Environmental Planning Board Exam 2013
Review Notes Prepared by David Garcia As of 2 June 2013 Updated 14 April 2013
ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING PROFESSION PROFESSION Facts, figures, and others. PD 1308 2 March 1978 (Repealed and Replaced in 1 June 2013) A Law Regulating the Environmental Planning Profession in the Philippines Qualifications for Examination A citizen of the Philippines; At least twenty-one (21) years of age; and A holder of any of the following: Masteral degree in environmental planning, city and regional planning, or town and country planning, or its equivalent acceptable to the Board; Bachelor's degree in environmental planning, city and regional planning, or town and country planning, or its equivalent, and with two (2) years of environmental planning experience certified by a registered environmental planner; Masteral degree in either architecture, civil engineering, economics, public administration or sociology, and with one (1) year of environmental planning experience certified by registered environmental planner; or Bachelor's degree in either architecture, civil engineering, economics, public administration, or sociology, and with two (2) yeas of environmental planning experience certified by a registered environmental planner
Scope of Practice of EnP The practice of environmental planning, within the meaning and intent of this Decree shall embrace, inter alia, professional services in the form of technical consultation, plan preparation, and/or implementation involving the following: a
Development of a community, town, city, or region region;;
b Development of a site for site for a particular need such as housing, centers for activities concerned with research, education, culture, recreation, or government, industrial estates, agriculture, and water resources, including creating a spatial arrangements of buildings, utilities and communication routes; c
land use and zoning plans for plans for the management and development preservation, conservation, rehabilitation, and control of the environment; and
d
Pre-inve Pre-investmen stment, t, pre pre feasibil feasibility, ity, and feasibili feasibility ty studies. studies.
Code of Ethics for Environmental Planners Articles I Fore Forewo word rd and and Cons Constr truc ucti tion on II Declar Declarati ation on of Princi Principle pless III Responsib Responsibility ility to the Profess Profession ion and Organiza Organization tion IV Initiativ Initiative, e, Discipline Discipline and Respon Responsibil sibility ity V Responsib Responsibility ility to Co-Profe Co-Profession ssionals als VI Responsi Responsibilit bility y to Client Client VII Responsibility to the Public and to the Country Country VIII Penal Provisions Provisions IX Effe Effect ctiv ivit ity y The Professional Agrees to Conduct His/Her in Accordance with the Following: Client Service Representation of Qualification Standards of Practice Fair Competition Integrity of the Profession Professional Development Public Welfare Release of Information Roles of a Planner Regulator Policy Advisor Designer Visionary Mediator Facilitator Advocate Educator
RA 10587 Law Regulating the Environmental Planning Profession in the Philippines and for other Purposes Planning
is a sequence of deliberate purposeful actions design to solve problems systematically, by foreseeing and guiding change through rational decisions, reconciling public and private aims, and arbitrating between competing social, economic, political and physical forces allocates scarce resources, particularly land and other resources, in such a manner as to obtain the maximum practicable efficiency and benefit, for individuals and for society as a whole, while respecting the news of Nature and the requirements of a sustainable future. deliberate, organized and continuous process of identifying different elements and aspects of the environment, determining their present state and interaction, projecting them in concert throughout a period of time in the future and formulating and programming a set of actions or interventions to attain desired results. Planning pays particular attention to the location, form, intensity and effect of human activities on the built and un-built environments, anticipating change, and managing such change sustainably.
GENERAL INFO ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES Facts, figures, and others. Lands of the Philippines Forest Lands 50% A &D lands 47% Unclassified 3% Total
1 5. 0 M H a 1 4. 1 M H a .9 M Ha 30 M Ha/ 300,000 sq. km.
Land Tenure System in the Philippines
Outline Format Sovereign Territory of the Philippines Art 1. Constitution Aerial Domain Fluvial Domain Terrestrial Domain Ancestral Domain Certificate of Ancestral Land Title Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title Free Patent Judicial confirmation of title Lands of the Public Domain Lands available to the development of national wealth Non-Disposable Lands U nc nc llaa ssss ifi ifi ed ed La La nd nd s F is is he he ri ri eess Ac Ac tt,, PD PD 70 70 4 ( le le as as e) e) National Parks Forest Lands Permit, License, Stewardship, Lease Mineral Lands Permit, License, Lease Alienable and Disposable Lands Unalienable Agricultural Lands Agricultural lands for disposition
agricultural lands (lease, sales patent, homestead patent, free patent, judicial confirmation residential lands (lease, sales patent) commercial and industrial lands (lease, sales patent) educational and charitable lands (lease, sales patent) town sites (sales patent) Lands for Public Purposes (A&D when purpose/use expires) Lands for Public Use (A&D when purpose/use expires) Lands of the Private Ownership unregistered with claim to title not yet confirmed (confirmation of imperfect title by judicial proceedings) patrimonial lands held by the state in a private capacity lands owned by private entities
Administrative Divisions of the Philippines Autonomous Regions Provinces and Independent Cities (HUC or independent component) Municipalities Barangays 229 Legislative districts for he House of Representatives * each with at least 250,000 people 13 Judicial regions for the Regional Trial Courts Region Province Municipality City Barangay
17 81 1494/ 1 14 3 42 02 8
*The only municipality independent of its region is Pateros
17 Regions of the Philippines National Capital Region Cordil Cordiller leraa Adminis Administra trativ tivee Region Region I locos Regi on C a ga y a n V a l l e y Central Luzon CALABARZON MIMAROPA Bicol Region Western Visayas Central Visayas Eastern Visayas Zamboanga Peninsul a N ort hern Mi ndanao D avao Regi on SOCCSKSARGEN Caraga Region Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
NCR CAR CAR Re g i o n I Regi on II Region III Region IV-A Region IV-B Region V Region VI Region VII Region VIII Region IX Region X Region XI Regi on XII Region XIII ARMM
*8 regions in Luzon *3 regions in Visayas *6 regions in Mindanao
Information Table about Philippine Regions Region
Regional Center
Component Local Government Uni ts
National Capital Region
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
Ilocos Region (Region 1)
Cagayan Valley (Region II)
Central Luzon (Region III)
CALABARZON (Region IV-A)
MIMAROPA (Region IV-B
Bicol Region (Region V)
Manila
Caloocan Las Piñas Makati Malabon Mandaluyong Manila Marikina Muntinlupa Navotas Parañaque Pasay Pasig Pateros Quezon City San Juan Taguig Valenzuela
Baguio
Abra Apayao Baguio Benguet Ifugao Kalinga Mountain Province
San Fernando, La Union
Dagupan Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur La Union Pangasinan
Tuguegarao
Batanes Cagayan Isabela Nueva Vizcaya Quirino Santiago
San Fernando, Pampanga
Angeles Aurora Bataan Bulacan Nueva Ecija Olongapo Pampanga Tarlac Zambales
Calamba, Laguna
Batangas Cavite Laguna Lucena Quezon Rizal
Calapan
Marinduque Occidental Mindoro Oriental Mindoro Palawan Puerto Princesa Romblon
Legazpi
Albay Camarines Norte Camarines Sur Catanduanes Masbate Sorsogon
Western Visayas (Region VI)
Central Visayas (Region VII)
Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)
Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX)
Northern Mindanao (Region X)
Davao Region (Region XI)
SOCCSKSARGEN (Region XII)
Caraga Region (Region XIII)
A ut on om ou s R eg io n i n M us li m M in da na o
Provinces Income Classification 1st 450 M or more 2 nd a t l ea st 36 0 M bu t l es s t ha n 4 50 M 3 rd a t l ea st 27 0 M bu t l es s t ha n 3 60 M 4 th a t l ea st 18 0 M bu t l es s t ha n 1 80 M 5 th a t l ea st 90 M bu t l es s t ha n 1 80 M
Iloilo City
Aklan Antique Bacolod Capiz Guimaras Iloilo Iloilo City Negros Occidental
Cebu City
Bohol Cebu Cebu City Lapu-Lapu Mandaue Negros Oriental Siquijor
Tacloban
Biliran Eastern Samar Leyte Northern Samar Ormoc Samar Southern Leyte Tacloban
Pagadian
Isabela City Zamboanga City Zamboanga del Norte Zamboanga del Sur Zamboanga Sibugay
Cagayan de Oro
Bukidnon Cagayan de Oro Camiguin Iligan Lanao del Norte Misamis Occidental Misamis Oriental
Davao City
Compostela Valley Davao City Davao del Norte Davao de Sur Davao Oriental
Koronadal
Cotabato Cotabato City General Santos Sarangani South Cotabato Sultan Kudarat
Butuan
Agusan del Norte Agusan del Sur Butuan Dinagat Islands Surigao del Norte Surigao del Sur
Cot aba to Ci ty
Basilan (excluding Isabela City) Lanao del Sur Maguindanao Sulu Tawi-Tawi
6th
below 90 M
*markers: 90 to 450 M *intervals: 90 M Cities Classification 33 highly-urbanized 5 independent component 105 component
Creation of Cities at least 100 M income for the last two consecutive years AND pop of 150,000 or more OR contiguous ter ritory of 100 sqkm, areas with island/s are exempted
Income classification 1st 400 M or more 2 nd 3 20 M o r m or e b ut le ss th an 40 0 M 3 rd 2 40 M or mo re b ut le ss t ha n 3 20 M 4 th 1 60 M o r m or e b ut le ss tha n 2 40 M 5 th 8 0 M or mor e b ut le ss th an 160 M 6th below 80 M *markers: 0 to 400M *intervals: 80 M Municipalities income classification 1st 55 M or more 2nd 45-55 3 rd 3 5- 45 4 th 2 5- 35 5 th 1 5- 25 6th less than 15 *markers: 15M to 55 M *intervals from 15M: 10 M Requirements for the Creatio n of LGUs unit municipality city highly urbanized city province
minimum income 2.5 M 100 M 50/100M 20 M
barangay SEE RA 9009 for cities, from 20 M to 100M Philippine Transport System Highways Pan-Philippine Highway Controlled-access highways Regional Highways Provincial Highways Manila Arterial Road System Secondary City and Municipal Avenues and Roads ten radial roads in MARS six circumferential roads in MARS Road clas sification based o n administ ration national provincial city and municipal barangay Airports ATO System primary international airports secondary international airports trunkline airports/major commercial domestic airports secondary airports/minor commercial domestic airports feeder airports CAAP international airports
minimum population 25,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 5000 (for HUCs) 2000 (for others)
minimum area 50 sqkm. 100 sqkm. 100 sqkm. 2,000 sqkm.
principal airports/domestic airports class 1 principal airports class 2 principal airports community airports 18 Major River Basins Cagayan Mindanao Agusan Pampanga Agno Abra Pasig-Laguna Bicol Abulug Saug-Libuganon Ilog-Hilabangan Panay Tagoloan Agus Davao Cagayan De Oro Jalaur Buayan-Malungon Urban Place city/municipality density of a least 1,000 persons per sqkm or 10 persons per hectare, with grid-iron or analogous settlement design central districts/municipalities street pattern, i.e. network of streets in either parallel or right angle orientation; at least six (6) establishments (commercial, manufacturing, recreational and/or personal services); and at least three of the following: a town hall, church or chapel with religious services at least once a week; a public plaza, park or cemetery; a market place or building where trading actives are carried on at least once a week; a public building like school, hospital, puericulture or health center and library barangays having at least 1,000 inhabitants which meet the conditions set forth above, and where the occupation of the inhabitants is predominantly non-fishing.
LIST OF PLANNING LAWS Types of Laws types of law Constitution Laws passed by Congress and signed by the President Executive Order Administrative Order
Presidential Proclamation
Department Administrative Order
Memorandum Circular
Office Memorandum or Circular Provincial , Muni cipal, City, Barangay Ordi nances
Bodies of Law Philippine Constitution Republic Acts National Land Use Code (but non-exitent) National Plans Regional Plans LGU Plans
description Republic Acts, etc. Normally bridging the gaps between need for a l aw and the absence of a law passed by Congress Presidential order detailing the implementation of the law where the authority is specifically given to the President such as the i ssuance of the ECC Order by the President as authorized by existing law e.g. to declare a particular project environmentally critical or types of environmentallyconstrained areas DAO - known as "delegated law" - Line Department secretary's order detailing implementation of a particular law, as comprehensive such as the implementing rules and regulations. Normally DAO is subjected to extensive public consultation, internal legal and administrative reviews then published in Official Gazette before it has the force of law. issued by the secretary to inform, to clarify ambiguities in IRR or DAO. Bureau Directors may also issue memorandum circulars to provide details guidelines, procedures, formats of application letters, approvals, recommendations, to specify fines and penalties, etc. upon order of the secretary or if the DAO specifically authorizes the Bureau Director to do so. Normally issued for internal guidance to set office procedures to improve efficiency. In most cases this is not considered part of the law but sometimes it is cited as part of the procedural review of the approval process. shoul d not contravene other legi sl at ion and usurp ot her aut horit ies.
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Sec. 2, Article XII, 1987 Philippine Constitution Regalian Doctrine All lands of the public domain, waters, mineral, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural resources are owned by the State. With the exception of agricultural lands, all other natural resources shall not be alienated. The exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources shall be under the full control and supervision of the state.
