Preface This 'English Speaking & Grammar' book of Cromosys Language Research and Education Center is designed to teach you English from very basic to the advanced level. The lessons and study materials uniquely designed, which you will not find in any other books, are to guide you to be fluent following correct usage of grammar. Having done the research over English in twelve years, I am confident to assure you that it has everything that you need to get a good command over English. Its step-by-step explanation to tense, modals, advanced modals, voice and preposition with rules and alerts guarantee your success. You will feel that this is the only book you were always in the need of. The communication in any language without following the rules degrades the standard and corrupts the meaning. As the world is changing day by day, English is incorporating in all the sectors of human life around the globe. Every day, the use of English is increasing and a person with good knowledge of it is able to get a good job. And so, the call centers and print and visual media have great demand of those who are good in this language. The modern ventures of newspapers, magazines, and movies have contributed a lot to make English strong, sense-touching, smooth and beautiful. As English has advanced a lot in last twenty-five years, the universal standard of it has adopted many new sentence structures and grammar patterns, which are never taught to the students in academic schools. And that is why English remains difficult to many people. Considering that point, I prepared this magnificently powerful quality guide to help you gain the improvement on Spoken English. Around eight years ago I went to the USA where I got a chance to get an exclusive training of this language. I have been communicating with English-speaking people around the world while managing a team in several call centers, and in part time, I have been teaching this language globally with high exposure. So being able to understand linguistic science, I promise that the knowledge that you are going to get from this book will definitely sharpen your ability so that you can make your way of success without any hindrance. Cromosys, our language research and education center, saving human efforts from being wasted, is to make you as good as native English speaker. This path-breaking pioneer training institute for English Speaking, Mass Communication, Foreign Languages, Computer Training, and Academic Tuition, is committed to enlightening human mind with educational endeavors, and we are doing the same for last successful fifteen years. We not only hope but believe that your success is in your hand now, and this book will take you miles ahead in your expectation. We always respect the views and comments of readers, so for any communication with regards to assistance, enquiry or collaboration, we are always there at your reach as it helps us improve our ability. Niranjan Jha Founder: Web:
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[email protected] My other booksEnglish Word Power | Voice Accent and Pronunciation | Dynamic Grammar of English | Teach Yourself Spanish | Teach Yourself French
MODALS Can IkgPkku%& ldrk gS] ldrh gS] ldrs gSa Rule : Sub + can + v1 + obj Affirmative eSa ;g dke dj ldrk gwaA vki mlls fey ldrs gSaA ge ogkaa igqap ldrs gSaA og Qzsap cksy ldrh gSA
I can do this work. You can meet him. We can reach there. She can speak French.
Negative og eq>s enn ugha dj ldrk gSA cPps ogka ughsa tk ldrs gSaA vki mlls ckr ugha dj ldrs gSaA ge mls /kks[kk ughsa ns ldrs gSaA
He can not help me. The Children can not go there. You can not talk to him. We can not cheat him.
Interrogative D;k og i= fy[k ldrh gS\ Can she write a letter? D;k vki bulokyksa ds tokc ughsns ldrs gSa\ Can you not answer these questions? ge mlls dSls fey ldrs gSa\ How can we meet him? rqe Qzsap D;ksa ugha cksy ldrs gks\ Why can you not speak French? Exercise vki ;g dke dj ldrs gSaA og vkidks MkaV ldrh gSA D;k vki eq>s dqN crk ldrs gSa\ og lc dqN le> ldrk gSA f”k{kd rqEgsa loky iwN ldrs gSaA dfork fufru ls D;ksa ugha fey ldrh gS\ vki eq>s :i;s dc ns ldrs gSa\ For word meaning see last page of the book. Exercise eSa ;g dke dy dj ldrk gwaA iqfyl mls fxjQrkj D;ksa ugha dj ldrh gS\ D;k og ;gka vk ldrk gS\ vki mlls ;g loky iwN ldrs gSaA rqe ijh{kk ikl dj ldrs gksA fufru Qzsap ugha cksy ldrk gSA vki mls ;gka dc cqyk ldrs gSa\ ge ;gka dSls Bgj ldrs gSa\ D;k eSa ;g ?kM+h csp ldrk gwa\ For word meaning see last page of the book. Hint- v1 = go, v2 = went, v3 = gone, v4 = going, v5 = goes
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Could IkgPkku%& ldk] ldh] lds] ldk Fkk] ldh Fkh] lds Fks Rule : Sub + could + v1 + obj Affirmative ge ogkaa le; ij igqap ldsA og esjs lkFk Qzsap cksy ldhA eSa ;g dke Bhd rjg dj ldk A og eq>s iSls ls enn dj ldhA
We could reach there on time. She could speak French with me. I could do this work properly. She could help me with money.
Negative cPps ogka ughsa tk ldsA vki mlls ckr ugha dj ldsA og gesa /kks[kk ughsa ns ldk A vki bu lokyksa ds tokc ughas ns ldsA
The Children could not go there. You could not talk to him. He could not cheat us. You could not answer these questions.
Interrogative D;k og rqEgsa enn dj ldh\ D;k vki fdrkc ugha [kjhn lds\ og eq>ls D;kas ughsa fey ldk\ vki ;g dke dSls dj lds\
Could she help you? Could you not buy the book? Why could he not meet me? How could you do this work?
Exercise eSa mls :i;s ugha ns ldkA D;k vki mlls dksbZ loky iwN lds\ cPps gkWdh D;ksa ugha [ksy lds\ eSa ;g dye mls ugha ns ldkA vki mlls dc fey lds\ og eq>s /kks[kk ughsa ns ldhA rqEgkjk HkkbZ ?kj dc igqap ldk\ eSa fufru ls ckr ugha dj ldkA rqe vesfjdk D;ksa ugha tk lds\ D;k cPps Ldwy ugha igqap lds\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
Exercise rqe Qzsap ugha lh[k ldrs gksA rqe Qzsap ugha lh[k ldsA og eq>s ugha Hkwy ldrh gSA og eq>s ugha Hkwy ldhA vki mlls dgka fey ldrs gSa\ vki mlls dgka fey lds\ ge ogka ugha Bgj ldrs gSaA ge ogka ugha Bgj ldsA og ;g dke ugha dj ldrk gSA og ;g dke ugha dj ldkA vki i= D;ksa ugha fy[k ldrs gSa\ vki i= D;ksa ugha fy[k lds\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Should IkgPkku%& uk pkfg,] uh pkfg,] us pkfg, Rule : Sub + should + v1 + obj Affirmative gesa ogka le; ij igqapuk pkfg,A mls esjs lkFk Qzsap cksyuh pkfg,A eq>s ;g dke vkt djuk pkfg,A mls iSls ls esjh enn djuh pkfg,A
We should reach there on time. He should speak French with me. I should do this work today. He should help me with money.
Negative cPpksa dks ogka ugha tkuk pkfg,A vkidks mlls ckr ugha djuh pkfg,A gesa ;g fdrkc ugha [kjhnuh pkfg,A mUgsa ;g dke ugha djuk pkfg,A
The children should not go there. You should not talk to him. We should not buy this book. They should not do this work.
Interrogative D;k cPpksa dks Qzsap lh[kuh pkfg,\ gesa mlls dSls feyuk pkfg,\ mls ;g fQYe D;ksa ugha ns[kuh pkfg,\ eq>s vc dgka tkuk pkfg,\
Should the children learn French? How should we meet him? Why should he not see this film? Where should I go now?
Exercise vkidks mls i<+kuk pkfg,A D;k eq>s mlls feyuk pkfg,\ gesa bu lokyksa ds tokc ughsa nsus pkfg,A f”k{kd dks mls ugha MkaVuk pkfg,A rqEgsa ;g dke vkt djuk pkfg,A gesa vc D;k djuk pkfg,\ D;k eq>s ;g ?kM+h cspuh pkfg,\ gesa mlls dgka feyuk pkfg,\ eq>s ;g dye ugha [kjhnuh pkfg,A yksxksa dks vc ?kj tkuk pkfg,A cPpksa dks ;gka ugha Bgjuk pkfg,A For word meaning see last page of the book.
Exercise mls dkWQh ugha ihuh pkfg,A og dkWQh ugha ih ldrk gSA og dkWQh ugha ih ldkA gesa ;g dke D;ksa ugha djuk pkfg,\ ge ;g dke D;ksa ugha dj ldrs gSa\ ge ;g dke D;ksa ugha dj lds\ D;k mls iqfyl dks dqN ugha crkuk pkfg,\ og rqEgsa /kks[kk ughsa ns ldhA jfo ?kj dc igqap ldk\ ge fufru ls ckr ugha dj ldsA vki vesfjdk D;ksa ugha tk lds\ D;k yksxksa dks vc ?kj tkuk pkfg,\ For word meaning see last page of the book. 4
Would IkgPkku%& rk gksxk] rh gksxh] rs gksaxs Rule : Sub + would + v1 + obj Affirmative vki mlls feyrs gksaxsA og dkWQh ihrk gksxkA cPps jkst Ldwy tkrs gksaxsA dfork fufru dks tkurh gksxhA
You would meet him. He would drink coffee. The children would go to school daily. Kavita would know Nitin.
Negative og rqEgsa I;kj ugha djrh gksxhA vki mls ilan ugha djrs gksaxsA rqEgkjk HkkbZ nokbZ ugha ysrk gksxkA os rqEgsa enn ugha djrs gksaxsA
She would not love you. You would not like her. Your brother would not take medicine. They would not help you.
Interrogative D;k og ”kjkc ihrk gksxk\ D;k cPps dfork i<+rs gksaxs\ og jkst dgka tkrh gksxh\ vesfjdu Qzsap D;ksa ugha cksyrs gksaxs\
Would he drink wine? Would the children read poems? Where would she go daily? Why would Americans not speak French?
Exercise og teZuh esa jgrk gksxkA rqe mldk uke tkurs gksxsA dfork fufru ls ckr ugha djrh gksxhA f”k{kd rqEgsa Bhd rjg ugha i<+krs gksaxsA D;k og fQYesa ns[krh gksxh\ og vkWLVzsfy;k dSls tkrk gksxk\ ;gka dkSu jgrk gksxk\ gesa ;g dke djuk pkfg,A eq>s ;g ?kM+h ugha cspuh pkfg,A gesa mlls dgka feyuk pkfg,\ cPpksa dks ;gka D;ksa Bgjuk pkfg,\ For word meaning see last page of the book. Exercise vki pk; ugha ihrs gksaxsA vki pk; ugha ih ldrs gSaA vki pk; ugha ih ldsA vkidks pk; ugha ihuh pkfg,A og rqels ckr ugha dj ldrh gSA og rqels ckr ugha dj ldhA og rqels ckr ugha djrh gksxhA vki mls ilan djrs gksaxsA og dkWQh ugha ihrk gksxkA mls dkWQh ugha ihuh pkfg,A og dkWQh ugha ih ldrk gSA og dkWQh ugha ih ldkA gesa ;g dke D;ksa ugha djuk pkfg,\ ge ;g dke D;ksa ugha dj ldrs gSa\ ge ;g dke D;ksa ugha dj lds\ EkSa mls dqN ugha crk ldkA gesa mlls dgka feyuk pkfg,\ eq>s ;g dke dSls djuk pkfg,\ og ;gka ugha Bgj ldrh gSA For word meaning see last page of the book. 5
Have to IkgPkku%& uk gS] uh gS] us gSa] iM+rk gS] iM+rh gS] iM+rs gSa Rule : Sub + have to / has to + v1 + obj Note- I, we, you, they, plural noun = have to he, she, it, name, singular noun = has to Affirmative rqEgsa pk; ihuh gS / rqEgsa pk; ihuh iM+rh gSA You have to drink tea. mls fdzdsV [ksyuk gSA He has to play cricket. eq>s mlls ckr djuh gSA I have to talk to him. gesa mlls vkt feyuk gSA We have to meet him today. Negative gesa ;g dke ugha djuk gSA f”k{kd dks Qzsap ugha i<+kuh gSA cPpksa dks vkt Ldwy ugha tkuk gSA vkidks mlls ckr ugha djuh gSA
We have not to do this work. The teacher has not to teach French. The children have not to go to school today. You have not to talk to him.
Interrogative D;k mls eq>ls ckr djuh gS\ D;k vkidks mlls ugha feyuk gS\ gesa ogka dc igqapuk gS\ cPpksa dks Qzsap D;ksa lh[kuh gS\
Has he to talk to me? Have you not to meet him? When have we to reach there? Why have the children to learn French?
Exercise D;k rqEgsa ;g fQYe ns[kuh gS\ mls eq>ls D;k iwNuk gS\ gesa ;gka D;ksa Bgjuk gS\ D;k cPpksa dks Qzsap ugha lh[kuh gS\ mls vesfjdk esa D;ksa ugha jguk gS\ rqEgkjs HkkbZ dks ”kknh dc djuh gS\ mUgsa ;g ”kgj vkt NksM+uk gSA eSa mls :i;s ugha ns ldkA D;k vki mlls dksbZ loky iwN lds\ cPps gkWdh D;ksa ugha [ksy lds\ eSa ;g dye mls ns ldrk gwaA og vkidk uke tkurh gksxhA For word meaning see last page of the book. Exercise rqEgsa Qzsap cksyuh gSA rqe Qzsap cksyrs gksxsA rqEgsa Qzsap cksyuh pkfg,A rqe Qzsap cksy ldsA rqe Qzsap cksy ldrs gksA vkidks pk; ugha ihuh gSA vki pk; ugha ihrs gksaxsA vki pk; ugha ih ldrs gSaA vki pk; ugha ih ldsA vkidks pk; ugha ihuh pkfg,A mls rqels ckr ugha djuh gSA og rqels ckr ugha dj ldrh gSA og rqels ckr ugha dj ldhA og rqels ckr ugha djrh gksxhA mls rqels ckr ugha djuh pkfg,A For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Had to IkgPkku%& uk Fkk] uh Fkh] us Fks] iM+rk Fkk] iM+rh Fkh] iM+rs Fks] iM+k] iM+h] iM+s Rule : Sub + had to + v1 + obj Affirmative gesa dkWQh ihuh FkhA gesa dkWQh ihuh iM+rh FkhA gesa dkWQh ihuh iM+hA mls vkt ;gka vkuk FkkA eq>s ;g dke iwjk djuk FkkA gesa mlls vkt feyuk FkkA
We had to drink coffee. He had to come here today. I had to complete this work. We had to meet him today.
Negative mls Ldwy ugha tkuk FkkA gesa mlls ckr ugha djuh FkhA mUgsa ;g ?kM+h ugha [kjhnuh FkhA f”k{kd dks Qzsap ugha i<+kuh FkhA
He had not to go to school. We had not to talk to him. They had not to buy this watch. The teacher had not to teach French.
Interrogative D;k vkidks eq>ls dy feyuk Fkk\ gesa ogka dSls igqapuk Fkk\ rqEgsa mlls dc ”kknh djuh Fkh\ mls eq>ls ckr D;ksa djuh Fkh\
Had you to meet me yesterday? How had we to reach there? When had you to marry him? Why had he to talk to me?
Exercise eq>s mlls ,d loky iwNuk FkkA mls vHkh ;gka vkuk FkkA eq>s MkWDVj cuuk FkkA gesa bu lokyksa dk tokc nsuk FkkA D;k vkidks mlds lkFk dkWQh ihuh Fkh\ iqfyl dks mls fxjQrkj D;ksa djuk Fkk\ D;k eq>s mldh enn djuh Fkh\ D;k vkidks mlls ckr djuh Fkh\ gesa ;g fdrkc i<+uh FkhA mls ;gka dc igqapuk Fkk\ For word meaning see last page of the book. Exercise mls ;g dke dSls djuk Fkk\ mls ;g dke dSls djuk gS\ og ;g dke dSls djrk gksxk\ mls ;g dke dSls djuk pkfg,\ og ;g dke dSls dj ldk\ og ;g dke dSls dj ldrk gS\ vkidks mlls feyuk FkkA vkidks mlls feyuk gSA vki mlls feyrs gksxsA vkidks mlls feyuk pkfg,A vki mlls fey ldsA vki mlls fey ldrs gSaA rqe mldk fny thr ldrs gksA For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Used to IkgPkku%& vk djrk Fkk] vk djrh Fkh] vk djrs Fks Rule : Sub + used to + v1 + obj Affirmative ge mlls ckr fd;k djrs FksA og i= fy[kk djrh FkhA eSa vesfjdk tk;k djrk FkkA rqe mlls feyk djrs FksA
We used to talk to him. She used to write letters. I used to go to America. You used to meet him.
