBF LG_A GMCBI ECQ_VD PAG_ D@ID \LDCCN \VQFABV\ @B LGIGPGB FA C_C L@VP, \LDCCN PAG_ ?877-?87? ?877-?87?

Gutdcr;

\dàng \gngb- Gorag

Vypa ce Fclumabt;

Vdas`s

Vypa ce Xuon`lgt`cb; Xuon`lgt`cb;

Qbpuon`sdaf

Dcst ce @bst`tut`cb;

Lgigygb fa Crc Lcnnaia XD@BMG Afulgt`cb Batwcrj Lgigygb fa Crc L`ty

Jaywcrfs;

Navan ce Abv`rcbmabtgn Abv`rcbmabtgn Gwgrabass gbf Lgra (Gtt`tufa gbf Oadgv`cr) gmcbi Ecurtd Pagr Dìd \ldccn \tufabts

\ummgry;

Vd`s stufy eclusaf cb tda Navan ce Abv`rcbmabtgn Gwgrabass gbf Lgra gmcbi Ecurtd Pagr Dìd \ldccn \tufabts `b Lgigygb fa Crc L`ty, sldccn yagr ?877-?87?. Vda satt`bi satt`bi ce td`s stufy wgs `b L`ty ce Lgigygb fa Crc. Crc. Vd Vda a slcpa slcpa lcvaraf tda ecurtd yagr dìd sldccn stufabts ce tda s`x sanalt puon`l gbf pr`vgta sldccns `b Lgigygb fa Crc L`ty, sldccn yagr ?877- ?87?. Vda sgmpna s`za wgs twc dubfraf savabty- tdraa (?9<) raspcbfabts ercm tda s`x sanalt

puon`l gbf pr`vgta dìd

sldccns ce Lgigygb fa Crc L`ty. Vd`s stufy usaf tda faslr`pt`va matdcf ce rasagrld wd`ld `bvcnvaf tda ralcrf`bi, gbgnys`s, gbf `btarpratgt`cb ce tda fgtg igtdaraf. Vda





























v`` Yd`na tda `bstrumabt usaf tc igtdar fgtg wgs tda mcfèàf vars`cb ce tda Magsuramabt ce Alcnci`lgn Gtt`tufas gbf Jbcwnafia \lgna (Mgncbay & Ygrf, 7091). Vd`s stufy scuidt gbswars tc tda ecnncw`bi prconams: 7. Ydgt `s tda prce`na ce tda raspcbfabts `b tarms ce; 7.7

Iabfar

7.? Vypa ce \ldccn 7.<

Vctgn Mcbtdny @blcma ce Xgrabts

7.6

Afulgt`cbgn Gttg`bmabt ce Xgrabts

?. Ydgt `s tda navan ce tda raspcbfabts raspcbfabts `b tarms ce tda ecnncw`bi3 ecnncw`bi3 ?.7

Abv`rcbmabtgn Abv`rcbmabtgn Gwgrabass ?.7.7 O`cf`vars`ty ?.7.? Abariy ?.7.< Ygsta Mgbgiamabt ?.7.6 Xcnnut`cb





























v``` <. @s tdara g sìbè`lgbt rangt`cbsd`p oatwaab tda raspcbfabts‐ navan ce Abv`rcbmabtgn Gwgrabass gbf Lgra (Gtt`tufa gbf Oadgv`cr)3 gbf tda ecnncw`bi vgr`gonas3 <.7

Iabfar

<.?

Vypa ce \ldccn

<.<


<.6

Afulgt`cbgn Gttg`bmabt Xgrabts

6. Yd`ld ce tda ecnncw`bi `s tda mg`b scurla ce `becrmgt`cb ecr stufabts‐ abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass; 6.7 \ldccn 6.?

@btarbat

6.< Vanav`s`cb 6.6

_gf`c

6.1 Occjs 6.5 Mgigz`bas 6.9 Xgrabts





























`x Matdcfcnciy

Vda mg`b fgtg igtdar`bi `bstrumabt ecr td`s stufy wara tda ecur sats ce quast`cbbg`ras. Vda e`rst sat wgs usaf tc igtdar `becrmgt`cb ce tda stufabts‐ prce`na. Vda salcbf sat wgs usaf tc igtdar fgtg cb tda scurlas ce `becrmgt`cb cb abv`rcbmabtgn `ssuas. Vda baxt sat wgs tda mcfèàf vars`cb ce tda Magsuramabt ce Alcnci`lgn Gtt`tufas gbf Jbcwnafia \lgna (Mgncbay & Ygrf, 7091) wd`ld wgs usaf tc magsura tda stufabts‐ navan ce abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass gbf lgra.

Vda Xagrscb Lcrrangt`cb wgs usaf tc fatarm`ba tda rangt`cbsd`p oatwaab tda `bfapabfabt gbf fapabfabt vgr`gonas.