Sec 3. Lands of the public domain are classified into agricultural, forest or timber, mineral lands, and national parks. Agricultural lands of the public domain may be further classified by law according to the uses to which they may be devoted. Alienable land of the public domain shall be li mited to agricultural lands. Sec 4. The Congress shall as soon as possible, determine by law the specific limits of forest lands and national parks, marking clearly their boundaries on the ground. Thereafter, such forest lands and national parks shall be conserved and may not be increased no diminished except by law. Requisites of a Land Use Policy http://www.senate.gov.ph/publications/PI%202005-09%20-%20Requisites%20of%20a%20Land%20Use%20Policy.pdf
Joint Memorandum Circula (JMC) No. 001 series of 2007 DILG, NEDA, DBM, DOF, OA defines the individual and joint roles and functions of the Oversight Agencies in relation to planning, investment programming, revenue administration, budgeting, and expenditure management. This is to facilitate the crafting by LGUs of a plan-based budget, using tools and techniques and adopting strategies and approaches that harness multi-stakeholder participation; establish strengthen vertical and horizontal linkages among the network of plans, investment programs and budgets at all levels of the administrative hierarchy; and capitalize on the Local Government Code-mandated structure - the Local Development Council (LDC) as the principal vehicle for planning and i nvestment programming activities. Among the significant features of the JMC involves the following: 1. providing opportunities for interface between national government agencies (NGAs) and local government units (LGUs), and 2. Strengthening the complementation between provinces and their component cities Being at the apex of the 3-tier local government system, the province could be the most effective channel for effecting the integration of plans and planning processes at the local level. RA 7160 , Sec. 2 [a] Under the current devolution policy, LGUs are no longer to be treated as subordinates to, but as partners of the national government in the attainment of national goals. Synchronized Local Planning and Budgeting Calendar omnibus invesments code foreign investments act RA 7916, Ecozones RA 9501 Executive Order No. 648 Section V, Article II The HLURB is (a) to promulgate zoning and other land use control standards and guidelines which shall govern land use plans and zoning ordinances of local governments RA 7586 NIPAS
NIPAS catego ry
particulars
strict nature reserve
national park
forest reservation essentially of natural wilderness characterwhich has been withdrawn from settlement, occupancy or any form of exploitation except in conformity with an approved management plan and set aside as such to conserve the area or preserve the scenery, the natural and historic objects, the wild animals and plants therein and to provide enjoyment of these features in such areas
natural park
a relatively large area not materially altered by human activity where extractive uses are not allowed and maintained to protect outstanding natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for scientific, educational, and recreational use.
natural monument
a relatively small area focused on protection of small features to protect or preserve nationally significant natural features on account of their special interest or unique characteristics
wildlife sanctuary
comprises an area which assures t he natural conditions necessary to protect nationally significant species, group of species, biotic communities, or physical features of the environment where these may require specific human manipulation for their perpetuation.
protected landscape and seascape
areas of national significance which are characterized by the harmonious interaction of man and land while providing opportunities for public enjoyment through recreation and tourism within the normal lifestyle and economic activity of these areas.
resource reserve
an extensive and relatively isolated and uninhabited area normally with difficult access designated as such to protect natural resources of the area for future use and prevent or contain development activities that could affect the resource pending the establishment of objectives which are based upon appropriate knowledge and planning.
natural biotic area
an area set aside to allow the way of life of societies living in harmony with the environment to adapt to modern technology at their pace.
strict nature reserve
an area possessing some outstanding ecosystem, features and/or species of flora and fauna of national scientific importance maintained to protect nature and maintain processes in an undisturbed state in order to have ecologically representative examples of the natural environment available for scientific study, environmental monitoring, education, and for the maintenance of genetic resources in a dynamic and evolutionary state.
buffer zones
for each protected area, there shall be established peripheral buffer zones when necessary, in the same manner as Congress establishes the protected area, to protect the same from activities that will directly and indirectly harm it.
ancestral lands and rights over them
Ancestral lands and customary rights and i nterests arising shall be accorded due recognition. The DENR shall prescribe rules and regulations to govern ancestral lands within protected areas; provided that the DENR shall have no peer to evict indigenous communities from their present occupancy nor resettle them to another area without their consent.
other categories established by law, conventions, or international agreements which the Philippine government agency is a signatory
PD 705 Revised Forestry Code 1 8% s lo pe a nd a bo ve 50% slope and above
d on 't cl as si fy as A% D don't classify as grazing land
other areas not to be A&D areas less than 250 hectares which are far from or not contiguous with, any certified A&D land isolated patches of forest of at least 5 hectares with rocky terrain, or which protect a spring for communal use areas which have already been reforested areas within forest concessions which are timbered or have good residual stocking to support an existing, or approved to be established, wood processing plant ridge tops and plateaus regardless of size found within, or surrounded wholly or partly by, forest lands where headwaters emanate appropriately located road rights-of-way twenty meter strips of land along the edge of the normal high waterline of rivers and streams with channels of a least 5 meters wide. strips of mangrove or swamplands at least 20 meters wide, along shorelines facing ocean, lakes and other bodies of water, and strips of land at l east 20 meters wide facing lakes areas needed for other purposes, such as national parks, national historical sites, game refuges and wildlife sanctuaries, forest station sties, and others of public interest areas previously proclaimed by the President as forest reserve, national parks, game refuge, bird sanctuaries, national shrines, national historic sites.
PD 1067 The Water Code banks and shores of seas, lakes, rivers, streams easement of 3 meters urban areas
20 meters 4 0 m et er s
agricultural areas f or es t a re as
RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management of 2000 Ecological solid waste management the systematic administration of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid ease and all other waste management activities which do not harm the environment materials recovery facility includes a solid waste transfer station or sort in station, drop-off center, a composting facility, and a recycling facility open dump a disposal area wherein the solid wastes are indiscriminately thrown or dispose of without due planning and consideration for environmental and health standards sanitary landfill a waste disposal site designated, constructed, operated, and maintained in an manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility role of LGUS in solid waste management segregation and collection of solid waste shall be conducted at the barangay level specifically for biodegradable, compostable, and reusable wastes. Provided, that the collection of non-recyclable materials and special wastes shall be the responsibility of the municipality or city. components of the local government solid waste management plan source reduction recycling composting segregation of wastes shall be conducted at the source
PD 856 Sanitation Code Washing clothes or bathing within a radius of 25 meters from any well or other source of drinking water is prohibited No artesian, deep or shallow well shall be constructed within 25 meters from any source of pollution No radioactive sources or materials shall be stored within a radius of 25 meters from any well or source of drinking water unless the radioactive source is adequately and safely enclosed by proper shielding septic tank generally rectangular in shape built of concrete not constructed under any building and within 25 meters from any source of water supply burial ground requirements at least 25 meters distant from any dwelling house and no house shall be constructed within t he same distance from any burial ground no burial ground shall be located within 50 meters from either side of a river or within 50 meters from any source of water supply graves where remains are buried shall be at least one and a half meters deep and filled well and firmly
RA 7279 Urban Development and Housing Act of 1972 Blighted lands areas where the structures are dilapidated, obsolete and unsanitary, tending to depreciate the value of the land and prevent normal development and use of the area Idle land s non-agricultural lands in urban and urbanizable areas on which no improvements have been made by the owner land assembly or consolidation the acquisition of lots of varying ownership through purchase or expropriation for the purpose of planned and rational development and socialized housing programs without individual property boundary restrictions. land banking the acquisition of land at values based on existing use in advance of actual need to promote planned development and socialized housing programs land swapping the process of land acquisition by exchanging land for another piece of land of equal value, or for shares of stock in a government or quasi-government corporations hose book value is of equal value to the land being exchanged, for the purpose of planned and rational development and provision for socialized housing where land values are determined based on land classification, market value and assessed value taken from existing tax declarations on-site developent the process of upgrading and rehabilitation of blighted slum urban areas with a view of minimizing displacement of dwellers in said areas professio nal squatte rs individuals or groups who occupy lands without t he express consent of the landowner and who have sufficient income for legitimate housing resettlement areas areas identified by the appropriate national agency or by the LGU with respect to areas within its jurisdiction, which shall be used for the relocation of the underprivileged and homeless citizens.
small property owners those whose real property consists of residential lands not exceeding 300 sqm in highly urbanized cities and 800 sqm in other urban areas socialized housing housing programs and projects covering houses and lots or homelots only undertaken by the government or the private s ector for the underprivileged and homeless citizens improvements all types of buildings and residential units, walls, fences, structures of all kinds of a fixed character or which adhered to the soil.
Modes of L and Acquis ition (see Dean Santiag o's work) community mortgage land swapping land assembly or consolidation land banking donation to the government joint- venture agreeme nt negotiated purchase expropriation Shall be resorted to, parcels of land owned by small property owners shall be exempted for purposes of this Act. escheat All idle lands in urban and urbanizable areas shall be expropriated and shall form part of the public domain. Developers of proposed subdivision projects are required to develop area for socialized housing equivalent to 20% of total subdivision area Basic servic es potable water power, electricity, and an adequate power distribution system sewerage facilities and an efficient and adequate solid waste disposal system access to primary roads and transportation facilities Eviction an d Demolotion esteros railroad tracks garbage dumps riverbanks shorelines waterways sidewalks roads parks playgrounds government infrastructure projects court order for eviction and demolition
RA 7916 Special Economic Zone Act of 1995 zone
particulars
Special Economic Zones
selected areas with highly developed or which have the potential to be developed into agroindustrial, industrial, tourist/recreational, commercial, banking, investment and financial centers. An ECOZONE may contain any or all of the following: Industrial Estates (IEs), Export Processing Zones (EPZs), Free Trade Zones, and Tourist/Recreational Centers
Industrial Estate
A tract of land subdivided and developed according to a comprehensive plan under a unified continuous management and with provisions for basic infrastructure and utilities, with or without pre-built standard factory buildings and community facilities for the use of the community of industries
Export Processing Zone
a specialized industrial estate located physically and/or administratively outside customs territory, predominantly oriented to export production. Enterprises located in export processing zones are allowed to import capital equipment and raw materials free from duties, taxes, and other import restrictions
Free Trade Zone
an isolated policed area adjacent to a port of entry (as a seaport) and/or airport where imported goods may be unloaded for immediate transshipment or stored, repacked, sorted, mixed, or otherwise manipulated without being subject to import duties
PD 1586 Establishing an Environmental Impact Statement System including other Environmental Management Related Measures and For Other Purposes
DAO 30, Series of 2001 Environmental Impact Statement System Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process that involves evaluating and predicting the likely impacts of a project (including cumulative impacts) on the environment during construction, commissioning, operation and abandonment. It also includes designing appropriate preventive, mitigating and enhancement measures addressing these consequences to protect the environment and the community's welfare. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) document, prepared and submitted by the project proponent and/or EIA Consultant that serves as an application for an ECC. It is a comprehensive study of the significant impacts of a project on the environment. It includes an Environmental Management Plan/Program that the proponent will fund and i mplement to protect the environment. Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) document issued by the DENR/EMB after a positive review of an ECC application, certifying that based on the representations of the proponent, the proposed project or undertaking will not cause significant negative environmental impact. The ECC also certifies that the proponent has complied with all the requirements of the EIS System and has committed to implement its approved Environmental Management Plan Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC) a certification issued by the EMB certifying that, based on the submitted project description, the project is not covered by the EIS System and is not required to secure an ECC. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report document similar to an EIS, but with reduced details and depth of assessment and discussion. Environmentally Critical Area (ECA) area delineated as environmentally sensitive such that significant environmental impacts are expected if certain types of proposed projects or programs are located, developed or implemented in it. Environmentally Critical Project (ECP) project or program that has high potential for significant negative environmental impact Project Description document, which may also be a chapter in an EIS, that describes the nature, configuration, use of raw materials and natural resources, production system, waste or pollution generation and control and the activities of a proposed project. It includes a description of the use of human resources as well as activity timelines, during the pre-construction, construction, operation and abandonment phases Co-located projects/undertakings projects, or series of similar projects or a project subdivided to several phases and/or stages by the same proponent, located in contiguous areas. Projects Classified According to Scope category
description
Category A
Environmentally Critical Projects (ECPs) with significant potential to cause negative environmental impacts
Category B
Projects that are not categorized as ECPs, but which may cause negative environmental impacts because they are located in Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs)
Category C
Projects intended to directly enhance environmental quality or address existing environmental problems not falling under Category A or B
Category D
Projects unlikely to cause adverse environmental impacts
Proponents of co-located or single projects that fall under Category A and B are required to secure ECC. Projects under Category C are required to submit PD Projects classified under Category D may secure a CNC. The EMB-DENR, however, may require such projects or undertakings to provide additional environmental safeguards as it may deem necessary. DAO 37, series of 1996 Environmental Impact Statement System ECPs Heavy Industries Non-ferrous industries Iron and steel mills Petroleum and petrochemical industries, including oil and gas Smelting plants Resource-extractive industries major mining and quarrying project forestry projects logging major wood processing projects introduction of fauna (exotic animals) in public/private forests forest occupancy extraction of mangrove products grazing fishery projects
Infrastructure projects major dams major power plants (fossil-fueled, nuclear fueled, hydroelectric, or geothermal) major reclamation projects major roads and bridges Golf-course projects ECAs areas declared by law as national parks, watershed reserves, wildlife preserves, and sanctuaries aesthetic potential tourist spots habitat for any endangered or threatened species of indigenous Philippine wildlife (flora and fauna) unique historic archaeological or scientific interest traditionally occupied by cultural communities or tribes (indigenous cultural communities) frequently visited and/or hard-hit by natural calamities (geologic hazards, floods, typhoons, volcanic activity, etc.) critical slopes prime agricultural lands recharge areas of aquifers water bodies characterized by one or any combination of the following conditions tapped for domestic purposes within the controlled and/or protected areas declared by appropriate authorities which support wildlife and fishery activities mangrove areas with primary pristine and dense young growth adjoining mouth of major river systems near or adjacent to traditional productive fry or fishing grounds natural buffers against shore erosion, strong winds and storm floods on which people are dependent for their livelihood coral reefs with fifty percent (50%) and above live coralline cover spawning and nursery grounds for fish natural breakwater of coastlines Non-co verag e Not ECA ECPs or projects within ECAs which were operational prior to 1982 except in cases where their operations are expanded in terms of daily production capacity or area, or the process is modified; Countryside business and barangay entities (CBBEs) covered by RA 6810, otherwise known as the Magna Carta for Countryside and Barangay Business Enterprises (Kalakalan 20), and registered with the Department of Trade and Industry between 1991 to 1994, inclusive. Provided that, unless otherwise amended by law, non-coverage of such CBBEs shall only subsist for a five (5)- year period beginning from its date of registration.
