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Ñ c skcaccesscandcf lecsystemsc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c cccccc>cccccccc ccccc>cc*>cccc*ccccc /Dc/*c c2cc c ccc ccccccc >c c *c c c /c c c * c 'c c c c c *c cccccccccccc c

c c c

c &c c 4c c c cc c c c c c /c c c c c c c c 4c c c c c c c >c >c c c c c c c c c c c c c c 2c ccccccccccc >ccc/cccccccccccc c 7c c c c c c c c c c c c cc>c c c ccc#0':cc"6c ccc ccc/c cc c,9 cccc c c #0':c c c c c c c />c c c c ccccc*ccccccc c !)'$ c 2c c c c c c c /c c c *cc/ccc cc,9cccccc/c cccccc*cc/cccc/cc c c c c c c c c c c/c /c c c c/ c c c c /c c c c c /c c c c c /c / c2c/c/ccccccc/ccc*c ccccccccc*ccccc ccc/ c(c#0':cccccc*c/ c 7cc c c cc /c /cc >cc cc cc c c c c /c c c >c c c c c c c c cccc/ccccccccccc cccccccccccccc cccccc c)cccccccccc *c c >c c >c c c c c c2c c >c>c >cc c >ccccc /c c *c >c c c >c <>c c >c c ccc c ,cc*cccccccc c c c c c >c c />c c c c c /c ccc*ccccccccc/cc cc c c(cccccc c c!cc c/$cccccc$cc6>c029cc 7cc6 cc.9cc"6 c />cc>ccc/c cc/*cc/cccccccccc c c c !c 6>c 029c c /*c c "6c

c 4cccc'2c4c c c029 >cc6 cc.9cc/*cc7cc9 /cc$ c

Ñ c ev cecdr versc c /c /c c c c c c c c /c c c c c c / c 2c c c c c c c c c />c c c c c *c c c*cccccc>c/cc c c /c c c c />c c c c c >c c Ac c c c c c c c c 'c c c <c cccccccccc *c c >c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c >c c c c c c c />c c c /c c Ac c c c c c c c c cc c 2c c c c c /c /c c* c 4/c c c c !/cccccc/$cc c0ccccc *ccc/cc*cc*ccccc c c c c c c c c c c c *c 6c c c c c c /c />c *c c c c c c 2c /c c *>c (c c c c /c c c /c c*c c2cccc/c/cccccc(c cccc/cc c'cccc/>ccc c c c c >c c c c c c *c /c c /* c2c c /c c ccc /ccc c c c cccDccc/ccc c

cecur tyc cc*ccccc*cccc c c c c c /c c c c *cc >c c c /*cccccc>ccc6c/ccc /cc c 2c c c c *c *c c c *c Ac c c *c c c *c >c c c c c c *c c 7c c c c c c *c #/#c c #

c c c

c +c c /#>c c c /c c c c Ac >c c c c c c 2c *c c c c *c c c c c (c c c c *c A>c c c c c /c c c (c cc>cccccc*c>cc*cc c'cc>ccccc>ccc*c cccccc!cccc/ccc$ c 'cccc c c c>cc c cc c/cc ccccc c2cccccAcc ccc!c>c#cc*cccG#$ c'c>c ccccccccc*ccc*cc Ac c *c c c c c c c c c c 'c cccccc>ccc*c c 46cc//ccAcccc>ccccccc ccccccc c46cAccc cc/c/ccccDc>cccc*c cc>cccc cccccc c*ccc*ccc/cccc>c*ccc c c c c 2c #c c =/c 5c c 5c!55$cccñ c!24$c cccccc*cAc ccc /c c c2c*cc/ccccc>c*cc 24c c c c />c c c c c c *c c c c >c c c /c c /c c c c 0c/cccccc>cc/>c>c*c >c c c c c !92)$>c c c c c /c c c cc cc ccc c/c c ccc c /c c c c c c />c c c c *c c c c /*>c c c c c /c c %c c c c c c c >c c c *c*c ccccc*ccccccc c c c c c /c c c c c c c c 2>c c c c c *c c c c />c c c 2c c 92)>ccc/cc*cc*ccc*c*cccc cccccccc/ccc c c/c>cccc*6cc/*ccccc c c c )c c =*c /<c A>c c c c

-c 4cccc'2c4c c c c c c c c /c >c *c c cc c cc/ccccc c*cccc;/ c 'cccc/cc c$cccccc c c c /c /c c c c c c c c c c c 'cccc /cc ccc*c cc >cccc c c*ccc>c/cc*c c

Ñc%xample:c crosoftc3 ndowsc 7c c 7c 16c c c c c c /c c c c >c c c c c cc />c c c c c c $c c c c c c c c c 'c >c c c c c c c 2c c c c cccc c 2c7c02cccc>c*c>ccc >cc c*cc c />ccccc/cc*c cc ccccc*ccc>ccc7c ,>ccccccccccccc >c c c c c c c c c 2c7c :)c c /c c >c c @c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c *c c c c c Ac c c c c c c c c c c ccc c 7c ,c c c *c c c /c /c c c #c c c 7c c c c c c >c c c c c c c cc c c c c *c /c c c 'c c >cc cccc*c c c cc ccc c c7ccccccccc>ccc cc c2ccccc/ccccc >cccccccccccccc c / c #c >c c c7c >c c c c ccc>ccccc/c/c/cc cc c7cccAcc/cc#.c c#cc>c #c cc c c>cc cc /c!ccccccAcc/cc cc*cccc$>ccccccc K&Lc

-c c c

c

c c

c%xample:c+ nux/n xc "6c c #0':c *c /c c c >c c c c c cccc>ccc cc cc#0': c c7c cccc/cccccc>cc cccc cccc cc c/c >cc c c c >c c 'c c >c c Dc c >c c c c /*c >c c c c c cA>c /*c c c Dc c >c c c c c c *c c c 2c /c c ccccccccc>cc*c*cccc ccccc@c!*cccc /c*$c cc>c c c2cDccccccc c c Dc c c c c Dc c >c c c c /c c c c c c c c c c >c c c %c 5ccc7c cccc/cccccc c>ccc*cccc>cccc c >c c c c c c Dc c c c c c c !c c#*c c c //$c c c *c cccccccccccc/ccc>c c c Dc c c c c c c c Dc c c (c c c c c #c #c c /c c c c c 9c cc ccc*cc "6c ccc ,Dc#cc>cccc/c<c c

c lec systemc supportc nc modernc operat ngc systemsc c c c c c c /c c c c c ccc/ccccccccc ccc/c c

Ñc+ nuxcandcNIXc %c"6c*cccccc6 >c6>c.9>c.&>c;9c >c:9c>c=9>c=9 >c(9>c(9 >cc0'"9 c2c6cc>cc6 c c6cc*cccc"6cc c(c/c*c/c *c c c c c c >c **>c c c c #0':>c

1c 4cccc'2c4c c %c7>cccc c"6ccccc:9c c;9>ccc92c!c% 5(cc$>cc 9ccccc cccc% c 'c c c c c %c 7c 02Dc 029c c c c cc"6>cccc*cccc/*ccc/c #0':c c c '(c 1++c c #59c c c c c c c c cc5>c5,5>cc?.c c'cc*ccc"6cc c @c c c c c #c c c >c "6c c #0':c c c c c c *c c c c c c c c c >c ccccc/>c5cc5,5>cc/ccccccc ccc c

c c c crosoftc3 ndowsc %c 7c c c 029c c 92c c >c c c c c c c c c >c c c'(c 1++c c #59c c c c5>c 5,5>c c c c c c c?. c #c 7c c c c c c c c c c c >c c 6c5ccc'(c1++cc#59>cccc7c,>c029ccc c c c c c c c c *c c c 5c c c c c c c 7c 4*c 4c + c c 4692>c c c cc*ccc/ c

c c acc0cXc %c(c:cc 9Hcc@ccccc c'cc/c cc c9ccccc%c( c%c(c:ccc cccc92>c029>c#59>cccc>c*cc*cc c c 5c c c #0':c c %c (c :c c c /c c c c cc*cc#0':c,9 c.cc' ccccc c%DcJ9ccc%c(c:cccccc /*cc%c(c:c c

1c c c

c

c +c

cpec alcpurposecf lecsystemsc 92cccccccc>ccc>cc >c c c c *c /c *c c c /c c )cc92ccccccccccc/c cc>cccc >cccc c c ccccc cccc c'(c1++cc #/c 5c 9c c c c c c c c 5c c 5,5 c%c.cccc6cc#59cc*c"6c +cc c7c,cc ccc5,5cccc cc c *c*ccc c

c4ournal 5edcf lecsystemsc 9ccc/c@>cc/cc/ccc/cc cc cc@cccccc8cccc @>c c c c c c c c >c c c c c c c c c c c ;c c c *c c c c />c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c 'c c /ccc>cccc/ccccc*cccc c c @ c %c #0':c c c /c @c c.9>c ;9>cc46 c 'c >c @c c c c c c *c 6c c c c*cccccccccccccc c c c c c /c c @c c /c c c c*ccccc c" cccc J9c c c c c @c c c c c c /c c *c c c c c c c >c c c c

craph calcuserc nterfacesc %cccccccc!=#'$>ccc c c'ccc>ccccccc %c7ccc%c(>cc=#'ccccc c 7c c c c c c c c c c c />c cccccccccccc=#'cc *c c /c *c c c *c c6c c Ac c c

+ c 4cccc'2c4c c =#'c c c c c c (c c c c >c ccc*cccccc(c c'cc 1c #0':>c ,%c c c c c c c c c *c c c"6cc %c(c:cc c*cc c%cc c %c 7ccc7c,cccc*ccccc >c /c /c *c 7c 02c & c c 7c /c Dc c c c 6c c c c c7c 16c c /ccc*ccccc c %c c c c c c c c c c c c c cc c2c:c7ccc@cc=0(%4ccB54c c c c c c c #6c c#6 c !?5>c "6>c %6$c c c *c c 7c c c /c *c c c %c 7>c c c /c c c c7c >c *c cccc*ccc7 c 0c #6 *c =#'c /c 6c /c >c c /c c : c c c c /c /c c #6c ! )>c '?%>c$c c c c >c c c c c <c c c 11c c(4c c 54c c c c c c c c /c >c /c c *c c ccc=0(%4ccB54 c)ccc *ccc c />c %c c c /c c *c !c cc*ccc54cc/$ c =ccc//c/c c9c6>c7cccc ccc/cccc@c/cc7cc>cc c%c(c=#'ccccccc%c(c:cc c

c storyc 2c c c c c /c c c ?c c c 1+>c c c /c c c Ac 6/c c c c c />c >c c 6c c @*c c *c c c 46c c c *c #0',c c c 5c >cc c 2c c c c c c>c >c c >c c ccc>ccccccc>c Accc/c*c c4cccccccc