E`bf`bis

Vda ecnncw`bi wara tda e`bf`bis ce tda stufy; 7.7

Vda fgtg `bf`lgtaf tdgt cut ce ?9< raspcbfabts ercm s`x puon`l gbf

pr`vgta sldccns, tdara tdara wara 7?7 mgnas gbf gbf 71? eamgnas. eamgnas. @t `mpnàf tdgt mgkcr`ty ce tda raspcbfabts wara eamgna.





























x 7.6

Vda fgtg `bf`lgtaf tdgt mcst raspcbfabts dgf pgrabts wdcsa

afulgt`cbgn gttg`bmabt wgs lcnnaia irgfugta. Vd`s `mpnàf tdgt mgby `b tda L`ty ce Lgigygb fa Crc ecubf tda `mpcrtgbla ce afulgt`cb gbf tràf tc e`b`sd tda`r stufy `b lcnnaia. ?.7

Vda fgtg `bf`lgtaf tdgt tda raspcbfabts‐ navan ce gwgrabass `b agld

ce tda abv`rcbmabtgn `ssuas wg s gvargia. gvargia. Vda raspcbfabt‐s navan ce gwgrabass `b cvargnn abv`rcbmabtgn `ssuas dgf g magb slcra ce 7<.75 w`td g varogn aqu`vgnabla ce gvargia navan ce gwgrabass. ?.?

Vda raspcb fabts‐ magb slcra ce 9<.09 `b a bv`rcbmabtgn gtt`tufa

ravagnaf tdgt tda ecurtd yagr dìd sldccn stufabts `b Lgigygb fa Crc L`ty dgf egvcrgona gtt`tufas tcwgrf tda abv`rcbmabt. ?.<

Vda raspcbfabts‐ magb slcra ce 1?.?8 `b abv`rcbmabtgn o adgv`cr

ravagnaf tdgt tda ecurtd yagr dìd sldccn stufabts `b Lgigygb fa Crc L`ty dgf prcabv`rcbmabtgn oadgv`cr. <. Vda sìbè`lgbla navan ce abv`rcbmabtgn `ssua gwgrabass wgs nass tdgb .81 gbf dgf sìbè`lgbt sìbè`l gbt rangt`cbsd`p cbny w`td abv`rcbmabtgn abv`rcbm abtgn Gtt`tufa gbf `bsìbè`lgbt `bsìbè`l gbt





























x` <.<

Vda sìbè`lgbla sìbè`lgbl a navan ce tda tctgn mcbtdny `blcma ce pgrabts ce nass

tdgb .81 dgf sìbè`lgbt rangt`cbsd`p tc octd abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass gbf gtt`tufa wd`na `bsìbè`lgbt w`td abv`rcbmabtgn oadgv`cr. <.6

Vda sìbè`lgbla sìbè`lgbl a navan ce tda afulgt`cbgn gttg`bmabt ce mctdar wgs nass

tdgb .81 gbf dgf sìbè`lgbt rangt`cbsd`p tc octd abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass, gtt`tufa gbf oadgv`cr ce tda raspcbfabts. Vda sìbè`lgbla navan ce tda afulgt`cbgn gttg`bmabt ce egtdar wgs nass tdgb .81 gbf dgf sìbè`lgbt rangt`cbsd`p cbny tc octd abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass gbf gtt`tufa wd`na `bsìbè`lgbt tc abv`rcbmabtgn oadgv`cr. 6.

Vda fgtg ravagnaf tdgt cut ?9< raspcbfabts, 777 ce tdam ig`baf tda`r

abv`rcbmabtgn abv`rcbmabtgn `becrmgt`cb ercm tda sldccn suokalts. 1.

Cbny eràbfs gs scurla ce abv`rcbmabtgn `becrmgt`cb dgf g sìbè`lgbt sìbè`lgb t

rangt`cbsd`p w`td gwgrabass gbf gtt`tufa gbf `bsìbè`lgbt w`td oadgv`cr. @ts Xagrscb lcrrangt`cbs lcrrangt`cb s tc gwgrabass gbf gtt`tufa wara .??4 gbf .755 .755 raspalt`va raspalt`vany, ny, wd`ld `bf`lgtaf octd wagj f`ralt rangt`cbsd`p.































x`` Lcblnus`cbs

Vda ecnncw`bi wara tda lcblnus`cbs ce tda stufy; 7.

Abv`rcbmabtgn Abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass gwgrabass dgf g sìbè`lgbt rangt`cbsd`p rangt`cbsd`p w`td

abv`rcbmabtgn gtt`tufa. Vdaraecra, tda dypctdas`s wgs rakaltaf. Abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass gbf abv`rcbmabtgn gtt`tufa dgf bc sìbè`lgbt rangt`cbsd`p w`td abv`rcbmabtgn oadgv`cr. Vdaraecra, tda dypctdas`s wgs gllaptaf. ?.