RA 8371 Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997 Ancestral Do mains all areas belonging to Indigenous Cultural Communties/Indigenous Peoples (ICCs/IPs) comprising lands, inland waters, coastal areas, and natural resources therein, held under a claim of ownership, occupied or possessed by ICCs/IPs, themselves or through their ancestors, communally or individually since time immemorial Ancestral L ands land occupied possessed and utilized by individuals, families and clans who are members of the ICCs/IPs since time immemorial Time immemorial a period of time when as far back as memory can go Concept of Ancestral Lands/Domain Ancestral lands/domains shall include such concepts of territories which cover not only the physical environment but the total environment including the spiritual and cultural bonds to the area which the ICCs/IPs possess, occupy and use and to which they have claims of ownership. Indige nous co ncept o f owners hip Indigenous concept of ownership sustains the view that ancestral domains and all resources found therein shall serve as the material bases of their cultural integrity. The indigenous concept of ownership generally holds that ancestral domains are the ICCs/IPs private but community property which belongs to all generations and therefore cannot be sold, disposed or destroyed. Rights to a ncestral d omains ownership develop lands and natural resources stay in the territories in case of displacement regulate entry of migrants safe and clean air and water claim parts of reservations
resolve conflict transfer land/property redemption Responsibilities of ICCs/IPs to their ancestral domains maintain ecological balance restore denuded areas observe laws Recognition of ancestr al domain r ights Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) self-governance right to participate in decision making right to determine and decide priorities for development
RA 9593 Tourism Act OF 2009 The Philippine Tourism Authority is reorganized as the Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA). The Philippine Convention and Visitors Corporation is reorganized as the Tourism Promotions Board (TPB). Attached agencies and corporations TPB TIEZA Duty Free Philippines Corporatin Intramuros Administration National Parks Development Committee Nayong Pilipino Foundation Philippine Retirement Authority Philippine Commission on Sports Scuba Diving Tourism Enterprise Zones, NIPAS with ecotourism potential, in coordination with DENR Tourism Infrastructure Program DOT, DPWH, DOTC tourism development plans Every province, city or municipality in which tourism is a significant industry shall had a permanent position for a tourism officer. Tourism Enterprise Zones Any geographic area with the following characteristics may be designated as TEZs: The area is capable of being defined into one contiguous territory It has historical and cultural significance, environmental beauty, or existing or potential integrated leisure facilities within its bounds or within reasonable distances from it. It has or it may have strategic access through transportation infrastructure, and reasonable connection with utilities infrastructure systems It is sufficient in size, such that it may be further utilized for bringing in new investments in tourism establishments and services; and It is in a strategic location such as to catalyze the socio-economic development of neighboring communities. Lands identified as part of a TEZ shall qualify for exemption from the coverage of RA 7279 (UDHA) and RA 6657 (CARL) subject to rules and regulations to be crafted by the TIEZA, HUDCC and DAR TEZ Operator, which shall administer the TEZ and supervise its activities.
RA 9184 Government Procurement Reform Act Bid and Award Pro cedures Preparation of Project Procurement Management Plan Pre-Procurement conference Advertising/posting Application for eligibility/expression of interest Eligibility evaluation Issuance of bid documents Site inspection Pre-bid conference Submission/opening of bids Bid evaluation Post-qualification Bids and awards committee deliberation and approval of resolution of award Contract preparation and approval Issuance of notice to proceed Contents of Bidding Documents Approved budget for the contract instruction to bidders terms of reference Eligibility requirements requirements
Plans and Technical Specifications Form of bid, price form, list of goods or bill of quantities Bid Docs Delivery time or completion schedule form and amount of bid security form and amount of performance security and warranty form of contract and general and special conditions of contract
The laws below have yet to be detailed in this reviewer. - D. Garcia, 14 April 2014 RA 10587 A Law Regulating the Environmental Planning Profession in the Philippines 2013 RA 10354 Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act 2012 RA 10121 National DRRM Act 2010 RA 10023 Free Patent Act 2010 RA 10066 National Cultural Heritage Act 2009 RA 9729 Climate Change Act 2009 RA 9593 Tourism Act 2009 RA 9700 Extending CARP 2009 RA 9513 Renewable Energy Act 2008 RA 9501 Magna Carta for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises 2008 RA 9483 Oil Pollution Compensation Act 2007 RA 9400 Amending Bases Conversion and Development Act 2007 RA 9367 Biofuels Act 2006 RA 9275 Clean Water Act 2004 RA 9175 Chainsaw Act 2002 RA 9168 Philippine Plant Variety Protection Act 2002 RA 9184 Government Procurement Reform Act 2002 RA 9072 National Caves and Cave Resources Management Protection Act 2001 RA 9003
Ecological Solid Waste Management 2001 RA 9147 Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act 2001 RA 8748 Amending Special Economic Zone Act 1999 RA 8550 Fisheries Code 1999 RA 8749 Clean Air Act 1999 RA 8424 Amending the National Internal Revenue ode 1997 RA 8435 Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act 1997 RA 9224 National Internal Revenue Code 1997 RA 7942 Philippine Mining Act 1995 RA 7916 Special Economic Zone Act 1994 RA 7718 Amending BOT Law 1994 RA 7586 National Integrated Protected Areas System Act 1992 RA 7279 Urban Development and Housing Act 1992 RA 7227 Bases Conversion and Development Act 1992 RA 7638 Department of Energy Act 1992 RA 7356 Law Creating the National Commission on Culture and the Arts 1992 RA 7611 Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act 1992 EMES Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation System ECAN Environmentally Critical Areas Network Ecology refers to the life-sustaining interrelationships and interactions of organisms with each other and with their physical surroundings philoso phy The SEP shall have as its general philosophy, the sustainable development of Palawan. It shall have the following features ecological viability social acceptability integrated approach RA 7160 Local Government Code
1991 RA 7076 People's Small-Scale Mining Act 1991 RA 7042 Foreign Investments Act 1991 RA 6969 Toxic Substances and Hazardous Nuclear Waste Control Act 1990 RA 6957 Build-Operate-Transfer Law 1990 RA 6657 Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law 1988 Philippine Agenda 21 PA 21 provides the policy framework of the country's strategy for sustainable development five go al elements Poverty Reduction Social Equity Empowerment and Good Governance Peace and Solidarity Ecological Integrity *PoSoEmPEc Principles of Sustainable Development Primacy of Developing Human Potential Holistic Science and Appropriate Technology Cultural, Moral, and Spiritual Sensitivity Self-determination National Sovereignty Gender Sensitivity Peace, Order, and National Unity Social Justice, Inter and Intra-Generational and Spatial Equity Participatory Democracy Institutional Viability Viable, Sound, and Broadbased Economic Development Sustainable Population Ecological Soundness Biogeographical Equity and Community-Based Resource Management Global Cooperation Thrusts for the Philippine Environment 1 2 3 4 5
Sustainable and more productive utilization of natural resources to promote investments and entrepreneurship Promote responsible mining that adheres to the principles of sustainable development: economic growth, environmental protection and social equity. Responsible mining reduces poverty and benefits local and indigenous communities Focus and strengthen the protection of vulnerable and ecologically fragile areas, especially watersheds and areas where biodiversity is highly threatened Create healthier environment for the population Mitigate the occurrence of natural disasters to prevent the loss of lives and properties
MDGs 1 E ra di ca te ex tr em e poverty and hunger 2 A ch ie ve un iv er sa l primary education 3 Promote gender equality and empower women 4 Reduce child mortality 5 Improve women's reproductive health (improve maternal health) 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other diseases 7 Ensure environmental sustainability 8 Develop global partnership for development evolution Millennium Summit 6-8 September 2000 New York United Nations Millennium Declaration followed by World Summit, 2005 Agenda 21 nonbinding, voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development product of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) 1992
Sections Social and Economic Dimensions Conservation and Management of Resources for Development Strengthening the Role of Major Groups Means of Implementation Evolution Rio Summit 19 92 Rio Declaration, Agenda 21 UNCED/Earth Summit/Rio Conference Rio + 5 1997 UN General Assembly
Resolution (S-19/2)
Rio + 10 2002 Johannesburg Plan of Implementation World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)/ Earth Summit 2002 Johannesburg, South Africa A ge nd a 2 1 f or Cu lt ur e Porto Alegre, Brazil
2 00 2
Rio + 20 2012 The Future We Want UN Conference on Sustainable Development Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 27 Principles
GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION important government agencies concerning spatial planning, their mandates, organizational structures, among others. DENR
NEDA
HUDCC Council Composition
from:
http://www.hudcc.gov.ph/AboutCouncil.aspx?name=Council%20Composition
Key Shelter Agencies HGC HLURB NHA NHMFC HDMF S HFC
DILG
Home Guaranty Corporation Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board National Housing Authority National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation H om e D eve lo pm en t M ut ual Fu nd S oc ia l H ou si ng F in an ce C or po ra ti on
DOF
DBM
Local Development Councils as per Title Six, Sections 106 to 115 meets once every six months or as often as may be necessary executive committee sectoral or functional committees secretariat
Baranga y Develop ment Coun cil Punong Barangay, head Representatives of nongovernmental organizations operating in the barangay, who shall constitute not less than one fourth (1/4) of the members of the fully organized council representative of the congressman City of Municipal Development Council Mayor, head All punong barangays in the city or municipality chairman of the committee on appropriations of the sangguniang panlungsod or sangguniang bayan concerned congressman or his representative representatives of nongovernmental organizations operating in the city or municipality, as the case may be, who shall constitute not l ess than one-fourth (1/4) of the members of the fully organized council. Provincial Development Council Governor, head Chairman of the committee on appropriations of the sangguniang panlalawigan Congressman or his representative Representatives of nongovernmental organizations operating in the province, who shall constitute not less than one-fourth (1/4 of the members of the fully organized council RDC Council Proper or Full Council Executive Committee Sectoral Committees Development Administration Economic Development Social Development Infrastructure Development Advisory Committee RDC Special Committees Affiliate Committees Functions of Local Development Councils 1 Formulate long-term, medium-term, and annual socioeconomic development plans and policies; 2 Formulate the medium-term and annual public investment programs; 3 Appraise and prioritize socioeconomic development programs and projects; 4 Formulate local investment incentives to promote the inflow and direction of private investment capital; 5 Coordinate, monitor, and evaluate the implementation of development programs and projects; and 6 Perform such other functions as may be provided by law or competent authority Functions of Barangay Development Council Mobilize people's participation in local development efforts; Prepare barangay development plans based on local requirements; Monitor and evaluate the implementation of national or local programs and projects; and Perform such other functions as may be provided by law or competent authority
PLANNING THEORIES AND PARADIGMS Goals or KRAs of Planning Efficiency Effectiveness Ecology Equity Empowerment of People Major Schools of Thought in Planning Instrumentalist View Planning as Communicative Action Critical or Radical Planning Systems Theory of Planning Planning as Social Physics Planning and Social Darwinism Planning as Social Engineering Theory
Particulars/Keywords
Author/s
Instrumentalist View
No need for theory Instrumentalism Guides to successful action How theory works is the standard. Results are what count; what matters is what works
John Dewey
Communicative Planning
transitive, dialogues, collaboration, democracy, inclusivity
Jürgen Habermas
social learning, social reform, social mobilization dynamics Radical Theory of Planning
knowledge, policies, action dynamics
John Friedmann
promotes human growth
Model of a Cybernetic System
Systems Theory of Planning
flows, inputs and outputs iteration description, modelling, projection, synthesis, control
Planning Approaches Emanating from Schools of Thought Traditional Planning Rational-Adaptive Planning Strategic Planning Incremental Planning Equity Planning Democratic Three Actors in Governance Civil Society Business Sector Government Evolution of Modern Urban Planning Models Summary 1 Conditions that gave rise to Modern Planning Profession 2 City Beautiful Movement 3 Regional Planning and New Towns Movement 4 City Functional Movement 5 City Efficient Movement 6 New Urbanism or Neo-Traditionalism Environmental Planning 7 Beautiful Regional and Town Functional Efficient
Burnham, Corbusier Geddes, Clarences, Wrights
Norbert Wiener
Urbanism/Traditinalism Jacobs, Duany Carson, McHarg EnP BRFEUEnP
Expand ed Su mmary Conditions that gave rise to Modern Planning Profession Modern Planning Profession was a response to unmanaged urbanization, population explosion, environmental degradation in industrial cities Conservation and Parks Movement (The Rise of Landscape Architecture, USA) Public Health Epidemiologists and Sanitation Professionals as Earliest Planners Garden City Movement (Sir Ebenezer Howard and his disciples in UK) City Beautiful Movement a response to urban decay and urban blight during the Industrial Revolution Daniel Hudson Burnham - Masterplanning or Tradition Planning or Imperative Planning or Command Planning Le Corbusier - Radiant City led to Skyscraper Cities and the common form for template for CBDs Regional Planning and New Towns Movement Reconceptualized the city in relation to its peripheries; tried to address economic polarization, inter-area imbalance, regional divergence new towns movement in America l ed to "urban decentralization" or 'sprawl', spurred on by the popularity of the automobile; "the car is king" mentality. City Functional Movement a reaction to over-emphasis of CBM on 'form' over function euclidean zoning - exclusionary zoning, separated incompatible land uses utilities-based linear city (Don Arturo Soria y Mata) Linear Industrial City (Tony Garnier) City Efficient Movement attempted to rationalize urban planning in relation to economic production that had been decentralized by transportation and communication technologies transport planning ekistics - integrated economics, sociology, and physical design in human settlements planning urban renewal and gentrification- addressed the "hollowing out" of historic city cores by means of revitalization but also resulted in massive urban slum deletions, giving rise to advocacy or activist or equity planning New Urbanism or Neo-Traditionalism combated indiscriminate, inhuman 'urban renewal' and sought to revive the lost art of "place-making" and 'community-building' neotraditional neighborhoods smart growth and 'compact development' cultural heritage conservation Environmental Planning placed ecology and environmental constraints at the center of planning Ian McHarg's sieve mapping and rise of GIS ecosystem-based planning ecological footprinting eco-anarchism and anti-urbanism disaster management - mitigation, risk-reduction, and prevention sustainable cities
Movements and Figures 3 Magnets by Ebenezer Howard Conservation and Parks Movement Frederick Law Olmsted Sr., Garden City Movement 1850-1928 Sir Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) City Beautiful Movement 1890-1950s Daniel Hudson Burnham (1846-1912) Charles-Edouard Jeanneret (1887-1965) - Le Corbusier Radiant City (Le Ville Radieus) Une Ville Contemporaine (Contemporary City) Regional Pla nning and the New Town s Movement Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) - Broadacre City low-density car-oriented freeways + feeder roads Multi-nucleated Henry Wright (1878-1936) regional plan superblock Clarence Stein co-founded the Regional Planning Association of America with Henry Wright and Lewis Mumford pursued Howard's Garden City ideas efforts were cut short by "Great Depression." Six Principles of New Towns Movement