+ c c c

c + c c cccc c%c!$ccccc cc 1+ c 'c 1+1 ->c #0':c c c c c )5) -c c c c )5) c 'c c *c *c c /c c c c c /c >c /c c >c c >c c c c c c/c c#0':ccccccccc ccc c % 5(c /c c c c c >c c c c c

/c c5(cc*cc c cc c c c '?%Dc/>c) 5(>ccc'?%c>ccc'?%c)cc c '?%c )c :2>c c % 5(c c c c c c c c c c '?%c )c *c c c c %c :6>c c #0': c c cccc 1 c:6cc/cc*c%ccc c /c c c c c% 5(c c c 2c)#c c c c >c c c c c c c c/c c c>cc%c:6ccc/ccccc c c 2c + *c'?%c)c2cccccc*ccc cc>cc/cc c c %c (>c c %c 7c c c c /c c !7c 1>c 1>c Sc %4c c /c c c c c c *c >c *c c c +c *c c c /c$>ccc/cccc*ccc/c c c c c c c cc c c cc)#cccccccccc>cc*c>c c*ccc c 7c 02Dc c c c c c c c c *c cccc c5c4AcDc ,%>cc#0': c ccc/ccccccc>c c c >c /c >c /c c c >c ccccc c

+c 4cccc'2c4c c c(cc7c %ccccccc *ccc c'ccccc*c>ccccc *cccccccccc c 2c(cc/c/c c

c a nframesc 2cc 1+>c c @c c cccc ccc c2c/ccc'?%c +cccccc c /*c c c c c c c >c c c c c c c ( +c c c !c c /c c c c /c /c $ c 2c c c c c (c c c ccc c c ccc c +c>cc >c'?%Tc c c c c c c c c c c $ccccc( +ccc*cccc c'c c -D>c c %,>c c c c ( +c c c K Lc ccc.%cccccccc c ( +cccc*ccc>ccc>ccccc c c c c c 9c >c c( +>c c c c c >ccccccccccccccc c>c>cc>ccc c7cccccc c >c c c c c c c *c c c c c /c) +-cccccccccccc cc/c c c5cc/cc()4ccccc 1+>cc *c c'c ccc #/c c%>ccB.(0(c c c c 0(c c c c /c c c 1->c c c c *c c c c "c c c c >c c c c c 6c c c 5c ?'c c>c c ccc ccccc c'ccc 1->cc5ccc#/cc'c/c c)"2(cc>ccccccc c cc c)cc*c//ccc>cc c>cc cc c ?c c c c ?c c 1+ c c c %)>c !%c c)$c c c2c?cccc c cc

+c c c

c +&c c 6/cc /ccccccc*>c c c c %)c c c c (c c *c c 6/c c c /c cCc4)(">cccc"=(" c%)ccccc *c/>ccc*cccccc/c c%)cccccccc#c) %)ccc c #0',>ccccc>ccccc4:4c c c "c c c c >c c c c * c cccc>c>ccccc c'cc 1->c #0',c c c . 2c ?c !.2?$c c c c cc>ccccc5c?'c c =c 4c c %'2c /c =c 4c /c (c /c !=4($>c c c c c c c c /c / ccAc*c ccccc=c/c (cc!=($ c 5c4Acc /c c cc cc /c c>cc2() cc2() cccccc+ *c)5) cc c)ccc c c c #0':>c2() c c c cccc/>ccccc.)042c c 'ccc 1+cccc 1->c/cc*c//cc ccccccccccc c4cc c<ccccccccccc c c c c c c c *c c c c c c c c'ccc+Dccc+ &c!6cc+ +cc+ +$cc c c?ccccc/cc *cc/cc*cc c 2cc/cccccccc 1+cc c c c c c c c c c /c *c c c c c c c 2c *c c c cc8c Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc

?c%)c c?> 1+ cc#c %)>c c '?%c( +c c'?%c +>c 1++cc'?%c< (>c c '?%c) +-c c'?%c +>c 1+-cc'?%c< ,%>c c #0',c 4:4c c c #0',c >c 1+&>c c #c c ':>c c

c c

+c

4cccc'2c4c

c

+c c c

c ++c

c

c c3ebceng neer ngc 2c 7c 7c 7*c c *c c @c /c c c c /c c 6c c c c c c /c c 'c c cccc>cc7*cc6*c6c */ccccAcccc*>c>cc c*cccc// c

/>cc/c@cccccc*c/ccc c >c *c c *c c *>c *>c Ac c * c 7c 7*c /c c *c c *c c c c c >c c c c c c c c c c 'c c c >c c /c *c c /c c c c *c c A c c c c >c 3ebc eng neer ngc /c c >c c c A*c c c c /c c A>c *Ac *c 7* *ccc c 'c>c7*ccccc>cAccc c c c c c 7*c c /c c c c c >c/>c/>cc/ c7*cc/cc cccccccc>cc >cccc/ c 7*cccccc*cc/c 8c c c c >c c >c 6c >cAc>c c>cc>c c>cc6cc/>c>ccc >c@c>ccccc c 7*ccccc>ccc*ccc>cc *c //c c c c / c 7c 7*c 4c c c c >c c c c >c >c>cA>c c cc cc AcAc c7* *c c

c

.*c

c c cc!ñc

c

Î Ñ W. W. c c c

c c - c c c c c c c c c c c ! c c c c c c c c "c c c c cc cc cc c c c c c c c8?! c

c x 2 8

9, ñc c c c c c c c cc c c c c c c

c c c c cc

c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c : c 5c c cc ccc c8!7 c, 8 c 28 ccc c c c c c )ñ%>c o)ñ%>c c o%>c c + c c cc c c c c c c : c c c c 7 c A"ñc ,c c c c c c c c cc cc c)ñ%>c co)ñ%>c c ! ccc c

&c c c61c c c c c c c o)ñ%>c c o%>c c @ c c c 5c 5 c 55c c c c c c c c ñc c

.*c c c

7*cc +c c cccccccc/c*Dc*cc/cc c /c c c c *c c c c c *c c c c 2c*ccccc cc c Ãc

c Uc c ccc c /cAc cc c!*ccc$cccc c

Ãc

c c c c c c c c c Uc c c c c c c c c /c !>c >c *c >c $c c c *c c c c c c ! Dc $c *c c c c c !;/>c;>c>cccc)59cc >c $ccc5(%cc!5 2%"$ c5ccccc c c /c <c / c c c !) )>c )>c )>c >c ;)>c )>c $ c ?c c c c c c 6c c

7c c <c c c c c c c >c c c c c c c c c c c *c ccc*ccc ccc/ccc c* *c/ cc

Ñc storyc 2c ? "c *c c c c c *c c c *c c c 11 c ? "c c c c c *c 'c c !c c *c cc c c#c c $c c 6c !c c c *c c c >c *c c c *c c c c c c >ccc/c5 .(%c$ c7*cccccc cc 2%">ccc/cc 2%"cc/c*>cc/c *c *c c !c c $>c c c *c c c c 6 c 2c c c c c c 6c c c c c c c c /c c c c *c cc c c c c cc7*cc*cc>cccccc*c c6cc6*>c/cc*ccc*@cccc*c cc c9cc*>cccccc*cccc *c>ccc*/cccc/*cc/ c7c

+1c 4cccc'2c4c c c /c c c c c !$>c * *c c c c c c c 5*c c c c c / c ccccc7cccccccc 7*cc ccc>c*ccccccccc /cccccc/ //ccc c 7ccccc7*>ccccc*ccc/c *c*ccccc/cccccc cc c c c c c c >c c *c c c /c*c*cccccc/cccccc 7cccccccccc'>c.>c c .c c c /c c c /c c *c c c c c c

c3ebc tec es gnc c 7*c c c c c c c *c c c c c *@ c 5cc*cccccccccc*ccc ccccc*c cc*cccccccc*c cc/ cc*ccc*cccc*>cccccc *ccc*c c 2c c c c !c $c c c >c c c c c c /c c c '>c c c c c 9c c *c >c c c c /c c c c c 6c c c 9c cc*c>cc*cccc8c 2c cc*>ccccccc*c/c c c c c c c c c c c *c c c *c c c c Ãc 2c c c c c *c >c c c c c /ccc* c Ãc 2c c c c c 6c c c c c c c c >c c c c 2c c c *c >c cc/ c Ãc 2c ccccc*cccc/c>ccc>c@c ccc/c c Ãc

c *c c c c c 6c c c 2c c c c c *c c c ccc ccc'6 cc*cccccccc c) ccc cc cc >cc cc

+1c c c

7*cc -c c >cc c4c*cccc*cccc 2%"ccc ccc#." ccc*ccc>cccccc cc/cccc c9c*cc/cc cccccccc/ccccc ccccc)>cccc*ccc c (c c *c c c >c c c *c *c c c c c c *c /*c c c *c /c c c 2c c *c c c c92)c c (c *>c c*c c c c c /c c Ac c c c >cc>ccc*cc/ c2ccc*cc*cc cccccc=ccE>c6cccc*c>c cccc*c>c c

cIssuesc c c */c >c c c c *c c c c cc*cc c2ccccccc c

3 - 'c c c c c c *>c c Dc c c *c *c *c c c c /c >c c >c c >ccc6cccc c7*ccccc c*ccccc@ c %c *c c c c c c c @ c c c c c c c c c c c @ c 2c c c c c />c c c c c c c c c c >c c c c c

c c c c c c c >c c c c c c c c @c c c c c * c2cccccccc*c >ccccccc*c c

3 . / " (cc*cccccc/c/c>ccc<cc c*c>cc*c*c>ccc/cc!>cc >c /c >c 6>c c c *c >c $c c c <c c cc/*c c

- c 4cccc'2c4c c ccccccccccccc*c ccc c2ccc*c/ccccc c 2%"c* *cccccc/ *ccccc c c7/c c 6>c >c c c c c c c c c c c *c >c c c c c c c c )c c 6c c c c c c /c c c c c c c c c cc*@ccc c(ccccAc ccAc cccccc/ccccccc>ccc ccc>ccccc<ccc*c c)c c cc c *cccccc /* c "Ac c c *c /c c c c c>c *c /c c c c >c c *c c 2%"c *c !c c c /$c c c c c c c c ?c Ac c 6c c /c c c c *c c c c c c c c c c c ccccccccccc*cc ccc6c c2ccccc/cccc *c c c c2c "c 2>c c c c c /*c c c5cccccc>cc*cccccc c6ccAcccc * c* c c c Ac c c c c c c c *c 9c c2ccc6ccccccccccc cccc6cccc*cc< c

x *c 9c !c %c 9$c c c >c *c c ccc/cccccc/cc >cc!cccc/$>cc/cc/cc*c /cc* c 9c c c c c c *c c / c c <c c c c c c c c c c c ' c 9c c c c /cccc 2%"c>c>cAccccc*c >cccccccc*c*c#'cccc#?#c * c c c c >c 1Vc c #c 7*c c /c c 9c )c c 0*c/cccccccc cc