Iabfar dgf g sìbè`lgbt sìbè`lgb t rangt`cbsd`p w`td abv`rcbmabtgn gtt`tufa gtt`tufa..

Vdaraecra, Vdaraecra, tda dypctdas`s wgs rakaltaf: rakaltaf: Iabfar dgf bc sìbè`lgbt sìbè`lgbt rangt`cbsd`p rangt`cbsd`p w`td abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass gbf abv`rcbmabtgn oadgv`cr. Vdaraecra, tda dypctdas`s wgs gllaptaf.































x``` sìbè`lgbt rangt`cbsd`p w`td abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass. Vdaraecra, tda dypctdas`s wgs rakaltaf: Vda afulgt`cbgn gttg`bmabt ce egtdar dgf bc sìbè`lgbt sìbè`lgbt rangt`cbsd`p w`td abv`rcbmabtgn gtt`tufa gbf abv`rcbmabtgn oadgv`cr. Vdaraecra, tda dypctdas`s wgs gllaptaf. 5.

Eràbfs gs g scurla ce abv`rcbmabtgn `becrmgt`cb dgf g sìbè`lgbt

rangt`cbsd`p w`td abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass gbf gtt`tufa. Vdaraecra tda dypctdas`s wgs rakaltaf wd`na eràbfs dgf bc sìbè`lgbt rangt`cbsd`p w`td oadgv`cr, tdaraecra tda dypctdas`s wgs gllaptaf: \ldccn, `btarbat, tanav`s`cb, rgf`c, occjs, mgigz`bas gbf pgrabts gs scurlas ce abv`rcbmabtgn `becrmgt`cb dgf bc sìbè`lgbt rangt`cbsd`p tc octd abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass, gwgrabass, gtt`tufa gbf oadgv`cr. Vdaraecra V daraecra tda dypctdas`s wgs gllaptaf.































x`v

?.

\`bla eamgna stufabts `b tda stufy dgf g dìdar abv`rcbmabtgn

gwgrabass tdgb mgnas, tdab sldccn gbf tda nclgn icvarbmabt pgrtbarsd`p sdcunf strabitdab iabfar favancpmabt prcirgms tdgt w`nn gffrass abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass gbf lgra gmcbi gmcbi tda ycutd. <.

Xgrabts gt dcma sdcunf try tc prcv`fa g dagntdy gbf lcbful`va dcma

ecr nagrb`bi, sdcunf e`bf wcrtdwd`na t`ma tc favancp tda`r ld`nfrab‐s abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass gbf lgra. \`bla tda egtdar‐s afulgt`cbgn gttg`bmab t f`f bct dgva g sìbè`lgbt rangt`cbsd`p w`td tda stufabts‐ gtt`tufa gbf oadgv`cr, tdab egtdars ce tcfgy

sdcunf mg`btg`b g ocbf`bi t`ma gbf `bt`mgly w`td tda`r ld`nfrab, `b `benuabl`bi gbf favancp`bi tda`r ld`nfrab‐s abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass gbf lgra.































xv 5.

\`bla tda dìd navan ce abv`rcbmabtgn gtt`tufa `b tda stufy f`f bct dgva

g sìbè`lgbt rangt`cbsd`p w`td abv`rcbmabtgn oadgv`cr , tdab eutura rasagrldars mgy rapn`lgta tda stufy gbf mgy `blnufa tda nclus ce lcbtrcn ( tda `bf`v`fugn‐s parlapt`cb

tdgt d`s cr dar glt`cbs fc bct mgja g ldgbia) gs g fapabfabt vgr`gona tdgt igps oatwaab gtt`tufa gbf oadgv`cr. Eutura rasagrldars mgy gnsc lcbfult tda sgma stufy tc tda tagldars, s`bla tda sldccn `s tda stufabts‐ mg`b scurla ce abv`rcbmabtgn

`becrmgt`cb, tdab tagldars gra axpaltaf tc dgva g dìd abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass, egvcrgona gtt`tufa gbf abv`rcbmabt eràbfny - oadgv`cr.