Negative og dkWQh ugha ih;k djrh FkhA cPps QqVckWy ugha [ksyk djrs FksA os baxfy”k ugha cksyk djrs FksA rqe mlls ugha feyk djrs FksA
She used not to drink coffee. The children used not to play football. They used not to speak English. You used not to meet him.
Interrogative D;k vki mlls feyk djrs Fks\ Used you to meet him? og Qzsap dSls lh[kk djrh Fkh\ How used she to learn French? vki mls enn D;ksa ugha fd;k djrs Fks\ Why used you not to help him? fufru dgka tk;k djrk Fkk\ Where Nitin used to go? Alert og [ksyk djrk FkkA He used to play. mls [ksyuk FkkA He had to play mls [ksyuk iM+kA He had to play. og [ksyrk gksxkA He would play. Exercise ge mls :i;s fn;k djrs FksA rqe mls D;ksa MkaVk djrs Fks\ og eq>ls jkst feyk djrh FkhA vki ogka dSls jgk djrs Fks\ dfork fufru dks lykg fn;k djrh FkhA eSa mls jkst Ldwy Hkstk djrk FkkA bjkd dqoSr ls D;ksa yM+k djrk Fkk\ D;k cPps jkst Ldwy tk;k djrs Fks\ vki f”k{kd ls ckr D;ksa ugha fd;k djrs Fks\ For word meaning see last page of the book. Exercise D;k og baxfy”k cksyk djrk Fkk\D;k mls baxfy”k cksyuh Fkh\D;k mls baxfy”k cksyuh gS\D;k og baxfy”k cksyrk gksxk\D;k mls baxfy”k cksyuh pkfg,\D;k og baxfy”k cksy ldk\D;k og baxfy”k cksy ldrk gS\og cqjs dke fd;k djrk FkkA eSa mls :i;s ugha ns ldkA mls eq>ls ckr ugha djuh FkhA og eq>ls D;ksa feyk djrh Fkh\ gesa vc D;k djuk gS\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Need to IkgPkku%& t:jr gS] vko”;Drk gS Rule : Sub + need to + v1 + obj Affirmative eq>s ;g dke vkt djus dh t:jr gSA gesa vkils ckr djus dh t:jr gSA mls vHkh ;gka vkus dh t:jr gSA
I need to do this work today. We need to talk to you. He need to come here now.
Negative gesa ;g dke djus dh t:jr ugha gSA mls baxfy”k lh[kus dh t:jr ugha gSA cPpksa dks ;g fQYe ns[kusdh t:jr ugha gSA film. Interrogative D;k vkidks nokbZ ysus dh t:jr gS\ D;k mls ;g dke djus dh t:jr gS\ gesa ogka dc igqapuss dh t:jr gS\
We need not to do this work. He need not to learn English. The children need not to see this
Do you need to take medicine? Does he need to do this work? When do we need to reach there?
Alert eq>s ;g dke djus dh t:jr gSA eq>s ;g dke djuk gSA eq>s ;g dke dju k pkfg,A
I need to do this work. I have to do this work. I should do this work.
Exercise mls Qzsap lh[kus dh t:jr gSA eq>s mldk uke iqNuk FkkA vki mlls vkt D;ksa ugha fey lds\ gesa ogka dc igqapuk pkfg,\ vki mls enn ugha djrs gksaxsA iqfyl mlls ;g loky iwN ldrh gSA Hkkjr dks bl eSp ds fy, D;k djuk pkfg,\ og ;g dke dSls dj ldk\ og ;g dke dSls dj ldrk gS\ vkidks mlls feyuk FkkA vkidks mlls feyuk gSA For word meaning see last page of the book. Exercise mls ;g dke vkt D;ksa djuk Fkk\ og vkids lokyksa dk tokc ugha nsrh gksxhA dfork fufru ls D;k iwNk djrh Fkh\ cPpksa dks fdzdsV ugha [ksyuk gSA mls ;g dke dSls djuk gS\ eSa mlls ugha fey ldkA rqe mldk fny dSls thr ldrs gks\ D;k vkidks xk;d cuuk gS\ rqEgsa ;g dke vkt djuk pkfg,A gesa vc D;k djuk pkfg,\ D;k eq>s ;g ?kM+h cspuh pkfg,\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Must IkgPkku%& vo”;] t:j Rule : Sub + must + v1 + obj Affirmative mls ;g dke vo”; djuk pkfg,A He must do this work. gesa mlls vo”; feyuk pkfg,A We must meet him. yksxksadks vius ns”kls izse vo”; djuk pkfg,A The people must love their country. Negative rqEgsa ?keaMh vo”; ugha gksuk pkfg,A Nk= dks ;gka vo”; ugha vkuk pkfg,A vkidks mls ekQ vo”; ugha djuk pkfg,A
You must not be proud. The student must not come here. You must not forgive him.
Interrogative D;k mls baxfy”k vo”; cksyuh pkfg,\ Must he speak English? D;k eq>s mlds ckjs esa vo”; tkuuk pkfg,\ Must I know about him? D;k xjhcksa dks dM+h esgur vo”; djuh pkfg,\ Must the poor work hard? Alert rqEgsa iSls vo”; dekus pkfg,A rqEgsa iSls dekus pkfg,A rqEgsa iSls dekus gSaA
You must earn money. You should earn money. You have to earn money.
Exercise mls nksLrksa ls vo”; feyuk pkfg,A gesa xjhcksa ls uQjr vo”; ugha djuh pkfg,A vki mls Qzsap D;ksa ugha i<+k lds\ D;k rqEgkjk HkkbZ vesfjdk esa jg ldrk gS\ eSa ;g dke dSls dj ldrk gwa\ og >wB ugha cksy ldhA gesa muls D;k iwNuk pkfg,\ jfo fQYe ugha ns[k ldkA dfork xhr ugha xk ldhA vkidk HkkbZ mls tkurk gksxkA cPps oga dSls tk;k djrs Fks\ For word meaning see last page of the book. Exercise iqfyl ogka le; ij ugha igqap ldhA vkidks ekQh ekaxuh pkfg,A rqe mlls “kknh ugha dj ldrs gksA vki ogka dc igqap ldrs gSa\ og eq>s dqN D;ksa ugha crk ldh\ rqEgsa mldks ugha Hkwyuk pkfg,A D;k rqEgsa mlls :i;s vo”; ysuk pkfg,\ D;k gesa xjhcksa ls uQjr djuh pkfg,\ vki mls Qzsap D;ksa ugha i<+k lds\ D;k rqEgkjk HkkbZ ;gka D;ksa ugha jg ldrk gS\ eSa mls dSls cqyk ldrk gwa\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
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May IkgPkku%& ldrk gS] (laHkkouk) Rule : Sub + may + v1 + obj Affirmative vkt ckfj”k gks ldrh gSA os ;gka igqap ldrs gSaA bl txg vkx yx ldrh gSA
It may rain today. They may reach here. This place may catch fire.
Negative og ckgj ugha tk ldrh gSA vkWfQlj NqV~Vh ugha ys ldrs gSaA ;g ?kM+h ugha py ldrh gSA
She may not go out. The officers may not take leaves. This watch may not work.
Interrogative D;k yksx eq>ls ;g loky iwN ldrs gSa\May the people ask me this question? vkt ckfj”k D;ksa ugha gks ldrh gS\ Why may it not rain today? rqEgsa vkt nsjh D;ksa gks ldrh gS\ Why may you get late today? Alert og ijh{kk ikl dj ldrh gSA (laHkkouk) “kk;n og ijh{kk ikldj ldrhgSA (cgqr de laHkkouk) og ijh{kk ikl dj ldrh gSA ({kerk)
She may pass the exam. She might pass the exam. She can pass the exam.
Exercise og vkidks lp crk ldrh gSA fufru dfork ls >wB cksy ldrk gSA vkidks mlls dqN iwNuk pkfg,A rqe ogka le; ij igqaprs gksxsA og eq>s D;ksa ugha le> ldh\ mls vc lc dqN Hkwy tkuk pkfg,A iqfyl mls fxjQrkj ugha dj ldhA gesa vc dgka tkuk pkfg,\ D;k mls eq>ls ckr djuh gS\ og vkidk uke ugha tkurh gksxhA For word meaning see last page of the book. Exercise rqe dkWQh ih ldrs gks ({kerk)A rqe dkWQh ih ldsA rqEgsa dkWQh ihuk pkfg,A rqe dkWQh ihrs gksxsA rqEgsa dkWQh ihuh gSA rqEgsa dkWQh ihuh FkhA rqe dkWQh ih;k djrs FksA rqEgsa dkWQh vo”; ihuh pkfg,A dfork dks rqels dc feyuk gS\ cPps ogka D;wa ugha tk ldrs gSa\ eq>s mls enn djuh pkfg,A D;k vki mls ugha i<+k;k djrs Fks\ og vc D;k dj ldrk gS\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
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TENSE Present Indefinite IkgPkku%& rk gS] rh gS] rs gSa] rk gwa Affirmative Rule : Sub + v1/v5 + obj Note: I, we, you, they, plural noun = v1 He, she, it, name, singular noun = v5 eSa fdzdsV [ksyrk gwaA I play cricket. og fdzdsV [ksyrk gSA He plays cricket. ge Ldwy tkrs gSaA We go to school. dfork xhr xkrh gSA Kavita sings songs. Negative Rule : Sub + do/does + not + v1 + obj rqe Ldwy ugha tkrs gksA You do not go to school. og Ldwy ugha tkrh gSA She does not go to school. eSa dkj ugha pykrk gwaA I do not drive a car. ge fQYesa ugha ns[krs gSaA We do not see films. Interrogative Rule : Do/does + sub + v1 + obj D;k os baxfy”k cksyrs gSa\ Do they speak English? D;k rqe Ldwy tkrs gks\ Do you go to school? D;k dfork xhr xkrh gS\ Does Kavita sing songs? D;k vki mls ilan ugha djrs gSa\ Do you not like him? Double Interrogative vki baxfy”k dSls lh[krs gSa\ How do you learn English? og gkWdh dc [ksyrh gS\ When does she play hockey? rqe ogka D;k djrs gks\ What do you do there? os dgka jgrs gSa\ Where do they live? vki Qzsap D;ksa cksyrs gSa\ Why do you speak French? ;gka fdzdsV dkSu [ksyrk gS\ Who plays cricket here? ;g dke dkSu djrk gS\ Who does this work? Exercise eSa i= fy[krk gwaA vki mls ugha tkurs gSaA D;k og ;gka vkrh gS\ D;k rqe ogka ugha tkrs gks\ vki mlls ckr D;ksa djrs gSa\ dfork rqels dc feyrh gS\ cPps ogka dSls tkrs gSa\ eSa mls enn djrk gwaA D;k vki mls ugha i<+krs gSa\ og ;gka D;k djrk gS\ rqe mldk uke dSls tkurs gks\ vki baxfy”k D;ksa ugha cksyrs gSa\ og rqels dgka feyrh gS\ og eq>s D;ksa cqykrk gS\ For word meaning see last page of the book. Note :- the fdlh fuf”pr oLrq ds fy,] tSls the book = dksbZ fuf”pr fdrkc; a fdlh vfuf”pr oLrq ds fy,] tSls a book = dksbZ fdrkc; 12
Present Continuous IkgPkku%& jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSa] jgk gwa Affirmative Rule : Sub + is/am/are + v4 + obj Note:
I = am We, you, they, plural noun = are He, she, it, name, singular noun = is og i= fy[k jgh gSA ge ogka tk jgs gSaA eSa fdzdsV [ksy jgk gwaA
She is writing a letter. We are going there. I am playing cricket.
Negative Rule : Sub + is/am/are + not + v4 + obj os fQYe ugha ns[k jgs gSaA They are not seeing a film. f”k{kd Qzsap ugha i<+k jgs gSaA The teacher is not teaching French. og ;gka ugha vk jgk gSA He is not coming here. Interrogative Rule : Is/am/are + sub + v4 + obj D;k rqe mls cqyk jgs gks\ D;k os baxfy”k cksy jgs gSa\ rqe ogka dSls tk jgs gks\
Are you calling him? Are they speaking English? How are you going there?
Double Interrogative rqe ogka D;k dj jgs gks\ os dgka jg jgs gSa\ vki Qzsap D;ksa cksy jgs gSa\ ;gka fdzdsV dkSu [ksy jgk gS\ ;g dke dkSu dj jgk gS\
What are you doing there? Where are they living? Why are you speaking French? Who is playing cricket here? Who is doing this work?
Exercise og pk; ihrh gSA og pk; ih jgh gSA vki ;g dke D;ksa djrs gSa\ vki ;g dke D;ksa dj jgs gSa\ og eq>s D;ksa cqykrk gS\ og eq>s D;ksa cqyk jgk gS\ D;k rqe ogka ugha tkrs gks\ D;k rqe ogka ugha tk jgs gks\ vki mlls ckr D;ksa djrs gSa\ vki mlls ckr D;ksa dj jgs gSa\ og rqels D;k iwNrh gS\ og rqels D;k iwN jgh gS\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Present Perfect IkgPkku%& pqdk gS] pqdh gS] pqds gSa] fy;k gS] Affirmative Rule : Sub + have/has + v3 + obj Note:
I, we, you, they, plural noun = have He, she, it, name, singular noun = has ge mls :i;s ns pqds gSaA og fdrkc [kjhn pqdk gSA Hkkjr eSp thr pqdk gSA og i= fy[k pqdh gSA
We have given him money. He has bought a book. India has won the match. She has written a letter.
Interrogative Rule : Have/has + Sub + v3 + obj D;k D;k D;k D;k
os fQYe ns[k pqds gSa\ f”k{kd Qzsap i<+k pqds gSa\ og ;gka vk pqdh gS\ dfork xhr xk pqdh gS\
Have they seen the film? Has the teacher taught French? Has she come here? Has Kavita sung a song?
Double Interrogative og dgka igqap pqdk gS\ vki mls D;k crk pqds gS\ rqe mls dgka Hkst pqds gks\
Where has he reached? What have you told him? Where have you sent him?
Exercise cPps Ldwy tk pqds gSaA D;k vki mlls ckr dj pqds gSa\ D;k dfork rqels fey pqdh gS\ iqfyl mls fxjQrkj dj pqdh gSA D;k vki mls i<+k pqds gSa\ D;k og vkils ckr dj pqdh gS\ D;k rqe ogka igqap pqds gks\ ge mlls ckr dj pqds gSaA D;k og rqels loky iwN pqdh gS\ D;k vki mls fdrkc ns pqds gSa\ For word meaning see last page of the book. Exercise og fdzdsV [ksyrk gSA og fdzdsV [ksy jgk gSA og fdzdsV [ksy pqdk gSA D;k vki mlls ckr djrs gSa\ D;k vki mlls ckr dj jgs gSa\ D;k vki mlls ckr dj pds gSa\ og ;gka ugha vkrk gSA D;k og pk; ugha ih jgh gS\ vki ;g dke dc dj jgs gSa\ rqe mls dSls tkurs gks\ D;k og fdzdsV [ksy pqdh gS\ D;k og eq>s cqyk jgk gS\ vki mlls D;k iwN jgs gSa\ os vesfjdk D;ksa ugha tkrs gSa\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Present Perfect Continuous IkgPkku%& rk vk jgk gS] rh vk jgh gS] rs vk jgs gSa Affirmative Rule : Sub + have/has + been + v4 + obj Note:
since = (fuf”pr le;) ls since Monday = lkseokj ls, since 1947 = 1947 ls for = (vfuf”pr le;) ls for two hours = nks ?kaVs ls] for three years = rhu lkyksa ls og ,d ?kaVs ls i= fy[krh vk jgh gSA She has been writing a letter for an hour os nl feuV ls fQYe ns[krs vk jgs gSaA They have been seeing a film for ten minutes. eSa mlls lkseokj ls feyrk vk jgk gwaA I have been meeting him since Monday. os nks fnu ls eSp [ksyrs vk jgs gSaA They have been playing a match for two days.
