Engineering as Social Experimentation
Presented by: Dr. Navin kumar
Engineering as a Social Experiment • Experimentation place an important role in the process of designing the product. • The normal design process is carried out on trail designs with modifications being made on the basis of feed back information acquired from tests. • Each engineering product is to be viewed as an experiment in nature.
Engineering as a Social Experiment (Martin & Schinzinger, 1989) • Engineers are researchers • Clients (humans) are subjects • Subjects must be aware of risk exposure from researchers
• Researchers face many moral and ethical decisions
Engineering as Social Experimentation • All products of technology present some potential dangers, and thus engineering is an inherently risky activity. In order to underscore this fact and help in exploring its ethical implications, engineering should be viewed as an experimental process. • It is not, an experiment conducted solely in a laboratory under controlled conditions. • Rather, it is an experiment on a social scale involving human subjects.” • Ethics in Engineering, Martin MW and Schinzinger R, McGraw-Hill, 1996
Social Importance of Engineering
• Engineering has a direct and vital effect on the quality of life of people. • Accordingly, the services provided by engineers must be dedicated to the protection of the public safety, health and welfare
Why is the Professional Ethics Important for Engineers? • Because the Professional Ethics shall be a part of education for every socially important profession, as one of essential constituents of the meaning of the term professionalism!
Engineering as a Social Experimentation . • Before introducing to the public, every engineering product must under go various experimentation, not only in the laboratory, but also from the view point of the general public, regarding safety and effective usage.
Engineering activities as social experiments: • Engineers create experimental situations through innovation • Society participates in these experiments as subjects • Uncertainty about outcomes implies risk: – Important to identify & quantify risks where possible • Decision makers may make biased decisions unless accountable for (uncertain) outcomes
Roles of experimenter & subject • Ethical issues for engineers as experimenters: – Duties to experimental subjects – Rights of experimental subjects – Assessment of costs & benefits of the experiment. • Relationship between experimenter & subject: – Legal framework: • Legal obligations on experimenter, but these may not address innovative situations – Codes of ethics: • Primary responsibility lies with the experimenter
Nature of subjects & impacts • Subjects: – Individual consumers, groups or society as a whole: • Those who can make informed choices, and • Those requiring advocates: – Disadvantaged, future generations, other species & the environment • Impacts: – Health, safety & the environment – Changes to social structure & social status: • Income & wealth distribution • Lifestyles & personal empowerment • Education, culture
The Engineering Process Concept
Engineering: • Design • Produce • Install • Operate Intended outcomes: • User satisfaction • Company profits Unintended outcomes
Corporate context: •Time pressure •Cost pressure •Secrecy External context: •Uncertainty •Legal framework •Social impacts •Environmental impacts
Engineers as Responsible Experimenters • Engineers are far from being sole experimenters, though they are the main technical enablers or facilitators. • Their responsibility is shared with the management, the public and others.
• Their expertise places them in a unique position to monitor projects, to identify risks, and to provide clients and public with the information needed to make reasonable decisions.
General features of morally responsible engineers • A conscientious commitment to live by moral values. • Relevant Information • Autonomy. • Accountability.
Conscientious • People responsibly to the extent that they conscientiously commit themselves to live according to moral values. • Moving beyond truism leads immediately to controversy over the precise nature of those values. • Engineering as social experimentation restores the vision of “Engineers as Guardians of the Public Interest”
Relevant Information • Conscientiousness is “blind” without relevant factual information. • Showing moral concern involves a commitment to obtain properly assessed information to meet one’s moral obligations.
• Moral autonomy – Moral conduct and principles of action are their own.
• Accountability
Summary • Engineering is a form of social experimentation: – Innovation with social & environmental impacts – Uncertainty & risk in outcomes. • Stakeholders have a right to informed consent: – Information, opportunity, decision making capability • Problems in implementation: – Lack of a control group & corporate pressures – Difficulty in identifying stakeholders – Irreducible uncertainty
Thank you