VGONA CE LCBVABV\ V`tna Xgia

`

Gppr Gp prcv cvgn gn Xgia Xgi a

``

Glj Gl j bcwn bc wn afiamab afi amabtt

```

Faf`lgt`cb

v

Gost Go strgl rgl t

v`

Vgona ce Lcbtabts

xv`

N`st ce Vgonas Vgonas

x`x

Ldgptar 7

Vda Xrcon am

@btrcfult`cb

7

Lcblaptugn Ergmawcrj

6

































_asagrld Fasìb

68

_asagrld \att`bi

68

_asagrld \uokalt

6?

\gmpn`bi Xrclafura

6?

_aspcbfabts ce tda \tufy

6<

_asagrld @bstrumabts

66

\lcr`bi Xrclafura

66

Ugn`fgt`cb ce _asagrld @bstrumabts

65

































Oòn`cirgpdy

48

Gppab Gp pabf` f` las

G

Xarm`ss`cb Nattar tc tda F`v`s`cb \ldccns \upar`btabfabt \upar`btabfabt

40

Xarm`ss`cb Nattar tc tda Xr`bl`pgn O

Nattar gbf Wuast`cbbg`ras ecr tda _aspcbfabts

07

F

Gbswar \daat

78?

































N`st ce Vgonas Vgonas

Vgona

Xgia

7

_aspcbfabts ce tda \tufy

6<

?

Xrce`na ce tda _aspcbfabts gllcrf`bi tc Iabfar

17

<

Xrce`na ce tda _aspcbfabts gllcrf`bi tc Vypa ce \ldccn

1?

6

Xrce`na ce tda _aspcbfabts gllcrf`bi tc tda

1<

































77

Xagrscb Lcrrangt`cb ce tda _aspcbfabt‐s Abv`rcbmabtgn

55

Gwgrabass, Gtt`tufa, gbf Oadgv`cr tc tda Vctgn Mcbtdny @blcma ce Xgrabts 7?

Xagrscb Lcrrangt`cb ce tda _aspcbfabt‐s Abv`rcbmabtgn

59

Gwgrabass, Gtt`tufa, gbf Oadgv`cr tc tda Afulgt`cbgn Afulgt`cbgn Gttg`bmabt ce Xgrabts 7<

Vda Xarlabtgia ce tda _aspcbfabts‐ \curlas ce

50

































N@\V CE E@IQ_A\ E@IQ_A\

Eìura 7

Xgia \ldamgt`l F`girgm ce tda

78

Lcblaptugn Ergmawcrj

?

Mgp ce tda F`v`s`cb ce Lgigygb fa Crc L`ty sdcw`bi tda Fèearabt \ldccns

67



































Ldgptar 7

































? Vdara `s g lcbvabt`cbgn oanàe tdgt suld abv`rcbmabtgn fairgfgt`cb wcunf rascnva gs sccb gs tda alcbcmy ircws gbf lgb geecrf abv`rcbmabtgn eràbfny

































< gnsc

`b absur`bi

rg`sas dcpas

tda`r glt`va pgrt`l`pgt` pgrt`l`pgt`cb cb `b abv`rcbmabtg abv`rcbmabtgnn gfvclglàs gfvclglàs..

Vd`s

tdgt tda eutura l`t`zabs ce td`s lcubtry w`nn oa „abv`rcbmabtgnny

































6 gwgrabass, gtt`tufa gbf abv`rcbmabtgn oadgv`cr ce stufabts `b Lgigygb fa Crc L`ty. Vda rasagrldar dcpaf tc igtdar `becrmgt`cb wdatdar tdasa stufabts dgf

































1 Abv`rcbmabtgn gtt`tufa `s gnsc cba ce tda `mpcrtgbt lcmpcbabts `b



































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































6? _asagrld \uokalts

Vda raspcbfabts ce td`s stufy wara tda ?9< ecurtd yagr dìd sldccn stufabts lcm`bi ercm tda ecnncw`bi pr`vgta gbf puon`l sldccns: Xubtcf Bgt`cbgn Dìd \ldccn, Mglgogngb Bgt`cbgn Dìd \ldccn, Lgb`tcgb Bgt`cbgn Dìd \ldccn, \g`bt Mgry‐s Glgfamy ce Lgrmab, Lgigygb fa Crc Lcnnaia gbf X`nir`m Ldr`st`gb Lcnnaia. Octd puon`l gbf pr`vgta sldccns wara usaf `b tda stufy tc lcmpgra tda

stufabt s‐

abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass, gtt`tufa gbf oadgv`cr ogsaf cb tda typa ce sldccn.

\gmpn` \gmpn` bi Xrclafura Qs`bi tda \ncv`b‐s ecrmung gbf tda lcbe`fabla navan ce .81, tda

sgmpna s`za wgs fatarm`baf. Vda \ncv`b‐s Ecrmung; B = SSSSSBSSSSSSS 7+ B (a) ?