Interrogative Rule : Have/has + sub + been + v4 + obj D;k f”k{kd nl feuV ls Qzsap i<+krs vk jgs gSa\ Has the teacher been teaching French for ten minutes? D;k og rqels ?kaVksa ls ckrsa djrh vk jgh gS\ Has she been talking to you for hours? D;k vki lqcg ls dkWQh ihrs vk jgs gSa\ Have you been drinking coffee since morning? ge vk/ks ?kaVs ls dgka tkrs tk jgs gSa\ Where have we been going for half an hour? Exercise D;k vki Qzsap i<+krs gSa\ D;k vki Qzsap i<+k jgs gSa\ D;k vki Qzsap i<+k pqds gSa\ D;k vki Qzsap i<+krs vk jgs gSa\ eSa nl feuV ls i= fy[krk vk jgk gwaA eSa i= fy[k pqdk gwaA eSa i= fy[k jgk gwaA eSa i= fy[krk gwaA D;k vki fdrkcsa [kjhnrs gSa\ D;k vki fdrkcsa [kjhn jgs gSa\ D;k vki fdrkcsa [kjhn pqds gSa\ D;k vki fdrkcsa [kjhnrs vk jgs gSa\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Past Indefinite IkgPkku%& vk] bZ] ,] rk Fkk] rh Fkh] rs Fks Affirmative Rule : Sub + v2 + obj mlus fQYe ns[kh / og fQYe ns[krk Fkk A He saw a film. eSaus mls cqyk;kA I called him. ge ogka x;sA We went there. mlus eq>s enn dhA He helped me. Negative Rule : Sub + did + not + v1 + obj vkius mls ugha i<+k;kA You did not teach him. iqfyl us mls fxjQrkj ugha fd;kA The police did not arrest him. rqe Ldwy ugha x;sA You did not go to school. eSaus dkj ugha pykbZA I did not drive the car. Interrogative Rule : Did + sub + v1 + obj D;k dfork us xhr xk;k\ Did Kavita sing a song? D;k fufru us gkWdh [ksyk\ Did Nitin play hockey? D;k mlus vkidks cktkj esa ns[kk\ Did he see you in the market? D;k vkius muls ckr ugha dh\ Did you not talk to them? Double Interrogative vkius baxfy”k dSls lh[kh\ How did you learn English? mlus gkWdh dc [ksyk\ When did he play hockey? rqeus ogka D;k fd;k\ What did you do there? os dgka jgrs Fks\ Where did they live? vki Qzsap D;ksa ugha cksyrs Fks\ Why did you not speak French? ;gka fdzdsV fdlus [ksyk\ Who played cricket here? Exercise eSaus i= fy[kkA og ;gka ughsa vk;hA D;k rqe ogka ugha x;s\ vkius mlls ckr D;ksa ugha dh\ dfork eq>ls ugha feyhA cPps ogka dSls x;s\ eSa mls ugha tkurk FkkA vki baxfy”k cksyrs gSaA vki baxfy”k cksy jgs gSaA vki baxfy”k cksy pqds gSaA vkius baxfy”k cksyhA For word meaning see last page of the book. vki mlls D;k iwNrs gSa\ vki mlls D;k iwN jgs gSa\ vki mlls D;k iwN pqds gSa\ vki mlls D;k iwNrs vk jgs gSa\ vkius mlls D;k iwNk\ mlus vkidks D;k dgk\ D;k vki mldk uke tkurs gSa\ eSa mls :i;s ns jgk gwaA Hkkjr us ;g eSp ugha thrkA iqfyl pksj dks ihV jgh gSA D;k vkius mlls “kknh dh\ mlus esjs loky dk tokc ugha fn;kA rqe mldk uke dSls tkurs Fks\ og rqels dgka feyh\ geus mlls dksbZ loky ugha iwNkA For word meaning see last page of the book. 16
Past Continuous IkgPkku%& jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs Fks Affirmative Rule : Sub + was/were + v4 + obj Note:
I,he, she, it, name, singular noun = was We, you, they, plural noun = were ge ogka tk jgs FksA og i= fy[k jgh FkhA f”k{kd Qzsap i<+k jgs FksA
We were going there. She was writing a letter. The teacher was teaching French.
Negative Rule : Sub + was/were + not + v4 + obj og ;gka ugha vk jgk FkkA eSa mls ugha cqyk jgk FkkA os fQYe ugha ns[k jgs FksA
He was not coming here. I was not calling him. They were not seeing the film.
Interrogative Rule : Was/were +sub + v4 + obj D;k os baxfy”k cksy jgs Fks\ D;k fufru dkWQh ih jgk Fkk\ vki dy dgka tk jgs Fks\
Were they speaking English? Was Nitin drinking coffee? Where were you going yesterday?
Exercise vki mlls ckr dj jgs FksA vkius mlls ckr dhA vki mlls nks ?kaVs ls ckr djrs vk jgs FksA vki mlls ckr dj pqds gSaA vki mlls ckr dj jgs gSaA vki mlls ckr djrs gSaA vki mlls ckr dj ldrs gSaA vki mlls ckr dj ldsA vkidks mlls ckr djuh pkfg,A vki mlls ckr djrs gksaxsA vkidks mlls ckr djuh gSA vkidks mlls ckr djuh FkhA vki mlls ckr fd;k djrs FksA For word meaning see last page of the book. Exercise ge mlls ugha feys\ D;k og vkidks dqN iwN jgh Fkh\ ge ogka D;ks ugha tk jgs gSa\ D;k vki mldk uke tkurs Fks\ f”k{kd baxfy”k i<+k pqds gSaA eSa mls /kks[kk ugha ns jgk gwaA og rqEgsa I;kj D;ksa ugha djrh gS\ cPpksa us xhr dc xk;k\ D;k iqfyl pksj dks ihV jgh Fkh\ og ;gka dSls vk jgh Fkh\ For word meaning see last page of the book. 17
Past Perfect IkgPkku%& pqdk Fkk] pqdh Fkh] pqds Fks] fy;k Fkk] x;k Fkk Affirmative Rule : Sub + had + v3 + obj og fdrkc [kjhn pqdk FkkA ge mls :i;s ns pqds FksA Hkkjr eSp thr pqdk FkkA ge mlls fey pqds FksA
He had bought the book. We had given him money. India had won the match. We had met him.
Negative Rule : Sub + had + not + v3 + obj og eq>s :i;s ugha ns pqdk FkkA vki fdrkc ugha [kjhn pqds FksA f”k{kd Qzsap ugha i<+k pqds FksA os fQYe ugha ns[k pqds FksA
He had not given me money. You had not bought the book. The teacher had not taught French. They had not seen the film.
Interrogative Rule : Had + sub + v3 + obj D;k D;k D;k D;k D;k
og xhr xk pqdh Fkh\ rqe i= fy[k pqds Fks\ cPps gkWdh [ksy pqds Fks\ og ;gka vk pqdh Fkh\ vki mUgsa Ldwy Hkst pqds Fks\
Had she sung the song? Had you written the letter? Had the children played hockey? Had she come here? Had you sent them to school?
Exercise D;k og fQYesa ns[krk gS\ D;k og fQYesa ns[k jgk gS\ D;k og fQYesa ns[k pqdk gS\ D;k og lqcg ls fQYesa ns[krk vk jgk gS\ D;k mlus fQYesa ns[kh\ D;k og fQYesa ns[k jgk Fkk\ D;k og fQYesa ns[k pqdk Fkk\ For word meaning see last page of the book. Exercise eSa mls enn dj pqdk FkkA ge ?kj igqap pqds FksA mlus rqEgsa D;ksa MkaVk\ og xzkmaM esa D;ksa nkSM+ jgk gS\ D;k rqe mlls :i;s ysrs gks\ rqeus ogka D;k lquk\ vki mls xkyh D;ksa ns jgs Fks\ geus mls dqN ugha crk;kA eSa lc dqN le> pqdk FkkA For word meaning see last page of the book. Note :- English esa Past Perfect negative sentence dk iz;ksx gksrk gS tcfd fgUnh esa ughaA
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Past Perfect Continuous IkgPkku%& rk vk jgk Fkk] rh vk jgh Fkh] rs vk jgs Fks Affirmative Rule : Sub + had been + v4 + obj og ,d ?kaVs ls i= fy[krh vk jgh FkhA She had been writing a letter for an hour. os nl feuV ls fQYe ns[krs vk jgs FksA They had been seeing a film for ten minutes. eSa mlls lkseokj ls feyrk vk jgk FkkA I had been meeting him since Monday. os nks fnuksa ls eSp [ksyrs vk jgs FksA They had been playing the match for two days. f”k{kd nl feuV ls Qzsap i<+krs vk jgs FksA The teacher had been teaching French for ten minutes. Interrogative Rule : Had + sub + been + v4 + obj D;k og rqels ?kaVksa ls ckrsa djrh vk jgh Fkh\ Had she been talking to you for hours? D;k vki lqcg ls dkWQh ihrs vk jgs Fks\ Had you been drinking coffee since morning? D;k os nl feuV ls i= fy[krs vk jgs Fks\ Had they been writing a letter for ten minutes? D;k vki nks lky ls baxfy”k lh[krs vk jgs Fks\ Had you been learning English for two years? D;k og ?kaVksas ls rqEgkjs loky dk tokc nsrh vk jgh Fkh\ Had she been answering your questions for hours? Exercise og nks lkyksa ls vkidks enn djrk vk jgk FkkA og vkidks enn dj pqdk FkkA og vkidks enn dj jgk FkkA mlus vkidh enn dhA og nks lkyksa ls vkidks enn djrk vk jgk gSA og vkidks enn dj pqdk gSA og vkidks enn dj jgk gSA og vkidks enn djrk gSA rqe i= D;ksa fy[k jgs gks\ D;k dfork rqels ugha feyrh gS\ og ;g dke D;ksa dj jgk Fkk\ f”k{kd rqels D;k iwN jgs Fks\ For word meaning see last page of the book. Exercise D;k rqe tkurs gks og rqels D;ksa feyrh vk jgh Fkh\ mlus D;k ns[kk tc og cktkj x;kA D;k vki ns[k jgs gSa cPps Dykl esa D;k dj jgs gSa\ vki i<+ jgs Fks ysfdu og [ksy jgk FkkA eSaus vkils loky iwNk ysfdu vkius tokc ugha fn;kA rqe D;k dj jgs gks vxj og dkj pyk jgh gS\ eSaus mls :i;s fn;s ysfdu mlus fdrkc ugha [kjhnhA og D;k djrh gS tc og Qzkal esa jgrh gS\ iqfyl mls ihV jgh gS vkSj og jks jgk gSA Hkxoku mls enn djrk gS tks (who) nwljksa dks enn djrs gSaA For word meaning see last page of the book. 19
Future Indefinite IkgPkku%& xk] xs] xh Affirmative Rule : Sub + will + v1 + obj eSa mls :i;s nwaxkA og fdrkc [kjhnsxkA rqe mlls vkt feyksxsA og rqels “kknh djsxhA
I will give him money. He will buy a book. You will meet him today. She will marry you.
Negative Rule : Sub + will + not + v1 + obj ge mls ugha i<+k;saxsA og rqels ckr ugha djsxhA cPps fdzdsV ugha [ksysaxsA ge Qzkal ugha tk;saxsA
We will not teach him. She will not talk to you. The children will not play cricket. We will not go to France.
Interrogative Rule : Will + sub + v1 + obj D;k Hkkjr ;g eSp thrsxk\ D;k iqfyl mls fxjQrkj ugha djsxh\ fufru dkWQh dc ih;sxk\ vki dy dgka tk;saxs\
Will India win this match? Will the police not arrest him? When will Nitin drink coffee? Where will you go tomorrow?
Exercise D;k vki ;g dke djrs gSa\ D;k vki ;g dke dj jgss gSa\ D;k vki ;g dke dj pqds gSa\ D;k vki ;g dke djrs vk jgs gSa\ D;k vkius ;g dke fd;k\ D;k vki ;g dke dj jgs Fks\ D;k vki ;g dke dj pqds Fks\ D;k vki ;g dke djrs vk jgs Fks\ D;k vki ;g dke djsaxs\ For word meaning see last page of the book. Exercise eSa mlls ;g loky iwNwaxk vxj og eq>ls feyrk gSA vki mls D;k crk;saxs tc vki mlls :i;s ysaxs\ eSa ugha tkurk gwa og dy D;k djsxkA og eq>s ilan djrh gS ysfdu eSa mls ilan ugha djrk gwaA mlus Qzsap lh[kk tc og Qzkal esa jgrk FkkA vki mls dSls crk;saxs fd vki mls I;kj djrs gSa\ D;k rqeus mlls iwNk mlus eq>s :i;s D;ksa fn;s\ For word meaning see last page of the book. Note- vktdy shall dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
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Future Continuous IkgPkku%& rk jgsxk] rh jgsxh] rs jgsaxs Affirmative Rule : Sub + will be + v4 + obj og dkWQh ihrk jgsxkA rqe dkj pykrs jgksxsA cPps xhr xkrs jgsaxsA ge fQYesa ns[krs jgsaxsA
He will be drinking coffee. You will be driving the car. The children will be singing songs. We will be seeing films.
Negative Rule : Sub + will + not + be + v4 + obj cPps xhr ugha xkrs jgsaxsA fufru dkWQh ugha ihrk jgsxkA ge fQYesa ugha ns[krs jgsaxsA og dkj ugha pykrh jgsxhA
The children will not be singing songs. Nitin will not be drinking coffee. We will not be seeing films. She will not be driving the car.
Interrogative Rule : Will + sub + be + v4 + obj D;k Hkkjr eSp [ksyrk jgsxk\ D;k iqfyl pksj dks ihVrh jgsxh\ D;k vki mls i<+krs jgsaxs\ D;k ge gj eghus Qzkal tkrs jgsaxs\ ge ;g dke D;ksa ugha djrs jgsaxs\
Will India be playing match? Will the police be beating the thief? Will you be teaching him? Will we be going to France every month? Why will we not be doing this work?
Exercise f”k{kd mls i<+krs gSaA f”k{kd mls i<+k jgs gSaA f”k{kd mls i<+k pqds gSaA f”k{kd mls i<+krs vk jgs gSaA f”k{kd us mls i<+k;kA f”k{kd mls i<+k jgs FksA f”k{kd mls i<+k pqds FksA f”k{kd mls i<+krs vk jgs FksA f”k{kd mls i<+k;saxsA f”k{kd mls i<+krs jgsaxsA For word meaning see last page of the book. Exercise mlus vki ij Hkjkslk fd;k ysfdu vkius mls /kksdk fn;kA eSa tkurk gwa vki eq>ls D;k pkgrs gSaA rqe mlls “kknh D;ksa ugha djrs gks vxj rqe mls I;kj djrs gks\ og eq>s ugha crk;sxk og dgka jgrk gSA og ijh{kk ikl dSls djsxk vxj vki mls ugha i<+krs gSa\ D;k mlus rqEgsa crk;k eSaus mls D;k fn;k\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Future Perfect IkgPkku%& pqdsxk] pqdsxh] pqdsaxs Affirmative Rule : Sub + will have + v3 + obj og fdrkcsa [kjhn pqdsxkA ge eSp thr pqdsaxsA f”k{kd Qzsap i<+k pqdsaxsA og rqels fey pqdsxhA
He will have bought the books. We will have won the match. The teacher will have taught French. She will have met you.
Negative Rule : Sub + will + not + have + v3 + obj ge mls :i;s ugha ns pqdsaxsA og rqels ugha fey pqdsxhA dfork xhr ugha xk pqdsxhA fufru gkWdh ugha [ksy pqdsxkA
We will not have given him money. She will not have met you. Kavita will not have sung the song. Nitin will not have played hockey.
