Engineering Report: Braking Systems School: Rose Bay Secondary College Student: William Sick Course: Year Year 11 Engineering Engineeri ng Course & head teacher: Brenton Monger Faculty: echnology and !pplied sciences "!S# "!S# Su$mitted %1'%(1)
Aim his report*s aim is to compare $icycle $raking systems $ased on their operational e++ecti,eness- the materials used +or their construction- and the +riction materials used in each. hey /ill also $e compared and contrasted- in terms o+ materials used and manu+acturing techni0ues- to se,eral common car $raking systems- and +ully e,aluated $ased on their ,arious strengths and /eaknesses. he $raking systems co,ered in this report include calliper $rakes- cantile,er $rakes- and $rakes +or $icycles- and drum $rakes- ca$le operated disc $rakes- and hydraulic disc $rakes +or cars. his report /as prepared +or a year 11 preliminary engineering studies course.
Calliper Brakes (Bicycle) Description: Calliper $rakes in $icycles are a type o+ $rakes /hich use $rake pads on opposing sides o+ a $icycle /heel to apply +riction to the rim o+ a $icycle /heel. Many su$classes o+ Calliper $rakes e2ist- including Side3pull calliper $rakes- Centre3pull caliper $rakes- and 43$rakes. Materials: Calliper $rakes are generally made o+ aluminum- /hile the $raking pads can $e made +rom leather- cork- or ru$$er. Operational Effectiveness: Calliper $rakes are po/er+ul $rakes- that under prime conditions- /ork e++ecti,ely. Advantages and disadvantages: Calliper $rakes are ine2pensi,e- light- mechanically simple- relati,ely easy to maintain- and po/er+ul. 4nder /et conditions- ho/e,er- they per+orm relati,ely poorly- as the +riction is minimi5ed $y the lu$ricating action o+ /ateror other li0uids. Calliper $rakes- like most rim $rakes- are more prone to clogging than disc $rakes. 6n addition- the mechanical ad,antage o+ calliper $rakes decreases as the tire /idth increases- causing calliper $rakes to $e almost ne,er used on mountain $ikes- $ut nearly u$i0uitous on road $ikes- as the disad,antages are usually a$sent.
Cantilever Brakes (Bicycle) Description: Cantile,er $rakes are another type o+ rim $rake commonly +ound in $icycles. hey di++er +rom calliper $rakes in that each arm o+ the $rake is attached to a separate pi,ot point. Materials: Cantile,er $rakes are generally made o+ aluminum- /hile the $raking pads are usually leather- cork- or ru$$er. Operational effectiveness: Cantile,er $rakes are +ar more po/er+ul than caliper $rakesand can stop a $ike easily and e++ecti,ely. Advantages and disadvantages: Cantile,er $rakes are ine2pensi,e- mechanically simple- and po/er+ul. 4nder /et conditions- ho/e,er- they per+orm relati,ely poorly- as the +riction is minimi5ed $y the lu$ricating action o+ /ater- or other li0uids. Cantile,er $rakes- like calliper $rakes and most rim $rakes- are more prone to clogging than disc $rakes. 7o/e,er- unlike calliper $rakes their mechanical ad,antage does not decrease as a tire /idens- $ecause o+ the separate pi,ot points +or each arm. !s such- cantile,er $rakes are pre+erred +or mountain $ikes- on account o+ their /ider tires. hey are nearly ne,er used on road $ikes ho/e,er- as they are harder to maintain on account o+ their separate pi,ot points.
V Brakes (Bicycle) Description: $rakes- also kno/n as direct3pull $rakes are a side3pull ,ersion o+
cantile,er $rakes. $rakes are similar to cantile,er $rakes- $ut there is no inter,ening mechanism $et/een the ca$le and the arms- hence the name direct pull. Materials: he stirrup that holds the mechanism is usually made +rom tough- dura$le
steel- /hile the rest is made +rom aluminum and the $rake pads are made +rom ru$$ercork- or leather. Operational effectiveness: $rakes are e2tremely po/er+ul- and are a$le to stop or
slo/ e,en a muddy or /et /heel. Advantages and disadvantages: $rakes are much more po/er+ul than other rim
$rakes- and +unction /ell in /et or muddy climates. 6n addition- they also +unction /ell /ith the suspension systems +ound on maintain $ikes- $ecause they do not re0uire an additional place on the +rame or +ork +or the ca$le to rest. 7o/e,er- poorly ser,iced 3 $rakes can su++er +rom catastrophic +ailure i+ the ca$le pulls entirely through its mechanism.
