Tense
Affirmative/Negative/Question
Us e
1. Present Simple
+
S + V - s, es (III sg)
*
Do/Does + S + V 1
-
S + do/does + not + V 1
A: He speaks. N: He does not speak. Q: Does he speak?
a!tion in the present taking pla!e once, neer or seer!l times
fa!ts
a!tions taking pla!e one after another
a!tion set "# a timeta"le or s!hedule
nonprogressive ver"s
Signal Words al$a#s% ever# &% never% normall#% often% seldom% sometimes% usuall#% rarel#% from time to time% on!e/t$i!e a $eek/a month% on 'onda#% in $inter& if senten!es t#pe ( ) If ) If I talk , …* …*
". Present #ontin$o$s +
S + am/is/are + , ing
*
Am/(s/Are + S + , ing
-
at the moment% -ust% -ust no$% isten% ook% no$% right no$
A: He is speaking. N: He is not speaking. Q: (s he speaking?
- !ction t!%ing pl!ce in t&e moment o' spe!%ing
a!tion taking pla!e onl# for a limited period of time
S + am/is/are + not + , ing
a!tion arranged for the future
. P!st Simple +
S + , 0/ed
*
Did + S + , 1
A: He spoke. N: He did not speak. Q: Did he speak?
or seer!l times
-
a!tion in the past taking pla!e once, neer
#esterda#% 0 minutes ago% in 1223% the other da#% last 4rida#& if senten!e t#pe (( ) If ) If I talked , …* …*
a!tions taking pla!e one after another a!tion taking pla!e in the middle of another a!tion
S + did + not + , 1
. P!st #ontin$o$s +
S + $as/$ere + , 5ing
*
Was/$ere+ S + , 5 ing
A: He $as speaking. N: He $as not speaking. Q: Was he speaking?
a!tion going on at a !ertain time in the past
a!tions taking pla!e at the same time
a!tion in the past that is interrupted "#
in !lauses $ith 6$hen% $hile% as long as7&% at this time #esterda#% at t$o o8!lo!k #esterda#&
-
another a!tion
S + $as/$ere + not + , ing
. Present Per'ect Simple + * -
A: He has spoken. N: He has not spoken. Q: Has he spoken?
S + have/has + , 9/ed Have/has + S + , 9/ed
putting emphasis on the res$lt
a!tion that stopped re!entl#
finished a!tion that has an influen!e on the
alread#% ever% -ust% never% not #et% so far% till no$% up to no$% latel#% re!entl#% the last #ears
present S + have/has + not + , 9/ed
a!tion that has taken pla!e on!e% never or several times "efore the moment of speaking
. Present Per'ect #ontin$o$s
+
S + have/has + "een + , ing
*
Have/has + S + "een + , ing
-
A: He has "een speaking. N: He has not "een speaking. Q: Has he "een speaking?
S + have/has + not + "een + , ing
. P!st Per'ect Simple + * -
S + had + , 9/ed
A: He had spoken. N: He had not spoken. Q: Had he spoken?
Had + S + , 9/ed S + had + not + , 9/ed
putting emphasis on the co$rse or
all da#% for : #ears% sin!e 1229% ho$ long?% the $hole $eek
d$r!tion )not the result*
a!tion that re!entl# stopped or is still going on
finished a!tion that influen!ed the present
a!tion taking pla!e "efore a !ertain time in the past
sometimes inter!hangea"le $ith past perfe!t progressive
alread#% -ust% never% not #et% on!e% until that da#% after after % "efore before if senten!e t#pe ((( ) If I had talked , …*
putting emphasis onl# on the '!ct )not the duration*
. P!st Per'ect #ontin$o$s
+
S + had + "een + , ing
*
Had + S + "een + , ing
-
A: He had "een speaking. N: He had not "een speaking. Q: Had he "een speaking?
S + had + not + "een + , ing
a!tion taking pla!e "efore a !ertain time in
for% sin!e% the $hole da#% all da#% Ho$ long?
the past
sometimes inter!hangea"le $ith past perfe!t simple
putting emphasis on the d$r!tion or co$rse of an a!tion
!. 0$t$re I Simple + S + shall/$ill + , 1
*
Shall/$ill + S + , 1
A: He $ill speak.
a!tion in the future that !annot "e
in a #ear% ne;t &% tomorro$ (fSenten!e t#pe ( ) If you ask her,
S + shall/$ill + , 1
-
. 23oing to4 0$t$re +
S + am/is/are + going to + , 1
15. 0$t$re I #ontin$o$s +
S + 6ill + e + V ing
N: He $ill not speak. Q: Will he speak?
A: He is going to speak. N: He is not going to speak. Q: (s he going to speak? A: He $ill "e speaking. N: He $ill not "e speaking. Q: Will he "e speaking?
influen!ed
- spont!neo$s de!ision
assumption $ith regard to the future
- decision made for the future
!on!lusion $ith regard to the future
a!tion that is going on at a !ertain time in the future
a!tion that is sure to happen in the near future
she will help you.* assumption< ( think% pro"a"l#% perhaps
in one #ear% ne;t $eek% tomorro$
at this time tomorro$% at = o8!lo!k tomorro$