Plan simply, but comprehensively Provide ample sites in the right places for community use Put factories and other industrial building where they can be used without wasteful transportation of people and goods Cars must be parked and stored (not on the streets!) Bring private and public land into relationship Arrange for the occupancy of houses Clarence Perry (1872-1944) Neighborhood unit Sir Patrick Geddes (1854-1932) Father of Regional Planning introduced concept of "region" to planning and city architecture Folk Work Place Survey Analysis Plan coined the terms city-region and conurbation life cycle of cities inflow buildup backflow sprawling mass amorphic spread Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie Abercrombie Plan - County of London Plan (1943) and Greater London Regional Plan (1944) commissioned by UK government to redesign HK after WWII commissioned by Ethiopia Empereor Haile Selassie (Ras Tafari) to draw up plans for the capital of Addis Ababa. Lewis Mumford (1895-1990) Last of the Great Humanists Father of HIstorical-Sociological Approach to Planning Technics and Civilization (1934) The Culture of Cities (1938) City in History (1961) Benton MacKaye (1879-1975) father of the Appalachian Trail townless highway one of the founders of the Regional Planning Association of America (1923) The New Exploration: A Philosophy of Regional Planning (1928) prominent in regional conservationism applied the transect to vast river valleys regional ecology tied to natural systems cyclical time and organic interaction with landscape versus industrial time and engineering ridge land areas offer indigenous balance valleys filled with industrial excess conservative effort based on radical analysis City Functional Movement (1910-70) movement meant to respond to every aspect of city problems focus on utility infrastructure and on land use zoning rather than master planning zoning originated in New York city in 1916 by Edward Bassett as "the first attempt to control land use by a municipal government." Don Arturio Soria y Mata (1844-1920) Ciudad Lineal - linear city linear utility lines Tony Garnier (1869-1948) industrial utopias that would help control unchecked urban growth and keep the working classes in line Une Cite Industrielle (1917-1918) - modern linear industrial city removed churches or law enforcement buildings, in hope that "man could rule himself." Thomas Adams became after of urban planning formed town planning institute of Canada in 1919 saw fundamental conflict between right to life versus rich to property belonged to British liberal tradition, not socialism/communism town plan should provide for the proper and efficient carrying-on of business
City Efficient Movement spurred by US Federal Highway Act of 1916 and Interstate Act of 1956 Rapkin (1954) - developed transport and land use study. "Trafffic is a function of land use." Dr. Francis Stuary Chapin Jr. (1888-1974) First to write comprehensive textbook on Urban and Regional Planning five goals of spatial planning health safety convenience economy amenity Planning relies more and more on positivist and empirical methods: attempted to address the elements of 'uncertainty' and 'extraneous factors' in planning for human settlements Regional Science and Regional Economics spatial interaction - push and pull factors, centrifugal and centripetal forces spatial modelling gravity model
Ekistics Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis 1942 ekistic elements nature anthropos society shells networks *NASShN ekistic logarithmic scale 1 anthropos 2 room 3 house 4 h ou se gr ou p ( ha ml et ) 5 small neighborhood (village) 6 nei ghbo rhoo d 7 s ma ll po li s ( to wn ) 8 polis (city) 9 s ma ll m et ro po li s 1 0 m et ro po li s 11 small megapolis 1 2 m eg al op ol is 13 small eperopolis 1 4 e pe ro po li s 15 ecumenopolis
Suburbanization and Amorphic Sprawl hollowing out of cities amorphic sprawl Urban Renewal Movement in North America, 1950s-70s Rober Moses, New York Ed Logue ETC. Gentrification Urban renewal through gentrification was initially called 'racist and 'segregationist' and contributed to Civil Rights protest led by Dr. Martin Luther King. James Baldwin called 'urban renewal' as 'Negro removal.' Manuel Castells: Gentrification as upscale neighborhoods of gays, bohemians, hipsters, artists, and yuppies Often "center less" and "soul-less" - as against New Urbanism Gentrification is focused on "comfort/convenience" while N ew Urbanism is focused on "community." Social Protest Movements and the Rise of Advocacy or Activist Or Equity Planning gentrification and large-scale demolition of slums and black neighborhoods in the 1960s gave rise to the advocacy or activist or equity school of planning and the applied disciplines of community development and conflict management asserts that planning process should take the side of the poor, the last, the least, and the lost Planners should work for the redistribution of power and resources to the powerless and the disadvantaged action > activist > mobilization goals are social justice Paul Davidoff (1965) - father of "advocacy planning" development of plural plans rather than a unitary plan claimed that "public interest" is not scientific but is political Saul David Alinsky - Conflict Pragmatics, Conflict Confrontation highlight victimization of the last, least, lost mosquito-like mass mobilizitaon that dares the state to live up to its principles New Urbanism o r NeoTraditiona lism Jane Jacobs (1916-2006) co-founded the movement of "New Urbanism" also called "NeoTraditonalism strong critic of urban renewal policies wrote "The Death and Life of Great American Cities" (1961) In The Economy of Cities (1969), Jane Jacobs asserts that diversity in geographic concentration, not geographic specialization, spurs urban growth. diversity and proximity are key building cities for people against cities for cars dense and mixed-use neighborhoods Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Leon Krier, Rob Krier, Daniel Solomon, Stefanos Polyzoides, Elizabeth Moule place-making suburbs are anomie, apolitical, antisocial Environmen tal Planning Rachel Louise Carson (1907-1964) first modern "eco-feminist" who sparked the environmental movement in the United States. American biologist advocacies led to the formation of US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Impact Assessment System, Council of Environmental Quality, Environmental Defense Fund
Ian L. McHarg (1920-2001) First modern environmental planner who introduced ecological planing primarily through map overlays that graphically integrate environmental information constraints mapping, sieve analysis, multidisciplinary suitability analyses to identify land development constraints, use of EIS Design with Nature (1969) form must follow more than just function; it must also respect the natural environment in which it i s placed Six Evils of Industrial Cities Overcrowding and Traffic Congestion Pollution and Urban Heat island Effect Waste and Environmental Decay Amorphic Sprawl, Scattered Development Leapfrog Development, checkerboard development economic polarization resulting in mass poverty and urban blight in primate cities Dr. Herbert J. Gans pioneer of "Policy Planning" and "Blueprint Planning" James Howard Kunstler The Geography of Nowhere, the Rise and Decline of America's Man-Made Landscape 1993 industrial cities are not self-sustaining industrial cities as urban ecosystems flows resource flows wasteflows urban heat island effect megalopolis Jean Gottman sprawling metropolis with more than 10 million population false urbanization refers to the unexpected large-sale migration of rural people into urban areas even though factories and urban firms have yet no available employment for unskilled labor force with low education. This can happen in big or small cities. premature urbanization What makes a city different spatial proximity infrastructure historical association concentration of socioeconomic activity centers of creativity social practices and the built environment Theories of Spatial Planning Theories of Spatial Equilibrium Regional Planning Theories
Theories of Spatial Equilibrium Agricultural Land Rent Central Place Theory Urban Bid-Rent Theory Range and Threshold Rank-Size Rule Theory Agricultural Land Rent Central Place Theory Urban Bid-Rent Theory Range and Threshold Rank-Size Rule
Particulars/Keywords
Author/s Johann Heinreich von Thünen, 1842 Walter Christaller, 1933 William Alonso, Richard E. Muth, Edwin S. Mills Brian JL Berry George Kingsley Zipf
Theory Theoretical Basis for Urban Development
Particulars/Keywords
Author/s
Neo-Classical Economics
reduction of disparities and gaps
Regional Planning Theories
agri dev in developing countries industrialization in develop countries Agriculture vs Industry Debate (Balanced vs Unbalanced Growth)
unbalanced - leading sectors of economy balanced - few sectors with had absorptive capacity for modern technology
Rural vs Urban Development
centralization - central authority controls economy and polity Centralization vs Decentralization
decentralization - limited power of central authority; decision-making and responsibility by local communities
Regional Dev elopment Polic y and Prac tices in the Philippine Context Von-Thunen's Theory of Agricultural Location Bid Rent Theory
Johan Heinrich Von Thünen
Growth Pole and Growth Center
centrifugal forces emanate firms or industries that are propulsive large cities
Perroux and Boudeville
Comparative Advantage
sites near metropolitan areas enjoy high comparative advantage
David Ricardo
Core Periphery Concept
Core - propulsive Periphery - dependence
John Friedmann
Polarization and Trickle Down Effect
swash and backwash
Albert Hirschman
Cumulative Causation
multiplier effect
Gunnar Myrdal
Industrial L ocation transport, labor, agglomeration are least some are nearer materials, others are nearer markets material index optimum location is a function of aggregate demand and maximum profits where revenues - cost is highest traditional to modern rural-urban migration
Least cost approach
Market area approach Profit maximizing approach Structural Change Model
Walt Rostow Rostovaian Model: Stages of Economic Growth Traditional Society Pre-condition for Take-off Take-off Drive to maturity Age of High Mass Consumption
Theories of Urban Growth and Urban Land Use Human Ecology Concentric Ring Model Concentric Zone Model Sector/Radial/Axial Model Multiple Nuclei Model Inverse Concentric Zone Latin American Model
Chicago School of Urban Sociology Ernest W. Burgess, US Peter Mann, UK Homer Hoyt Edward Ullman and Chauncy Harris Third World Countries
Human Ec ology Roderick McKenzie, Amos H. Hawley, Robert Park, Everett Hughes Invasion Succession Segregation Assimilation and Accommodation Concentration Decentralization Filtering Survival of the Fittest Concentric Ring Theory Ernest W. Burgess (1925) CBD Transition Zone Blue-Collar Residential Middle-Income Residential High-Income Residential Concentric Zone Model Peter Mann (1965) took Burgess's model and created pie slices Sector or Radial Model
Weber
Losch and Hooever Isaard and Greenhut W. Arthur Lewis
Homer Hoyt (1939) growth and organization along transport lines Axial Model star-shaped commercial development follows transport routes travel time rather than transport cost is the important determinant of land use Multiple Nuclei Model Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman (1945) uses gridiron The CBD was not the sole generator of change, urban growth takes place around several distinct nuclei certain activities require highly specialized facilities certain activities cluster because they profit from mutual association certain activities repel each other and will not be found in the same area certain activities could not make a profit if they paid the high rent of the most desirable locations multi-centric or multi nodal Galactic City Pierce F. Lewis leapfrog development edge cities form in suburbs doughnut shape Hybrid Model Walter Isard (1955) combines concentric, sector, and zonal models of american planners Inverse Concentric Mo del It is not true that the rich are moving away from the central city as in Burgess' Concentric Model It is the poor who are moving away from the Central City Elite keeps stranglehold of Central City Social status declines with increasing distance from the center Southeast Asia, LDCs Urban Patterns in South and Southeast Asian Cities by Terry G. McGee Bazaar City Colonial City Planned City African Model More complex because of influence of local cultures on urban development difficult to group cities into one or two comprehensive models Latin American Model "City Life" is the cultural norm in Latin America. Most people live in primate cities Latin American cities are vibrant, dynamic, an increasingly specialized Outside the CBD, the dominant component is a commercial spine surrounded by the elite residential sector Synthesis: Forces Shaping a City Centripetal Centrifugal Stages of Urban Growth export specialization export complex economic maturation regional metropolis national/international metropolis technical/professional virtuosity Causes of Decline Failure of Momentum Competition Lack of Natural Advantages Lack of Cultivate Talent/Urban Management Economic Restructuring Post Industrial Cities deindustrialization information revolution tertiary, quaternary, and quinary services sprawl and more damage to nature Edge Cities Joel Garreau Urban Ratchet Effect Once cities reach a certain size (250,000), they will not experience major population losses. Areas of the city will age and decline and neighborhoods may suffer, but the urban area will see a shift in the spatial location of population, jobs, etc., not an absolute loss. Industrial diversification Political Power Sunk costs
customers drive rim location large areas have more entrepreneurship Optimum Size of the City by Leo H. Klaassen must be large enough to take investment decisi ons of an economic size to have a common approach to and awareness of its problems at least one growth pole supply its own industry homogeneous economic structure 200,000 to 600,000 inhabitants limit on population size equilibrium point Stages of Urban Development Model: A Cycle Klassen, van den Berg, A. Champion urbanization suburbanization/exurbanization counter urbanization or disurbanization reurbanization Urbanization of Developed and Developing Countries: Comparative Imbalance demographic economic socioculural spatial
Measures of Development Traditional Economic Measures GDP GNP Human De velopmen t HDI MDG Inequality Measurement Gini Coefficient 0 p er fe ct e qu al it y .2-.35 relatively equitable .5-.7 hi ghly unequal 1 p er fe c t in eq ua li ty
Economic Planning System of National Accounts GDP Y = C + I + G + (EX-IM) GNP = national income + depreciation (about 12%) + (indirect taxes - subsidies) + net factor payments to the rest of the world + other GDP production approach sums up the 'value added' at each st age of production, or take the value of final sales
Environmenta l Accounting: Critique of S ystem of Nation al Accounts minus depreciation of physical capital or consumption of fixed a capital minus depletion of ENR stocks minus cost of remedial/corrective/curative spending to address current environmental damages and pollution as well as preventive, aversive, defensive, precautionary expenditure equls ENP (environmentally-adjusted national product) EDP (environmentally-adjusted domestic product)
Local e conomic accounti ng L + N = C + I + G + (E-M) L + N + M = C+ I + G + E left side is local value added right side is local final demand total output =total outlays Strategic Resources: The Six M's Dr. Michael Porter, Harvard University Business School Materials Manpower/Labor
Land, buldings, location skilled laborers, available workforce
Machine Markets Managem ent Money
tools, technology viable and sustainable market for products organization, s killed m anagers capital institutions, debt/ borrowed funds
Components of Economic Development Strategy Locality Development (The Built Environment Business Development (The Demand Side) Human Resource Development (The Supply Side) Community-Based Employment (The Neighborhood Dimension)
Classification of Firms/Enterprises
Scale Cottage Micro Scale Small Scale Enterprise Medium Scale Enterprise Large Scale Enterprise
Employment Size Nothing specific Less than 10 workers 10-99 employees 100-199 employees 200 or more employees
Classification of Light, Medium, and Heavy Industries based on Degree of Hazard and Pollution Heavy
Medium Light
Hazardous industries pose fire and health hazards i.e. their wastes have large amounts of combustible and toxic materials Pollutive industries discharge large amounts of air, water, and solid pollutants Non-hazardous industries discharge amounts of combustible or toxic wastes Non-pollutive industries-emit little or negligible amounts of these pollutants