Interrogative Rule : Will + sub + have + v3 + obj D;k D;k D;k D;k
vki mls i<+k pqdsaxs\ cPps gkWdh [ksy pqdsaxs\ iqfyl mls fxjQrkj djpqdsxh\ ge ;g fQYe ns[k pqdsaxs\
Will you have taught him? Will the children have played hockey? Will the police have arrested him? Will we have seen this film?
Exercise vki mls i<+k pqds gSaA vki mls i<+k pqds FksA vki mls i<+k pqdsaxsA D;k og vkils fey pqdh gS\ D;k og vkils fey pqdh Fkh\ D;k og vkils fey pqdsxh\ eSa mlds loky dk tokc ns pqdk gwaA eSa mlds loky dk tokc ns pqdk FkkA eSa mlds loky dk tokc ns pqdwaxkA For word meaning see last page of the book. Exercise D;k vki mls enn djrs gSa\ D;k vki mls enn dj jgs gSaS\ D;k vki mls enn dj pqds gSa\ D;k vkius mls enn dh\ D;k vki mls enn dj jgs Fks\ D;k vki mls enn dj pqds Fks\ D;k vki mls enn djsaxs\ D;k vki mls enn djrs jgsaxs\ D;k vki mls enn dj pqdsaxs\ og eq>s D;ksa ugha crkrh gS fd og eq>s ilan djrh gS\ eSaus i= fy[kk ysfdu mlus ugha i<+kA eSa mls MkaVrk gwa fQj Hkh og cqjs dke djrk gSA og ijh{kk ikl dSls djsxh vxj og ges”kk [ksyrh jgsxh\ fufru tkurk gS dfork mls fdruk I;kj djrh gSA rqe D;k dj jgs Fks tc og dkj pyk jgh Fkh\ eSas mls :i;s nsrk gwa ysfdu og fdrkc ugha [kjhrk gSA For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Future Perfect Continuous IkgPkku%& rk vk jgk gksxk] rh vk jgh gksxh] rs vk jgs gksaxs Affirmative Rule : Sub + will have + been + v4 + obj Note :- ls = from os nks fnuksa ls eSp [ksyrs vk jgs gksaxsA They will have been playing the match from two days. f”k{kd nl feuV ls Qzsap i<+krs vk jgs gksaxsA The teacher will have been teaching French from ten minutes. og ,d ?kaVs ls i= fy[krh vk jgh gksxhA She will have been writing a letter from ten minutes. cPps nl feuV ls fQYe ls ns[krs vk jgs gksaxsA The children will have been seeing the film from ten minutes. og lkseokj ls rqels feyrh vk jgh gksxhA She will have been meeting you from Monday. Interrogative Rule : Will + sub + have been + v4 + obj D;k og ?kaVksa ls rqels ckr djrh vk jgh gksxh\ Will she have been talking to you from hours? D;k vki lqcg ls dkWQh ihrs vk jgs gksaxs\ Will you have been drinking coffee from morning? D;k os ikap feuV ls ;g dke ;g dke djrs vk jgs gksaxs\ Will they have been doing this work from five minutes? D;k og vxys lky ls gkWdh [ksyrk vk jgk gksxk\ Will he have been playing hockey from next year? D;k f”k{kd mls eaxyokj ls i<+krs vk jgs gksaxs\ Will the teacher have been teaching him from Tuesday? Exercise eSaus ;g fdrkc ugha [kjhnhA vkius mlls ckr D;ksa ugha dh\ D;k og rqels jkst feyrk gS\ D;k cPps vkt QqVckWy [ksysaxs\ ge vesfjdk esa D;ksa ugha jgsaxs\ og ;gka dc vkrh gS\ D;k cPps ;g fQYe ns[k pqds gSa\ For word meaning see last page of the book. Exercise eSaus ugha ns[kk mlus ogka D;k fd;kA vki mlls D;k iwNrs gSa tc vki mlls feyrs gSa\ iqfyl us rqEgsas fxjQrkj D;ksa fd;k vxj rqe mlls ugha yM+s\ vki baxfy”k cksyrs gSa ysfdu vkidk ckWl Qzsap cksyrk gSA rqeus dSls tkuk fd mlus rqEgsa /kksdk fn;k\ D;k rqe lqu jgs gks tks eSa rqEgsa crk jgk gwa\ (tks=what) eSa ns[k jgk gwa rqe mlds lkFk dgka tk jgs gksA For word meaning see last page of the book. 23
Exercise vki xhr xkrs gSaA vki xhr xk jgs gSaA vki xhr xk pqds gSaA vkius xhr xk;kA vki xhr xk jgs FksA vki xhr xk pqds FksA vki xhr xk;saxsA vki xhr xkrs jgsaxsA vki xhr xk pqdsaxsA eSa mlls ckr djrk gwaA eSa mlls ckr dj jgk gwaA eSa mlls ckr dj pqdk gwaA eSaus mlls ckr dhA eSa mlls ckr dj jgk FkkA eSa mlls ckr dj pqdk FkkA eSa mlls ckr d:axkA eSa mlls ckr djrk jgwaxkA eSa mlls ckr dj pqdwaxkA vki Qzsap D;ksa cksy jgs gSa\ ;gka fdzdsV dkSu [ksy jgk gS\ ;g dke dkSu dj jgk gS\ D;k og xhr xk pqdh Fkh\ D;k rqe i= fy[k pqds Fks\ D;k cPps gkWdh [ksy pqds Fks\ D;k og ;gka vk pqdh Fkh\ D;k vki mUgsa Ldwy Hkst pqds Fks\ rqe ogka D;k dj jgs gks\ ;g dke dkSu dj jgk Fkk\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
Exercise translate into Hindi She does not go to school. We will not give him money. She will not have met you. Did Kavita sing the song? You will meet him today. Did Nitin play hockey? We have given him money. He has bought a book. India has won the match. He will buy a book. Did he see you in the market? We do not see films. She has written a letter. She will marry you. Did you not talk to him? Will you have taught him? I do not drive a car. Will the police have arrested him? Why are you speaking French? Who is playing cricket here? Had she come here? Had you sent them to school? What are you doing there? I will give him money.
Exercise ge mlls fey pqds gSaA ge mllss fey pqds FksA ge mlls fey pqdsaxsA vki D;k djrs gSa\ vkius D;k fd;k\ vki D;k djsaxs\ og D;ksa [ksy jgh gSa\ og D;ksa [ksy jgh Fkh\ og D;ksa [ksyrh jgsxh\ vki Qzsap D;ksa cksy jgs gSa\ D;k og xhr xk pqdh Fkh\ D;k rqe i= fy[k pqds Fks\ D;k cPps gkWdh [ksy pqds Fks\ D;k og ;gka vk pqdh Fkh\ D;k vki mUgsa Ldwy Hkst pqds Fks\ rqe ogka D;k dj jgs gks\ D;k vki mls enn djrs gSa\ og eq>s ilan djrh gSA eSaus i= fy[kkA mlus ugha i<+kA og ijh{kk ikl dSls djsxh\ dfork mls I;kj ugha djrh gSA eSas mls :i;s nsrk gwaA For word meaning see last page of the book.
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ADVANCED MODALS Will have to IkgPkku%& uk gksxk@uk iM+sxk Affirmative Rule : Sub + will have to + v1 + obj eq>s ;g dke dy djuk gksxk@eq>s ;g dke dy djuk iM+sxk I will have to do this work tomorrow. mls vkt ;gka vkuk gksxkA He will have to come here today. cPpksa dks Dykl esa Qzsap cksyuh gksxhA The children will have to speak French in class. Negative Rule : Sub + will + not + have to + v1 + obj eq>s mldks :i;s ugha nsus gksaxsA I will not have to give him money. cPpksa dks ;g dfork ;kn ugha djuh gksxhA The children will not have to memorize this poem. gesa mlls dqN ugha iwNuk gksxkA We will not have to ask him anything. Interrogative Rule : Will + sub + have to + v1 + obj D;k mls esjs HkkbZ ls ckr djuh gksxh\ Will he have to talk to my brother? gesa bu lokyksa dk tokc D;ksa nsuk gksxk\ Why will we have to answer these questions? eq>s blds fy, D;k djuk gksxk\ What will I have to do for this? Alert:- D;k D;k D;k D;k D;k
rqe tkvksxs\ rqEgsa tkuk gS\ rqEgsa tkuk gksxk\ rqe tk pqdksxs\ rqe tkuk pkgrs gks\
Will you go? Have you to go? Will you have to go? Will you have gone? Do you want to go?
Exercise rqEgsa ;g fdrkc [kjhnuh gksxhA rqEgsa ;g fdrkc [kjhnuh FkhA rqEgsa ;g fdrkc [kjhnuh gSA rqe ;s fdrkcsa [kjhnk djrs FkssA rqe ;s fdrkcsa [kjhnrs gksxsA rqe ;s fdrkcsa [kjhn ldsA rqEgsa ;s fdrkcsa [kjhnuh pkfg,A og esjs lkFk ugha jg ldkA gesa vHkh ?kj ugha tkuk gSA cPps jkst Ldwy D;ksa ugha tk;k djrs Fks\ D;k vkidks ;g ckr mls crkuh Fkh\ gesa ;g dke vkt iwjk djuk gksxkA rqEgsa mldks lp crkuk gksxkA vkidks ;gka Bgjuk gksxkA For word meaning see last page of the book. 25
Would have to IkgPkku%& uk iM+rk gksxk Affirmative Rule : Sub + would have to + v1 + obj mls “kjkc ihuh iM+rh gksxhA He would have to drink wine. rqEgsa mlds lkFk jguk iM+rk gksxkA You would have to live with him. cPpksa dks lqcg tYnh mBuk iM+rk gksxkA The children would have to get up early in the morning. Negative Rule : Sub + would + not + have to + v1 + obj mls fdrkcsa ugha [kjhnuh iM+rh gksxhA He would not have to buy books. vkidks mls lykg ugha nsuh iM+rh gksxhA You would not have to advise him. f”k{kd dks dgkfu;ka ugha lqukuh iM+rh gksxhA The teacher would not have to narrate the stories. Interrogative Rule : Would+ sub + have to + v1 + obj D;k mls vius HkkbZ ls jkst feyuk iM+rk gksxk\ Would he have to meet his brothers daily? D;k mUgsa Lisfu”k cksyuk iM+rk gksxk\ Would they have to speak Spanish? D;k yksxksa dks ogka eNfy;ka [kkuh iM+rh gksxh\ Would the people have to eat fish there? Alert:- og [ksysxkA og [ksyrk gksxkA mls [ksyuk gksxkA mls [ksyuk iM+rk gksxkA
He will play. He would play. He will have to play. He would have to play.
Exercise mls dkWQh ihuh iM+rh gksxhA mls dkWQh ihuh iM+sxhA mls dkWQh ihuh gSA mls dkWQh ihuh FkhA og dkWQh ihrk gksxkA mls dkWQh ihuh pkfg,A og dkWQh ih;k djrk FkkA og dkWQh ihrk gSA og dkWQh ih jgk gSA og dkWQh ih pqdk gSA mlus dkWQh ihA og dkWQh ih jgk FkkA og dkWQh ih pqdk FkkA og dkWQh ih;sxkA og dkWQh ihrk jgsxkA og dkWQh ih pqdsxkA For word meaning see last page of the book.
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May have to IkgPkku%& uk iM+ ldrk gS Affirmative Rule : Sub + may have to + v1 + obj mUgsa ;g “kgj NksM+uk iM+ ldrk gSA They may have to leave this city. gesa mldks dqN :i;s nsuk iM+ ldrk gSA We may have to give him money. vkidks MkWDVj ds ikl tkuk iM+ ldrk gSA You may have to go to the doctor. Negative Rule : Sub + may + not + have to + v1 + obj mls dkj ugha [kjhnuh iM+ ldrh gSA He may not have to buy a car. vkidks ;g dke ugha djuk iM+ ldrk gSA You may not have to do this work. gesa nokbZ ugha ysuh iM+ ldrh gSA We may not have to take the medicine. Interrogative Rule : May + sub + have to + v1 + obj D;k vkrafd;ksa dks ikfdLrku ls ckgj tkuk iM+ ldrk gS\ May the terrorists have to go out of Pakistan? D;k iqfyl dks mls fxjQrkj djuk iM+ ldrk gS\ May the police have to arrest him? D;k mls ;g dfork ;kn djuh iM+ ldrh gS\ May he have to memorize this poem? Alert:- mls tkuk iM+ ldrk gSA He may have to go. og tk ldrk gSA (laHkkouk) He may go. “kk;n og tk ldrk gSA (de laHkkouk) He might go. mls tkuk iM+rk gSA He has to go. “kk;n mls tkuk iM+ldrk gSA(de laHkkouk) He might have to go. Exercise mls ;gka Bgjuk iM+ ldrk gSA mls ;gka Bgjuk iM+rk gksxkA mls ;gka Bgjuk iM+sxkA mls ;gka Bgjuk gSA mls ;gka Bgjuk FkkA og ;gka Bgjrk gksxkA mls ;gka Bgjuk pkfg,A gesa yksxksa ls ckr djuh iM+ ldrh gSA rqEgsa dM+h esgur djuh iM+ ldrh gSA yksxksa dks eqlhcr dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA gesa mldk uke iwNuk iM+ ldrk gSA mls Lisfu”k lh[kuh gksxhA cPps vkils D;k iwNk djrs Fks\ gesa ogka dSls igqapuk Fkk\ “kkfyuh dks jfo ds ckjs esa D;k tkuuk gS\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Having to IkgPkku%& uk iM+ jgk gS Affirmative Rule : Sub + is/am/are + having to + v1 + obj mls Qzsap lh[kuh iM+ jgh gSA He is having to learn French. eq>s ;gka jguk iM+ jgk gSA I am having to live here. gesa jkr esa i<+kbZ djuh iM+ jgh gSA We are having to study in the night. Negative Rule : Sub + is/am/are + not + having to + v1 + obj mls nokbZ ugha ysuh iM+ jgh gSA He is not having to take medicine. vkidks ;g dke ugha djuk iM+ jgk gSA You are not having to do this work. gesa dM+h esgur ugha djuh iM+ jgh gSA We are not having to do hard work. Interrogative Rule : Is/am/are + sub + having to + v1 + obj D;k mls ogka Lisfu”k cksyuh iM+ jgh gS\ Is she having to speak Spanish there? rqEgkjs HkkbZ dks “kjkc D;ksa ihuh iM+ jgh gS\ Why is your brother having to drink wine? rqEgsa vdsys D;ksa jguk iM+ jgk gS\ Why are you having to live alone? Alert:- gesa lh[kuk iM+rk gSA We have to learn. gesa lh[kuk iM+ jgk gSA We are having to learn. gesa lh[kuk iM+ jgk FkkA We were having to learn. ge lh[k jgs gSaA We are learning. ge lh[krs vk jgs gSaA We have been learning. gesa lh[kuk iM+ ldrk gSA We may have to learn. Exercise mls baxfy”k cksyuh iM+ jgh gSA mls baxfy”k cksyuh iM+ ldrh gSA mls baxfy”k cksyuh iM+rh gksxhA mls baxfy”k cksyuh iM+sxhA mls baxfy”k cksyuh iM+rh gSA mls baxfy”k cksyuh iM+rh FkhA og baxfy”k cksyrk gksxkA gesa fdrkcsa D;ksa [kjhnuh iM+ jgh gSa\ vkidks mls :i;s D;ksa nsus iM+ jgs gSa\ fonsf”k;ksa dks Hkkjr esa fgUnh cksyuh iM+ jgh gSA D;k vkidks eq>ls dqN iwNuk Fkk\ yksx rqEgkjs ckjs esa ugha tkurs gksaxsA Hkkjr dks ;g eSp thruk gksxkA mls esjk uke D;ksa tkuuk gS\ vkidks mlls “kknh dc djuh gS\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Could have + v3 IkgPkku%& ldrk Fkk] ldrh Fkh] ldrs Fks ladsr:- “kfDr Fkh ysfdu dke ugha fd;k x;k Affirmative Rule : Sub + could have + v3 + obj os ;g eSp thr ldrs FksA (thrs ughsa) They could have won this match. og ;gka vk ldrk FkkA (vk;k ugha) He could have come here. vki mls i<+k ldrs FksA (i<+k;s ugha) You could have