Razonamiento y criterios fisiológicos en el entendimiento del rendimiento continuo y fraccionado.
Prof. Carlos Burgos MSc MEDS
Nuestra vieja y querida metodología del entrenamiento.
Por donde comenzar ? Que Deberíamos Entender y saber Manejar – Principios del entrenamiento – Adaptaciones especificas del entrenamiento – Factores que influencian la respuesta al entrenamiento – Métodos continuos – Evidencias científicas de apoyo – Intensidad y zonas sensibles del entrenamiento
COMPONENTES DEL ENTRENAMIENTO • INTENSIDAD
A specific level of muscular activity that can be quantified. How hard is the exercise ? 60 - 90% HR max (40 - 85% VO2max or HRR)
• DURACION (TIEMPO)
Length of exercise session (30 - 60 min) Length of training programme (10 -12 weeks)
• FREQUENCIA Number of sessions per week • MODO Type of exercise (TIPO)
(3-5 / week)
Large muscles, aerobic, rhythmic, continuous or intermittent
(ACSM, 2000)
Factores que Afectan la Respuesta al Entrenamiento • Salud general del entrenado • Condición genética del entrenado Nace? O se hace? • Nivel inicial de capacidad de entrenamiento (fitness) • Intensidad del entrenamiento – % of HR max – HRthreshold = HRmax +.60 (HRmax-HRrest)
• Frecuencia del entrenamiento • Duración del entrenamiento Volumen
CARGA
PRINCIPIOS DEL ENTRENAMIENTO • OVERLOAD
Exercise at level higher than is normally performed stimulates physiological adaptations that enable the body to function more efficiently.
• SPECIFICITY
Training adaptations are specific to the systems and specific muscles and actions stressed
• INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Initial levels of fitness
differ as do genetics
• REVERSIBILITY when training ceases.
Benefits gained through training are lost
La energía y su relación Con la duración del ejercicio
OPTIMIZACION DEL ENTRENAMIENTO
Carga
Undertrained
Recuperación
Optimal performance
Overtrained
Kreider, R.B., Fry, A.C. and O’Toole, M.L. (1998). Overtraining in Sport. Champaign, Human Kinetics.
Optimización
Kreider, R.B., Fry, A.C. and O’Toole, M.L. (1998). Overtraining in Sport. Champaign, Human Kinetics.
Factores que Conforman los Sistemas continuos Elementos -Duración (distancia) -Ritmo (Tiempo)
Formas -Resistencia aeróbica-Anaerobia (umbral anerób) -Resistencia aeróbica (VO2max)
Finalidad -Larga-Lenta -Media -Corta - Rápida -Progresiva con cambios (largos)
López Chicharro Fisiología del ejercicio Cap..27 pag.283-306
Esquema gráfico del método continuo % de la capacidad de entrenamiento
Continuo intensivo
Continuo variable
Continuo extensivo Final del entrenamiento
Intensidad de carga 70-90% de la mejor marca
Descanso No existe
Volumen de carga Muy elevado
Duración de la carga Muy larga 30 min- 2 h
Adaptaciones fisiológicas propuestas para varias intensidades de entrenamiento Nivel
%V´O2max
% FCmax
Adaptaciones Fisiológicas propuestas -Fuentes de E. aeróbica -Densidad capilar -Proliferación mitocondrial -Movilización FFA
I
55-65
60-70
II
66-75
71-75
-Fuentes de E. aeróbica
76-80
-Fuentes de E. aeróbica -Reclutamiento FT - Glicólisis aeróbica
III IV V
76-80 81-90 91-100
81-90 91-100
Modelos de entrenamiento
-Reclutamiento FT -U.A Metabolismo lactato
Sobre-distancia Fuerza
Endurance 1 Fuerza Endurance 2 fuerza
Intervalos, carreras cuesta Ritmo de pasos
-velocidad -coordinación neuromuscular
Técnicas de velocidad Racing Peaking speeds
R. Sleamaker and Ray Browning: ¨Serious Training for Endurance athletes¨, Human Kinetic, 1996
A. V. Hill's (Hill, 1925) original plot of world record performance time on the X-axis versus performance speed on the Y-axis The top tracing is for speed-skating, the middle tracing is for running by males, and the bottom tracing is for running by women. The shape of the curve led to Hill's original ideas about differing causes of muscle fatigue for exercise bouts of different durations.
©2008 by The Physiological Society
Joyner M J, Coyle E F J Physiol 2008;586:35-44
Figure 3. Plot or blood lactic acid concentration versus race distance (Costill, 1970) This figure is an example of the diminishing contribution of so-called ‘anaerobic’ energy sources as race distance increases
Joyner M J, Coyle E F J Physiol 2008;586:35-44 ©2008 by The Physiological Society
Individual record of treadmill velocity v/s blood lactate concentration in subject capable of breaking 2:30 h for the marathon (Farrell et al. 1979) In untrained subjects the upturn in lactic acid concentrations is seen at about 60% of. Trained subjects can usually exercise at 75–85% of before there is a marked increase in blood lactate concentration. This figure also illustrates the concept of performance and performance velocity.