- c c c

7*cc - c c %cccc9c*cc/cc6cc/c/cc c c >c c c c *c c c c #@<<c # c c c c @c 9c *c c c c c c c c c /c c *c c c c c c c *c c /c c c c c 9c c c *c c c c c c c c c c c2cccccc 2%"ccc9 c(cc c c 9c c *c c 2%"c c //c c c c @c c*c >c*c cc /c c<cc c c c cc c 9c c c *c c c c c c <c cc c/>c>cc9c*@cc*cc ccc 2%"cc!ccccc$cc/c c c *c /c c 2%"c c c !c *c 'c 9c .$ c 9cccc9c*ccc*cc>cccc cc c >cccc*cccc c c <c c c *c *>c c Dc *c c c *c c c c c *c * c #c c >c c c /c *c *cc6c9c*@>ccc/ccc/ccc c c 2c c *c c c c c c c 6c c 6c * c'cc*cccccc*ccc*cc c c c 9 c #c c c c c c c c cc>cccccc*c/*ccc c />c c/c@cc9c*ccc*c*c!cc>c c 6$c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c /c c c@cc*ccccccc* c 2c c c c c 9Dc c c !c ##>c c c c 4%c c c c ;/$c c c *c >c c c c c *Dc c <c c c *c c c c c c c c c c (*@ (c >c cccc>c:%">ccccc *c*c c 00 "

7c 0c 0/c &c c c *c >c c c c /*c c c c c c c 7*c c c *c c * c (c /c c c c c c c Ac <c c *c c c c c %c*ccc5/cc c7E'7E=ccccc

-c 4cccc'2c4c c Ac c 0/c &c Dc cc c c c >c c c c Dc c c c *c c *>c c c c *c c c'c 46c*cc7c>cccccccc cccccc ccccc*cc*c ccc*c>ccc c#cccc*ccc

2%"c c c c >c c c *c c c c c Dc c c c c *c c c c7*c *c c c c ccc c

/>cccccccccc*cccc6/>c cccAccc*ccccAccc c c c c c c 2c c c c *c c c /c *c c c c *c c c c 9c c c c c c * *c>c/c7*ccccc*ccccc cccc*ccc*>cccccccc *c c c c c c 9c 6>c c c c c c c ccccc>ccc/c>cc c c c c c c *c c 7c c *c c c c /*c c >c >c c c *c c c c //c c c c c c c c c c c c c c 2c c c c *c /c /c c c c Ac c c ccccccccc* c />cc ccccc*>cccccccc>cc cccccccc* c%c*ccc c *c c 'c 46c c c >c >c c c c *c >c c *c c c 0c 0/c &cFc c *c c c c 7c 7c 7*c *c c /c c c c />c c 7c c c c c c *c c : 2%"c c c c *c c

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Ñ ÑcH storycofc% overnmentc 4 /c c c c c c c c /c <c c <ccc/ccc/ccc/c cc/c /c c*c/cc <>c *c>ccc ccc*c c 2cccccc /cc#<#c c*c c *c c *c *c c c c *c /c /c c *cc c/c cc cc cccccc /c c <c c /c c c c c /c /c /c c 2c c c *c /c /cc0cJ>ccc c 4 /ccc#cccc/c*cc 11c=/c )c 4c c c *c )c Dc 5*c ->c 111>c %cc4 =/>cccccccc*c<c c*ccc*c5*c c2cccccc ccc /c c

Ñ c evelopmentcandc mplementat onc ssuesc 2c /c c c c /c //c c c c c c c c c c *c c!>c -$c c c c

c c c

=/c &c c c c c /c /c *c c c c />c >c >c>ccc>cc c =/ccccccc*c>c>cc>cc c/>ccccccc>c>ccc c '2c c 4c c c c #5c />#c c c c c >c /*c c *c c />c c c c c >c c c c c >c c c c c c c c c 4cc/ ccc /Dccc6>c *>c=c5c)c!=5)$>ccc>cc/>c c c c c /c *c >c c c >c c'c/c)/cc'c c 9ccc>ccc c /c c c c *>c *c ! >c ='9$c c c *c >c #c #c!c# =/c'2#ccccc*cc*c /c $>c c c c c c !*c c ccc>cc*cc$cccc c*cc*c c 2c c c c c c c /c >c c />c c 'c /c c '00>c '429c c 7>c c c >c c c c c c c c c c 6c *>ccc/c>cc c 2cc# /#cc*ccccc*cc<c cc1D>c*ccccccccccccc c2c c c /c / c 9>c c c c c cc /c c c*c c cccccc*cc /ccc cccccc c>ccccc c c c /c c c *c c c c 2>c c c /c c c c c c c /c c c c 2c c c c /c c c c c c #Bccccc/ccc / c9>cc c c c c c c c c *c c c 7*c c c c ccc /cccccccccc cc# /#ccc*cc c

c c

c

4cccc'2c4c

c

c c c

c

=/c +c

Ñ c% democracyc % democracy>c c *c c c c ##c c #>#c cc c c cccccc'c c c cc c c c*c c/c c'cccc/cccc>ccccc*@cc c *c c /c c />c / c c cc cc c 2ccc*c/cc/ c2>ccccc c *c c c c c c c c c c c c *$c c <c c c *c c c c6/cccccc*c*cccccc c /c //c c c c $c c c c *$c c c c /c c c c c c c />c*cccc c4 ccc cc >c*cccccccccccc c c 4 c c c c c c c cyberdemocracyc c d g talc democracy cc

Ñ Ñcract calc ssuescw thce democracyc (c@c*ccccc cccc<c c 9c c c c c c < /c >c <c c/cccccc/c/cc*ccc c c *c c cc c 2c c c c c c ccccc/cc*c6ccc*c/cc cc c c*cccccc/cccc*cc*cc c c c c c c >cc c c c cc*c*ccc c2c<cc*c6cc c cc c c c.*Dc.c c(c c c c*/c *c Ac c /c c c c $c c #c c c c c c #c4/ccccc/>c@cc*ccc cccccc*ccccc* c2cc

-c 4cccc'2c4c c c c c c c /c <c c c c *c c

Ñ cInternetcascpol t calcmed umc 2c 'c c /c c c c c /c c c c c c c cccccccc c2ccc cc*c6cc6cc*cccc c 2c c c c *c /cc c c c 'ccc/ccc'cccc c%ccc 'c c c c c c cc c />c c*c >ccc*c >cc c>c c'cccccccccc c *c >c c c c c c c c c>c*/ccccc/ c9>cc cc'cc*cccccccFcc>cc c c /c c *c c c c c c c c c c c 2cccc 6ccc'>ccccc /cc ccc cc c cc'cc/c c c c >c c c c c c c c c c* c 9c6>c/cccccccc'ccc c c c c c c c c c c c >c c c /c c >c c Ac /c c / c 5c c c c >c c 'c c c c c c /c c c c c c c c c c >c c />cccc c c6cc(9 >ccc c5c @cc/c>cc*c/>c>c*cc ccccccc /cc* c

Ñ cBenef tscandcd sadvantagesc cccccc>c c>c */c >c >c 'c c c *c c c c c c c c c c c c c 4A>c c c

-c c c

=/c c c c *c c c c c c c c c >c c c c *c c c c /c c c c c >c c /cc/ c c c *@c c c c c c c c c >c c c c c c/c c c c c c c %c c *@c 6>c c c c c c cc /c*cccccccc c!*ccc 'c $c c c >c c c c c c c c 6cc c/ c 4c c c c c c *c c c c c >c c c c c c c /c c c c c c c c c 7c c c c c /c c c c c/cccc/cc cE>cc>c/c cccccccc<c>cc>c c #c c c c #c B c 2c c c c c ccccccc>cccc>cc c c *c c c c c c c /c c /c c c c c c 4c c c c /c c >c c /c c c /c c c *c c cccc>c>c*cc c c

c

c

1c

4cccc'2c4c

Ñ c%lectron ccd rectcdemocracyc 4c c c c c c cc c c c c 'c c c c c c c c c c c *c//cc c%c/ccccc c c c c c c c c */c c 4c c cccccc455c!c c c cccccccc$ c 455c Ac c /c c c c c c /c c c c c c c c >c c c 455c <cc /c c cc/cc>ccc>ccc/c!cc /cc/$ c 455ccccccccccccc/c /ccc c.c)ccccccc/cc 455c c c /c #c c #c c c 11 c c 11+c )c c c c #c c <>c c c /c*cc>ccccccc c/c c c c c /c c c c >c c *c c %/c @ c c ( ">c c c c c c ccccc -ccccccc455ccc ccccccc/cccc/c* cc "Ac>ccccc*c6>ccc<c ccc6cc/ccc*ccccccccc /c c c 2c /c c c c c 6c c *c c c2c6cc/cc6c>cccccc?c c?cc>ccccc?c/cccc*c*cc>cDc/c ccccc c c<c cccc6ccc c >ccccccc6ccc/>cc/cc*cc*c c c6 c2ccccccccc cc'c>ccccc/ccccc/cc ccAc c

Ñ c%lectron ccvot ngc %lectron ccvot ngc!ccc`$ccccc/ccc c/>c*c*cccccc/cccc cc/ c

1c c c

=/c +c c 4c/ccccc>ccc/cc c<c/cc!c c5 cc !5.4$c /c $ c 'c c c //c c c*c c /c /c >c/cc>ccc' c 4c /c c c c c c c *c c c /c /c*c c *c / c />c c c *c />c ccc#c>ccc/>cc5.4c/>cc cc

cc

4c /c c c c /c *c c c c c 1+c c c c c * c 2c c c c /c c c c cccc/Dcccc* c5.4c/cccc c *c /c c c c >c c c *c c /c c c c c ?<>c c c c c c c c'>c c 0>c ,<>c c c #c c'c/cc/cccc/c*cc c /c c c c c c#c B>c 4c c <ccccccccccccc c#ccc9 cc 2c c c *c c c c c c *c c /c !c ccccccc5.4$ccc/ccc c c / /*c c *>c c c c c c c c * c

© " c cc#c*c/c>#c *c /cc c c c c c /c c c cc *c >c c c * c7cc/ccc*ccccccc c c *c c *c >c *c c c 2c c ccc/>cccccc/c c %c>cccccc4c?c%c!4?%$>cc c /c c c c c c cc c />c c c cccccc5.4 cccc*cc/c ccccc/c c

. c c c cc!ñc

c c 7 À =À/$ 8 c c c +.c c c c c c c c c c c cc c c c cccc ccc cc c cc $cc

ccc c $c c c c c c c c c c c c cc cc cc c cc cc cc c c c cc c c cñc cc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ñ c

c c c c c c c c c c c c c ñccc c cc c cc cc c cc c c cc

c x #$ 9 ( $ =9 À $ :

9 ' ( 9 ?