taught him. Negative Rule : Sub + could + not + have + v3 + obj og ijh{kk ikl ugha dj ldrk FkkA (ysfdu ikl fd;k) He could not have passed the exam. ge mlls vkt ugha fey ldrs FksA (ysfdu feys) We could not have met him today. eSa ;g dke iwjk ugha dj ldrk FkkA (ysfdu iwjk fd;k) I could not have completed this work. Interrogative Rule : Could + sub + have + v3 + obj D;k iqfyl mls fxjQrkj dj ldrh Fkh\ (ugha fd;k) Could the police have arrested him? D;k ge mls ;gka cqyk ldrs Fks\ (ugha cqyk;s) Could we have called him here? D;k vki mlds loky dk tokc ns ldrs Fks\ (ugha fn;s) Could you have answered his question? Alert:- vki baxfy”k cksy ldrs gSaA You can speak English. vki baxfy”k cksy ldsA You could speak English. vki baxfy”k cksyldrs FksA (”kfDr Fkh&cksys ugha) You could have spoken English. Exercise eSa ;g dke dj ldrk gwaA eSa ;g dke dj ldkA eSa ;g dke dj ldrk FkkA eq>s ;g dke djuk pkfg,A eq>s ;g dke djuk gSA eq>s ;g dke djuk FkkA rqe ;g dke djrs gksxsA vki mls enn dj ldrs FksA ge mls yanu Hkst ldrs FksA D;k og viuk uke cny ldrk Fkk\ vki mlls :i;s ys ldrs FksA yksx vehj D;ksa ugha cu lds\ gesa mlls vkt D;ksa feyuk gS\ vki mls MkaV ldrs FksA vki mlds ckjs esa D;k tkurs gSa\ rqe ogka D;ksa tk jgs gks\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Sould have + v3 IkgPkku%& uk pkfg, Fkk ladsr:- drZO; Fkk ysfdu dke ugha fd;k x;k Affirmative Rule : Sub + should have + v3 + obj vkidks mlls ckr djuh pkfg, FkhA (fd;s ughsa) You should have talked to him. gesa ogka tkuk pkfg, FkkA (x;s ughsa) We should have gone there. mUgsa xjhcksa dh enn djuh pkfg, FkhA (dh ughsa) They should have helped poor. Negative Rule : Sub + should + not + have + v3 + obj mls “kjkc ugha ihuh pkfg, FkhA (ysfdu ih;k) He should not have drunk wine. rqEgsa ;g ?kM+h ugha cspuh pkfg, FkhA (ysfdu csph) You should not have sold this watch. vkidks mls lcdqN ugha crkuk pkfg, FkkA (ysfdu crk;k) You should not have told him everything. Interrogative Rule : Should + sub + have + v3 + obj D;k eq>s ml ij fo”okl djuk pkfg, Fkk\ (ugha fd;k) Should I have believed him? D;k yksxksa dks usrkvksa ls dqN mEehn djuh pkfg, Fkh\ (ugha dh) Should the people have expected anything from the politicians? gesa ogka dc igqapuk pkfg, Fkk\ (ugha igqaps) When should we have reached there? Alert:- mls tkuk pkfg, FkkA (drZO; Fkk&x;k ugh) He should have gone. og tk ldrk FkkA (”kfDr Fkh&x;k ugh) He could have gone. mls tkuk pkfg,A He should go. og tk ldrk gSA He can go. Exercise rqEgsa mlls feyuk pkfg, FkkA rqe mlls fey ldrs FksA rqEgsa mlls feyuk gSA rqEgsa mlls feyuk iM+ ldrk gSA rqEgsa mlls feyuk iM+sxkA rqEgsa mlls feyuk iM+rk gksxkA rqe mlls feyrs gksxsA rqe mlls feyk djrs FksA rqEgsa baxfy”k lh[kuh pkfg, FkhA og vkidks :i;s ns ldrk FkkA gesa ;g dke ugha djuk FkkA vki mlls dgka feyk djrs Fks\ mlus esjs lkFk ,slk D;ksa fd;k\ rqe mlls dqN D;ksa ugha iwNrs gks\ vki eq>s ;g fdrkc dc nsaxs\ yksx vkils ;g loky D;ksa iwN jgs Fks\ For word meaning see last page of the book. 30
Would have + v3 IkgPkku%& pqdk gksrk] fy;k gksrk] vk gksrk ladsr:- laHkkouk Fkh ysfdu dke ugha fd;k x;k Affirmative Rule : Sub + would have + v3 + obj og i= fy[k pqdk gksrkA (fy[kk ughsa) He would have written a letter. cPps baxfy”k lh[k pqds gksrsA (lh[ks ugha) The children would have learnt English. ge viuk dke dj pqds gksrsA (fd;s ugha) We would have done our work. Negative Rule : Sub + would + not + have + v3 + obj mlus ijh{kk ikl ugha dh gksrhA (ysfdu ikl dh) She would not have passed the exam. ge mls :i;s ugha fn;s gksrsA (ysfdu fn;ss) We would not have given him money. cPpksa us vkils dksbZ loky ugha iwNk gksrkA (ysfdu IkwNk) The children would not have asked you any question. Interrogative Rule : Would + sub + have + v3 + obj D;k og rqEgsa ;g ckr crk pqdh gksrh\ (ugha crk;k) Would she have told you this matter? D;k iqfyl vkrafd;ksa dks ekj pqdh gksrh\ (ugha ekjk) Would the police have killed the terrorists? D;k og eq>ls “kknh dj pqdh gksrh\ (ugha dh) Would she have married me? Alert:- og [ksy ldrk FkkA (”kfDr Fkh&[ksyk ugha) He could have played. mls [ksyuk pkfg, FkkA (drZO; Fkk&[ksyk ughaa) He should have played. og [ksy pqdk gksrkA (laHkkouk Fkh&[ksyk ugh) He would have played. Exercise og rqels ckr dj ldrh FkhA mls rqels ckr djuh pkfg, FkhA og rqels ckr dj pqdh gksrhA vki ;g fQYe ugha ns[k ldrs FksA vkidks ;g fQYe ugha ns[kuh pkfg, FkhA vki ;g fQYe ugha ns[k pqds gksrsA D;k eSa mls enn dj ldrk Fkk\ D;k eq>s mldh enn djuh pkfg, Fkh\ D;k eSa mldh enn dj pqdk gksrk\ os ;g dke dj ldrs gSaA vki mls enn dj ldrs FksA ge mls yanu Hkst ldrs FksA vki mlls :i;s ys ldrs FksA yksx vehj D;ksa ugha cu lds\ gesa mlls vkt D;ksa feyuk gS\ vki mls MkaV ldrs FksA og esjs ckjs esa D;k tkurh gS\ For word meaning see last page of the book. 31
May have + v3 IkgPkku%& pqdk gksxk] fy;k gksxk ladsr:- laHkkouk gS fd dke gks x;k gS Affirmative Rule : Sub + may have + v3 + obj og i= fy[k pqdh gksxh@mlus i= fy[k fy;k gksxkA (”kk;n fy[k fy;k gS) She may have written a letter. cPps fQYe ns[k pqds gksaxsA The children may have seen the film. iqfyl mls fxjQrkj dj pqdh gksxhA The police may have arrested him. Negative Rule : Sub + may + not + have + v3 + obj mlus [kkuk ugha cukk;k gksxkA He may not have cooked food. mlus ijh{kk ikl ugha dh gksxhA He may not have passed the exam. f”k{kd us mls vkt ugha i<+k;k gksxkA The teacher may not have taught him today. Interrogative Rule : May + sub + have + v3 + obj D;k iqfyl vkradh dks ekj pqdh gksxh\ May the police have killed the terrorist? D;k og yanau igqap pqdk gksxk\ May he have reached London. D;k vesfjdk ikfdLrku ls nksLrh rksM+ pqdk gksxk\ May America have broken friendship with Pakistan? Alert:- og fy[k ldrk Fkk (“kfDr Fkh&fy[kk ugha) He could have written. mls fy[kuk pkfg,Fkk (drZO; Fkk&fy[kk ugha) He should have written. og fy[k pqdk gksrk (laHkkouk Fkh&fy[kk ugha) He would have written. og fy[k pqdk gksxk (“kk;n fy[k fy;k gS) He may have written. “kk;n og fy[kpqdk gksxk (cgqr de laHkkouk) He might have written. Exercise cPps Ldwy tk pqds gksaxsA cPps Ldwy tk pqds gksrsA cPpksa dks Ldwy tkuk pkfg, FkkA cPps Ldwy tk ldrs FksA cPpksa dks Ldwy tkuk iM+ ldrk gSA cPpksa dks Ldwy tkuk iM+rk gksxkA cPpksa dks Ldwy tkuk iMsxkA rqEgkjs nksLr ?kj igqap pqds gksaxsA mls esjs ckjs esa D;k tkuuk Fkk\ yksx jktuhfr ilan D;ksa ughsa djrs gSa\ og esjk dke ugha dj ldrk FkkA gesa mlls D;k iwNuk pkfg, Fkk\ rqe ogka dbZ nksLr cuk pqds gksxsA For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Must have + v3 IkgPkku%& vo”;...pqdk gS Affirmative Rule : Sub + must have + v3 + obj og viuk dke vo”; iwjk dj pqdk gSA He must have completed his work. rqe mlls vo”; fey pqds gksA You must have met him. os esjk uke vo”; tku pqds gSaA They must have known my name. cPps ?kj vo”; igqap pqds gSaA The children must have reached home. Interrogative Rule : Must + sub + have + v3 + obj D;k vki mls :i;s vo”; ns pqds gSa\ Must you have given him money? D;k og vkidk irk vo”; Hkwy pqdh gS\ Must she have forgotten your address? D;k rqe mlds loky dk tokc vo”; ns pqds gks\ Must you have answered his question? D;k cPps ?kj vo”; igqap pqds gSa\ Must the children have reached home? Alert:- rqe dkWQh vo”; ih pqds gks rqe dkWQh ih pqds gks rqe dkWQh ih ldrs Fks rqEgsa dkWQh ihuh pkfg, Fkh rqe dkWQh ih pqds gksrs rqe dkWQh ih pqds gksxs
You must have drunk coffee. You have drunk coffee. You could have drunk coffee. You should have drunk coffee. You would have drunk coffee. You may have drunk coffee.
Exercise vki mls i<+k ldrs FksA vkidks mls i<+kuk pkfg, FkkA vki mls i<+k pqds gksrsA vki mls i<+k pqds gksaxsA vki mls i<+k pqds gSaA vki mls i<+k pqds FksA vki mls i<+k pqdsaxsA rqeus mlls dqN D;ksa ugha iwNk\ mlus eq>s rqEgkjs lkFk dc ns[kk\ rqEgsa mldks ekQ dj nsuk pkfg, FkkA yksxksa dks ogka le; ij igqapuk pkfg, FkkA vki mlds fy, dqN vPNk dj ldrs FksA mls vkt dgka tkuk Fkk\ yksx xjhcksa dh enn D;ksa ugha dj ldrs gSa\ vki esjk irk mlls iwN ldrs FksA mls vijkf/k;ksa dk lkFk ugha nsuk pkfg, FkkA For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Have had to IkgPkku%& djuk gh gS Affirmative Rule : Sub + have had to + v1 + obj eq>s ;g dke djuk gh gSA I have had to do this work / I have got to do this work. mls baxfy”k lh[kuh gh gSA He has had (got) to learn English. vkidks mlls ckr djuh gh gSA You have had (got) to talk to him. Negative Rule : Sub + have + not + had to + v1 + obj gesa ogka vkt igqapuk gh ugha gSA We have not had (got) to reach there today. iqfyl dks vkradh dks ekjuk gh ugha gSA The police has not had to kill the terrorist. mls yanau igqapuk gh ugha gSA He has not had to reach London. Interrogative Rule : Have + sub + had to + v1 + obj D;k rqEgsa dEI;wVj lh[kuk gh gS\ Have you had to learn computer? D;k vkidks mlls cnyk ysuk gh gS\ Have you had to take revenge on him? D;k mls bl lky “kknh djuh gh gS\ Has he had to marry this year? Alert:- I have had to go eq>s tkuk gh gSA I have got to go eq>s tkuk gh gSA I must have to go eq>s vo”; tkuk gSA I should have to go eq>s tkuk gh pkfg,A I have to go eq>s tkuk gSA I need to go eq>s tkus dh t:jr gSA I must go eq>s vo”; tkuk pkfg,A I am to go eSa tkus dks gwaA I am about to go eSa tkus okyk gwaA I should go eq>s tkuk pkfg,A Exercise mls fQYe ns[kuh gSA mls fQYe ns[kuh FkhA mls fQYe ns[kuh gksxhA mls fQYe ns[kuh iM+ ldrh gSA og fQYe ns[k ldrk FkkA mls fQYe ns[kuh pkfg, FkhA og fQYe ns[k pqdk gksrkA For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Had had to IkgPkku%& djuk gh Fkk Affirmative Rule : Sub + had had to + v1 + obj gesa vkt ogka tkuk gh FkkA We had had to go there today / We had got to go there today. eq>s ;g dke djuk gh FkkA He had had to do this work. mls baxfy”k lh[kuh gh FkhA He had had to learn English. vkidks mlls ckr djuh gh FkhA You had had to talk to him. Interrogative Rule : Had + sub + had to + v1 + obj D;k rqEgsa dEI;wVj lh[kuk gh Fkk\ Had you had to learn computer? D;k vkidks mlls cnyk ysuk gh Fkk\ Had you had to take revenge on him? D;k mls bl lky “kknh djuh gh Fkh\ Had he had to marry this year? D;k gesa ;g loky mlls iwNuk gh Fkk\ Had we had to ask him this question? Alert:- She had had to play She had got to play She had to play She had played She had been playing
mls [ksyuk gh FkkA mls [ksyuk gh FkkA mls [ksyuk FkkA og [ksy pqdh FkhA og [ksyrh vk jgh FkhA
Exercise gesa baxfy”k lh[kuh gSA gesa baxfy”k lh[kuh FkhA gesa baxfy”k lh[kuh gksxhA gesa baxfy”k lh[kuh iM+ ldrh gSA ge baxfy”k lh[k ldrs FksA gesa baxfy”k lh[kuh pkfg, FkhA ge baxfy”k lh[k pqds gksrsA vki eqlhcrksa dk lkeuk dj ldrs FksA mls esjs ckjs esa fdlus crk;k\ vki mls Lisfu”k dSls i<+krs gSa\ ge mls vkt ;gka ugha cqyk;saxsA vkidks ;g dke dy djuk pkfg, FkkA rqe mlds ckjs esa eq>s crk ldrs gksA gesa mlls D;k ckr djuh gS\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Could have had to IkgPkku%& uk iM+ ldrk Fkk ladsr:- dke etcwjh esa fd;k tk ldrk Fkk&ysfdu ugha fd;k x;k Affirmative Rule : Sub + could have had to + v1 + obj gesa ogka tkuk iM+ ldrk FkkA We could have had to go there. mls Qzsap lh[kuh iM+ ldrh FkhA He could have had to learn French. rqEgsa nokbZ ysuh iM+ ldrh FkhA You could have had to take medicine. cPpksa dks dfork fy[kuh iM+ ldrh Fkh\ The children could have had to write poems? Interrogative Rule : Could + sub + have had to + v1 + obj D;k gesa mlls ckr djuh iM+ ldrh Fkh\ Could we have had to talk to him? D;k iqfyl dks mls fxjQrkj djuk iM+ ldrk Fkk\ Could the police have had to arrest him? D;k eq>s bu lokyksa dk tokc nsuk iM+ ldrk Fkk\ Could I have had to answer these questions? D;k mUgsa MkWDVj ds ikl tkuk iM+ ldrk Fkk\ Could they have had to go to the doctor? Alert:- mls Qzsap lh[kuh iM+ ldrh Fkh mls Qzsap lh[kuh gh Fkh mls Qzsap lh[kuh gh gS og Qzsap lh[k ldrh Fkh mls Qzsap lh[kuh Fkh
She could have had to learn French. She had had to learn French. She has had to learn French. She could have learnt French. She had to learn French.