Sectors of the Economy P ri ma ry
" ag ri cu lt ur al e co no my " extracting natural resources from the Earth or exploiting its renewal elements agriculture (cultivation, animal husbandry, livestock and fisheries) forestry
Secondary
"industrial economy" processing, production of commodities with value-added crafts and cottage industries food processing and manufacturing mining & quarrying, construction transportation, gas, utilities
Te rt ia ry
" se rv ic e e co no my" commerce - wholesale and retail trade, export and import hotels and restaurants health care and social services banking and finance, real estate and insurance government services architectural, surveying, advertising, legal services personal beauty and grooming services telecommunications and broadcast communications
Quaternary
"knowledge economy" education "high-tech" industries: biotechnology, nanotechnology, automation, robotics, mechatronics, pneumatics, etc. financial and technical consulting; engineering design, planning design business process outsourcing information technology, information generation, medical transcription computer software development, CGI and animation
Quinary
"Experience Economy,"Pleasure Economy" "High-touch" Design businesses: high fashion, haute couture, jewelry design, bodywork cultural arts and cultural services tourism: medical tourism, historic-cultural tourism, eco-tourism, sex tourism
Key Steps in Economic Planning Calculate location quotients to assess industry concentration
Capitalization Assets not more than P1.5M not more than P3M P3M-P15M P15M-P100M Above P100M
Assess key trends, sources of competitive advantage, specialized needs and location factors Determine structural changes shaping economy Determine locality's role in regional economy Determine industries to retain and support Determine emerging and fast-growing industries to foster and attract. Business development is directed towards five goals: Encourage business start-ups Attract relocating firms to the area Retain and/or expand existing businesses Increase entrepreneurship and innovation Foster public-private partnerships sufficiency specialization concentration economic diversification
level of productive output of the local economy in relation to its domestic needs proportion of a single sector of the local economy to the entire local economy proportion of a single sector to the total regional/national activity within that sector. involves the transformation of the economic base of an economy
traditional agriculture > agro-processing economy > agroindustrial manufacturing/other industries > agroindustrial manufacturing/other industries/services
Economic Bas e Model - Ass umption Dr. Richard E. Klosterman The local economy is divided into two sectors - basic, nonbasic A change in the basic sector will lead automatically to a change in the same direction in the nonbasic sector Economic bas e multiplier Base multiplier is the ration of the total economic activity to the basic economic activity changes in base multipliers can mean change in demand for infra, etc. Location Quotie nt LQ = local employment in industry i/ total local employment in all industries divided by national employment in industry i total national employment in all industries Minimum Require ments Appro ach Constant Share Method Area-Ratio Metho d (Step-Down) Shift-Share Analysis national share industry mix local or regional shift
Keynesian Income Multiplier
Walt W. Rostow's Theory of Economic Modernization in Linear Stages (1960) Traditional Society Pre-conditions for Take-Off Take-off Period Drive to Maturity Age of High Mass Consumption Virtuous Cycle of Growth investments by government or private sector direct job creation increased local spending by workers increased job creation increased local demand for goods and services Cycle of Poverty: Rostow low production low incomes low savings low investments low capital formation Cycle of Poverty: Simon Kuznets
Basic Conce pts Related to Poverty Poverty incidence Subsistence Incidence Poverty Gap Poverty Severity
Causes of Poverty (World Bank) Limited land tenure or shelter security Poor quality of life Lack of income Social deprivaton
Respondin g to Basic Needs of th e Poor Acceleration of asset reform Provision of human development services/social services Livelihood and employment Social protection and security from violence Participation and empowerment of the poor Measuring Inequality Lorenz curve Gini coefficient 0 P er fe ct e qu al it y 0.2-0.35 relatively equitable income distribution 0.5-0.7 highly unequal income distribution 1 perfect inequality input-output model Wassily Leontief Primary suppliers intermediate suppliers intermediate purchases final purchasers categories can over lap transactions table direct requirements table Regional Economic Models Inc (REMI) Regional Input-Output Modeling System (RIMS) - US Departent of Commerce Social Accounting Matrices CGE - Computable General Equilibrium
Planning for Agricultural Development Computing for Food Sufficiency in a Locality calculate for volume of production - area planted x yield/hectare crop productivity = yield/hectare demand for food crop = per capita consumption / x population i n intake of food stuff a given year Food requirement standards for rice, etc. sufficiency level = volume of production minus actual demand annual food threshold = pre capita per day food cost x 365 days Planning of Food Systems address globalization of food systems preparedness for food emergencies prevent food contamination policies and zoning provisions to protect farmland encourage use of organic agriculture build wharves and fish landing ports for subsistence fishermen promote producer's markets to help local farmers; local purchasing can create economic impact simpler regulations for retail and day markets for natural and local food ethnic and native cuisine can contribute to cultural vitality Value-Chain Analysis Dr. Michael Porter Five primary activities that form the sequence of the value chain 1. inbound logistics 2 . o pe ra ti on s c on ve rt in g i np ut s t o t he p ro du ct /s er vi ce 3. outbound logistics collect, store, and distribute the product/service 4. marketing and salesmeans and incentives to buy 5. service enhancements/maintenance of the value of the product/service Four Major Planning Areas of Logistics Customer service goals Facility location strategy Inventory strategy Transportation strategy Logistics or S IPOC Framework
Philippine Agriculture 2020 Plan from National Academy of Science and Technology Organize and manage agriculture as business Alleviate poverty through asset reform Nurture the values of nature and community i n our people
Planning of Commercial Space Gravity model as applied to commerce CBDs and office parks urban forestry Strategies to Develop CBDs Historic preservation pedestrianization waterfront development special activity generators office park development indoor shopping centers transportation enhancements
Planning of Industrial Space Agglomerati on, Localiz ation, and Urbanizatio n Agglomeration economics Agglomeration cycle location of factories imitation local networks local culture, infrastructure, institutions city = city branding external attraction consolidation stagnation and crises a new start e co nom ie s o f s ca le
i nt er na l t o t he fir m refers to reductions in unit costs of production as a result of larger designed scale of output within the firm
localization economies
internal to industry refers to declining average costs of firms as a result of economic and geographic concentration, proximity or density of economic activity
urbanization economies
external to both firm and industry refers to declining average costs of firms as cities increase their population and population-related service activities. Note that this is a benefit for the whole community, not from the actions of individual firms
economies of urbanization diseconomies of urbanization
Industrial Dis persal in the Philippnies PD 1
Integrated Reorganization Plan (IRP) of 1972, delineated 11 'regions' in the Philippines
PD 24 Industrial Dispersal, 1973, aimed to decongest Metro Manila by banning the location of new heavy industries within a 50-kilometer radius of Rizal Park (Luneta) NLEX and SLEX made Calamba and Angeles regional industrial hubs
National Industrial Policy of 1973 promoted industries outside Metro Manila identified potential urban centers for industrial and infrastructure development became the national development strategy of government since late seventies
Industrial Dispersal - Concentrated Decentraliza tion Spatial Strategies Regional Industrial Center (later called Regional Agri-Industrial Centers) Special Economic Zone (Ecozone) Export Processing Zone (outside customs territory) Free Trade Zone Industrial Estate (minimum size of 50 hectares of contiguous land with facilities to accommodate at least 5 locators Growth Corridor semi urbanized, requires strong concentration CALABARZON CDO-ILIGAN Northwestern Luzon South Cotabato-Davao-Zamboanga West Central Luzon (Bulacan-Pampanga-Bataan-Zambales) Naga-Iriga-Legazpi Tuguegarao-Ilagan-Cauayan Countrywide Agro-industrial Development (Corazon Aquino) Balanced Agro-industrial Development
Project Development and Management Program a goal-oriented continuing intervention (long-term) for a major social sector/need/concern, which can extend beyond tenure of office of government authorities, and can consist of many component projects. Project a problem-solving endeavor with specific tasks and t arget outputs, for a definite sub-sector or segment of population, in a defined area or location, within a specified time frame. One-time activity. Classification of Projects according to objectives sectoral new, improvement, or replacement number of purposes multi-goal, complementary, or mutually-exclusive period of implementation methodology and process NEDA'S Project Classification S St an d- al on e i t c an p rod uc e o ut pu t o n i ts o wn R R eq ui re d p ro vi de s t he e na bl in g m ec ha ni sm f or o th er pr oj ec ts t o p ro du ce ou tp ut C Companion its ability to produce output depends on the success of another project It has to be packaged with the other project that provides the "enabling mechanism." Project Planning Rational determination of how to initiate, sustain, and terminate a project develop the plan in a required level of detail with accompanying milestones and the use of available tools must be preceded by a comprehensive development plan (f or public sector planning) or a strategic plan (for private sector planning) Stages of Project Development 1 Identification stage
2 3 4 5 6 7
Preparation Stage - pre-feasiblity and feasibility studies Proposal appraisal and financing detailed design and engineering project implementation stage monitoring and formative evaluation terminal evaluation or ex-post facto
Project Cycle by NEDA
Preinvestment Phase Project Identification Project Preparation Project Appraisal and Financing Investmen t Phase Detailed Engineering and Design Project Implementation Postinvestment Phase Project operation Ex-post evaluation
ADP Project Cycle 1 Pr oj ec t co nc ept 2 P re fe as ib il it y 3 Feasibility 4 D es ig n an d en gi ne er in g 5 I mpl em ent at io n 6 Monitoring and evaluation 7 Pr oj ec t co nc ept
Sources of Project Ideas promising investment opportunities development constraints/issues national, region, local development plan
sectoral studies investment plan special studies, subnational sties technical linkages industry linkages industry studies or market studies may come from politicians, local officials, advocacy groups, civil society Market a mechanism through which a collection of buyers and sellers interact and engage in exchange. The decisions make in markets result from the interaction of millions of people, each motivated by their own interest. Demand consumer demand or final demand producer demand of intermediate demand Estimating Pas t and Prese nt Demand first hand data secondary data interviews and special surveys historical data coverage intentions and needs assessment push analysis planning standards market testing attitudes availability of institutions user's behavior change price fluctuations Judgmenta l or Intu itive Appro ach in Dem and Analys is Delphi Approach surveying or polling experts Statistical Demand Analysis Time-series analysis extrapolation seasonal analysis trends and price analysis sectoral forecasting Extrapolation assume future change of same percentage or amount increase plot historical data fit a curve to data derive equation of the fitted curve use the equation to calculate future values Identify ing Supp ly Sourc es know current sources of goods and services compare supply with respect to volume of output, distribution, service area, others Other Market Considerations competitiveness of the product government policies marketing program
Technical Analysis operational feasibility technical feasibility schedule feasibility consider: technology location size or scale timing of implementation auxiliairy engineering projects cost of equipment and machinery labor requirements materials utilities waste disposal schedule of resource requirements construction schedule cost estimation ballpark figures preliminary cost estimates
After Techn ical Study, Project Scr eening not require EIA requires EIA
impacts unclear Environmental Analysis Consistency with Local Land Use and Zoning Land Acquisitions and Relocations Required Farmland conversion community disruption and environmental justice noise/water/air quality/hazardous materials impacts on wetlands and on ecologically-sensitive areas impacts on endangered species flooding impacts impacts on navigable waterways and coastal zones impacts on historic properties and parklands impacts on traffic and parking impacts on energy production and consumption impacts caused by construction visual impacts impacts on safety and security impacts on secondary development public notification Criteria for Determining Whether a Project is Covered by EIS Characteristics of Project Undertaking Location of the Project Nature of the Potential Impact EA is before project implementation Conducting the EIA and determine if the project is viable using the following magnitude of impact extent of impact duration of impact Social Study Seeks to ensure that a project design reflects the needs, demands, and capacities of t hose to be affected or influenced by the strategies, policies, programs, and projects Helps to show if a project would create a positive or negative social impact. It attempts to improve project design and effectiveness through an analysis of the project's social impact on targeted beneficiaries 2 types social impact assessment stakeholder analysis or distributional analysis Social Design in-depth analysis and working with target populations with regard to specific project design options optimize the overall project design develop appropriate project implementation strategies provide a detailed social justification for the project identify major social risks that may affect project implementation Financial Study stream of benefits costs funding attractiveness to investors commercial profitability sustainability debt-servicing Cash Flow Statement Financial Receipts sales less: changes in accounts receivables residual values land equipment buildings total inflows Financial Expenditures investment opportunities new investment land equipment buildings existing assets land equipment operating expenditures raw material management skilled labor unskilled labor maintenance less: changes in account payable less: changes in cash balance total outflow
net cashflow Components of Cash Flow Statement Investment Plan Opportunity Cost of Existing Assets Cessation of project operations Cash Flow Table item year 1 … n cash inflow cash outflow net cash flow i n P F A G
i nt er es t r at e p er io d number of interest rate periods present sum of money f ut ur e s um of mo ne y a uniform end-of-period cash receipt or disbursement uniform arithmetic gradient increase in period-by-period payments or disbursement
present value test of liquidity test of debt-service test of profitability break-even analysis pay back period accounting rates or return Economic Study Finance covers decisions and transactions internal to an economic unit Economics covers processes and decisions internal as well as external to the economic unit, including those that impact on the whole community, territory, or society Economic Analysis : Distortions Absence of competitive markets Monopoly externality (market power of certain firms) Import and export tax for traded goods (transfer prices) - insurance, freight Foreign exchange externality Labor externality (divergence between market wage and cost of employment) Environmental externality (e.g. pollution and congestion) No reflection of environmental and societal values, etc Cost-Benefit Analysis Pareto efficiency Welfare Economics - Hicksian Model gainers fully compensate losers and still be better off Cost-Benefit Analysis of Public Project based on NEDA Estimate national economic parameters (usual provided by NEDA) estimate economic conversion factors for each line in the financial cash flow apply the national economic parameters to the financial cash flow include other economic costs or benefits (e.g. environmental) determine economic viability using indicators like NPV and Economic IRR check Net Present Value (NPV) check Internal Rate of Return (IRR) check Benefit-Cost Ratio (or profitability index) economic rate of return externalities are considered here