!c c c c ?c 5 c c )c c 9 c c c c c c

c c c c c c c c c c @ c c c c c c c c c +.c c c c

c c c c +.c !c c 4Hc c c c

c c c ?c5 c c cc c c c c c cc c **Hcc .cc ( 4À/$ 8 c c "c +.c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c "c9 cccc c cc c cc c c c c c c c cc cc c c cccc c c cñ c c! c c cc c c c c "c +.c c c c -c c c c c c c c ñc c c c c c c c c cc c c

. c c c

=/c + c c 'c /c c c c c !/c c c 'c *c $cccccccc/c*ccc 'cc/c c c c <c c c 'c /c c c c c ?c *c c c c 6c c 'c /c c /c *c c/cccccc*ccc#c>cc#B>c '>c<cc4 c'c<>cccccc*c c cc>c /c ccc ccc*cc c c / c %c /c c 4c c c c /c c c c c >c c c c >c /c c '>c c c c c c c cc /cccc /c>cccc*c c4c #c c'cc*cc*c*cc4cccc c c Ac c c *c c c c c c c ccccccccc* ccc/cccc>cc cc>cc'5cccc)'0>cccc/ccc cc c4c /ccc*cccccc/c/ c (ccccc/ccccccccccc* c

c

c

c

+c

4cccc'2c4c

c Ñc Computercv s onc Computerc v s onc c c c c c c c c c c c c >c c /c c c c c c c *c c c c *c c c c 2c c c c c c >c c c c /c A>c /c c c >c c ccccc c c c c >c c /c c c c c c c c c c /c c c c c c /c c 46ccccc/cccc8c cc! ccc*cccc/$ c 5c/c! cc/c/ccc$ c (<cc! c c6c *c cc cc A$ c Ãc %c *@c c /c ! c c >c c cccc$ c Ãc 'c! cccccc/cc c$ c

Ãc Ãc Ãc

c /c c c *c *c c c c !*c c c c $cc*c/ c'c*c/>cc/cccc c/ccc>ccccccccc c c c c c c />c c c c >c c c *c c /c c c c c c c c c'c 6c*c*cc c /c c /cccc*c c * c c c /c c c >c /c >c >c*@c>c>c6>c ccc c

Ñ Ñctatecofcthecartc 2c cc c /c c*c <cccc/ c4/c ccc6>ccccccc 1-cccccc cccccccccccccc

+c c c

c/c +&c c c c c />c c c c c c /c c >cc Accccc c c #c c /c * #c >c c c c /c c 6>c c c c c c c c c /c *c c *c / c '>c c 6c c *c c c c /c /c c c /c >c ccccc/cccccc*c<c/c cccc c%cccccccccc c c *c >c *c c c c c /c c c c c c>ccc c ccccccc c c/c6cc! >cccccc>ccAccc c c c $ c 'c c c c /c >c c c c c c /c c c >c *c c *c c c c c *c c c 2c c cccccc'cc

c Ñ c elatedcf eldsc c c c c c c c c c c c *c cc c cc ccc c /cc *ccc/ c2cccccccc /c *c c c /c >c c c c /c c c /c /c c *c c /c c c * c (c c c cc*cc*cccccccc cccc/ccccccA ccc A>c c /c c c c c c c c c c cccccccc c

c

.c

c c cc!ñc

c

c x %/

c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c : c c c

c c c

c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c @ c c c c cccc c c ccccñ c

c c c c c c c c % c c c

c c : c :c c c cc c c ccc c

c c c c c c c c c

c c c c cc cc c :c c cc cc c cc c c c c c c c c c c c c c cc c cc c c c( cc c c c cc c c

c c c c c c c c c c

c c c

c c c c c c c ñ c c c c c

c c c c c c # #c c c c c c c c c c c " c ñ c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ccc

cc c

.c c c

c/c ++c c c*c>ccc/cc6 c>cccc *c c /c c c /c /c c *c c * c Ecccccc/ccc c%ccc cc /*c>ccc>cc*c6ccc c c c c c /*c c c /*c c c c/ c />c*cccccccccc c /c c c /c c /c c c c c cc /*c cccccccccc ccc c>cccc ccc>c cc*ccccccccc/ c ?c c */c c /c c c />c c c c c cccc*cccccccc/ c9c 6>ccccc/cc*cc>c<cc c9>cccccc cc/cccc c c c /$c c 6c c c *c <c c /c *cccc>cccccc*ccc ccccccccc c 2c >c c c cc c />c cc >c c >c*c/ccc/ c2cccc/cccc cAcccc/ c2cccc*cAc c c c c /c c c c c c c c >c c c c *c c c c c c c c c c c (c c c >c c c c *c c c c >c c @>c c c c c c c c /c c *c c c c c c c >c >c /c <c c cccccccc/c*c c 2c c <c c /c *c c c *c c c /c c'c c c c c c c c c 5c >ccccccc>c >c*c6 ccc cc>cccccc6ccc/>c c c c c c c c c 2c <c c c c c c Ac c c c c*ccc cc/cccccc5c c @c c c c /c >c >c c c c c c cc*cc5ccccc/c cc/c c c c c c c 6c c *c c c c c c

+-c 4cccc'2c4c c c %c /c c c c c >c c c >c >c /c *c c *c c c c /c *c c c c2cccccccccc c c c c c c c c c c c *c c c ccc<c*ccccccc c c 2c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c >c *c c c c c c c c c c 9c 6>c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c 9>cc c c c c c c/ccc6ccccc>cc*c c c c c c c c c c c /c c c cccc ccAcccccccccc *c c c c *c c c c c c >c c c c c c cc/cc*ccccccccccccc cccWc

Ñ cppl cat onscforccomputercv s onc (cccccccccc/ccc c c2ccc<c*cc6cccc cccccccccccc c=>c c c c c c c c c >c : c >c c >c c >c c c c c 6c c c c c *c 6c c c c c c c c >c c c c c c 'c c c *c c c c >c*c >c c2cc ccc cc *c /c c >c >c *c c c c c *>c c *c c Accc c c c c c c c /c c c c >c c c 6c ccc ccc c c(c 6cc Acccccccc*cccc ccc cc6ccccccc ccc*ccc*cc*c c %ccc**cccccccc/ c2c */c6ccccccc/ccc c %c/ccccccccccccc

+-c c c

c c .4c c c c c c c c c c c c

c c c c c c c : c c c % c c c c c # c

#c c c c

c c c

c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

c c c!c c c c

c ccc c c c

c c c c c c c c

c c c

c

c x % >/&:8 / = &À ; 99

(c c c c c c c c c c c

c c c c cc c

c c " c c ccc c c?9cñcc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

c cc c cc cc c c7c c c c c c c c c c c " c c c c c c c c c c c c 5>%c c c c c !c c c c c c c c "c c c c c c ?9c "c c c c c c c c c c c cc

c c c c c c c c 5 c c

c c c c c c c c

cc c c c c c ccc ccccc cc "cñ c cc c c c c c c cc

c c?9 c c c

c c

c c 5c c c c c c c c c c c c c c 25& c%

c c . c ( c c c8c

c

+1c

4cccc'2c4c

c c /c c c c c c *>c >cc c!/$ c Ãc / c

Ãc

Ñ cyp calctaskscofccomputercv s onc 4ccccc*c*/cccccc/c $c c c c c c *c c c *>c c c *c /c c c /c c c c 6c c c c/cccc* c

Ñ Ñc ecogn t onc 2cc*ccc/>ccccc/cc c c c c c c c c c c c c *@>c >cc/ c2cccc*c/c*cccc*c c >c *c c c c c /c c c /c c c c 8c*c*@cc*c c2c6ccccc c*ccc*c/ccccc*@>ccccc *@c ! >c $>c c >c c c c >c c />c c c c >c c *c c c c c >c*>ccccc*@c/ccc c 5c/cccc*cc*ccc8c

¦ecogn t on:c c c /c c c c *@c c *@c c c*c<>c cc cc 5cccc cc5cccc c Ãc Ident f cat on:c c /c c c c *@c c < c 468c c c c c Dc c c >c c cccc/ c Ãc Àetect on:c c c c c c c c c c 468c c c *c *c c c c c c c c ccc/cccccc c5c*cc /c c c c c c c c c c cccccccc*cc<c*c c c c Ac c c c c c Ãc

/c<cc*ccc6>cc8c

+1c c c

c/c -c

c

Content basedc magec retr eval:c c c c c c c c c c c /c c c c 2c c c *c c c c >c c 6c c c c c /c c c c !/c c ccccc:$>cccc c /cc c /c c 6c c !/c c c c c c c >cccc>cc/cccc$ c Ãc osecest mat on:ccccccccc*@c /ccc cc6ccccAcc*c c c *c c c /c *@c c c /c *c c c *cc c Ãc 0pt calc characterc recogn t onc orc 0C¦):c c c c ccccc6>cccc/cccc 6ccccc*cccc6c! c''$ c Ãc

Ñ cMot onc /ccccc>cccccAccc cccccc/ccccccccccc 5c c46cccc8c Ãc Ãc

%gomot on:ccc5ccccc c rack ng:ccc/cc*@c! c/cc$ c

Ñ ccenecreconstruct onc =/ccc!$ccccc>ccc/>ccc cccc5cccc c'ccccccc*cc c c 5c c %c c c c c c 5c c c

Ñ cImagecrestorat onc 2c c c c c c c /c c c !c >c c *>c $c c c 2c c *c c c c /c c /c c c c c c c c c c c %c c c c c c c c c c c c c >c c c ccccc c?cccccccc c c c c >c c c c c >c c c c c c*cccc ccc>cc*c/c c c /ccc*ccccc c

c

- c

4cccc'2c4c

Ñ cComputercv s oncsystemsc 2c <c c c c /c c c c c c ccc ccc/ccccc c*>ccccc* ccccc>cc 6>ccc* ccccc>c>c c *>c c >c c 2c c c ccc/ccccccccc cc cccccc*ccccc c2c>c/>c cccccccc/c c