Ydara ; sgmpn`bi b = s`za ce sgmpn`bi B= tda tctgn bumoar ce pcpungt`cb

raqu`raf



























6< VGONA 7 Xcpungt`cb ce td a \tufy \tufy

Bgma Bgma ce \ldccn

Xcpungt`cb

\gmpna \gmpna

76?

61

Mglgogngb Bgt`cbgn dìd \ldccn

?79

54

Lgb`tcgb Bgt`cbgn Dìd \ldccn

747

19

759

1?

X`nir`m Ldr`st`gb Lcnnaia

78<

<<

Lgigygb fa Crc Lcnnaia

16

74

VCVGN

456

?9<

Xuon`l \ldccns

Xubtcf Bgt`cbgn Dìd \ldccn

Xr`vgta \ldccn \ldccn s \g`bt Mgry‐s G lgfamy ce Lgrmab



























66 _asag _asagrld rld @bstrumabts

Vd`s stufy usaf ecur sats ce quast`cbbg`ras. quast`cbbg`ras. Vda e`rst e`rst sat wgs usaf tc igtdar `becrmgt`cb ce tda stufabts‐ prce`na `b tarms ce iabfar, typa ce sldccn, afulgt`cbgn

gttg`bmabt gbf tctgn mcbtdny `blcma ce pgrabts. Vda salcbf sat wgs usaf tc igtdar fgtg cb tda scurlas ce stufabts‐ `becrmgt`cb gocut tda abv`rcbmabt. Vda baxt sat

wgs g mcfèàf vars`cb ce tda Magsuramabt ce Alcnci`lgn Gtt`tufas gbf Jbcwnafia slgna (Mgncbay & Ygrf, 7091). Vda crì`bgn slgna lcbtg`baf 7<8 `tams, out tda rasagrldar rafulaf tda rav`saf slgna tc g tctgn ce 91 quast`cbs. Vda quast`cbs wara sapgrgtaf `btc tdraa pgrts tc magsura sapgrgtany tda navan ce gwgrabass, gtt`tufa gbf oadgv`cr ce tda raspcbfabts tcwgrf tda abv`rcbmabt. \cma quast`cbs wara mcfèàf oy tda rasagrldar tc e`t tc tda typa ce raspcbfabts, `b tarms ce tda`r axparàbla, lcblarb gbf axpcsura tc tda abv`rcbmabtgn abv`rcbmabtgn `ssuas `b tda nclgn satt`bi. \lcr`bi Xrclafura

Vda abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass tast wgs g <8- `tam munt`pna ldc`la typa ce tast. Vdara wara s`x quast`cbs gnncttaf tc agld e`va abv`rcbmabtgn `ssuas. @e tda stufabts sanaltaf tda lcrralt gbswar, tday wara i`vab 7 slcra gbf tda ctdarw`sa `s sat 8 slcra (lcrralt gbswar= 7, wrcbi gbswar= 8). Vda ecnncw`bi gra tda Magb slcras ce Abv`rcbmabtgn Abv`rcbmabtgn Gwgrabass gbf `ts Uarogn Aqu`vgnabla. Xar Xar @ssua

6.7 “ 5.8 ---- Dìd Gwgrabass

Cvargnn @ssua

?8.7 “ <8.8 ---- Dìd Gwgrabass



























61 Ecr abv`rcbmabtgn abv`rcbmabtg n gtt`tufa, t da N`jart slgna magsuramabt wgs usaf ecr avary stgtamabt ce abv`rcbmabtgn gtt`tufa cb g 1 pc`bt slgna. Vdara wara ?8 gtt`tufa stgtamabts wr`ttab cb g e`va pc`bt N`jart slgna gbf agld `tam wgs wgs gssìbaf ercm 1 (strcbiny giraa) tc 7(strcbi f`sgiraa). Vda mgx`mum slcra wgs 788 è stufabts slcraf 1 ecr gnn ce ce tda ?8 `tams. `tams. Vda Vda m`b`mum slcra wgs wgs ?8 è g stufabt slcraf 7 ecr gnn ce tda ?8 `tams. `tams. G slcra ce 58 wgs `b tda m`ffna pcs`t`cb pcs`t`cb è g stufabt stufabt slcraf < ecr gnn ce tda ?8 `tams. Ydarags ecr abv`rcbmabtgn oadgv`cr tast, < n`jart slgna ce < ( gnwgys) tc 7 (bavar) wgs usaf ecr tda ?1 `tams. Vda mgx`mum slcra `s 91 è tda stufabts slcraf < ecr gnn ce tda `tams. Vda m`b`mum m`b`mum slcra `s ?1 ?1 è stufabts slcraf 7 ecr ecr gnn ce tda ?1 `tams. Oancw gra tda magb slcras gbf varogn aqu`vgnabla. Abv`rcbmabtgn Gtt`t ufa

57 gbf gocva --- Egvcrgona Gtt`tufa 58 gbf oancw --- Qbegvcrgona Gtt`tufa

Abv`rcbmabtgn Oadgv`cr

17 “ 91 --- Dìd cr Xrc-Abv`rcbmabtgn Oadgv`cr ?5 “ 18 --- Mcfargta Oadgv`cr 8 “ ?1 --- Ncw cr Gbt`- Abv`rcbmabtgn Oadgv`cr



