Organization and Management Administrative Arrangements Project Management Contracts Management Human Resource Development compliance with legislation, standards, inspection, and enforcement evaluation, research, and replanting public information Example of Division of Responsibilities Project Team Leader Engineering Specialists Environmental Specialists Financial Specialists Economic Specialists Social/Institutional Specialists Administrative Staff Project Appraisal Risk analysis identify hazards natural/environmental
financial social/human activity structural/institutional characterize risks risk=hazard x exposure potency exposure susceptibility control risks information regulation substitution Financing Sources Commercial loans foreign investment investment bank bonds and stocks may be floated by LGU mutual funds interpersonal loans supporting resources Project Implementation Plan PERT-CPM Network Chart Work Breakdown Structure - clear lines of authority and responsibility responsibility assignment matrix resource allocation matrix GANTT chart communications meetings reviews record keeping Documentation Contract Management Principles of contract law bidding process and evaluation contract and procurement strategies selection of source and contractors negotiation worker safety considerations product liability uncertainty and risk management conflict resolution
Methods of Research and Tools of Environmental Planning Eight Areas for Environ mental Resear ch Natural Environment 1 Air Quality and Climate 2 Water Quality 3 Ecosystems, Habitat, and Wetlands 4 N oi se a nd W ast e Human Environment 5 People, Communities, Neighborhoods 6 Environmental Justice 7 Cultural, Historic, Archaeological, and Scenic Resources Integrated Decision-making 8 Integrated Transportation and Environmental Decision-Making General Types of Research Basic Research pure/fundamental research descriptive research explanatory research Applied Research action research exploratory research evaluation research Scientific Research Process Phenomenon Theory Hypothesis Methods Data/Results Discussion Conclusions Types of Data discrete or scale continuous ordinal nominal
time series or panel (longitudinal) cross section unmeasurable Five General "Rules" of Statistical Inference State hypotheses clearly. Understand the nature and limits of the statistical tests Utilize visual representations Use an alternative method Determining conclusions Sampling Frame a list of all the individuals (units) in the population from which the sample is taken List of Sampling Method Simple Random Multi-Stage Stratified Random Systematic Random Cluster Convenience sampling Purposive sampling Quota sampling types non-probability probability Population Projection arithmetic/linear geometric exponential estimate, project, forecast, targets Evaluating Fo recasts accuracy validity constancy methodologically sound internal consistency external consistency Participatory Social Analysis Contract, Scoping Phase Assessment Phase Institutionalization Evaluation Phase Other Tools developing the problem tree Process diagramming SWOT community mapping scenario analysis universal assumptions method-based assumptions local area-baed assumption regional-based assumptions vision-reality gap matrix Goals-Options Matrix column headings: effectiveness, consistency with other objectives, cost Logframe or ZOPP D es cr ip ti on Goal Purpose Output Activity/Input
I nd ica to rs
Mea ns o f Ve ri fic at io n A ss um pt io ns
Critical Path Method Shewhart and Deming Chart for Quality Control Modeling an d Simulation Decision Too ls in Plan Evalu ation cost-benefit analysis cost-effectiveness analysis planning balance sheet goal achievement matrix multi-criteria analysis cost-revenue analysis/fiscal impact analysis EIA
SEA
Social Planning population-focused people's capacities public service needs to increase income to meet needs to build capacities Basic Material Needs Food Clothing Water Sanitation Health Care Shelter and Sleep Income/Employment Sex and Pro-creation Recreation Education Electricity Transportation Communication Basic Huma n Needs Freedom Security Identity Well-being Communion with Nature Pres. FVR Minimum Basic Need (MBN) Survival Health Food and Nutrition H20 and Sanitation Security Shelter Peace and Order Enabling Income Employment Education Abraham Mas low's Hier archy of n eeds physiological security social esteem self-realisation Millennium Developme nt Goals Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower women Reduce child mortality Improve women's reproductive health Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other diseases Ensure environmental sustainability Develop global partnership for development Empowerment by the World Bank access to information inclusion and participation accountability local organizational capacity Developmen t as Capac ity Building Measures of Develop ment HDI HPI-1 HPI-2 GDI GEM QOL Social Capital Collective Individual
Demogr aphy scientific study of the characteristics and patterns of human population Sources of Population Data NSO Census of Population (every 10 years) National Statistics Office surveys (every 3 years) Vital registration system (Local Civl Registrar) LGU barangay counts
different age-groups have different needs to be addressed in planning and development Demogra phic Con cepts population size/level population composition/structure population growth population distribution median age sex ratio Sources of population Change fertility mortality migration Types of Housing single-detached, stick-built row houses (socialized housing) modular homes (duplex, triplex, quadriplex) apartment complex townhouses (medium-rise) high-rise condominium manufactured housing - prefabricate mobile housing converted-use property cooperative housing - time-share Neighbo rhood a s Socia l Region Neighborhood Block Lot Dwelling Room Clarence Perry, Principles of Neighborhood unit
Community Development Neighborhoods break down loss of community spirit failure of leadership decline of altruism selfish interests resistance of youth against "social homogenization" self-centered lifestyles of urbanites and "yuppies" urban anomie - the individual is overcome by anonymity feels like a faceless, nameless statistic, unconnected to everyone else
intervention symbolism reputation centeredness on families social networks
Broken Wind ows Theory one broken window leads to another broken window
Other Subsectors in Social Planning Use of Planning Standards Anthropometrics Education DepEd Standard classroom-student ratio is 1:50 PLEASE VERIFY Teacher-Student Ratio level kindergarten elementary secondary college graduate school
standard ratio 1:30 1:45 1:40 1:25 1:15
Elementary Schools maximum distance: 3-km walk or 30 minutes by PUV Hospitals and Health Care 25 beds 1.5 hectares 1 00 beds 1.5 hectares 200 beds 2.5 hectares 3 00 beds 3.5 hectares more than or equal to 35kms away from existing government hospital less than 3 kms but more than 3 hours away by usual mode of travel less than 35 and less than 3 hours away by usual mode of travel catchment population parameters more than or equal 75,000 less than 75,000 but more than 25,000 less than 25,000 Rural Health Unit Personnel Standards M uni cip al H eal th O ffic er 1 :2 0, 00 0 Nurse 1:20,000 R ur al Sa ni ta ry In sp ec tor 1 :2 0, 00 0 Rural Midwife 1:3,000-5,000 population, depending on terrain Police-Protective Services Minimum 1 policeman per 500 population for highly urbanized cities (HUCs) 1 policeman per 1,000 population for other cities and municipalities 1 PNP station per city/municipality minimum per municipality/city at least 1 fire station with adequate personnel, equipment, and facilities 1 municipal fire marshall 1 fireman per 500 population for HUCs 1 fireman per 2000 population for other citi es and municipalities 1 jail for every district, city, and municipality headed by a jail warden trained by BJMP minimum of 500 sqm per 1000 population for a town park miminum of 5000 sqm or half-hectare as open play field/athletic field at least 30% of the entire gross area of an open-market subdivision kept as unbuilt and 6% as open space (PD 957).
Social Welfare Services One Day Care per barangay as per RA 6972 One Senior Citizen Care Center per city/municipality as per RA 7876 Transport Planning Transport Planning Process preparation of the land use, transport and travel inventories of the study area; analysis of present land use and travel characteristics forecast of land use and travel characteristics development of land use allocation and travel demand m odels setting of goals and formulation of transport alternatives designed to accommodate the projected travel demands and land use changes
plan synthesis and forecast evaluation testing and evaluation of alternative transport plans plan adoption and implementation continuing study Four-Step Planning Model trip generation trip distribution modal split trip assignment
Land Administration and Management Land Administratio n the process of determining, recording and disseminating information about the tenure, value and use of land when implementing land management policies (UNECE, 1996) LA in the philippines focuses mapping and survey land classification original titling transfers of title land information and records land taxation valuation Components of Land Administration Juridical Regulatory Fiscal Information Management LA component
juridical
regulatory fiscal
information management
subcomponents adjudication of existing rights allocation of land delimitation of parcels demarcation of boundaries regulation land use development land use restrictions revenue collection and production incentive to consolidate/redistribute/use land for a particular purpose juridical cadastre fiscal cadastre other information systems
core ideal
holding and registration of rights in land
development and use of land economic utility of land
multi-purpose cadastre
Principle Areas land values land ownership land use Land Policy whole complex of socio-economic and legal prescriptions that dictate how the land and the benefits from the land are to be allocated (UN ECE, 1996) Land Man agement The management of all aspects of land including the formation of land policies (Dale and McLaughlin 1988) managing the use and development of land resources in a sustainable way (Bill Robertson, 1998) Land Management System Framework Land Tenure Land Ownership and Transfer Land Titling and Registration Land Subdivision Government Land Management Activities land use allocation land conversion or reclassification land acquisition land assembly or consolidation land banking land swapping land disposition sales patent homestead patent free patent voluntary confirmation compulsory confirmation land development and its regulation conservation of lands
Land Te nure
The act, right, manner or term of holding a landed property including customary land tenure Bundle of Rights possess and use sell lease mortgage subdivide grant easements inherit Land Ten ure Proc ess
Cadastre parts registers map types fiscal legal multipurpose
for taxation for marketing
Lands that are not surveyed cannot be disposed or alienated, neither can it be registered for the simple reason that said land cannot be identified with certainty Surveys standards is currently governed by the Manual on Land Surveys, Land Management Bureau, Department Administrative Order (DAO) No 98-12 and DAO 07-29 (Revised Regulations on Land Surveys of the DENR). Manual of Land Use Mapping, brother! Two types of surveys cadastral isolated Free patents untitled residential lands, town sites, and delisted military camps (in zoned residential areas); Special patents public schools, public parks, municipal halls and other government properties/assets in public lands; for public use or public purposes Forms of Government Control on Land Ownership and Use Taxation Eminent Domain Police Power Escheat Disposal of Pub lic A&D
Transport Planning Traffic Impact Assessment 1 Determining if TIA is warranted 2 Traffic Impact Analysis 3 Identifying menu of mitigating measures 4 Establishing institutional mechanism 5 Preparation of TIA report
Local Government Machinery Bond Flotation LGUs can issue bonds regulated byBSP and SEC Documentary requirements project pre-FS full blown FS government clearances sanggunian approval and certification that project is in the LDP and PIP COA-audited financial statements for the past three hers COA-audited SRE for the past five years and interim SRE for the current year. sanggunian authorization for the LGu to engage the services of a bond issuance team (trustee, bond counsel, underwriter and guarantor) features of the bond offering final local bond terms approved by the Sanggunian Panlalawigan and Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinans Official Statements of LGU on the Bond Offering Collateral Requirements for Bonds Assignment of 20% of the LGUs IRA Assignment of 20% of the LGUs Income Assignment of profits or income of the project to be financed Assignment of other special taxes Mortgage of the machinery and equipment purchased out of loan proceeds Mortgage of the project to be financed out of the proceeds of the loan Mortgage of the properties which are not being utilized for public or government purposes hold out on deposits 3 Phases of the BOT Process Phase I Project Formulation Phase II Project Proponent Selection Phase IIIProject Implementation Geospatial resource mapping can be BOT
NATIONAL PLANS List of National Level Plans Philippine Development Plan National Framework for Physical Planning M edi um- Te rm Phi li ppi ne Dev el opm ent Pl an National Urban Development & Housing Framework CCA
2010-2016 200 1- 20 30 2 00 4- 20 10 2009-2016
DRR Biodiversity Ecotourism Tourism Master Plan, Forestry Master Plan, Medium Term Agricultural Development Plan, etc. Philippine Development Plan (2010-2016) In Pursuit of Inclusive Growth Macroeconomic Policy Competitive Industry and Services Sectors Competitive and Sustainable Agriculture and Fisheries Sector Accelerating Infrastructure Development Towards a Resilient and Inclusive Financial System Good Governance and the Rule of Law Social Development Peace and Security Conservation, Protection and Rehabilitation of the Environment and Natural Resources
National Framework for Physical Planning (2001-2030) Parts Part I Part II Part III
Vision and Principles The Planning Environment, Challenges and Strategies Land Use Policy Guidelines
Four Land Use Policy Parts Protection Land Use Production Land Use Settlements Development Infrastructure Development Part I: Vision and Principles Food Security Environmental Stability and Ecological Integrity Rational Urban Development Spatial Integration Equitable Access to Physical and Natural Resources Private-Public Sector Partnership People Empowerment Recognition of the Rights of Indigenous People Market Orientation Part II: The Planning Environment, Challenges and Strategies challenges limited physical and economic resources increasing demands from a growing population increasing urban population, density and demand for urban services unplanned expansion of settlement areas declining agricultural productivity land degradation limited access to land outdated land use plans increasing role of local government units in planning lack of institutional linkages outcomes geographically-fragmented islands are economically integrated social, cultural, political and economic interaction takes place beyond local, regional and even national boundaries comparative advantages and regional resource endowments are fully harnessed without destroying their assimilative and regenerative capacities access to productive opportunities and minimum desirable levels of social welfare is guaranteed. strategies promotion of national dispersion through regional concentration strengthening of urban-rural linkages resource area-based development installation of mechanisms for effective regional development others
Part III: Land Use Policy Guidelines Settlements Development Planning within the context of a national network of settlement Spatial distribution and planning for future population growth Housing and informal settlements Environmental impacts' Food security and land conversion Production Land Use Food security implement SAFDZs identify agri lands marginal lands
infra support Levels of production and productivity potential areas water security tourism areas Competitive and strategic industrialization review performance of industrial areas alternative uses for nonperforming industrial areas growth of IT market-oriented dispersal strategy at the regional/national level utilize local development and land use plans solicit the inputs and participation of the private sector Environmental impacts proper location of production activities adopt and implement land use policies and zoning regulations Protection Land Use Nondemarcation of boundaries of protection areas conflict resolution within protection areas disaster mitigation, use of resources, and its impact on protection information, education, and communication campaign Infrastructure Development Strategic role of infrastructure national dispersal through regional concentration Inter-modal transportation systems increased access compatibility of infra with local land use and development plans, strategicness protect infrastructure right-of-way Food security and agrarian reform objectives prioritize and implement strategic rural/regional infra protection and disaster mitigation infra compatibility with NIPAS and other production areas incorporate disaster mitigation principles in infra development local and private sector participation promote local and private sector participation in infra planning and implementation