Imagecac7u s t on:cc cccc*c cc/cc c >c *c /c c c /c >c c c >c c />c >c c >c c 5c c c c c >c c c c c c c c 5c>cc5c/>ccccA c2c6c/cc ccccccc/cc*c!cc c c $>c *c c c *c c c /c c >c cc>c*ccccccc/>c ccc c Ãc re process ng:c?ccc/ccc*cccc c c c c 6c c c c c >c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c cc*cc c46ccc ôc . ccccccccccc c ôc 0c c c c c c c c c c c cc c ôc c c c c c /c c c *c c ôc c c c c c c c c c c Ãc eaturec extract on:c 'c c c /c /c c 6c c 6cccc c2c6cccccc ôc ">ccc c ôc "<ccccc>c**cc c Ãc

%c6ccc*ccc6>ccc c

- c c c

c/c - c

c

Àetect on/egmentat on8c c c c c c c c c c c *c c c c c c c c c c /c c c c46ccc ôc cccccccc ôc c c c c c c c c c c c*@cc c Ãc H gh levelc process ng:c c c c c c c c c c c c >c c 6cccccc ccc cccc c c c *@ c 2c c c c >c c 68cc ôc ,c c c c c *c c c c c ôc 4cccc>ccc*@cc c*@c< c ôc ccc*@ccc c

Ãc

c c

c

c

*1c

c c cc!ñc

c

Ñ c A l ll A l ll c A#c c c c c c c c c c c cc c c cc

c x *;< @< À:

%@ c !c " c c c c c #c c c c c c #c c c c c c c c c c c c c " c c c -c c c c

c , c % c c cc cc .c cc c#c cc c c"cc #cc c c c c

c c c c c c c " cc c c cccc c c c c @ c 8 c c c # c !#c c c c c cc cc c c c c!c cc !c c c cc c c c cc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c - cc c !c c c cc " c c c c c c c cc c c c c ccc

cc ( c c cc ccc c c c cc

c c c c c c c ñ c c c c c c c c c c c c c c !c c c c c c c c c8(7!c c c c

ccc cK!Lc c

*1c c c

cc -&c

c

Ñ ÑcH storycofcIcresearchc 'ccccc c>ccccc*ccccc *c c >c *c c c /c c>c c c c c c >c c c c c c *c c *>c c */c >c *c c /c c cc >c c c*ccc*cccc cc 2c c c c 'c c c c c c c c c c 5cccccc 1+ c2cccc*cc c c 'c c c c >c c ;c %>c %/c %>c c 0c c *c >c c c 'c *c c%'2>c %#c c c 2c c c c c c c >c c c >c c 8c c c /c c *c c *>c /c c c c c 4 c ?c c c +c c c c /c c*cc# c5c c5ccc c c *cccccc8c 1+>c c c 8c #%c c *c *>c c c >c c cccccc#c Ãc 1+->c %/c %8c #7c c c

c c *c c c DcDcc*c*c/ #cc

Ãc

2c >c c c c >c c c c c 2c c c c <ccccccc*cc c'c 1-&>cccc ccc4Dcc;c"cccccc c c c /c @>c c # c c ?c /c c c c >c6ccc' c2cccc'c7 cc 'c c c >c 'c c c //c *c c c c c6c c!ccc'ccccccccc ccccc6$ c?c 1cccc'ccccc c *c c c /c c c c c c *c c c c />c @c c c c >c *c c c c c c"c %c c c 1->c 'c c c c c >c c c >c c c'c7c* cc 'c c 1c c c c c 'c /c c c >c *c c *c c c c c c c c c c>c/cc/ccc>cc>cc

-c 4cccc'2c4c c c c c c c 2c c c c c /c 8c c *c c c c c !c %Dc $>c c c c c /cc**>cccccc*c'cccc ccc*>cc */c ccc c*ccc cccccc cc

Ñ ch losophycofcIcc c >c *c c c *c *c c c c *c c c c >c c c *c c c c c c c c c cccccc*Gc'ccccc*c c c c c Gc c c c /c cc c GccccccccccAcc/c * cc Ãc

2Dc#c/#8c% c c 2c <c >c>cccc@ccccc*ccc */ c2cccc*ccc2c cc

Ãc

2c5c8c' 'c 2cc ccccccc5c c c 1+>c c c c c c c c 'c cc

Ãc

0c c Dc c *c c 8c ' 'c 2c c c c c c c c c *c c *c 5c c >c c c >c c 6c c c c c c c c *c c c c /c c ##c c c c c c 6c *c cc

Ãc

=aDc c 8c ' c.c)cccc ccc=aDcccccc cc

Ãc

Dc c 'c 8c 'ñ

-c c c

cc -+c

c

'cccccc ccc>cccccc cccc ccccc##cc* cc Ãc

2cc*c8cñ c c%/>c .cB<ccc/cccccc*cc c c *c c c c c >c c c c c c c *c c c c c c 2c c *c c c c c *c c c c c c >c c c c c c c c c c c c c ccc* cc

Ñ cIcresearchc Ñ ÑcroblemscofcIc 7c c c c /c c c c >c 'c c /cc/ccccc cc

! 4c'cc/ccccccc>c * cccc*cccc/c<<>cc*c >cccc c?ccccc1>c'cccc /c c c c c c c c c c >cccc**cc cc 9c c *>c c c c c c Ac c c c Fc c 6c c #*c 6#8c c c c c c c c Ac *c c c c *cc*ccc< c2ccccc*c/c cccccc'c cc 'ccc>c/>cccccccccc cccc*c* c/cc/ccc c *c /c c c c *c cc >c c c c >c * c c c c 'c c c *c c c4*c/cccccccc c c c *c /c * c 'c c c c * *c >c c c c c c '>c c *c *c c c c

--c 4cccc'2c4c c /c c2c*c c c*c/>c c cc ccc>ccc/ c

Ñ c nowledgecrepresentat onc Bc c c c c c c c 'c c %c c c *c c c 6c c /c c Ac 6/c c *c c c c c c c 'c c c c 8c *@>c >c c c c *c *@$c >c />c c c $c c c $c c *c c !c c c *cccc$$ccc>cccc cc c c c #c 6#c c cc !*c c c c c$>ccccccccc c cccc*cccc8c 8c %c c c c c c c c c c #c #c 9c 6>c c c *c c c c />c cc c c c c c c <>c >c c c 0c c c c c c *c *c c c;c%ccc*cc 1+1cccAc *8cccccc'cccc>c c c c *c c c *c c 6 c c c c c c c c c c c c *c c A c 'c c c 6cc*ccccc* cc Ãc 8c %c c c c c Dc c c ##cc##ccccccc c2ccc c c c c c c c c c c *c c c * * c 2c c c >ccc/cc6cccc cc ccc*ccc>cccccc 'ccccc/ccccccc c Ãc ñ 8c2c*ccccc c /cc cc c.c @cc c c*cccc*ccc>ccc >c Ac c c c c * c c cFcc c*c*>c*c>cccccc cc

Ãc

--c c c

cc -c

c

Ñ clann ngc 'ccc*c*ccccc/c c2ccccc /<ccc!cc/cccccccccc *c*cccc*cccccc$cc*c*cc ccc6<ccc!c#/#$ccc/*c cc 'ccc*>ccccccccccccc c c c c c *c c c c Ac c c c c * c

/>c c c c c >c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c *c >c Ac c cccc cc % c c c c c c c c c c c /c c /c c 4c */c c c c c c *c /c ccc cc

Ñ c+earn ngc 'ccc*c8c #/c 8c c c c c c c c c c #6#>cc*c*ccccc#6#cc6 c Ãc /c >c c c c !*c *c c c c c c *c >c c c c *c c 6c c c c c $>c c c !/c c c c c c6>c/ccccccc cccc$ c Ãc .c 8c c c c c c c c c cc *c c !2c c *c <c c cc >c ccc$ c

Ãc

2ccccccccccc c*ccccccccc c

Ñ cNaturalclanguagecprocess ngc 0ccc/ccc*cccccc cc*c c%cccccc c c c c c c *c *c c Ac c c c

*c c c cc!ñc

c c cc cc ccc cc c5 c c c c c c

c c c c c c ccc cc & ñc c c c c c c c !c!c c : c c c c c c c c c " c c @c cc c c c c - c " c c c c c c c c c cc cc c c c cc cc

c x * 0&.

Ñ 3 Î . . l !c c c c c c c c

c c c c c c c cc c5 c ccc cc c c " c c c c c c c6c 8 c 6 & c c c c, c ) " c ? c %c c c

c c c c c c ñ c 5 c c c c c . c c c cc

*c c c

cc

c

4c

c x *% :

=

Ñ 3 : l .l A# 6c

c c c

c c

c c c c c !c

cc c cc

cccc cc c c c c ñc c c c c c 8c%?c 5 c c %!ñc c c c c c c c c c, c )cc c c c!c# c c c!#c c#8(7!#c c c c ) c 5 c c c 2c c c c

c " c c c c -c c c c "c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

c c ccc cñ c cc c c c c c c c cc c ccc c c c c#8 c

c 5 #c c c c ñ c c c c c % c ?

c c c c c c c cc5 c cccc4 c > c!c ?"c2cc5 c, c% c cc cc cc c c c c c c c c c c c

c c c cc c c

c c c c c c c c ) c c c5 c 5!>c c c c c c c c c c c c c c" c

c

c

4cccc'2c4c

>ccc c"cccccccc c #/c c 4*c c c c 4c c c c c /ccccc)cccccc cc ##c*c'c .cc%'2c !cc%/c %c cc)$c c c /c c *c c/c c c c c Ac c c Cc c c c c c c c c c c !c $c c c c c c c c c*/ c.cc*cc# #cc c ##c !c c c c ##c c c%#c c$>c c c c c c *c c c c c c *c !c c 5c "Dc $c c c *c *c c c ccc cc Bc*c'c 7c c c c c *c /*c c 1->c c c c c c *c c *cc c 'c c 2c #c /#c c c c /c c c c 6c c !c *c 4c 9*$>c c ccc c c 'c c2cc /c c c /c *c c <c c c c c c c c*cAc*ccc'c c