Exercise mls i= fy[kuk iM+ ldrk FkkA gesa ;g dke djuk iM+ ldrk FkkA rqEgsa ;gka Bgjuk pkfg, FkkA rqEgkjk HkkbZ ijh{kk ikl pqdk gksxkA gesa vkils dqN ugha iwNuk gSA eSa mls dSls Hkwy ldrk gwa\ og esjs ckjs esa dqN ugha lksprh gSA rqeus esjs ?kj esa mls D;ksa cqyk;k\ yksx mls xkyh D;ksa ugha nsaxsA For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Would have had to IkgPkku%& uk iM+k gksrk ladsr:- dke etcwjh esa fd;k tkrk&ysfdu ugha fd;k x;k Affirmative Rule : Sub + would have had to + v1 + obj mls dkWQh ihuh iM+h gksrhA He would have had to drink coffee. vkidks ;g fQYe ns[kuh iM+h gksrhA You would have had to see this film. gesa vesfjdk tkuk iM+k gksrkA We would have had to go to America. eq>s ;g dEI;wVj Bhd djuk iM+k gksrkA I would have had to repair this computer. Interrogative Rule : Would + sub + have had to + v1 + obj D;k mls ;gka vkuk iM+k gksrk\ Would he have had to come here? D;k yksxksa dks usrkvksa ls feyuk iM+k gksrk\ Would the people have had to meet the politicians? D;k gesa ;g dke vkt iwjk djuk iM+k gksrk\ Would we have had to complete this work today? D;k mUgsa MkWDVj ds ikl tkuk iM+k gksrk\ Would they have had to go to the doctor? Alert:- mls tkuk iM+k gksrk mls tkuk iM+ ldrk Fkk og tk pqdk gksrk og tk ldrk Fkk
He would have had to go. He could have had to go. He would have gone. He could have gone.
Exercise mls Lisfu”k cksyuk iM+rk gksxkA vki mls D;k i<+k;k djrs Fks\ gesa vkt ogka D;ksa tkuk Fkk\ vkidks ;g dke dSls djuk gS\ rqEgsa viuh xyfr;ka ugha Hkwyuh pkfg,A yksx mlds ckjs esa tku pqds gksaxsA eq>s mlls dqN ugha iwNuk pkfg, FkkA gesa vkt vkWfQl ugha tkuk gksxkA vki mls esjk irk ns ldrs FksA mlus ;g loky eq>ls D;ksa iwNk\ D;k og rqEgsa enn djrk gS\ D;k vkius mlls “kknh ugha dh\ dfork eq>ls ugha feyrh gSA ge dy ogka igqap pqdsaxsA For word meaning see last page of the book.
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VOICE Present Indefinite Affirmative Active Voice :- Sub + v1/v5 + obj rqe fdzdsV [ksyrs gksA You play cricket. Passive Voice :- Obj + is/am/are + v3 + by + sub fdzdsV rqEgkjs }kjk [ksyk tkrk gSA Cricket is played by you. Bare Passive :- Obj + is/am/are + v3 fdzdsV ;gka [ksyk tkrk gSA Cricket is played here. Negative Active :- Sub + do/does + not + v1 + obj eSa mls ugha i<+krk gwaA I do not teach him. Passive :- Obj + is/am/are + not + v3 + by + sub mls esjs }kjk ugha i<+k;k tkrk gSA He is not taught by me. Bare Passive:- Obj + is/am/are + not + v3 mls baxfy”k ugha i<+k;h tkrh gSA He is not taught English. Interrogative Active :- Do/does + sub + v1 + obj D;k og fQYesa ns[krh gS\ Does she see films? Passive :- Is/am/are + obj + v3 + by + sub D;k fQYesa mlds }kjk ns[kh tkrh gSa\ Are the films seen by her? Bare Passive:- Is/am/are + obj + v3 D;k fQYesa ;gka ns[kh tkrh gSa\ Are the films seen here? Exercise og QqVckWy [ksyrk gSA QqVckWy mlds }kjk [ksyk tkrk gSA QqVckWy Hkkjr esa [ksyk tkrk gSA rqe mls D;ksa MkaVrs gks\ mls rqEgkjs }kjk D;ksa MkaVk tkrk gS\ mls D;ksa MkaVk tkrk gS\ vki ;g dke dSls djrs gSa\ ;g dke vkids }kjk dSls fd;k tkrk gS\ ;g dke dSls fd;k tkrk gS\ fdzdsV vesfjdk esa D;ksa ugha [ksyk tkrk gS\ D;k og vkidks ilan djrh gS\ os vkils dc feyrs gSaS\ og eq>s I;kj ugha djrh gSA eq>s mlds }kjk I;kj ugha fd;k tkrk gSA eq>s I;kj ugha fd;k tkrk gS\ For word meaning see last page of the book. 38
Present Continuous Affirmative Active :- Sub + is/am/are + v4 + obj cPps baxfy”k cksy jgs gSaA The children are speaking English. Passive :- Obj + is/am/are + being + v3 + by + sub baxfy”k cPpksa }kjk cksyh tk jgh gSA English is being spoken by the children. Bare Passive :- Obj + is/am/are + being + v3 baxfy”k Dykl esa cksyh tk jgh gSA English is being spoken in class. og eq>s ugha cqyk jgh gSA She is not calling me. eq>s mlds }kjk ugha cqyk;k tk jgk gSA I am not being called by her. eq>s ogka ugha cqyk;k tk jgk gSA I am not being called there. vki mlls D;k iwN jgs gSa\ What are you asking him? mls vkids }kjk D;k iwNk tk jgk gS\ What is he being asked by you? mls D;k iwNk tk jgk gS\ What is he being asked? Alert:- og i<+ jgk gSA mls i<+k;k tk jgk gSA og i<+krk gSA mls i<+k;k tkrk gSA
He is reading. He is being taught. He teaches. He is taught.
Exercise D;k og fQYesa ns[k jgh gS\ D;k fQYesa mlds }kjk ns[kh tk jgh gSa\ D;k fQYesa ogka ns[kh tk jgh gSa\ D;k iqfyl pksj dks ihV jgh gS\ D;k pksj dks iqfyl ds }kjk ihVk tk jgk gS\ D;k pksj dks ihVk tk jgk gS\ og :i;s ugha nsrk gSA og :i;s ugha ns jgk gSA mls :i;s ugha fn;s tkrs gSaA mls :i;s ugha fn;s tk jgs gSaA rqe ;g dke dc iwjk djrs gks\ og eqlhcr dk lkeuk dSls djrk gS\ vki gesa /kks[k D;ksa ns jgs gSa\ gesa vkids }kjk /kks[kk D;ksa fn;k tk jgk gS\ gesa /kks[kk D;ksa fn;k tk jgk gS\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Present Perfect Active :- Sub + have/has + v3 + obj iqfyl mls fxjQrkj dj pqdh gSA The police has arrested him. Passive :- Obj + has/have + been + v3 + by + sub mls iqfyl ds }kjk fxjQrkj fd;k tk pqdk gSA He has been arrested by the police. Bare Passive:- Obj + has/have + been + v3 mls fxjQrkj fd;k tk pqdk gSA He has been arrested. eSa ;g dke ugha dj pqdk gwaA I have not done this work. ;g dke esjs }kjk ugha fd;k tk pqdk gSA This work has not been done by me. ;g dke vHkh rd ugha fd;k tk pqdk gSA This work has not been done till now. D;k vki mls :i;s ns pqds gSa\ Have you given him money? D;k mls vkids }kjk :i;s fn;s tk pqds gSa\ Has he been given money by you? D;k mls :i;s fn;s tk pqds gSa\ Has he been given money? Alert:- eSa :i;s ns pqdk gwaA eq>s :i;s fn;s tk pqds gSaA eSa :i;s nsrk gwaA eq>s :i;s fn;s tkrs gSaA eSa :i;s ns jgk gwaA eq>s :i;s fn;s tk jgs gSaA
I have given money. I have been given money. I give money. I am given money. I am giving money. I am being given money.
Exercise D;k og :i;s [kpZ dj pqdk gS\ D;k :i;s mlds }kjk [kpZ fd;s tk pqds gSa\ D;k lHkh :i;s [kpZ fd;s tk pqds gSa\ vki mls enn D;ksa ugha djrs gSa\ mls vkids }kjk enn D;ksa ugha dh tkrh gS\ mls enn D;ksa ugha dh tkrh gS\ og ;gka D;k dj jgk gS\ eq>s ;g loky D;ksa iwNk tk jgk gS\ vki mls ;gka dc cqyk jgs gSa\ yksx ogka dSls igqap jgs gSa\ mls D;ksa MkaVk tk jgk gS\ eq>s ;g ckr crk;h tk pqdh gSA For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Past Indefinite Affirmative Active :- Sub + v2 + obj mlus fdrkc [kjhnhA He bought the book. Passive :- Obj + was/were + v3 + by + sub fdrkc mlds }kjk [kjhnh x;hA The book was bought by him. Bare Passive :- Obj + was/were + v3 ;g fdrkc dy [kjhnh x;hA This book was bought yesterday. eSaus mls ugha i<+k;kA I did not teach him. mls esjs }kjk ugha i<+k;k x;kA He was not taught by me. mls ugha i<+k;k x;kA He was not taught. vkius ;g dke D;ksa ugha fd;k\ Why did you not do this work? ;g dke vkids }kjk D;ksa ugha fd;k x;k\ Why was this work not done by you? ;g dke vkt D;ksa ugha fd;k x;k\ Why was this work not done today? Alert:- mlus D;k crk;k\ mls D;k crk;k x;k\ D;k mlus dqN crk;k\
What did he tell? What was he told? Did he tell anything?
Exercise vkius mlls D;k iwNk\ mls vkids }kjk D;k iwNk x;k\ mls vkt D;k iwNk x;k\ og eq>s le>k pqdh gSA eq>s mlds }kjk le>k;k tk pqdk gSA eq>s le>k;k tk pqdk gSA rqe mls ilan D;ksa ugha djrs gks\ D;k mlus ijh{kk ikl ugha dh\ vki mlls dc feyrs gSa\ ;g ?kM+h D;ksa ugha csph x;h\ “kjkc bl gkWVsy esa ugha ih tkrh gSA og vesfjdk esa dSls jgrk gS\ vkius mlls “kknh D;ksa ugha dh\ For word meaning see last page of the book. 41
Past Continuous Active :- Sub + was/were + v4 + obj og i= fy[k jgk FkkA He was writing a letter. Passive :- Obj + was/were + being + v3 + by + sub i= mlds }kjk fy[kk tk jgk FkkA A letter was being written by him. Bare Passive:- Obj + was/were + being + v3 ;g i= fy[kk tk jgk FkkA This letter was being written.
og fQYe ugha ns[k jgh FkhA She was not seeing a film. fQYe mlds }kjk ugha ns[kh tk jgh FkhA A film was not being seen by her. ;g fQYe ugha ns[kh tk jgh FkhA This film was not being seen. vki D;k dj jgs Fks\ What were you doing? vkids }kjk D;k fd;k tk jgk Fkk\ What was being done by you? vc rd D;k fd;k tk jgk Fkk\ What was being done till now? Alert:- og D;k crk jgh Fkh\ mls D;k crk;k tk jgk Fkk\ mlus D;k crk;k\ mls D;k crk;k x;k\
What was she telling? What was she being told? What did she tell? What was she told?
Exercise og Qzsap cksy jgk FkkA Qzsap mlds }kjk cksyh tk jgh FkhA Qzsap Dykl esa cksyh tk jgh FkhA D;k vkius mls viuk uke crk;k\ yksx xjhcksa dh enn D;ksa ugha djrs gSa\ ;g eSSp dSls thrk x;k\ mls D;k i<+k;k tk jgk Fkk\ Lisfu”k Hkkjr esa ugha cksyh tkrh gSA vki baxfy”k dSls lh[k jgs gSa\ vki mls enn D;ksa ugha dj jgs Fks\ mls vkids }kjk enn D;ksa ugha dh tk jgh Fkh\ mls enn D;ksa ugha dh tk jgh Fkh\ og ;gka D;k dj jgk Fkk\ ;gka mlds }kjk D;k fd;k tk jgk Fkk\ ;gka D;k fd;k tk jgk Fkk\ For word meaning see last page of the book. 42
Past Perfect Affirmative Active :- Sub + had + v3 + obj cPps fdrkcsa [kjhn pqds FksA The children had bought the books. Passive :- Obj + had been + v3 + by + sub fdrkcsa cPpksa }kjk [kjhnh tk pqdh FkhA The books had been bought by the children. Bare Passive :- Obj + had been + v3 ;s fdrkcsa [kjhnh tk pqdh FkhA These books had been bought.
eSa mls ugha i<+k pqdk FkkA I had not taught him. mls esjs }kjk ugha i<+k;k tk pqdk FkkA He had not been taught by me. mls ugha i<+k;k tk pqdk FkkA He had not been taught. D;k vki dEI;wVj Bhd dj pqds Fks\ Had you repaired the computer? D;k dEI;wVj vkids }kjk Bhd fd;k tk pqdk Fkk\ Had the computer been repaired by you? D;k ;g dEI;wVj Bhd fd;k tk pqdk Fkk\ Had this computer been repaired? Alert:- eSa i<+k pqdk FkkA eq>s i<+k;k tk pqdk FkkA eSa i<+krk vk jgk FkkA
I had taught. I had been taught. I had been teaching.
Exercise D;k vkius ;g dkj pyk;h\ D;k ;g dkj vkids }kjk pyk;h x;h\ D;k ;g dkj pyk;h x;h\ Hkkjr us ;g eSp dSls thrk\ ;g eSp Hkkjr ds }kjk dSls thrk x;k\ ;g eSp dSls thrk x;k\ vkius mls ;gka dc cqyk;k\ mlls dqN D;ksa ugha iwNk x;k\ D;k mls vesfjdk Hkstk tk pqdk gS\ vki mls D;k crk jgs Fks\ rqEgsa D;k i<+k;k tkrk gS\ ;g dke dc iwjk fd;k tk jgk gS\ rqe mls ilan D;ksa ugha djrs gks\ D;k mlus ijh{kk ikl ugha dh\ vki mlls dc feyrs gSa\ For word meaning see last page of the book. 43
Future Indefinite Active :- Sub + will + v1 + obj og nhokjsa jaxsxkA He will paint the walls. Passive :- Obj + will be + v3 + by + sub nhokjsa mlds }kjk jaxh tk;sxhA The walls will be painted by him. Bare Passive:- Obj + will be + v3 ;s nhokjsa vkt jaxh tk;sxhA These walls will be painted today. eSa mls ekQ ugha d:axkA I will not forgive her. mls esjs }kjk ekQ ugha fd;k tk;sxkA She will not be forgiven by me. mls ekQ ugha fd;k tk;sxkA She will not be forgiven. vki mls D;ksa MkaVsaxs\ Why will you scold him? mls vkids }kjk D;ksa MkaVk tk;sxk\ Why will he be scolded by you? mls D;ksa MkaVk tk;sxk\ Why will he be scolded? Alert:- eSa D;k iwNwaxk\ eq>ls D;k iwNk tk;sxk\ D;k eSa dqN iwNwaxk\
What will I ask? What will I be asked? Will I ask anything?