65 Ugn`fgt`cb Ugn`fgt`cb ce tda _asa _asagrld grld @bstrumabts

Vda rasagrldar usaf tda mcfèàf vars`cb ce tda Magsuramabt ce Alcnci`lgn Gtt`tufas gbf Jbcwnafia slgna (Mgncbay & Ygrf, 7091). Vc mg`btg`b tda lcbtabt vgn`f`ty ce tda tast, tda rasagrldar rasagrldar raearraf tc tc tda n`st ccee lcmpatablà lcmpatablàss ecr @btairgtaf @btairgtaf \làbla gbf O`cnciy nasscbs ecr scma mcfè`lgt`cb ce tda tast `tams. Vdasa twc suokalts wara sanaltaf oalgusa tday lcbs`staf mcra lcblapts cb abv`rcbmabtgn @ssuas. Vc eurtdar vgn`fgta tda mcfèàf tast, `t wgs lcbfultaf tc tda ecurtd dìd sldccn stufabts ce Ognungbi Bgt`cbgn Dìd \ldccn. Vdasa stufabts wara bct `blnufaf gs raspcbfabts ce td`s stufy. @b rangt`cb tc tda gfm`b`strgt`cb ce tda tast, oràe cràbtgt`cb wgs i`vab tc tda stufabts. Vday wara `becrmaf tc gbswar gnn tda quast`cbs `b tda tast gbf wara tcnf tc gsj gby quast`cb è scmatd`bi `s bct lnagraf tc tdam gocut tda tast `tam. G mgx`mum ce cba dcur wgs i`vab tc tda stufabts tc e`b`sd tda axgm.

Fgtg igtdar`bi Xrclafura

Oaecra tda fgtg wara igtdaraf, g nattar ce raquast wgs

prasabtaf tc tda

\ldccns F`v`s`cb \upar`btabfabt ecr parm`ss`cb tc gnncw tda rasagrldar tc lcbfult tda stufy gbf gfm`b`star rasagrld `bstrumabts tc tda raspcbfabts. Qpcb gpprcvgn, gppc`btmabt ecr tda gfm`b`strgt`cb gfm`b`strgt`c b ce tda quast`cbbg`ras wgs tdab scuidt ercm tda Cee`la ce tda Xr`bl`pgn. Lgra Lgra wgs cosarvaf ecr g m`b`mgn `btarrupt`cb `btarrupt`cb ce lngssas.





























69 Lgtaicr`zgt`cb ce Ugr`gonas

Vda ecnncw`bi lgtaicràs gra lragtaf tc egl`n`tgta `btarpratgt`cb gbf gbgnys`s ce tda igtdaraf fgtg; \tufabt ; Iabfar

Mgna



Eamgna



Vypa ce \ldccn \ldccn 

Xuon`l \ldccn



Xr`vgta \ldccn

Vctgn Mcbtdny @blcma ce Xgrabts; Xgrabts;

7

(X ?7, 888 gbf gocva)

?

(X 71,888- X 70, 888)

<

(X78,888-X 76,888)

6

(X1,888-X 0,888)

1

(Oancw- X6,888)





























64 

Dìd \ldccn Irgfugta



Lcnnaia Navan



Lcnnaia Irgfugta



MG cr XdF



Anamabtgry Navan



Anamabtgry Irgfugta



Dìd \ldccn Navan






Lcnnaia Navan



Lcnnaia Irgfugta



MG cr XdF

Egtdar

\curlas ce @becrmgt`cb;

\ldccn



@btarbat































60 \tgt`st \tgt`st `lgn Vragtmabt Vragtmabt

Vc g`f `b tda `btarpratgt`cb ce tda fgtg, tda ecnncw`bi stgt`st`lgn magsuras wara usaf; Faslr`pt`va \tgt`st`ls gs

\ncv`b‐s ecrmung, eraquably, parlabtgia, magb,

stgbfgrf fav`gt`cb. Vc ldalj tda sìbè`lgbt rangt`cbsd`p ce tda `bfapabfabt vgr`gonas suld gs iabfar, typa ce sldccn gbf pgrabt‐s scl`c - alcbcm`l stgtus cb stufabts‐ gwgrabass, gtt`tufa gbf prc-abv`rcbmabtgn oadgv`cr, tda Xagrscb Lcrrangt`cb wgs ampncyaf. E`bgnny,

ogsaf cb tda rasunt ce tda e`bf`bis, e`bf`bis ,

`btarpratgt`cb gbf lcblnus`cb wgs mgfa. Xagrscb Lcrrangt`cb wgs

tda gpprcpr`gta gnsc usaf tc

fatarm`ba tda rangt`cbsd`p oatwaab tda vgr`gonas abv`rcbmabtgn `ssua gwgrabass, gtt`tufa gbf oadgv`cr.





























Ldgptar 6 X_A\ABVGV@CB, X_A\ABVGV@CB, GBGN P\@\ GBF @BVA_X_AVGV@CB @BVA_X_AVGV@CB CE FGVG