Ñ Ñcearchcandcopt m 5at onc %c *c c 'c c *c /c c c *c c c c c *c 8c.c c *c c c c c c 9c 6>c c c c *c /c c c c c c c c c c c >c c c c c c c c cc c )cccccccc*>cccc ccccc>cccc c c.*cc c /c *c c c *@c cc c c c c %cccccc*cc< c c6/ccccccccc*8cc c c !c *c c c c $c Ac c cc * c2cccccccccc/c c2c>c cc*>cccc##cc#cc*#cccc c c c c c c c c !c #c c c #$ c c ccccc#*c#ccccccc cc

c c c

cc c c c /c c c c c c c c c c 11>c *c c c ccc< c9cc*>ccc*cc*cc ccccccccccccccc c c c *c c 2c c c *c /<c c *cc *8c c *c c c c c c c c c >c c >c *c @c c >c c c /c c c >c c c c c c (c <c c c c >c *c c c c < cc 4/c c c c c c <c c 9c 6>c c c *c c c c c c !c $c c c c c c cc*>cccccc//ccc!c c $ c 9c c /c c c c c c !c cc c c c c <$c c /c c!cccccc$ c

Ñ c+og cc "cccc'cc*c;c%ccc 1c/c2c c 2c c c c /c c ; c c .*Dc /ccccccccccc 1+ c 2c c c >c c c c >c c c c *c c*cc c />cc/ccccc Ac c c c *c 6c c c c c 'c 1-&>c .*c Bcccc6cc cc!cc c c c 8c #c c c #$>c c c c c c*c c c c c 2c c /c !*c c c $c c * cc "c c c c c c c *c />c *c c c *c ccc*cc c9c6>ccccccc >c c /c c c c c c c c 2c c /ccccccc'c c )c c c c c c c c c c c *c cc c Ãc 9 cccccccAcc>ccc 6c c *c *@>c c >c c c c c c c Ãc 9<<c >c c /c c c c c c c c c c cc*cccc/c*ccc >cccc

Ãc

c

c

4cccc'2c4c

2c! $cc9c!$ c9<<cc c*c c c cc c /c *c c c c c c c c c c cc Ãc 5c >c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c Ac * cc Ãc /c6ccc/c*cccccc c>cc8cc$cc>c/cc c c c !c c /c c $$c c $c *c$ccc cc

Ñ cClass f erscandcstat st calclearn ngcmethodsc 2c c 'c c c *c /c c c 8c c !#c c c #$cc c!#cccc #$ cc c /c ccc*cc>ccccc ccccc'c c c c c c cc c c c c c c 2cc*cccc6>ccc/c/cccc ' c2c6cccc*/cc c'c/c>c cc*ccccc cccc*ccccc c c c *c c c c */c *c c c c *c c cccc c 7c c c */c c />c c */c c c *c c /c 6 c c c c *c c c /c $c c c c cccc c c cc c cc/*>c c ccc c c c c c c c c c c c c c *c c2ccccccc*ccc/c*$ccc ccccc#cc#c c,ccc/c*c cccccccccccc ccc c5cc*cccc/c *cc/cccccc c 2cccccccc>K &Lccccc cc/c>K & Lc c*c>K & Lc=c6c >K &Lc /c ?c >K &&Lc c c K &Lc 2c c c

c c c

cc 4c c c

ccc c ccc c c

c " / .0cc c c cc cc c

c c

Ñ 3 Ñ8 &l -" ñc c c c c " c c c c c c c c !c

c c c!cc . c7 "c. c cc c c

cc c c6 c cc" c c c c c c *c c c c c

c c c "c

c c c c c c c c 4 c ñc) c c c c c c "c c

c cc, c) cc 4c

c x ** 4 :4 4

c "c c c c c c c c c c "cc c c "ccâ c -c c c c

c c " c 2 c " c c c c c c c c c c : c c )c c c c c c c c c c ) c ñ c % c c

cc c cc cc

Ñ , Al l ll c cc c

cc cccc c c cc c c "c c c c c c c c c 7 :c c c :c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c!c c !c c c c c c c c

c

c

4cccc'2c4c

Ñc Human computerc nteract onc ñ x (

Human±computerc nteract oncc HCIcccccc*cc !$cc c'ccccccccc>c */c >c c c /cc c c c 'c *c c c c c c c c c !c c $>c c c *c c c >c c 6>c c c cc cc>cccccc c 2cccc/c*ccccc%8c ' # 'c ?c c c c c c c c c c @>c c c c c c c *c c c c c c c (c c c >c Ac c c >c c >cc>cc/c/cc/ c(c c c >cc >c c c c c >c >c c >c /c >c c c c c / c 4c c c c c c / c 5c c c ccc '>cccc*c*ccc c />c ccc c /cc cc/c *>cc *c c *c

'c c c c c c c man± mach nec nteract oncMMI) cccomputer±humanc nteract oncCHI) cc

Ñ Ñcoalsc c*ccc 'ccc/ccc*cccc*c ccc*cc/cccDc c>c 'c cc8c

c c c

cc +c

c Ãc

Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc

cccccc! >c/cccc ccc>ccc*c*ccc/c>c <ccccccc*cccc$c c c c c ! c c c c*$c c$c Acc/cccc /cccccAc /c/cc/cccccc

ccccc 'cccccc<cc*c*cc Dc /c c c c c c c c c c Dc cccDc c )ccc 'cccccccc c c c c c c * c 2c c c //ccccccc*c c .c c 'c c c c /c c c >c 6c c c c />c c c c >c 6c c c c >c c /c c c c c c

Ñ cÀ fferencescw thcrelatedcf eldsc

'cc c c ccccc c cc c ccc c c c c c c c c c c >c c c c c c c c c c !c c $c c *c c c c c c 'c c c c c c c c c c c c c c /c c c c >c c c c c c c c c c c c c cccccccc>cccccc c*cc cc

Ñ cÀes gncpr nc plesc 7c /c c cc >c c c c c c >c c c ccccccc6cc8c Ãc

4ccc!$cc!$8c4*ccccccc c c !$c c c c c c c c *$c

c

-c

4cccc'2c4c

ccc/ccc>cccccccc c>cccccc/c c'c>ccc!$cc cc*cccccc!$ccc*c c Ãc 4c 8c 2c c c c c c c c c cccccccc/c*>c/ cBc ccccc*ccccc/ccccc ccccccc c c4*c A/c*ccc8cc*ccccc !$>c c c c c c !$>c c c *c c c c cc!$ c Ãc '/c 8c c c c >c >c c c cc>cccc/cc8c c

c c & c

5cccc 2c <cc .c

.c c /c c c c c *>c c c c c

Ñ cÀes gncmethodolog esc c *c c /c c c Ac c Cc c c /c c c c c c c c c c 1 c %c c cc cc c c c >c>ccc c c 4c >c c 6>c c Dc /c c c *c c A*c c c c c c c c /c c c c c c c c c c c cc c%cccccccc*cc /c *c >c >c c c c c c c cc*cccccc6cccc/>cc ccc6cccc c Ãc

ser centeredc des gn8c c c !#5$c c c >c c ccccccccccc ccccccc c#>cccc cccccc>ccccc c c c c c c c c c c (>c c c @c c c *c c c c c

-c c c

cc c

c

/c c c c c *c c c c c 2c c c >c *c c c c )c 5>c c <c c *c c c c *c /c c cccc c Ãc

r nc plescofcsercInterfacecÀes gn8ccc/cccc *cccccccccccccc>c c 2>c >c ,*>c >c >c cc9* cc

Ãc

c "c c c c I'c c c cc

Ñ cÀ splaycdes gnc 5c c ccccccc c/c c /*c cc c cc cc c?cc cc>ccccccccccc*cc ! c/>c>cc >c>c>c $ ccc c c c*c *ccc /ccccc c c$c>cccc*ccccc cccccc>cc>cc c

HI¦%%Nc¦INCI+%c0cÀI+;cÀ%IN c 2ccccccccc*c<cc c c /c c c c c c >c c c c Ac c >c c c c >c c c c c c c c c ccccc*ccc*c/cc<ccc c cc c c*c*cc cc c cc c ccc*c >cccccccccc ccc ccc c2cc c*cccc c c c ccc c*ccccc ccc/c c

erceptualcr nc plesc Ñ ' c

1c 4cccc'2c4c c cUc*cccccccc*c c'cc c c *@c *c c c *c *>c c c c c/cccc c < # c 5c c c c c c c c /c c c /*c c c *c c c c c /*c ! c >c <>c $ c 2c c /*c c c c*c/ c )ñ c c c c /c c c c c c c c 6c *c c c Uc c 6 c 'c c c c c c c c Uc 6>c c c /c c c c c c c *c c c ccccc c * c 'ccccccc>cccccccc*cc c2c c*c c*ccccc/cc c ! c c c >c /c c >c $>c c c c c c cccccc c 6c c>c c ccc c c + c c c c c *c c c c *c c 2c c c c ccccccc*c c9c6>c& ?1cc ccc & ?cc1 ccc1 c#cc cc*c /ccccc*c c

MentalcModelcr nc ples c Î c cccccc/*cccc! ccccc ccccc/c/$ c'cccc>cc c *c c c c c c c c c c c c c / c

1c c c

c ü c

cc 1c

%/ccc/cccccc*cccUc c c c c c c /c c c c 9c 6>c c /c ccccc/cccc c

r nc plescBasedconcttent on c [ , c 7c c Uc c c /c c c c c c c c c >c c c c c c c c c c c c cc<ccc*cccAcccc*c cccc*c c />cAc*ccc*c cccc c c 5/c c *c c c c c *c c c c ccc c2ccc*cccccc c/ccc6 c'cccc*c>ccc *c /c c c c ! c c 6>c c *c c >c >c>c $ c />ccc6cc*cc*cc cc c Ñ c c c c c c c c c c c 9c 6>c /c c c c c *c c c c ccc/cccc c

Memorycr nc plesc ÑÑ c ccccccccccccc cc/ccc c cc>c>ccccc ccc*cccccc c />cccccc c *c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ! c c 6c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c $ c 2c c c

1 c 4cccc'2c4c c ccc Uc c c ccc c c*c*c cc /c Ñ< c )/ccccc/cc/c cccc c c c c /c c c c c c cccccccccUcc c2cc ccccccccc>c*ccc*c*c c c c 6c c c /c c c c c c c c cccc c Ñ) c (c *c c c c c c c c c c c c ccc c ccc c cc Uc c c ccccc6cc*c cccccc cc<cccc c

c c Ñ cuturecdevelopmentsc ncHCIc 2cc*cccccccc//c c

cccc*cccccccc c2cc8c 5cccccccccc %<ccccc*c .cccAccc*c 0c c c c c c c c c /cccc Ãc <cccccc Ãc 'c /c c c c c *c c Ãc 'c c c c >c c *c c c c ccccc

Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc

1 c c c

cc 1 c

c

'c /c c c Ac ! >c />c >c $>c *c cc >cccc <c*cc /ccccc#c/ #c Ãc 7c c c c c /c c c c *c c/cc Ãc