Exercise rqe mls dSls gjkvksxs\ mls rqEgkjs }kjk dSls gjk;k tk;sxk\ mls dSls gjk;k tk;sxk\ vki mls dgka Hkst jgs gSa\ mls vkids }kjk dgka Hkstk tk jgk gS\ mls dgka Hkstk tk jgk gS\ D;k og lp crkrk gS\ rqe mlls uQjr D;ksa djrs gks\ ;g leL;k dSls lqy>k;h tk;sxh\ mldk bykt dSls fd;k tk;sxk\ D;k mls ekQ ugha fd;k x;k\ os “kgj NksM+ pqds FksA D;k vkius mls viuk uke crk;k\ yksx xjhcksa dh enn D;ksa ugha djrs gSa\ ;g eSSp dSls thrk x;k\ mls D;k i<+k;k tk jgk Fkk\ vki mls enn D;ksa ugha dj jgs Fks\ mls vkids }kjk enn D;ksa ugha dh tk jgh Fkh\ mls enn D;ksa ugha dh tk jgh Fkh\ og ;gka D;k dj jgk Fkk\ For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Future Perfect Affirmative Active :- Sub + will have + v3 + obj MkWDVj ejht dk bykt dj pqdsaxsA The doctor will have cured the patient. Passive :- Obj + will have been + v3 + by + sub ejht dk MkWDVj ds }kjk bykt fd;k tk pqdsxkA The patient will have been cured by the doctor. Bare Passive :- Obj + will have been + v3 bl ejht dk bykt fd;k tk pqdsxkA This patient will have been cured. eSa mls ugha i<+k pqdwaxkA I will not have taught him. mls esjs }kjk ugha i<+k;k tk pqdsxkA He will not have been taught by me. mls ugha i<+k;k tk pqdsxkA He will not have been taught. D;k rqe ;g leL;k lqy>k pqdksxs\ Will you have solved this problem? D;k ;g leL;k rqEgkjs }kjk lqy>k;h tk pqdsxh\ Will this problem have been solved by you? D;k ;g leL;k dy rd lqy>k;h tk pqdsxh\ Will this problem have been solved till tomorrow? Alert:- og /kks[kk nsxkA mls /kks[kk fn;k tk;sxkA og /kks[kk ns pqdsxkA mls /kks[kk fn;k tk pqdsxkA
He will cheat. He will be cheated. He will have cheated. He will have been cheated.
Exercise eSa mls dSls Hkwywaxk\ mls esjs }kjk dSls Hkwyk;k tk;sxk\ mls dSls Hkwyk;k tk;sxk\ rqe ;g dke dSls djksxs\ ;g dke rqEgkjs }kjk dSls fd;k tk;sxk\ ;g dke vkt dSls fd;k tk;sxk\ ge ;g dke dy iwjk djsaxsA mlus eq>ls ;g loky D;ksa iwNk\ gesa :i;s dc fn;s tk;saxs\ vijk/kh ls D;k iwNk tk jgk gS\ vki yksxksa ls ckr D;ksa ugha djrs gSa\ ;s nhokjsa D;ksa jaxh tk;sxh\ For word meaning see last page of the book. 45
VOICE OF MODALS Can/Could/Should/Would/May/Must Active :- Sub + modal + v1 + obj rqEgsa ;g dke djuk pkfg,A You should do this work. Passive :- Obj + modal + be + v3 + by + sub ;g dke rqEgkjs }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A This work should be done by you. Bare Passive :- Obj + modal + be + v3 ;g dke vkt fd;k tkuk pkfg,A This work should be done today. Continuous :- Sub + modal + be + v4 + obj rqEgsa ;g dke djrs jguk pkfg,A You should be doing this work. fufru mls ugha i<+k ldkA Nitin could not teach him. mls fufru ds }kjk ugha i<+k;k tk ldkA He could not be taught by Nitin. mls ugha i<+k;k tk ldkA He could not be taught. fufru mls ugha i<+krk jg ldkA Nitin could not be teaching him. D;k og “kjkc ihrk gksxk\ Would he drink wine? D;k “kjkc mlds }kjk ih tkrh gksxh\ Would wine be drunk by him? D;k “kjkc ogka ih tkrh gksxh\ Would wine be drunk there? D;k og “kjkc ihrk jgrk gksxk\ Would he be drinking wine? Exercise mls fxjQrkj dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS\ D;k cPpksa dks fdzdsV [ksyrs jguk pkfg,\ rqEgsa baxfy”k ugha i<+k;h tkrh gksxhA mUgsa dSls jksdk tk ldrk gS\ dfork fufru ls ckr djrh jgrh gksxhA vkius ;g loky mlls D;ksa ugha iwNk\ ;g ?kM+h dSls Bhd dh tk;sxh\ vki vijk/kh ls D;k mEehn dj ldrs gSa\ ;g jgL; ugha [kksyk tk ldrk gS\ ;s isM+ ugha dkVs tkus pkfg,A rqe [kqndks (yourself) /kksdk D;ksa ns jgs gks\ For word meaning see last page of the book. 46
Have to/Has to/Had to/Used to/Need to Active :- Sub + modal + to + v1 + obj gesa mlls dqN iwNuk gSA We have to ask him something. Passive :- Obj + modal + to + be + v3 + by + sub mls gekjs }kjk dqN iwNk tkuk gSA He has to be asked something by us. Bare Passive :- Obj + modal + to + be + v3 mls vc dqN iwNk tkuk gSA He has to be asked something. Continuous :- Sub + modal + to + be + v4 + obj gesa mlls dqN iwNrs jguk gSA We have to be asking him something. vkidks ;g leL;k lqy>kuh FkhA You had to solve this problem. ;g leL;k vkids }kjk lqy>k;h tkuh FkhA This problem had to be solved by you. ;g leL;k dy lqy>k;h tkuh FkhA This problem had to be solved yesterday. vkidks leL;kvksa dks lqy>krs jguk FkkA You had to be solving the problems. eq>s vc D;k djuk gS\ What have I to do now? vc esjs }kjk D;k fd;k tkuk gS\ What has to be done by me now? vc D;k fd;k tkuk gS\ What has to be done now? eq>s D;k djrs jguk gS\ What have I to be doing? Exercise mls ;gka dSls yk;k tkuk gS\ vkidks ;g dke djrs jguk gSA gesa mlls ckr ugha djuh pkfg,A mls mRlkfgr dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS\ rqe dfork ls D;ksa feyk djrs Fks\ vkius ;g eSp D;ksa ugha ns[kk\ mldk thou dSls cpk;k tk ldrk gS\ gesa dqN ugha iwNk tk;sxkA vkrafd;ksa dks dSls ekjk tk ldk\ mls fxjQrkj dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS\ D;k cPpksa dks fdzdsV [ksyrs jguk pkfg,\ rqEgsa baxfy”k ugha i<+k;h tkrh gksxhA mUgsa dSls jksdk tk ldrk gS\ dfork fufru ls ckr djrh jgrh gksxhA vkius ;g loky mlls D;ksa ugha iwNk\ ;g ?kM+h dSls Bhd dh tk;sxh\ For word meaning see last page of the book. 47
Could have/Should have/Would have/May have/Must have Active :- Sub + modal + have + v3 + obj vki mls i<+k ldrs FksA You could have taught him. Passive :- Obj + modal + have + been + v3 + by + sub mls vkids }kjk i<+k;k tk ldrk FkkA He could have been taught by you. Bare Passive :- Obj + modal + have + been + v3 mls baxfy”k i<+k;h tk ldrh FkhA He could have been taught English. Continuous :- Sub + modal + have + been + v4 + obj vki mls i<+krs jg ldrs FksA You could have been teaching him. gesa bl loky dk tokc nsuk pkfg, FkkA We should have answered this question. bl loky dk tokc gekjs }kjk fn;k tkuk pkfg, FkkA This question should have been answered by us. bl loky dk tokc fn;k tkuk pkfg, FkkA This question should have been answered. gesa bu lokyksa dk tokc nsrs jguk pkfg, FkkA We should have been answering these questions. D;k cPps dkWQh ih pqds gksrs\ Would the children have drunk coffee? D;k dkWQh cPpksa }kjk ih tk pqdh gksrh\ Would coffee have been drunk by the children? D;k dkWQh gkWVsy esa ih tk pqdh gksrh\ Would coffee have been drunk in the hotel? D;k cPps dkWQh ihrs jgrs\ Would the children have been drinking coffee? Exercise mls ;g “kgj NksM+ nsuk pkfg, FkkA ge mlls vkt fey pqds gksrsA rqe ;g ykWVjh thr ldrs FksA mls Ldwy Hkstk tkuk pkfg, FkkA gesa ogka dSls igqapuk gS\ ;g dkj dc csph tk;sxh\ ge ;g dke dSls NksM+ ldrs gSa\ vkius mls vkt D;k i<+k;k\ mls vkt D;k i<+k;k x;k\ vki gesa dgka Hkst jgs gSa\ gesa dgka Hkstk tk jgk gS\ rqe ;s ?kfM+;ka csp ldrs FksA ;s ?kfM+;ka csph tk ldrh FkhA mls ;g dke djrs jguk gSA For word meaning see last page of the book. 48
SMART VERBS Start IkgPkku%& yxrk gS Rule : Sub + start + v4 + obj rqe [ksyus yxrs gksA D;k rqe [ksyus yxrs gks\ rqe D;ksa [ksyus yxrs gks\
You start playing. / You begin to play. Do you start playing? Why do you start playing?
og nkSM+us yxhA D;k og nkSM+us yxhA og D;ksa nkSM+us yxhA
She started running. / She began to run. Did she start running? Why did she start running?
f”k{kd i<+kus yxsaxsA D;k f”k{kd i<+kus yxsaxs\ f”k{kd D;ksa i<+kus yxsaxs\
The teacher will start teaching. Will the teacher start teaching? Why will the teacher start teaching?
Alert :- rqe [ksyrs gksA You play. rqe [ksyus yxrs gksA You start playing. rqe [ksyus yxs gksA You have started playing. Continue IkgPkku%& jgrh gS Rule : Sub + continue + to + v1 + obj og [ksyrh jgrh gSA She continues to play./She keeps on playing. D;k og [ksyrh jgrh gS\ Does she continue to play? og D;k [ksyrh jgrh gS\ What does she continue to play? f”k{kd i<+krs jgsA D;k f”k{kd i<+krs jgs\ f”k{kd D;ksa i<+krs jgs\
The teacher continued to teach. Did the teacher continue to teach Why did the teacher continue to teach?
og nkSM+rh jgsxhA D;k og nkSM+rh jgsxh\ og D;ksa nkSM+rh jgsxh\
She will continue to run. Will she continue to run? Why will she continue to run?
Alert :- og og og og og
[ksyrh gSA [ksyus yxrh gSA [ksyrh jgrh gSA [ksyus yxh gSA [ksyrh jgh gSA
She plays. She starts playing. She continues to play. She has started playing. She has continued to play. 49
Would
1. rk gksxk og Qzsap tkurk gksxkA
He would know French.
2. de laHkkouk og dy ;gka vk;sxhA (de laHkkouk) She would come here tomorrow. 3. vk djrk Fkk (dHkh&dHkh) fufru dfork ls feyk djrk FkkA
Nitin would meet Kavita.
4. vkxzg ;k fuosnu D;k vki eq>s mldk uke crk;saxs\
Would you tell me his name?
5. Narration esas Indirect Speech esa will ds cnys would yxrk gS jke us dgk fd og [ksysxkA Ram said that he would play. 6. dk”k! dk”k! og ;gka gksrkA Alert :- og Ldwy tk;k djrh FkhA og Ldwy tk;sxhA og Ldwy tkrh gksxhA
Would that he were here! She would (used to) go to school. She will go to school. She would go to school.
Exercise :Translate into Hindi I would not tell him anything. She would not like your habits. Will he start doing his work? Will the police continue beating the thief? She said that she would meet me next day. I would like to know your address. He starts speaking French. What does she start doing there? I started meeting him. The people will start hiding the truth. What did you start asking him? Why did you start scolding him? He starts weeping. He continues to weep. She may pass the exam. She can pass the exam. They will talk to you. They would talk to you. Exercise :Translate into English og ogka D;k djrk gS\ og ogka D;k djus yxrk gS\ og ogka D;k djrk jgrk gS\ vkius mls D;ksa MkaVk\ vki mls D;ksa MkaVus yxs\ vki mls D;ksa MkaVrs jgs\ og eq>ls ckr djrh gSA og eq>ls ckr djus yxrh gSA og eq>ls ckr djrh jgrh gSA rqe mlls loky D;ksa iwNus yxs\ rqe mlls loky D;ksa iwNrs jgs\ For word meaning see last page of the book. 50
Have 1. vius ikl j[kuk/gksuk I have a book for you. esjs ikl vkids fy, ,d fdrkc gSA 2. [kkuk/ihuk Would you have coffee with me? D;k vki esjs lkFk dkWQh ih;saxs\ 3. ysuk/xzg.k djuk Have your seat please. d`i;k viuk LFkku xzg.k dhft,A Have fun. etk yhft,A 4. uk gS]iM+rk gS They have to live in America. mUgsa vesfjdk esa jguk gS/jguk iM+rk gSA I do not have to talk to him. eq>s mlls ckr ugha djuh gSA (New Grammar) 5. djokuk She will have her hair colored. og vius cky dyj djok;sxhA I will have him call you. eSa mlls vkidks dkWy djokmaxkA 6. pqdk gS I have told you everything. eSa rqEgsa lc dqN crk pqdk gwaA 7. vehj There are two kinds of people in the world; have and have-not. nqfu;k esa nks rjg ds yksx gksrs gSa; vehj vkSj xjhcA
Exercise :Translate into Hindi Does he have a black pen? I do not have to give him money. When will you have them caught? What time are you going to have dinner today? She would be your best companion. They asked me how much they would pay for that. Did he have enough money to survive? I have sent the children to school. I have to send the children to school. I am having to send the children to school. I have had to send the children to school. You have to have them with you. For word meaning see last page of the book.