©2008 by The Physiological Society
Joyner M J, Coyle E F J Physiol 2008;586:35-44
Time to fatigue during exercise at 88% of plotted against lactate threshold (LT) in 14 highly trained cyclists and triathletes (data plotted from Coyle et al. 1988; Coyle, 1995) These athletes all had similar values and uniformly high muscle oxidative enzymes. A subgroup of 4 athletes (subjects 1, 2, 7 and 8) with exceptionally high capillary density seemed to ‘overachieve’ in comparison with their lactate threshold values compared with other members of the group
©2008 by The Physiological Society
Joyner M J, Coyle E F J Physiol 2008;586:35-44
Regression lines for high, average and low running economy (efficiency) in elite endurance athletes based on values gleaned from a number of sources (Joyner, 1991) Since there has been little systematic data collected above 18 km h−1 the filled triangles in the figure are individual data from a limited number of champions with exceptional running economy
©2008 by The Physiological Society
Joyner M J, Coyle E F J Physiol 2008;586:35-44
Título del diagrama
VEL.de PERFOM RES. al MOVIM
CAPACIDAD DE PERFOMANCE
2) r: 0,94 CAPACIDAD FUNCIONAL
3) r: 0,91
POT. de PERF.
VO2 de PERF.
POT.o VEL. U.L.
VO2 U.L.
ECON.MOV.
1) r: 0,97
EFIC.MECAN.
5) r: 0,59
COMPONENTES MORFOLOGICOS
4) r: 0,89
VO2 MAX.
DENS.CAP.
VOL.SIST.
DIST.POT.y TECN
%F.STI
6) r: 0,54
ACT. ENZ. AER
E. COYLE
CAPACIDAD DE PERFOMANCE
CAPACIDAD FUNCIONAL
COMPONENTES MORFOLOGICOS Joyner, M. J. et al. J Physiol 2008;586:35-44
Modelo de entrenamiento para deportes de Endurance 16 semanas Intensidad
Base
16 semanas
4-6 semanas 4-6 semanas
Racing Recovery
Peak
8-12 semanas R. Sleamaker and Ray Browning: ¨Serious Training for Endurance athletes¨, Human Kinetic, 1996
Base: 16 semanas Intervalos
Racing: 12 semanas Fuerza velocidad
Ritmo de pasos
Intervalos
Fuerza Sobre-distancia Baja intensidad
Actividades diversas
Recovery: 4-6 semanas Sobre-distancia Baja intensidad
Sobre-distancia Baja intensidad R. Sleamaker and Ray Browning: ¨Serious Training for Endurance athletes¨, Human Kinetic, 1996
EJERCICIO FRACCIONADO Y/O INTERVALADO SUBMAXIMO Y MAXIMO
Incorporar frase filosofica
Que se entiende por ejercicio Intermitente de máxima intensidad ? • Periodos de esfuerzos físicos de máximo compromiso metabólico y muscular entrelazados con periodos de reposo de baja intensidad de diferente duración. • Condicionantes: • 1.-El numero de repeticiones • 2.- La duración de los estímulos aplicados • 3.- Periodos de reposo ( duración y Br J Sports Med; 41: 717-722 : 2007 cantidad)
Society for Tennis Medicine and Science: 5. N 2, 2000 Amer. Zool., 41: 219-228, 2001
Peripheral fatigue as usually conceived is an example of a linear dynamic system in which the progressive accumulation of metabolites in the exercising muscles causes an absolute fatigue, after which a period of rest is required before exercise can again be undertaken. This model also predicts that, at the point of absolute fatigue, the brain has recruited all the motor neurones in the active skeletal muscles.
St Clair Gibson, A et al. Br J Sports Med 2004;38:797-806 Copyright ©2004 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
Captación de O2 Tipo de ejercicio
Litros x
h-1
Litros x
min-1
Ventilación pulmonar litros x min-1
Frecuencia cardíaca latidos x min-1
Ácido láctico en sangre,mM
Continuo 175 watts
146
350 watts &
2.44
49
134
1.3
4.60
124
190
16.5
&Podría llevarse a cabo por solo 9 min. &Carga de trabajo en 30 minutos Intermitente 350 vatios Ejercicio Reposo 30seg
30seg
154
2.90
63
150
2.2
1 min
1 min
152
2.93
65
167
5.0
2 min
2 min
160
4.40
95
178
10.5
3 min
3 min
163
4.60
107
188
13.2
Datos de un sujeto que alcanza 635kJ (64.800kpm) en una bicicleta de ergometria durante 1 hora Con diferentes procedimientos Astrand - Rodahl., Fisiología del trabajo físico. Cap 10 pp318-365 1992
60 seg. de ejercicios 120 seg. de pausa
14 12
Concentración de lactato en sangre en una producción Total de trabajo de 247kJ (25.200 kpm) en 30 minutos El ejercicio se efectúo con una potencia de 412 W (2.520 kpm-min-1),
Lactato 10 en la sangre mmol. L-1
8
30 seg. de ejercicios 60 seg. de pausa
6 4
10 seg. de ejercicios 20 seg. de pausa
2 0
10
20 minutos
30 PER - OLOF ASTRAND., La Resistencia en el deporte. Cap 2
Demanda de oxigeno para 10 y 60 segundos con una potencia de 412 W 0.9
5.4
0.8
4.8
0.7
4.2 O2 enlazado en la hemoglobina (0.43 L)
0.6
3.6
0.5
3.0
0.4
2.4
0.3
1.8 O2 transportado (0.47 L)
0.2
Déficit de O2 (1.91 L)
O2 enlazado con la mioglobina (0.43 L)
O2 transportado (3.26 L)
1.2 0.6
0.1 RMB (0.043 L)
0
10 seg.