2ccc 'cc6ccccc8c

b 7u tousc commun cat on c c c c c c c c >c c /c c >c c *c /c >c >c >c c c c 5c c c /c c *c*c*ccccccccccc/ c H ghc funct onal tyc systemsc c c /c c *c c c cc c2cc*cccccc>ccc >ccc/ccccccccc! >cc c$ c Masscava lab l tyc ofc computerc graph csc c c *c c c c >c c >c >c c /c c c *c c c 6/c c *c /*c c c c c c M xedc med ac c c c >c />c >c />c 6>c c c 2c c *c 6*c /c c c c c 2c c c c c c! >cc>c,.>c/$cc c cc cccc c ccc c cc c H gh bandw dthc nteract onc2ccccccccc c*cccccc>cc>cc>c c c c / c 2c c c c c A/c c >ccc/cccc/ c +argec andc th nc d splaysc 0c c c c c c *c /c c c c c c c c >c c >c c /c c c c2cc/cccc*ccc*cc /cc >c *c ccc /c c ccccccc c

1c 4cccc'2c4c c %mbeddedc computat on c c c c *c c c c /c*@ccccc*c c2c/cc*c/ccc c c <c c c c c c *c 6c c c *c c *c *c c c c c 2c c6>cc/cccc c2ccccc c c c c c c c c c c c c *c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c *c /c c c c c *c /c c c ccc c

ugmentedcreal tycccccc>cccc ccccc/cccc/ccc c46c @c c c c c c c c >c c c c 9c c c c c c c c *c /ccc*ccc/c c roupc nterfacesc 'c c c c c c c c c *c c ! >c c >c c c @>c c c @c $ c2cc/c@cccccc<ccc c /c c * c %c c c c c c c *c *c c ccccc<cc c serc a lorab l tyc (c c c c c c c c c ccccccc/ccc*cccc ccc c#>ccccccccc >ccc*cccccccc6c c c c c !c c 6c *c c c 6$ c Informat onc t l t esc )*c c c !c c c *c c $cc<cc/c! >ccc$ccc c c2cccccccccc *cccc/ccAcc c

Ñ comecnotesconcterm nologyc Ãc

HCIc /c MMI c %%'c c *c c c c c c mCmc >c >c *c c 6/c c 2c c c c ccccccccccc*/c*cc >c c>c>c*cc c

1c c c

cc 1&c

c Ãc

HCIc /c CHI c 2c c 'c !c $>c c cChc >cc*cccccc>cccAcc c c c c />c c c c c c c c c c c c 'c !c c c $>c c c c c c c *c c c c c c >c c c Dccc>cc*cc>ccccc cc D c2c c*cc/ccc ccc cccc*cc6/c!c c)#c$>c>cc cccccc>cc c c c c c c c c /c c ccccc*ccccC c c

Ãc

sab l tyc/c sefulness c5ccc 'ccccc ccc*>c ccc*ccccc c

/>c c /c c *c Ac c c cc c *c >c cccccccc/c c

Ãc

Intu t veccNatural cccccc*ccc *c #/#c c ##c c >c c c *c c /c c c c c %c c c 'c /c c c c c! cccc=#'cc*c/c*$>ccc *@c c c c c c c c c c c /c c >cccc/c6 c cc

Ñ cHuman±computerc nterfacec 2c Cc c c *c *c c c c c c *c c c c c c c 2c c c c *c c ccccccccc c2cccc c/cccc8c

askc%nv ronment8c2ccccccc c Mach nec%nv ronment8c2c /ccc ccc ccccccDcc c Ãc reasc ofc thec Interface8c 0 /c c //c c c c c c c c c c c c 7c c /c >cc c/c cc cc cc c Ãc Ãc

c

1c

4cccc'2c4c

Inputclow8c?cccc/cccccccc Accc c Ãc 0utput 8c 2c c c c c c c c c / c Ãc eedback8c "c c c c c />c >c c ccccccccccccc cc* c

Ãc

c

c

1c c c

%cc 1+c

c

- c Mach nectranslat onc Mach nectranslat on>cccc*cc**/cM>ccc* c c c c c /c c c c c c c c6cccccccc ccc*c/>c%2c cc*cccccccccc c #c c A>c c 6c c c *c >c c c *c c c c cc >c c >c c cc>ccccccc c cccccccc*ccc c!ccc$cFc/cc*ccccc *c * c 2c Ac c c /c c c c c c c c c c 'c c c c c c c /c c c c c c c *c c c /cccc6 c '/ccAccc*c/c*cc/8cc6>c ccc*ccccccccc*c c c c c c 6c c c 7c c c c c A>c%2cc/cccccccc>cccc cc/ccccc*cc#c# c />ccc c*cccccccAcccc>cc cc6cc*cccc c

Ñ ÑcH storyc 2cccccc*cc*cc -c c'c + 1>c.Yc 5ccc/c>ccA/ccccc cc* c'cc 1>cc7c7c''>c2c=c6c ! 1&$c //c c c c /c 6c.c c c 4 c2c 6c cc ccc cc c c c*c cc c c2ccccccc /c>cccc*cc/c* c .c c c c >c />c c c c ")c c ! 1++$>c c c c c c c c c c c 6>c ccc c?cccc 1>cccc

1-c 4cccc'2c4c c cc*cc6/>cccccccc cc c 2c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c 1&+c *c 5 ?c c *c c 2c =c 6c c *c c c c c c >c c c c c c c 1&c c c )4:c c c ?*c c !"c #/ $c c c c c c 4c c 9 c /c c c c c c *c c c >c c /c c c c @c !c c 6c 7c 7>c c 1>c /c c J/$ c c c >c c cc?*cccc>ccccc?c6c *c c .>c c 'c c c c c *c c >c /<cccc>cccccccc 6 c #c 'c c c >c c c c c c /c c c c c * c 0c c c c 'c >c/>ccccccc*cccc c c c c 2>c c c c >c cc*ccccccccccc cc>cccc c

Ñ cranslat oncprocessc 2cccc*cc8c c 5cccccc6$cc

c . cccccc c ?c c *c c c c c 6c/c c 2c cc c ccc6ccc >ccc cc ccccccc6>ccccAc cc cc>c>c6>c>c >cccc>cccc cccc c2ccccc ccc cccccc c 2cccccc8ccccccc c##cc6cccc >cccc##ccc6ccc ccc##ccccc*cc*cc c

1-c c c

%c c c ñ c ccc ccc c c c

4c

Ñ: 3 A ' %c c c c c c c c c cc cc c cc ccc c c%cc c c c "c c cc ccc cc ccc cc

c x ,(> > : 4:> :

!c c c c c c

c c c c : c c c c cc

c cc c

c 8 c c c

c c c c c c c

c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c cc c c cc c ñ c c : c c c c c c c

c cc c c c c 8c c c c c c c "c c c c c c " c c cc c cc cc c c c c cc cc " cñc c cc cc cc c"c c cc c c7 ccc cc c cc c c c c c "c c c

c c c c

11c 4cccc'2c4c c c?c>ccccccccccc cccc c 2cc*ccc>ccAcccc cccc*c c

Ñ Ñc¦ule basedc 2c *c c c c c *c c >c c c c c *c c c c

Ñ cransfer basedcmach nectranslat onc J 'c c c c c c c *c c c'cc>ccc>c cc6cc*c>cc c c c >c c c c2ccccccccc c

! " %c c c c c c *c cc >c c c cccc*ccccc*cc c

Ñ ctat st calc c c c c c c c c c c*cc*c6c>ccccc c>cc 4 9ccccccc4#.().">cccc c4c) c7cccc/*>c/ccc *c/cc6cccc>c*ccccc/c c 2c c c c c c c 05'54c c '?% c =c c E2.0c c /c >c *c c c c c c c c c (*c - c .>c c /c c c *c *c c 6c c *c c c #c 0c cccc cccccc/ c

Ñ c%xample basedc

11c c c

%cc c c 46 *ccc!4?%2$ccccc*cc ccc*cccccc*>cc c'cccc c *c c c c *c /c c c c c *c cccc c

Ñ cMa6orc ssuesc Ñ ÑcÀ samb guat onc 7 c *c c c c *c c c c c c /c c c c c 2c *c c c c c c 1c *c Ec ? c c c c c c c #/c #>c c cc/c*c*ccc*cccccc c 2c c c c c c c /c c * c 2c c*c6c/cc##ccc##c c ccccccc6 c2cccc cccccc*c c5ccc c /c c c c c c >c c c /c *c c c 2ccc)>cc cccc#c0ccc7c

c (<>c c c c >c c c *>c c c cc ccDc@*$cc cc c ccc //cc6/ccc/c*cccc6>cc c c c 6c 6c c c c c Ac c *c /8c 7c c c c c c c c c c /c >c c c c c c Gc

c *c 1Vc c c /c 6c c c c c c?c>cDccc V c'DccccAc6c KLccc c2ccc*cccc/ c9c>c c c c c c 6>c c c >c c c 6c c c ccccc7c7c''ccc#;cccc # c 7c c c *c c c c c ;c c c c ;c c c c Gc 2c 4c c c c 'Dc cccc>c*ccc6cccccc c 2c c c c c Ac c c c c c c c c c c c c c *c c c $c *c c c

c 4cccc'2c4c c Accccc'cccc*c ccccc c cccc cc*c4ccc)c c !*>c>ccccc ccccccc c/c$cc/cc*cccccc cc c c c //c #c c c *c c *#c >c *c )Dc >c c c *c Vc c c c Dc @*>c /ccc-Vccc*cc*cc c

Ñ cppl cat onsc 2ccccccccc>c/cc c>cc8c E2.0>c c c *c =c c c ,Dc ?*c 9c Ãc )>ccccc/cc, cc( c

Ãc

c c c /c c c c c #c c c Ac c#c!9 3%2$>cccc*c c 5c c c >c %2c c c c c c c )**ccccccc4c c 26c c c *c c !c c B$c c c *c 4cc' c =c c c c c c c *c c c c ccc c2ccccccc =c c c c *c X Mc 4c c c X Mc 4c c c /c c c & c /c c c '?%Dc ?"4# &c c c 1&c !c +$c c c c *c c 0c 'c c c c 2 c#c%ccccc*ccccc c c *c c c=c c c c c >c Accccc4>c=>cc9c*c c 7ccccc>cccccc#cc/c *c/ccc c c ccc c% -ñc!c/cc>ccc*cc#c'c>cc c c c c /c c $c *c c cc"c7/ ccc c ccc

c c c

%cc c c c c c c c c c *>c )>c c 5 c 'c)c2c(cc5.)cccc2'54c c ?*c 2 c #c c 9c c c c ^ c c c c /cccc cc