Vd`s ldgptar prasabts gbgnys`s gbf `btarpratgt`cbs ce tda fgtg igtdaraf gllcrf`bi tc tda spalè`l spalè` l prconams. Vda prasabtgt`cb ecnncws tda saquabla ce tda stgtamabt ce tda prconams. Vd`s stufy fatarm`baf fatarm`baf tda navan navan ce Abv`rcbmabtgn Abv`rcbmabtgn Gwgrabass, gbf Lgra (Gtt`tufa gbf Oadgv`cr) gmcbi Ecurtd Pagr Dìd \ldccn stufabts `b Lgigygb fa Crc L`ty.

Vda stufy scuidt gbswars tc tda ecnncw`bi quast`cbs; 7. Ydgt `s tda prce`na ce tda raspcbfabts `b tarms ce; 7.7

Iabfar

7.? Vypa ce \ldccn 7.<


7.6

Afulgt`cbgn Gttg`bmabt ce Xgrabts





























17 Vgona ? Xrce`na ce _aspcbfabts Gllcrf`bi tc Iabfar

Eraquably

Xarlabt

Mgna

7?7

66.<

Eamgna

71?

11.9

?9<

788

Vctgn

Vda tgona sdcws tda prce`na ce tda raspcbfabts `b tarms ce iabfar bgmany: mgna gbf eamgna. Vda fgtg sdcwaf tdgt 66.< parlabt ce tda raspcbfabts wara mgnas gbf 11.9 parlabt wara eamgnas. Vd`s `bf`lgtas tdgt mcst ce tda raspcbfabts `b tda stufy wara eamgna. @t `mpnàf tdgt mgkcr`ty ce tda ecurtd yagr dìd sldccn stufabts `b Lgigygb fa Crc L`ty wara eamgnas.































1? Vgona < Xrce`na ce _aspcbfabts gllcrf`bi tc Vypa ce \ldccn \l dccn

Eraquably

Xarlabt

Xr`vgta

78<

<9.9

Xuon`l

798

5?.<

?9<

788

Vctgn

Vda tgona sdcws tda prce`na ce tda raspcbfabts gllcrf`bi tc tda typa ce































1< Vgona 6 Xrce`na ce tda _aspcbfabts gllcrf`bi tc tda Vctgn Mcbtdny @blcma ce Xgrabts

Eraquably X6,888 Oancw X1,888 - X78,888 X78,887 - X71,888 X71,887 - X?8,888 X?8,887 Gocva Vctgn

Xarlabt

0?

<<.9

57

??.<

66

75.7

67

71.8

<1

7?.4

?9<

788































16 Vgona 1 Xrce`na ce tda _aspcbfabts gllcrf`bi tc Afulgt`cbgn Gttg`bmabt ce Xgrabts

Mctdar Afulgt`cbgn Gttg`bmabt

Eraquably

Egtdar

Xarlabt

Eraquably Xarlabt

75

1.0

?7

9.9

71

1.1

1

7.4

Dìd \ldccn Navan

<1

7?.4

<0

76.<


47

?0.9

54

?6.0

Anamabtgry Navan Anamabtgry Irgfugta































11 wara tda anamabtgry irgfugtas. Vd`s `mpnàf tdgt mgby wcmab ecubf tda `mpcrtgbla ce afulgt`cb gbf ragnny tràf tc e`b`sd lcnnaia afulgt`cb. @t gnsc lcbbctaf tdgt mcst mctdars ce tda raspcbfabts wara afulgtaf gbf wara lcbsl`cus ce tda prasabt lcbf`t`cb ce tda abv`rcbmabt. Vdus, tday wara

lgpgona ce `mpgrt`bi

abv`rcbmabtgn afulgt`cb tc tda`r ld`nfrab gt dcma. Vda sgma tgona sdcws tdgt <5.5 parlabt ce tda raspcbfabts dgf egtdars wdcsa afulgt`cbgn gttg`bmabt wgs lcnnaia irgfugta. Yd`na 7.4 wara anamabtgry irgfugtas, gbf 8.9 parlabt ce tdam prclaafaf tc pcst irgfugta navan. Vda fgtg `bf`lgtaf tdgt mgkcr`ty ce tda raspcbfabts dgf egtdars wdc wara lcnnaia irgfugtas. Yd`na vary eaw wara anamabtgry irgfugtas. @t `mpnàf tdgt mcst egtdars `b tda L`ty e`bf tda `mpcrtgbla ce afulgt`cb gbf try tc e`b`sd tda`r lcnnaia afulgt`cb. @t eurtdar































15

?. Ydgt `s tda navan ce tda raspcbfabts raspcbfabts `b tarms ce tda ecnncw`bi3 ecnncw`bi3 ?.7 Abv`rcbmabtgn Gwgrabass ?.7.7 O`cf`vars`ty ?.7.? Abariy ?.7.< Ygsta Mgbgiamabt ?.7.6 Xcnnut`cb ?.7.1 Ln`mgta ldgbia ?.? Abv`rcbmabtgn Abv`rcbmabtgn Lgra ?.?.7 Gtt`tufa

































19 Vgona 5 Navan ce Abv`rcbmabtgn @ssua Gwgrabass G wgrabass ce tda _aspcbfabts _aspcbfabts

Abv`rcbmabtgn Gwgrabass

Magb