0 Oxigeno (litros)
RMB (0.26 L)
60 seg. PER - OLOF ASTRAND., La Resistencia en el deporte. Cap 2
2-4’ Pausa entre repeticiones Calentamiento
1
7
semanas
reposo
streching
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ejercicio 30´´ de Sprint en bicicleta 3 veces por semana
Semana 1 : 4 repeticiones / semana 7 : 10 repeticiones
J Appl Physiol 84: 2138-2142 1998
J Appl Physiol 84: 2138-2142 1998
Entre cada esfuerzo de trabajo hubo 4 minutos de reposo activo
Burgomaster, K. A. et al. J Appl Physiol 98: 1985-1990 2005 Copyright ©2005 American Physiological Society
Cycle endurance time to fatigue before and after a 2-wk sprint training protocol (training group; SIT) or equivalent period without training (control; Con)
Burgomaster, K. A. et al. J Appl Physiol 98: 1985-1990 2005 Copyright ©2005 American Physiological Society
Peak anaerobic power elicited during 4 consecutive Wingate tests performed during the first and last sprint training session
Burgomaster, K. A. et al. J Appl Physiol 98: 1985-1990 2005 Copyright ©2005 American Physiological Society
Maximal activity of citrate synthase (CS) measured in resting muscle biopsy samples obtained before and after a 2-wk sprint training protocol
Burgomaster, K. A. et al. J Appl Physiol 98: 1985-1990 2005 Copyright ©2005 American Physiological Society
Muscle glycogen concentration measured in resting biopsy samples obtained before and after a 2-wk sprint training protocol
Burgomaster, K. A. et al. J Appl Physiol 98: 1985-1990 2005 Copyright ©2005 American Physiological Society
Test de 10 minutos al 60% del vo2 máx. y 10 min. al 90% del vo2 máx.
Test de 10 minutos al 60% del vo2 máx. y 10 min. al 90% del vo2 máx.
Entre cada esfuerzo de trabajo hubo 4 minutos de reposo activo
Burgomaster, K. A. et al. J Appl Physiol 100: 2041-2047 2006 Copyright ©2005 American Physiological Society
Burgomaster, K. A. et al. J Appl Physiol 100: 2041-2047 2006
B
B
B
B
Burgomaster, K. A. et al. J Appl Physiol 100: 2041-2047 2006
B
Burgomaster, K. A. et al. J Appl Physiol 100: 2041-2047 2006
Gibala M J et al. J Physiol 2006;575:901-911
750 kJ cycling time trial performance before (PRE) and after (POST) 6 sessions of sprint interval training (SIT) or endurance training (ET) over 2 weeks *P ≤ 0.05 versus pre-training (main effect for time)
©2006 by The Physiological Society
Gibala M J et al. J Physiol 2006;575:901-911
Maximal activity of COX measured in resting muscle biopsy samples obtained before (PRE) and after (POST) 6 sessions of sprint interval training (SIT) or endurance training (ET) over 2 weeks *P ≤ 0.05 versus pre-training (main effect for time)
Gibala M J et al. J Physiol 2006;575:901-911 ©2006 by The Physiological Society
Protein content of COX subunit II (middle panel) and IV (bottom panel) measured in resting muscle biopsy samples obtained before (PRE) and after (POST) 6 sessions of sprint interval training (SIT) or endurance training (ET) over 2 weeks *P ≤ 0.05 versus pre-training (main effect for time)
©2006 by The Physiological Society
Gibala M J et al. J Physiol 2006;575:901-911
Skeletal muscle buffering capacity measured in resting muscle biopsy samples before (PRE) and after (POST) 6 sessions of sprint interval training (SIT) or endurance training (ET) over 2 weeks *P ≤ 0.05 versus pre-training (main effect for time)
©2006 by The Physiological Society
Gibala M J et al. J Physiol 2006;575:901-911
Resting muscle glycogen content before (PRE) and after (POST) 6 sessions of sprint interval training (SIT) or endurance training (ET) over 2 weeks *P ≤ 0.05 versus pre-training (main effect for time)
Gibala M J et al. J Physiol 2006;575:901-911 ©2006 by The Physiological Society
FIN
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