Drum Brakes (car) Description: he drum $rake is a type o+ car $rake that /orks $y e2erting +riction on a
sel+3contained apparatus /ithin the /heel- rather than e2erting pressure on the tires- like most $ike $rakes. Materials: ! drum $rake consists o+ a steel $acking plate- a cast iron $rake drum- a steel
/heel cylinder- and a $rake shoe- made +rom t/o pieces o+ steel /elded together /ith $rake shoe linings made +rom a ,ariety o+ materials including +riction modi+iers- such as graphite- and po/dered metal such as lead- 5inc- $rass- and aluminum to resist heat +ade. Operational effectiveness: 8rum $rakes se,erely outclass most other car $rakes- and
are sometimes e,en used as a hand$rake in cars that use other types o+ $rakes. Advantages and disadvantages: 8rum $rakes are less e2pensi,e to produce than disc
$rakes- ha,e $etter corrosion resistance and don*t need maintenance and +re0uency- and are lighter than other $rakes. 7o/e,er- drum $rakes generate an e2traordinary amount o+ heat- and ha,e $een phased out o+ +ront /heels- as most o+ the stopping +orce- and hence more heat- is produced in the +ront /heels. hey are also usually used as hand$rakes- e,en in cars that use disc $rakes- $ecause o+ their superior stopping po/er.
Cale Operated Disc Brakes (Car) Description: 8isc $rakes are a type o+ $rake that use calipers to s0uee5e pairs o+ pads
against a disc inside the /heel in order to create +riction- slo/ing a car do/n. Ca$le operated disc $rakes use mechanical ca$les "as the name suggests#- as opposed to hydraulic $rakes- /hich use hydraulic +luid to mo,e the calipers. Materials: Ca$le operated disc $rakes consist o+ a disc /ithin the /heel- upon /hich
the +riction is applied- a ca$le that connects to the gear- and t/o $rake pads /hich apply +riction to the disc. he $rake disc is usually made out o+ gray iron- a type o+ cast iron containing %.)39 car$on and 13; silicon- /hile the $rake pads can $e made +rom +i$ers held together $y resin- car$on- or po/dered metals held together $y resin. Operational effectiveness: he e++ecti,eness o+ ca$le operated disc $rakes is generally
determined $y the materials out o+ /hich the $rake pads and $rake disc are madeho/e,er- the $rakes are usually su++icient to stop most cars 0uickly. Advantages and disadvantages: 8isc $rakes ha,e more e++icient heat3dispersion
mechanisms than drum $rakes- and are generally used more o+ten in larger ,ehicles and on the +ront /heels o+ ,ehicles. hey also repel /ater more e++ecti,ely than drum $rakes- and are easier to ser,ice and repair than drum $rakes.
!ydraulic Disc Brakes (Car) Description: 8isc $rakes are a type o+ $rake that use calipers to s0uee5e pairs o+ pads
against a disc inside the /heel in order to create +riction- slo/ing a car do/n. 6nstead o+ using a ca$le- hydraulic disc $rakes con+er pressure upon the arms $y /ay o+ hydraulic +luid "through pascals principle#. Materials: 7ydraulic disc $rakes consist o+ a disc /ithin the /heel- upon /hich the
+riction is applied- a ca$le that connects to the gear- and t/o $rake pads /hich apply +riction to the disc. he $rake disc is usually made out o+ gray iron- a type o+ cast iron containing %.)39 car$on and 13; silicon- /hile the $rake pads can $e made +rom +i$ers held together $y resin- car$on- or po/dered metals held together $y resin. Operational effectiveness: he e++ecti,eness o+ hydraulic disc $rakes is generally
determined $y the materials out o+ /hich the $rake pads and $rake disc are madeho/e,er- the $rakes are usually su++icient to stop most cars 0uickly- and are usually more po/er+ul than ca$le operated disc $rakes. Advantages and disadvantages: 8isc $rakes ha,e more e++icient heat3dispersion
mechanisms than drum $rakes- and are generally used more o+ten in larger ,ehicles and on the +ront /heels o+ ,ehicles. hey also repel /ater more e++ecti,ely than drum $rakes- and are easier to ser,ice and repair than drum $rakes. !s opposed to ca$le operated disc $rakes- hydraulic disc $rakes apply pressure more e++iciently to the armsand ha,e more stopping po/er than ca$le operated disc $rakes. he pro$lem o+ a /et or dirty ca$le is also entirely eliminated /ith the lack o+ said ca$le. 7o/e,er- hydraulic disc $rakes can su++er +rom +luid leakage- upon /hich se,eral parts may need to $e replaced. 6t is also possi$le- during e2tremely long- ta2ing descents- that the $rake +luid may $egin to $oil- causing leaks in the $rake or spontaneous e2plosion.
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