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Get 1. ikuk/feyuk How much did you get for it? rqEgsa blds fy, fdrus :i;s feys\ 2. yxuk I am getting cold. eq>s BaM yx jgh gSA 3. le>uk She got your point very clear. mls rqEgkjh ckr fcYdqy le> esa vk;hA 4. fnykuk Get me your manager on the phone. vius eSustj dks Qksu ij ykvksA 5. djokuk They will get this work done. os yksx ;g dke djok ysaxsA 6. gksuk It is getting darker. va/ksjk T;knk gks jgk gSA Go 1. tkuk When is he going from here? og ;gka ls dc tk jgk gS\ 2. gksuk Why are you going mad about it? rqe blds fy, ikxy D;ksa gks jgs gks\ 3. fcduk How are the mangoes going these days? vke bu fnuksa dSls fcd jgs gSa\ 4. lQyrk It is a big go of my life. ;g esjs thou dh cM+h lQyrk gSA 5. izxfr”khy If you are go, life is good to you. vxj vki izxfr”khy gSa rks ftUnxh vkids fy, vPNh gSA
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Be 1. gS / Fkk I am to go from here. eSa ;gka ls tkus dks (okyk) gwaA 2. cuuk Will you be my friend? D;k rqe esjk nksLr cuksxs\ 3. gksuk You have to be positive about it. rqEgsa blds fy, ikWtsfVo gksuk gSA 4. gks / gks tk;s (vkns”k) He be hanged. mls Qkalh ns nh tk;sA Praised to be Jesus Christ. thll dzkbLV dh t; gksA 5. being = vfLrRo We are losing our being. ge viuk vfLrRo [kks jgs gSaA Look 1. ns[kuk Look at the girls dancing in the party. ikVhZ esa ukprh yM+fd;ksa dks ns[kksA 2. fn[kuk You look very tired today. rqe vkt cgqr Fkds fn[krs gksA 3. ns[kks! Look! I will not do this work. ns[kks] eSa ;g dke ugha d:axkA 4. fn[kkoV The look of the hotel has to be changed. gkWVsy dk yqd cnyk tkuk gSA 5. QS”ku Go behind the originality, not the look. okLrfodrk ds ihNs tkvks] Qs”ku ds ughaA 6. ut+j She gave me a look from the corner. mlus dksus ls eq> ij ,d ut+j MkyhA
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Do 1. djuk When are you doing this work? rqe ;g dke dc dj jgs gks\ 2. v/;;u djuk I did English in my school. eSaus baxfy”k dh i<+kbZ Ldwy esa dhA 3. lqy>kuk He did the puzzle in a second. mlus it+y dks ,d lsdaM esa lqy>k fn;kA 4. rks I do know him. eSa mls tkurk rks gwaA 5. yk;d gksuk It will not do for me. ;g esjs fy;s ugha pysxkA
May 1. ldrk gS (laHkkouk) She may pass this exam. og ;g ijh{kk ikl dj ldrh gSA 2. vkns”k You may leave now. rqe vc tk ldrs gksA 3. vuqjks/k May I have your name please? D;k eSa vkidk uke tku ldrk gwa\ 4. dkeuk djuk May you get the victory! esjh dkeuk gS fd vki fot;h gksaA 5. might = cgqr de laHkkouk She might accept my proposal. “kk;n og esjk izLrko Lohdkj djsA 5. might = “kfDr Truth disappears in the shadow of might. “kfDr ds lk;s esa lp xk;c gks tkrk gSA
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PREPOSITIONS About yxHkx It is about 4 o’clock. yxHkx pkj cts gSA dh rS;kjh esa He is about to leave. og tkus dh rS;kjh esa gSA ds ckjs esa What are you talking about? rqe fdlds ckjs esa ckr dj jgs gks\ dh ;kstuk esa I know what she is about. eSa tkurk gwa og fdl ;kstuk esa gSA Above ls mij The fan is hanging above the table. ia[kk Vscy ds mij yVdk gqvk gSA ls vf/kd You are getting above your salary. rqEgsa viuh lWyjh ls vf/kd fey jgk gSA ls vehj He married in above his family. mlus vius ls vehj ifjokj esa “kknh dhA Js’B The clerk should respect his above. DydZdks viuss lhfu;j dk lEeku djuk pkfg,A le> ls ckgj French is above you. Qzsap rqEgkjh le> ls ckgj gSA ls T;knk You speak above your age. rqe viuh mez ds fglkc ls T;knk cksyrs gksA After ds ckn Don't read after mid-night. vk/kh jkr ds ckn er i<+ksA ds pDdj esa The pick-pocket is after his money. ikWdsVekj mlds iSls ds pDdj esa gSA ds dkj.k He died after malaria. og eysfj;k ds dkj.k ej x;kA ls vf/kd Give me all you have after 400 Rs. 400 :i;s lsvf/kd rqEgkjs ikl ftruk gS eq>s nksA ls ihNs I am after you. eSa rqEgkjs ckn gwaA dh mez ds ckn He changed his career after 25. mlus 25 ds ckn viuk djh;j cny fy;kA ckn dk I can not be sure about after-world. ijyksd ds ckjs esa eSa fuf”pr ugha gks ldrk gwaA ds uke ij He was named after the name of the city. “kgj ds uke ij mldk uke j[kk x;kA
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At ds le; ij The bus reached me at 4 pm. cl us eq>s pkj cts igqapk;kA ds ikl He is standing at the gate. og xsV ds ikl gSA ds fdukjs The temple is at the river. eafnj unh ds fdukjs gSA ds fglkc ls He was hired at 100 Rs. a day. mls 100 : fnu ds fglkc ls dke is j[kk x;kA dh rjQ What are you looking at? rqe fdl rjQ ns[k jgs gks\ esa He will live rest of his life at village. og viuh ckadh ftanxh xkao esa xqtkjsxkA dh jQrkj ls The car is running at full speed. dkj iwjh jQrkj ls py jgh gSA (vkf[kj) esa She agreed to marry me at last. og vkf[kj esa eq>ls “kknh djus rS;kj gqbZA ds djhc The old man is at death. cw<+k vkneh e`R;q ds djhc gSA ij Getting furious at what I saw, I slapped him. eSaus tks ns[kk ml ij xqLlk gksdj eSaus mls rekpk ekjkA Against ds f[kykQ The public is against the vote. yksx oksV ds f[kykQ gSA ds lgkjs] ls yx dj I was standing against the tree. eSa isM+ ds lgkjs [kM+k FkkA ds fy, He received 500 Rs. against the rent. mls fdjk;s ds fy, 500 : feysA ds foijhr The boat is sailing against the wind. cksV gok ds foijhr pyk;k tk jgk gSA Before ls igys There was no one before 2 pm. nks cts ls igys dksbZ ugha FkkA ds lkeus Everything is open before you. lc dqN vkids lkeus [kqyk gSA igys Before education was not so important. igys f”k{kk bruh t:jh ugha FkhA
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By ls Why are you going by car? rqe dkj ls D;ksa tk jgs gks\ }kjk This work can not be done by the labors. ;g dke etnwjksa }kjk ugha gks ldrk gSA ds lgkjs The police caught the thief by his hair. iqfyl us pksj dks cky ls idM+kA rd He will come back by evening. og “kke rd okil vk;sxkA (ek=k) ls The bullet missed him by an inch. xksyh mls ,d bap NksM+ ds fudy x;hA ds ikl ls He drove the car by the jungle. mlus taxy ds ikl ls dkj pyk;hA ikl Come and sit by me. vkvks vkSj esjs ikl cSBksA By the way = oSls By the way what brings you here? oSls vkidk ;gka dSls vkuk gqvk\ ds fglkc ls You will be paid by the week. vkidks lIrkg ds fglkc ls iSls fn;s tk;saxsA Behind ds ihNs Who was standing behind the gate? xsV ds ihNs dkSu [kM+k Fkk\ esa “kkfey The police knows the culprit behind the plot. iqfyl lkft”k esa “kkfey xqugxkj dks ls de tkurh gSA I am not behind you. eSa (tkudkjh esa) rqels de ugha gwaA le; ls ihNs The watch is running behind the time. ?kM+h le; ls ihNs py jgh gSA From ls What do you want from me? rqe eq>ls D;k pkgrs gks\ le; ls The school would open from 16th June. Ldwy 16 twu ls [kqysxkA ls nwj How long the station is from here? LVs”ku ;gka ls fdruk nwj gS\ le; le; ij You have to visit him from time to time. rqEgsa mldks le; le; ij ns[kus tkuk gSA dkj.k ls He died from fever. og cq[kkj ls ej x;kA ifjokj ls He is from a noble family. og ,d vPNs ifjokj ls gSA
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For ds fy, You have to pay for your deeds. rqEgsa vius deZ dh ltk Hkksxuh gksxhA :i;s esa I bought it for 10 Rs. eSaus bls 10 : esa [kjhnkA le; ls I have been waiting for two hours. eSa nks ?kaVs ls bartkj dj jgk gwaA dks ysdj He can die for his words. og vius opu dks ysdj ej ldrk gSA ftlds fy, For he traveled across the country. ftlds fy, mlus iwjs ns”k dh ;k=k dhA ds fglkc ls This car runs 60 km for a liter. ;g dkj 60 fdeh izfr yhVj pyrh gSA ds okLrs He is living for bread only. og flQZ [kkus ds okLrs th jgk gS\ What...for = D;ksa What are you asking me for? rqe eq>s D;ksa iwN jgs gks\ cpkus ds fy, He ran for life. og viuh tku cpkus nkSM+kA In LFkku esa He is in London for three weeks. og rhu lIRkkg ls yanau esa gSA le; esa What were you doing in the morning? rqe lqcg esa D;k dj jgs Fks\ ds ckn I will meet you in a week. eSa rqels ,d lIrkg ckn feywaxkA eghus esa Winter falls in December. tkM+s dk ekSle fMlsEcj esa vkrk gSA vanj She is taking me in. og eq>s vanj ysds tk jgh gSA jax esa Don't write in red. yky jax ls ugha fy[kksA ij The birds are sitting in the tree. i{kh isM+ ij cSBs gSaA Into ds vanj Look into the book. fdrkc ds vanj ns[kksA esa He fell into the well. og dw,a esa fxj x;kA (nsj jkr) esa I saw her studying into the night. eSaus mls nsj jkr esa i<+rs ns[kkA
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On
Of
Off
ij Put the computer on the table. dEI;wVj dks Vscy ij j[k nksA dks I will be leaving on Tuesday. eSa eaxyokj dks tkmaxkA esa The officers are on the way for office. vkWfQllZ vkWfQl vkus ds fy, jkLrs esa gSaA de iSls ij The labors are living on the low wages. etnwj de iSls esa thou th jgs gSaA tkjh The war was on for the next two years. tax vxys nks lky rd tkjh FkkA NqV~Vh ij She is on maternity leave. og eka cuus dh NqV~Vh ij gSA gksus ij On getting drunk he started abusing. ih ysus ij og xkyh nsus yxkA LFkku ij Where do you put on? rqe dgka jgrs gks\ rjQ He turned his back on the crowd. mlus viuh ihB HkhM+ dh rjQ eksM+ yhA ls Beware of dogs! dqRrksa ls lko/kku! dk cuk gqvk The jacket is made of leather. tSdsV ysnj dk cuk gqvk gSA dk The people of west neglect marriage. if”pe ds yksx “kknh dks xaHkhjrk ls ugha ysrsA esa ls Which of you can run faster? rqeesa ls dkSu T;knk rst+ nkSM+ ldrk gS\ ds dkj.k She died of AIDS. og ,M~l ds dkj.k ejhA nwj = Get off. nwj gks tkvksA nwljh vksj Why is he sailing off the shore? og fdukjs ls nwljh vksj D;ksa tk jgk gS\ can = Turn off the PC. dEI;wVj can dj nksA ls gVdj Off Link Road. fyad jksM ls nwj gVdj NqV~Vh I will have off next Monday. vxys lkseokj eSa NqV~Vh ywaxkA e`r He is off. og ej x;k gSA (pay off) = ns dj NqVdkjk ik ysuk I paid him off. eSaus mls iSls nsdj NqVdkjk dj fy;kA
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Over mij There is a clock hanging over his head. mlds lj ds mij ?kM+h Vaxh gSA bl ikj ls ml ikj The thief jumped over the wall. pksj nhokj ds bl ikj ls ml ikj Qkan x;kA ls T;knk The car is running over 60. dkj 60 ls T;knk dh xfr ls py jgh gSA lekIr The show is getting over. “kks lekIr gksus tk jgk gSA cgqr T;knk Don't behave to be over-talented. cgqr T;knk izfrHkkoku fn[kusokyk O;ogkj er djksA To dks He is going to America. og vesfjdk (dks)s tk jgk gSA rd Keep it to yourself. bls vius rd lhfer j[kksA }kjk You are known to all. rqe lc ds }kjk tkus tkrs gksA ls I told him to talk to you. eSaus mls rqels ckr djus dks dgkA esa Welcome to India. Hkkjr esa vkidk Lokxr gSA ikl Come to me before 6 pm. esjs ikl 6 cts ls igys pys vkukA rd Count from 10 to 25. nl ls iPphl rd fxuksA ls Multiply 4 to 6. 4 dks 6 ls xq.kk djksA ls de It is quarter to ten. nl ctus esa 15 fefuV de gSA ij Don't take it to your heart. bls fny ij er yksA Up mij He was lifted up the hills. mls igkM+h ls mij mBk;k x;kA pkyw The internet is up now. baVjusV vc pkyw gks x;kA p<+ko The business is full of ups and downs. fctusl cgqr mrkj p<+ko ls Hkjk gSA mijh The upside of the door is broken. njokt+s dk mijh fgLlk VwVk gSA
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With ds lkFk He is living with his aunt. og viuh pkph ds lkFk jg jgk gSA ls I am writing with a blue pen. eSa uhys isu ls fy[k jgk gwaA rS;kjh ds lkFk Start the work with proper plans. lgh ;ktukvksa ds lkFk dke “kq: djksA ls Hkjk gqvk His brain is washed with fanaticism. mldk fnekx /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk ls Hkj fn;k x;kA esa The girl with sharp feature is my neighbor.rh[ks uSu uD”kdh yM+dh esjh iM+kslu gS Some more prepositions According to Agreeably to Along with Away from Because of By dint of By means of By reason of By virtue of By way of Conformably to For the sake of In accordance with With reference to In addition to On the behalf of In case of In comparison to In compliance with In consequence of In course of In favor of In lieu of
ds vuqlkj ls lger gksrs gq, ds lkFk ls nwj ds dkj.k dh rkdr ls ds tfj;s ds dkj.k ls ds ne ij ls gksdj ds tSlk dh [kkfrj ds eqrkfcd ds lanHkZ esa ls tksM+rs gq, dh rjQ ls dh fLFkfr esa ls rqyuk djrs gq, ds eqrkfcd ds ifj.kke esa ds dze esa ds fgr esa dh txg ij
In order to In reference to In regard to In the event of On account of On condition that Owing to With a view to
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ds fy, ds lanHkZ esa ls tqM+k gqvk ds ?kVuk dze esa ds dkj.k dh fLFkfr esa ds dkj.k ds utfj;s ls
eSa rqe ge
I you we
eSa rqe ge og og os
I you we he she they
fy[kuk i<+uk cksyuk i<+kuk nkSM+uk ysuk nsuk [kjhnuk cspuk jksuk galuk ihVuk MkaVuk crkuk Hkstuk lquuk thruk djuk lqukuk I;kj djuk xkuk xkyh nsuk ikuk jguk enn djuk iwNuk
Word Meaning og yM+dk og yM+dh os yksx esjk rqEgkjk gekjk mldk mldh mudk
write read speak teach run take give buy sell cry laugh beat scold tell send hear win do narrate love sing abuse get live help ask
eq>s rqEgsa gesa mls mls mUgsa
my your our his her their
he she they me you us him her them
Verb Patterns wrote written read read spoke spoken taught taught ran run took taken gave given bought bought sold sold cried cried laughed laughed beat beaten scoldedscolded told told sent sent heard heard won won did done narrated narrated loved loved sang sung abused abused got gotten lived lived helped helped asked asked 62
tokc nsuk ilan djuk Hkjkslk djuk Bgjuk [ksyuk ns[kuk ihuk [kkuk tkuk vkuk /kks[kk nsuk cukuk ekjuk ejuk gjkuk lykg nsuk rksM+uk “kknh djuk pykuk cqykuk igqapuk j[kuk fn[kkuk mBuk cSBuk ckr djuk feyuk tkuuk fxjQrkj djuk le>uk lh[kuk yM+uk Hkwyuk
answer like trust stay play see drink eat go come cheat make kill die defeat advise break marry drive call reach put show get up sit talk meet know arrest understand learn fight forget
nq?kZVuk Hkfo’; mToy mRlkfgr djuk ns”kizse Hkh xqtjk le;
Word Meaning accident future bright encourage country-love also past
answered liked trusted stayed played saw drank ate went came cheated made killed died defeated advised broke married drove called reached put showed got up sat talked met knew arrested understood learnt fought forgot
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answered liked trusted stayed played seen drunk eaten gone come cheated made killed died defeated advised broken married driven called reached put showed got up sat talked met known arrested understood learnt fought forgotten
;gka ogka jkst dksbZ loky ogka ls dqN pksj bu fnuksa fdruk tcrd ysfdu tc fQj Hkh vxj tks nwljs fd flQZ Bhd rjg ges”kk yksx blfy, lkspuk ?kj ysuk lp >wB cksyuk dekuk jksduk xjhc tSlk uQjr djuk eqf”dy NksM+uk ekQ djuk ;g lc ekaQh ekaxuk xyrh leL;k lqy>kuk fons”kh “kd nwj djuk dkSu lh Hkk’kk fu;qDr djuk
here there daily any question from there anything thief these days how much until but when still if who / what other that only properly always people so think home take truth lie with earn stop poor as hate trouble leave forgive all this apologize mistake problem solve foreigner doubt clear which language apoint
Word Meaning D;ksafd okil “kgj iwjk djuk rHkh ftUnk jguk ;s lcdqN ;kn j[kuk cuuk fdruk ds fy, rkjhQ djuk ckjs esa fo”okl djuk lkFk nsuk Nqikuk jktusrk xqejkg djuk lkeuk djuk lgh cnyuk i<+kbZ djuk jktuhfr igys vkSj T;knk vc rd TkqYe djuk bykt djuk flikgh cnnqvk nsuk deZ [kpZ djuk lykg ckj ckj [kkuk cukuk ds :Ik esa mEehn djuk lkeku gVkuk Mjuk cgkuk cpkuk lEeku djuk [kksyuk jgL;
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because back city complete only then survive these everything remember be how much for appreciate about believe support hide politicians mislead face proper change study politics before any more till now oppress cure soldier curse deeds spend advice again and again cook as except luggage remove fear excuse save respect open secret