\tf. Fav`gt`cb Uarogn Aqu`vgnabla

O`cf`vars`ty

?.98

7.?64

Gvargia Gwgrabass

Abariy

<.86

7.
Gvargia Gwgrabass

Ygsta Mgbgiamabt

?.10

7.79?

Gvargia Gwgrabass

































14 lcbbctas tdgt tday wara nass afulgtaf cb `ssuas lcblarb`bi tda lgusa gbf aeealt incogn wgrm`bi. Vda raspcbfabts dgf gb gvargia navan ce gwgrabass cb tda abv`rcbmabtgn `ssuas lcvaraf `b tda stufy wd`ld wgs kust snìdtny dìdar tdgb tda ocrfarn`ba ce tda ncw gwgrabass navan. Vda rasunt wgs bct bct sgt`segltcry s`bla tda abv`rcbmabt abv`rcbmabt `s cba ce tda tda assabt`gn lcmpcbabts ecr surv`vgn ce gnn n`v`bi td`bis. Mcst ce tda stufabts wara axpaltaf tc

































10 Vda tgona ravagns tdgt tda raspcbfabts dgf g egvcrgona gtt`tufa w`td g magb slcra ce 9<.09 gbf g dìd navan ce abv`rcbmabtgn oadgv`cr w`td 1?.?8. @t lgb oa cosarvaf tdgt tda magb slcra ce abv`rcbmabtgn oadgv`cr wgs kust snìdtny dìdar tdgb tda ocrfarn`ba ce tda mcfargta oadgv`cr. Vd`s `mpnàf tdgt tdcuid tda raspcbfabts cbny dgf gb gvargia navan cb gnn abv`rcbmabtgn `ssuas lcvaraf `b tda rasagrld, tday st`nn pcssassaf g egvcrgona gtt`tufa, lcblarb, gbf w`nn`bibass tc danp scnva abv`rcbmabtgn prconams. Vda raspcbfabts ce tda stufy sdcwaf abtdus`gsm

































58 <. @s tdara g sìbè`lgbt rangt`cbsd`p oatwaab tda raspcbfabts ‐

navan ce

abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass, gbf lgra (gtt`tufa gbf oadgv`cr) gbf tda ecnncw`bi vgr`gonas; <.7

Iabfar

<.?

Vypa ce \ldccn

<.<


































57 Vda tgona sdcws tdgt tda \ìbè`lgbt \ìbè`l gbt vgnua ce abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass `b abv`rcbmabtgn gtt`tufa wgs

nass tdgb 8.81. Vd`s magbs tdgt Abv`rcbmabtgn

Gwgrabass ce tda tda raspcbfabts raspcbfabts

dgf g sìbè`lgbt rangt`cbsd`p rangt`cbsd`p w`td tda`r

abv`rcbmabtgn gtt`tufa. Vda pcs`t`va Xagrscb lcrrangt`cb magbs tdgt stufabts w`td dìd navan ce abv`rcbmabtgn gwgrabass dgf dìdar abv`rcbmabtgn gtt`tufa. Vda Xagrscb vgnua ce .?94 `bf`lgtaf g wagj rangt`cbsd`p, wd`ld `mpnàf tdgt cbny g



































5? w`nn`bibass tc danp scnva abv`rcbmabtgn prconam, tdara wgs bc gssurgbla tdgt tday lcunf ragnny `b`t`gta glt`cbs tc fc `t. Vda `btabt`cb gbf w`nn`bibass ce tda raspcbfabts

































5< Vgona 0 Xagrscb Lcrrangt`cb ce tda _aspcbfabts‐ Abv`rcbmabtgn Gwgrabass,

































56 Vgona 78

































Ecr abv`rcbmabtgn gtt`tufa, tda Xagrscb vgnua wgs baigt`va. Lcfa Lcfa 7 wgs usaf ecr Xr`vgta gbf ? ecr Xuon`l. Vd`s magbs tdgt stufabts wdc wara gttabf`bi pr`vgta sldccns dgf dìdar abv`rcbmabtgn gtt`tufa lcmpgra tc stufabts gttabf`bi

































`ssuas sc tday lgb‐t pgss cb tdasa gwgrabass m agsuras tc tda`r ld`nfrab. Mcst ce

tda stufabts `b puon`l puon`l sldccns fc bct iat tda nagrb`bi abv`rcbmabt ercm tda`r dcmas dabla, stufabts ercm tda pr`vgta sldccns

dgva mcra gwgrabass gwgrabass cb tda tda



























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































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