Ñ c%valuat onc 2c c /c c c /c c c c c c 2c c c c c c c @c c c c Dc A c 4/ccc/cc >cccccc*cc cccccc *ccc cc cc/cc?"4#>c0'2cc%424(. c .c 6/c c c c c c c c c ccccc6 *>ccccccc c Ac c c 6c c c c 6 c 4/c c c c c c c c 2>c c c c c ccc*cc**cAccccc>ccc *c/ccc*cc c 'c>c/>c*ccccc>c ccc cccc>cc *c ccc ccccAccc/ c

c

c

c

4cccc'2c4c

Ñc peechcrecogn t onc peechc recogn t onc !c c c automat cc speechc recogn t onc c computerc speechc recogn t on$c /c c c c *c c !c 6>cc>ccc*ccccccc$ c2c c#/c#ccc*cccccc>c*cc ccccc>ccccccc >cccccc*c c

cÑ ÑcH storyc (c c c c *c c c c c c c c ccc#ccc*ccccccccc c c c !%2$ c c c c 6>c c c >c c c !.$c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c >c c c c c c'cccccc.ccccccc c >c c *c c />c c Ac c c c c c cccc>cccccccc c c 2c *c c c c c c >c />c c c c c c 2c c c /c c c c /cccAc@ccc*c/c*cccc*c cc*ccc cccc*cc6/cc ccAc*ccc cc/cccc c ccc.cccc*c#c6c#ccc c c c #c c #c c c c c 4c c c c c c c c c c cc c

Ñ cppl cat onsc

cccccccccc c

Ñ ÑcHealthccarec 'c c c c >c /c c c c c /c c c >ccc!%2$c/ccc*c* c%c

c c c

cc &c c 6c c c c c c c c c c c c >cc/c/cc*c*ccc c c c c *c c c c c * c c c c c c 9 4c.cccc/cccc c>cc <c c c c c c c c >c c c c c *cccccccc c'c/cccc %2 c ? 4c.cc5c.cccc/cccccc >c c c /c c c c c c c c c <c c c c c c c c c /c c c c %2 >cccccc<cc c5c.cc*cc cccc c %c4c %c.c!4%.$ccc*c c /cc c *c c c c c c c @c c c c c>cA>cccccc*cccc *c/cc*ccc* c

Ñ cM l taryc a *cc/c*c/ccccccccc/cc c c c c c (c c c c c # c c c cccc/c9c2c'c!92'$ 9 +c c !9 +c ,'2$>c c c c 9c c c c c c c %c >c c c c c #Bc c c c /c c c c 'c c >c c <c /c *c c c c c c c c 8c c c A>c c c c >c c c c c c c >c c c c c =>c c /c >c c /*c /c*c c>c cc @c c c*c/cccccc<ccc/c c cccccccc8c

c

c

4cccc'2c4c

c ccccc ccc>c*c cccc<c c

c /c c /c c c c !1Vc c $c c c c c c c c c c c c cFc ccc>cccccc c c %cc/*cc>cccccc*c >c*ccc/ccccc*c c "*c c c *c c c c c /c c ccc>cc6*ccc>cc/cc ccccc c c 7ccccccc; 1c=c>c4c! &$c ccccc= c'ccccc c c /c c c c c c c c c c *cccc/ccc cccc c*c6>ccccc*c4ccccc c'c c/ccccc*ccc<>ccc *c6 ccc/*>cc*/c>ccc6>ccc*c 6cc/ccc* c 2c 4c 2c c c /c c c #Bc .9c c c c >c c c Ac c c c c c c 2c ccccccccccc>cccc c c c c c >c *c c c c c c c c c c c,cccc*c/c cc* c 2cccccc@cccccccc>cc /cccccccccccc/cc cccccccc/c c

a 2c*cc/ccccccccc ccc c /cc cccc c / c2c c c*ccc c/ccc c />c c c*ccccc/c*cc*ccccc cccc>cccccccc c *ccc/cc/c*ccccccc c c c c c c >c *c *c c # c c/c.cc5/c/c!,.5$cc*cc.c c 4*c !.4$c c c #B c 7c c 9c c c c

c c c

cc +c c c c c )c c 2c c c *c c c c c c .c /c *c >c c /c c /c 8c ccc$ccc/c$ccccc cc/c c ccc>cc/ccc/cccccc c c / c 4c c c c c c ,.5c >c c c c c c *c c c c c / c %c c c *c c *c c c c c c /c c c >c c c c c /c c /ccc c

?cccccAcccccc c >c c c c * c c c c c c c Ac c *c c /c c *>c c c *c/ccccccccccc c

c c c *c /c c c c c *c /c c c c / cc*ccc/c*ccccc /*c c <c c *c c / c 'c c *c>ccc Ac ccc @c cc c c c c /c *c c c #c c /c c*ccccc>cc *c c c c c c c *c c 5c /c .c )@c c !5.)$c c c # c c c c c *c c c c

c c c c /c c c c *c c ccc!.$>c /*c c cc c c*c/ccc/ccc cc/cc c cc.c/c*c/>ccccccc c c c c c c c c c c cccc/ccc c

ñ 2c c c !c /$c c c c !2$c c c 6ccccc c%c2ccc c Ac c c c c c c # #>c c c c /c c ccc>ccccccccc

-c 4cccc'2c4c c /c c c c c c c c 2c c c c c cAcccccccccccccc >cccccc ccccc c <c *c c c c c c c c c c >ccccccccc c 2c # c 0/c 2c 4Ac c c c c *c c /c cc 2cc cc c=>cc c c c c c /c c c *c c ccc c />ccccc/cc cccc /cccc>ccccc c 2c # c 0/c c c c c c c 2c c >c c c c c c c c c c c 6c c c c c c c c c c <cccc/*>ccccccccc c c c c c c c c c c >c c c /*c c c c c 2c c .c c 9c c c c c c c c c c 2c c >c c c c *c c c c c c c c c c c 2c#9>c#%>c#c>cc9cccc2ccc c c c c *c c c />c c #9>c ' c c c c 'c !'$ c 2c c c c c c c c c *c c c c c c c c /c c c cccccc c ccc2cccccc*cc*c c2cccccc*cccc*c cccccc c

c Ñ celephonycandcothercdoma nsc .c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c *c c c 5c c c /c c ccccccc>c/>c.cc ccccccccc6ccc c

-c c c

cc c c 2c /c c *c c c c c *c *c c7c%*c cc 6ccccc cAccc)#ccc*cccc)c) cccc c c c c c #c '>c c c c c c c c "c c /c c c c 8c %c c !%c ,c $$c 0c c !0c ,c $$c ,c2c!,'2(c, =$$ccc!c,c2$ c )c c *cc cc cccc*c c c cc c'ccccccc/cc c c c *c c c c >c c c /c c @c c //c *c c Ac /c c c c c c c c'c>ccccc*cccc/c.'c*c c c c c cc c cccccc >c c c/6c / 6c />cc />c c c cc

Ñ curthercappl cat onsc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc Ãc

cc /ccc! >c9c$c 2c! c/c0/c$c cc!.c,c7$c

c 8c /c c c c c c

cc '/c/cc %*c>cc*cc %cc )c/cc cccc .*c 2c!c 6$ c 26c!2cccc*c6c$c c2ccc.c

Ñ cpeechcrecogn t oncsystemsc Ñ ÑcH ddencMarkovcmodelcbasedcspeechcrecogn t on c

1c 4cccc'2c4c c %c c c c c c c *c c

%% c 2c c c c c c c Ac c *c c A c(c*ccc %%ccccccccc c c c *c /c c c c c c c c c c c 2c >c c c c c c c c c c c c >ccc*c6cccc ccc c*ccccc%/ccccc c c c c %%c c c c *c c c *c c c c c c c c *c c c 'c c >ccc%/cccccAcc c /c /c !c c *c c c >c c c $>c c c c c /c c c 2c /c c c cc >c cc*c*ccc9ccccccccc ccccccc>ccccc!c $c c2cc%/ccccc/ccccc c *c c c c 6c c c /c =c c c /c c c c c */c / c 4c >c c !c c c c c $>c c >c c /c c c c *$ccc%/ccccAccccccc *c c c /c c c %/c c c c c cc c 5*c*/cccccccc>c %% *cc c c c %c c c c c /c *ccc*cccAcccc/cc/c c*cc*c*/ ccc /*cccc 6c c c c c !c c c c c c c 6c /c c <c c %%c $$c c c c c <c c <c c c c c c $c c cc<cccc/ccc<c!,2"0$c c c<cc6cccc!%"".$c c c cc c2c c c/c ccc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ! "5$$c c c c c c c c c c c c c c "5 *c @c c c *c c c c c c c *c c /c c !c c c 6c c c >c c %""2$ c %c c c c /c c Ac c c c c c c c c %%c c c c c<cc ccccc c46c

1c c c

cc c c c6ccc!%%'$>cccc!%4$cc ccc!%)4$ c 5c ccc!cc ccc ccccc c c c c c c c c c c c $c c **ccc,*ccccc*c>ccccccc *cccc*cc%/cccc *c c c c c c >c c *c c c *c!ccc>cc92>c$ c

Ñ cÀynam cct mecwarp ngcbasedcspeechcrecogn t on c 5c c c c c c c c c c c c c *c c c c *c c *c c c c %% *c c 5c c c c cc c c c *ccAccc/cccc c9c>cc cccc*c>c/cccc/ccccc c c c c c c c c c A>c c /c c c c c c c c c c c c */ c 527c c *ccc/>c>cccCc>ccccc*cc ccccc*c<cc527 c c c c c c *c c c >c c c c cc c'c>ccccccccccc c c c *c c /c Ac ! c c $c c c >c ccAcc##c cccc c2c Acccccccc6ccc%/c c

Ñ c erformancec ofc speechc recogn t onc systemsc 2c c c c c c c c c c c c cc ccc*ccccccc cccccccc!74.$>cccccc c cc c(c c cc cc7c4c.c !74.$cccc.c!.$ c %c c c c c c c c c c c c /c/ccccc c2ccc>c

c 4cccc'2c4c c />c /c c *c c c c #c #c c ## c c/*c ccccAccc cccc!cccTD$cccc cccccc/*cccccc/cc c%cccccccc/c *c 1Vc c 11Vc c c c c c c T(c Dcccc8c Ãc Ãc Ãc

/ccccccc>c c/ccc>cc ccccc/c! cAccc*c$ c

2c6ccc>cccccc/c>c c/c cc ccc 6 cccc /c c *c c c c c c *c /c /c c c "c /*c>cAcc>c c<c cc *c cc!c>ccc$ccc*cc cccc c c c c c c c c c c c < c ?c c c c c c c c c c c *ccc c c%/cc! %%$c ccccc c"cccccc ccc*ccc c

c

c c c

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