National Urban Deve lopment a nd Housing Framework (2009-2016) Framework Vision Towards 2016 Vision and Guiding Principles strategic character focus on drivers institutional considerations medium- to long-term perspective Context and Strategic recognized the arena of urban competition and build on strengths identify strategic priorities emphasize short-term actions without losing sight of strategic objectives continue to work with the decentralized bureaucracy and local autonomy enhance coordinative mechanisms at various levels enhance participatory governance reorient political leaders Elements of a Framework the urban system urban competitiveness poverty reduction housing and communities housing affordability and delivery sustainable communities governance performance-oriented governance Using the Framework formal adoption of the framework by HUDCC formal adoption of the framework's strategic recommendations and policies in the MTPDP formal adoption of specific strategic recommendations and policies, along with corresponding actions or PPAs, of the framework in corresponding national government agency sectoral plans, and cascaded into the regional and local agency offices for HUDCC, to champion the strategic recommendations across national and local government agencies and organizations. This requires close coordination with NEDA. Strategic Recommendations urban competitiveness poverty alleviation housing affordability and delivery sustainable communities performance-oriented governance
SYSTEMS, MANUALS, P ROCESSES, STANDARDS Time Frames CLUP 10 to 30 years CDP 3 to 6 years ELA 3 years LDIP 3 years AIP 1 year
Rationalized Local Planning System of the Philippines (2005) Summary Planning Structure Mandated Plans Planning Process Implementation Tools Planning Structure Political Component Technical Component Mandated Lo cal Plans Comprehensive Land Use Plan Comprehensive Development Plan Planning Process (4 Modules) 1 Generation of Planning Database 2 Formulation and/or Revision of Goals 3 Formulation of the Physical Plan 4 Formulation of the Sectoral Development Plan *planning process has to be participatory Planning Process (Expanded Modules) Generation of Planning Database Updated ecological profile of the area local development indicators table accomplished problem solution matrix Formulation and/or Revision of Goals revalidated/revised vision statement vision elements and their respective descriptors and success indicators vision-reality gaps transformed into sectoral goals Formulation of the Physical Plan Land Use Plan Policy Maps Zoning Ordinance Formulation of the Sectoral Development Plan Development Plan 3-Year ELA with LDIP Annual Investment Plan (AIP) Suggested Legislative Measures Implementation T ools Authority Levers zoning ordinance taxes eminent domain public capital investments co-management arrangements Other Tools
Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan Guidelines on Provincial/Local Planning and Expenditure Management PLPEM Summary Introduction Vision The Planning Environment Development Issues, Goals, Objectives/Tragets Strategies, Programs, Projects, and Activities Expanded Summary Introduction Historical Background Plan Objectives and Context Coverage of the Plan Outline of the Plan Vision The Planning Environment Location, Land Area, and Political Subdivisions Population and Settlements Physical Resources
Economy Transportation and Access Income, Employment, Service Access, and Poevery Land Use and Physical Franework Development Issues, Goals, Objectives/Targets Development Issues and Problems Development Goals, Objectives/Targets Strategies, Programs, Projects, and Activities Strategies, Programs, Projects, and Activities Summary of Strategies and PPAs Comprehensive Land Use Plan Sec. 20c, LGO The local government units, shall, in conformity with existing laws, continue to prepare comprehensive land use plans enacted through zoning ordinances which shall be the primary and dominant bases for the future use of land resources: Provided, that the requirements for food production, human settlements, and industrial expansion shall be taken into consideration in the preparation of such plans. The CLUP is not an executory plan but rather a guide or framework for more detailed planning of the area. From the above definition, the following functions of the CLUP can be inferred: 1.
It interprets higher level policies such as those embodied in the national, regional and provincial physical framework plans.
2
It provides a basis for medium term development planning, investment programming and development regulation
3.
It establishes policies and general proposals for strategic areas to guide the provision of infrastructure and utility systems
4.
As a strategic plan, the CLUP identifies action areas which require a greater degree of attention than other areas thereby focusing investments and other intervention measures in those areas for greater impact.
Rationale for the Formulation /Revision of a Comprehen sive Land U se Plan 1 2
Achieve an improved quality of life Guide the orderly development of a city/municipality to promote the health, safety, welfare and convenience of the population 3 Promote sustainable development 4 Preserve special natural features and environmentally critical areas 5 Translate socio-economic policies into physical policies and plans 6 Comply with the requirements of Article 41 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Local Government Code of 1991 (Sec. 20, RA 7160) 7 Provide guidelines for the appropriate use of natural resources 8 Allocated land for settlements; industries and other urban uses on land least suitable for agricultural and farming uses 9 Serve as basis for reclassifying and converting land 10 Reflect changes in the physical, social, and economic characteristics of the community 11 Incorporate changes in the goals and objectives of the community
Linkage of the Comprehe nsive Land Use Plan to the Provincia l Physical Fr amework Plan (PPFP) and other Plans 1 Provincial plans shall promote the goals and objectives provided for in the national and regional plan and shall provide the guidelines for the preparation of city and municipal plans. 2 The city and municipal Comprehensive Land Use Plans shall be consistent with and supportive of the goals and objectives in the provincial plan and shall provide the guidelines for the development of plans for parts of the city or municipality such as the barangay 3 The barangay plan and other area specific plans, such as heritage area plan, ancestral domain plan etc., shall be consistent with the vision, planing goals and objectives set forth in the city or municipal plan of which it forms part and shall furthermore, provide the guide to plans of smaller scale such as neighborhood or community 4 All local plans shall be consistent with the existing national agency plans, i.e. Tourism Master Plan, Forestry Master Plan, Medium Term Agricultural Development Plan, etc. 5 All local plans shall conform with set national planing goals, policies, as well as planning guidelines and standards promulgated by HLURB as much as practicable.
Approaches to CLUP Formulatio n Bottom-Up Approach (Integration of Barangay Development Plans) Top-Bottom Approach Planning Area Defined by the cities'/municipalities's political boundaries. This includes all component barangays and the city/municpal waters extending 3 kilometers from shoreline for coastal LGUs. Thus, the CLUP shall cover both land and water resources of the city/municipality Planning Period Covers a planning period of 10 years at the minimum
Volumes of a CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan Zoning Ordinance Sectoral Studies a documentation of the supporting studies that were undertaken to arrive at the resultant CLUP HLURB 12-Ste p Land Use Planning 1 G et ti ng O rg an iz ed 2 Identifying Stakeholders of the CLUP 3 Setting the Vision (of the LGU) 4 Analyzing the Situation (within the LGU) 5 Setting the Goals and Objectives of the CLUP 6 Establishing the Desired Development Thrust and Defining the Spatial Strategies 7 Drafting the Land Use Plan 8 Drafting the Zoning Ordinance (ZO) 9 Conducting the Public Hearing on the Draft CLUP and ZO 10 Review, Adoption, & Approval of the CLUP and ZO 11 Implementing the CLUP 12 Monitoring, Reviewing, & Evaluating the CLUP
HLURB Standar ds Residential – Standards for BP 220 and PD 957, minimum 32 m2 per household to lot area and 24 m2 floor area. Industrial – 2.5 hectares per ‘000 population Commercial – 1.5%-3.0% of total built-up area Roads – 1.0km / 1.0ha (1,000 m X 10 m) for every 100 hectares Other Infrastructure – 0.38 hectares per ‘000 population; 5.7 hectares per 15,000 population Hospitals/Health facilities – 0.40 hectares per ‘000 population Schools – 0.80 hectares per ‘000 population Daycare – 0.166 hectares per ‘000 chil dren of age bracket Recreational Open Space – 0.10 hectares per ‘000 population – 0.05 hectar es of c ity/mu nicipa l park per ‘0 00 popul ation – 0.05 he ctares of athle tic fiel d per ‘000 po pulat ion Government / Administrative Area – 0.5 hectares per ‘000 population General Outline of a Municipal-Level Comprehensive Land Use Plan Introduction Planning Process and Methodology General Development Framework Development Needs and Physical Constraints Generation and Evaluation of Spatial Alternatives Preferred Spatial Strategy Land Use Policies Water Use Policies CLUP Implementation
Four Land Use Policy Areas Protected Areas NIPAS Non-NIPAS Protected Agricultural Environmental Constrained Areas forestland (slope is greater than 18%) escarpments waterfalls (escarpments and waterfalls with 40-meter buffer zones) fault zones (buffer zones of 40 meters)
volcanoes geohazard areas MORE Permanent Forest virgin or old-growth forest primary broadleaf forest areas above one thousand meters elevation areas with very steep gradients National Parks Forest Watershed or water catchment reserve section of forestland with an area of 100-meter radius around rivers and springs which serve as catchment for water sources being tapped for domestic water supply and irrigation. critical river watersheds integrated social forestry forestland buffer zones Settlement Areas Urban (town center/s) Rural (upland, coastal, lowland) Indigenous people's settlements High Density Residential (refer to building, structural and sanitary codes, clean air and water acts) Low Density Residential (refer to previous) Socialized housing (BP 220) (public) open spaces (refer to l ocal ordinances) temporary residences (UDHA) Infrastructure Areas Transport network Social infrastructure Economic infrastructure Administrative Support Pedestrian and bicycle network (refer local ordinances) water, sewage, power, SLF (refer to SWMA, Water and Sanitation Codes) social support services (refer to DILG regulations, LGC) air/sea ports and depots (building code, DPWH regulation) road, rail, and river network (building code, DPWH regulation)
Production Areas Agricultural Croplands Fishery Livestock Forestry Industrial Commercial Tourism Business District/Tourism (through local ordinances) SAFDZ (through AFMA, Fisheries Code, CARL) Non-SAFDZ, but Agricultural (AFMA, CARL) Mining Areas (Mining Law) Industrial Estates and Special Economic Zone (PEZA) Production Land Use - NPAAAD Agrarians Reform Communities (ARCs) CLOAs Agricultural Estates agroindustrial estates ranches and fishponds
Specialized Uses or Integrated Mixed Use Areas Higly-densified and dynamic locations with multiple uses Military reservations that include residential and even l imited commercial functions scientific institutions and special study areas that house many functions others, as justified by the planner. Combined Policy Areas Policy areas may occasionally have overlaps or shared users (e.g. protective areas and settl ements) Buffer zones multiple use zones access corridors Tools to Evaluate Land Use Plan Financial Analysis Economic Analysis Environmental Impact Assessment Social Impact Assessment Standard Colors of Land Use Map Red shades commercial Yellow shades residential
V iol et s ha de s Blue light Green dark green light blue pink
i ndus tri al institutional open spaces forest tourism entertainment
Land Capability Classes class
description very good land; can be cultivated safely, requiring only simple but good farm management practices good land, can be cultivated safely, require easily applicable conservation practices moderately good land; must be cultivated with caution, requires careful management and complex conservation practices fairly good land; must be cultivated wi th extra caution; require careful management and complex conservation practices for safe cultivation; more suitable for pasture or forest level to nearly level; too stony or very wet for cultivation; limited to pasture or forest with careful management steep land; very severely eroded; shallow; not for cultivation; limited to pasture or forest with careful management level land; wet most of the time and cannot be economically drained, suited for fishpond or recreation very hilly and mountainous, barren and r ugged; should be reserved for recreation and wildlife for reforestation
A B C D L M X Y Review on R1, R2, R3 CONVENTIONAL LAND USE IMPLEMENTING TOOLS land use tools
zoning
subdivision control
other regulations
objectives land use intensity regulation of density floor-area ratios bulk building size minimum size lot paving requirements provision of curbs, sidewalks, internal servers, water lines housing ordinances sign ordinances tree ordinances grading ordinances building permits
LGU Authority Le vers for La nd Use Plan I mplementation Regulation Zoning (locational clearance) Subdivision (deeds of restrictions) Building Regulation (building permit, building code oversight) Environmental Law Enforcement Ordinances - trees, signs, grading, air quality Taxation Basic Taxes Special Levies on Property - Idle Lands Tax Impact Fees Special Benefit Levy Special Education Fund Acquisition Fee Simple Purchase Dedications Eminent Domain Exactions Conservation Easements Public Investment Expenditure Local Development Investment Program/Annual Investment Plan Private Investment Incentives Fiscal Policies Joint Ventures B-O-T Schemes Co-management
advantages externalities are minimized land values increased low-cost land use tool effective tool due to government police power (Euclid v. Amber) infrastructure is provided synchronization of development and capital investment
disadvantages Too rigid Land speculation increases social externalities, segregating people by social status sterile environment due to separation of land uses traffic increases rigid increases housing costs
Zoning Concerns Regulated by Zoning Zone identification type of land use permitted uses by right intensity of use density limitations, minimum and maximum lot size, area and width lot coverage maximum coverage, floor area ratio bulk building size and building height setbacks from setback, back setback, side setback, one side parking regulatons sign regulations right-of-way width cartway width curb requirements fence regulations storage requirements landscape ordinance permitted uses by special exception
Specialized Zoning Techniques Planned Unit Development (PUD) - mixes land uses
Overlay Zoning historic districts heritage conservation tourism zones floodplains geohazard zones performance zones - focus on impacts not uses Agricultural Zoning NPAAAD ARC SAFDZ leads to food security Other Land Use Implementing Tools Taxes and Impact Fees - Internalize Costs Development Agreements - Reduces legal costs Transfer of development rights (TDR) incorporates a market mechanism to mitigate whatever financial burden local law might have i mposed on property. Types of Zoning Euclidean or Conventional Zoning Restrictions (exclusionary, height, bulk) Performance Zoning (based on standards) smoke odor vibration noise traffic pollution energy use aesthetics (visual impacts) Cluster zoning or mixed use or transect zoning (from New Urbanism) incentives such as density bonuses for mixture of uses complementarity of uses integratedness to preserve open space continuum of 6,3,-dimensional development standard zones from rural to urban space Form-based zoning regulates building form, not land use for better urban design and aesthetics Spot Zoning up zoning a small parcel to a level above that of the surrounding land in a way that's unreasonable or arbitrary and not in accord with a comp. plan. at macro-scale, it can result positively in "mixture of uses" but can also end up negatively. arbitrary on the part of zoning officers - can be a cause of graft.
Subdivision Control Regulatory process that controls the creation of new land parcels subdivision platting based on the administrative authority to record property plats and deeds Floor-Area Ratio as Density Control in Zoning
low density medium density
units per hectare 35 and below 36 to 150
persons per hectare 210 and below 211-900
high density
151 and above
900 and above
Density bonuses can be given by LGUs to PUDs and to innovative projects which try to preserve as much unbuilt land in its site development (more than 30% of the total area).
Comprehensive Development Plan Sectors Social Economic Environmental Management Infrastructure Institutional
Making the CDP Generating the Planning Data Base Vision and Goal Setting/Re-validation/Revision Preparation of the Multi-Year Comprehensive Development plan Preparation of the Local Development Investment Program Plan Implementation Sectoral Components Social Education Health and Nutrituion Social Welfare and Development Shelter Public Order and Safety Sports, Recreation, Arts and Culture Economic Primary agricultural crops livestock fisheries (inland, marine, brackish) forestry secondary mining and quarrying manufacturing construction electricity, water, gas, utilities tertiary wholesale and retail trade transportation and communication finance, insurance, and related services Infrastructure economic support irrigation systems power generation (mini-hydro) roads, bridges, ports
flood control and drainage waterworks and sewerage systems telecommunications social support hospitals schools public socialized housing facilities for the age, infirm, disadvantaged sectors public administrative support government buildings jails freedom parks and public assembly areas Environment and Natural Resources lands lands of the public domain private and alienable and disposable lands ancestral domain forest lands protection forests production forets mineral lands metallic mineral lands non-metallic mineral lands parks, wildlife and other reservations water resources freshwater (ground, surface) marine waters air quality waste management Institutional organization and management fiscal management legislative output LGU-Civil Society Organizations - Private Sector Linkages Planning Period 3 years for short term 6 years for medium term Contents of the CDP 1.
2.
Preliminary Pages resolution adopting the CDP foreword acknowledgement table of contents list of tables list of figures list of boxes Quick Facts about the LGU (Brief and preferably in bullet form only) Brief Historical Background Geo-physical characteristics location and total land area topography climate Population and Demographic Profile total population male and female urban and rural school-age population by level by sex dependent population, male and female labor force, male and female population density ethnicity religion languages/dialects poverty incidence Social Services number of schools, hospitals, day care centers Economy major economic activities number of business establishments by industry sectors Infrastructure transport and utilities major circulation network sources of water power supply communication facilities environment solid waste management general air quality general water quality institutional machinery political subdivisions (districts, barangays)
organizational structure 3.
Matrix of Local Development Indicators
4. Comprehensive Development Plan Vision Vision-Reality Gap Analsyis Cross-Sectoral/ Special Issues and Concerns Sectoral Development Plans Social Development Plan Economic Development Plan Infrastructure and Physical Development Plan Environmental Management Plan Institutional Development Plan Each sec toral dev elopment plan inclu des introduction goals objectives and targets strategies programs and projects proposed legislations project ideas of project briefs/profiles 5. Local Development Investment Program list of programs and projects with their corresponding costs to be funded from local sources ranked by level or urgency list of programs and projects with their corresponding costs to be funded from other sources, i.e., province, national government, private sector, foreign donors, grants, loans, etc. 6. Glossary of Terms
Executive Legislative Agenda (ELA) Character planning and budgeting tool transparency and accountability tool social mobilization tool performance management tool communication tool convergence tool 12-Step ELA Formulation Process 1 Pl ann ing to Pl an 2 Prioritizing Issues 3 Consulting with Stakeholders 4 Defining/Re-visiting the LGU Vision and Mission 5 Formulating Goals and Objectives 6 Prioritizing Programs and Capacity Development Needs 7 Determining Legislative Requirements 8 B ui ld in g Co mm it me nt 9 Securing Endorsement and Approval 10 Moving the ELA into Action 11 Popularizing the ELA 12 Managing and Sustaining ELA Implementation Format of the ELA LGU Vision and Mission Statement Brief Profile of the LGU Development Goals and Strategies (per sector) Priority Human Resource/Capacity Development Needs and Interventions Priority Legislative Requirements Resource Mobilization Strategies Plan Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation ELA Agenda Cyc le ELA Preparation ELA Implementation ELA Performance Management
Project Development and Management NEDA Project Develo pment Cycle Identification Pre-Feasibility Feasibility Design and Engineering Implementation Operation Ex-Post Evaluation ADB Project Develo pment Cycle Project Concept Pre-feasibility Feasibility Design and Engineering Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Prefeasibility Studies rapid analysis of demand alternative technical schemes to meet the demand implementation and operating costs of each alternative (based on cost standards( benefits derived cost and benefit comparisons to ascertain financial and economic feasibility of each alternative plan for subsequent stages of project development *after the Pre-FS reject/defer conduct of FS/implement/immediately conduct FS Feasibility Studies objectives scope of study methodology program of work resource requirements participating entities *study elements institutional study economic study financial analysis social study/social impact assessment environmental study/impact assessment technical aspects/operations study (operations, techniques, schedule)
market study EIA Process Develop Purpose and Need Public and Agency Scoping Issue Identification Alternative Development Data Collection Impact Assessment/Mitigation Planning Process Identify Preferred Alternative EIS/EA (Process and Documentation) Public Meeting/Hearing Decision Permitting Implementation Government Procurement Process Procurement by Electronic Means PhilGEPS (Philippine Government Electronic Procurement System) Normal Proc urement Preparation of Bidding Documents Invitation to Bid Receipt and Opening of Bids Bid Evaluation Post-Qualification Award, Implementation and Termination of the Contract
Summary of Processes CLUP
EIA
Procurement
RPS
Generating the Planning Database
list of programs and projects with corresponding costs Planning to Plan to be funded from local sources ranked by level or urgency
Develop Purpose and Need
Preparation of Bidding Documents
Generation of Planning Database
Vision and GoalSeting/Revalidation/Revision
list of programs and projects with their corresponding costs to be funded from other sources, i.e. province, national government, private sector, foreign donors, grants, loans, etc.
Prioritizing Issues
Public and Agency Scoping
Invitation to Bid
Formulation and/or Revision of Goals
Preparation of the Setting the Vision of Multi-Year the LGU Comprehensive Development Plan
Consulting with Stakeholders
Issue Identification
Receipt and Opening of Bids
Formulation of the Physical Plan
Analyzing the Situation within the LGU
Preparation of the Local Development Investment Program
Defining/Re-visiting Alternative the LGU Vision and Development Mission
Bid Evaluation
Formulation of the Sectoral Development Plan
Setting the Goals and Objectives of the CLUP
Plan Implementation
Formulating Goals and Objectives
Post Q uali fic at io n
Getting Organized
Identifying the Stakeholders of the CLUP
CDP
LDIP
ELA
D at a co ll ec ti on
Establishing the Desired Development Thrust and Defining the Spatial Strategies
Prioritizing Assessment/ Programs and Mitigation Planning Capacity Process Development Needs
Drafting the Land Use Plan
Determining Legislative Requirements
Identify Preferred Alternative
Drafting the Zoning Ordinance
Building Commitment
ES/EA (Process and Documentation)
Award, Implementation, and Termination of the Contract
Conducting the Public Hearing on the Draft CLUP and ZO
Securing Endorsement and Approval
Public Meeting/ Hearing
Review, Adoption & Approval of the CLUP and ZO
Moving the ELA into Action
Decision
Implementing the CLUP
Popularizing the ELA
Permitting
Monitoring, Reviewing, & Evaluating the CLUP
Managing and Sustaining ELA Implementation
Implementation
NATIONAL PROGRAMS AND PLANS National Framework for Physical Planning (NFPP) 2001-2030 Vision and Principles Food Security Environmental Stability and Ecological Integrity Rational Urban Development Spatial Integration Equitable Access to Physical and Natural Resources Private-Public Sector Partnership People Empowerment Recognition of Rights of Indigenous People Market Orientation 4 Major Land Use Policy Areas Settlement Production Protection Infrastructure Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 Plan Chapters In Pursuit of Inclusive Growth Macroeconomic Policy Competitive Industry and Services Sector Competitive Agriculture and Fisheries Sector Accelerating Infrastructure Development Towards a Resilient and Inclusive Financial Sectdor Good Governance and Rule of Law Social Development Peace and Security Conservation, Protection, and Rehabilitation of the Environment and Natural Resources Philippine Agenda 21 The Guiding Principles poverty reduction social equity empowerment and good governance peace and solidarity ecological integrity
IMPORTANT TERMS AND DEFINITIONS land use planning (LUP) refers to the rational and judicious development, utilization and management of land resources in a sustainable manner to ensure that needs of the present generation can be met without jeopardizing the needs of the future generations. environmental planning refers to activities concerned with the management and development of land, as well as the preservation, conservation, and rehabilitation of the human environment environmental planner
refers to a person engaged in the practice of environmental planning and duly registered with the Board of Environmental Planning in the manner herein provided land use planning (LUP) refers to the rational and judicious development, utilization and management of land resources in a sustainable manner to ensure that needs of the present generation can be met without jeopardizing the needs of the future generations. In the context of municipal land use planning exercise in the Philippines, land use planning is divided into 2 activities: (a) municipal-wide or general land use planning (b) población or urban land use planning. sustainable development means meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of the future generations land use plan refers to the rational approach of allocating available land resources as equitably as possible among competing user groups and for different functions consistent with the development plan of the area and the Program under this Act (UDHA, 7279) comprehensive land use plan refers to a document embodying specific proposals for guiding, regulating growth and/or development. The land use plan allocates and delineates different land uses in a community and the structures built upon them. The term "comprehensive" means that the plan not only encompasses all geographical parts of the local government tunic but also includes the different sectors such as physical, environmental, social, economic, administrative, and fiscal matters (Sec. C.1, p.6, Vol. 5 HLURB CLUP Formulation Guidelines, 1997) general land use plan deals primarily with the non-urban large scale uses such as croplands, forests, pasture lands, mining/quarrying areas and swamplands, with areas occupied by structures treated collectively as "built-up" areas urban land use plan basically concerned with the location intensity and amount of land development required for various space-using functions such as residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, recreation and other activities found in the urban areas. It is concerned with the proper allocation of land areas for these urban uses based on soil suitabilities, prescribed space standards and various land allocation criteria such a site and accessibility standards and land use compatibility considerations. urban land use planning involves the allocation of land areas for such space using functions of city life as residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, recreational and other activities in the "built environment". urban areas refers to all cities regardless of their population density and to municipalities with population density of at least five hundred (500) persons per square kilometer (Sec 3. v, Art 1, RA 7279, 1992) urbanizable areas refers to sites and lands which, considering present characteristics and prevailing conditions, display marked and great potential of becoming urban areas within the period of five (5) years (Sec. 3.w, Art. 1, RA 7279, 1992) urban form pertains to the way future population and related activities are organized and distributed over the municipal territory, taking into account the need to retain some areas in their open character and to ensure safe and sustainable environments for human habitat. urban land supply management strategies in-filling of vacant urban lands densification urban renewal or redevelopment reclamation agricultural land conversion urban land demand-management strategies improved rural services new alternative centers relocation of resettlement zoning ordinance an implementing tool of the CLUP which provides the different land use districts of the city/municipality. The boundary description of the various zoning districts and the allowable or permitted uses per zoning district. The CLUP becomes enforceable with the enactment of the zoning ordinance and thus becomes the basis for the issuance of locational clearance. (p. 64, Sec. I, HLURB CLUP Formulation Guidelines, 1997) Question: how is zoning enforced through the assessor's office land registration process of official recording of rights in land through deeds or titles on properties answers the WHO and HOW (subject-right) cadastre a methodically arranged public inventory of data concerning properties within a certain country or district, based on a survey of their boundaries answers the WHERE and HOW MUCH (right-object) core basis of a land administration system and is defined a a parcel-based and up-to-date land information system containing record of interests in land two parts: map and registers the basic building block in any land administration system land administration is the process of i s the process of determining, recording, and disseminating information about the tenure, value, and use of land when implementing land management policies (UNECE, 1996) land policy whole complex of socio-economic and legal prescriptions that dictate how the land and the benefits from the land are to be allocated (UN ECE, 1996)
