AS 1100.201—1992
Australian Standard
Technical drawing ) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
Part 201: Mechanical engineering drawing
This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee ME/72, Technical Drawing. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 25 August 1992 and published on 16 Nov Novemb ember er 1992 1992..
The following interests are represented on Committee ME/72: Association of Consulting Engineers Australia Australian Chamber of Commerce Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia Confederation of Australian Industry Department of Administrative Services Department of Defence Department of Employment and Technical and Further Education, South Australia Institute of Draftsmen, Australia Institute of Industrial Arts Institution of Engineers, Australia ) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
Master Builders—Construction and Housing Association Australia N.S.W Technical Technical and Further Education Commission Public Works Department, N.S.W. University of New South Wales University of Queensland Additional interests participating in preparation of Standard: University of Technology, Sydney
Review of Australian Standards. T o keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up–to–date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important ther ee fore that Standards users ensure ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto. Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standar ds ds Australia Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australian Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.
ovements to Australian Standards, addr essed Suggestions for impr ovements Suggestions for welessed to the head office of Standards Australia, ar e welStandard should be made without delay comed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
This Standard This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 90109.
This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee ME/72, Technical Drawing. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 25 August 1992 and published on 16 Nov Novemb ember er 1992 1992..
The following interests are represented on Committee ME/72: Association of Consulting Engineers Australia Australian Chamber of Commerce Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia Confederation of Australian Industry Department of Administrative Services Department of Defence Department of Employment and Technical and Further Education, South Australia Institute of Draftsmen, Australia Institute of Industrial Arts Institution of Engineers, Australia ) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
Master Builders—Construction and Housing Association Australia N.S.W Technical Technical and Further Education Commission Public Works Department, N.S.W. University of New South Wales University of Queensland Additional interests participating in preparation of Standard: University of Technology, Sydney
Review of Australian Standards. T o keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up–to–date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important ther ee fore that Standards users ensure ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto. Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standar ds ds Australia Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australian Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.
ovements to Australian Standards, addr essed Suggestions for impr ovements Suggestions for welessed to the head office of Standards Australia, ar e welStandard should be made without delay comed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
This Standard This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 90109.
AS 1100.201—1992
Australian Standard
Technical drawing ) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
Part 201: Mechanical engineering drawing
For history before 1992, see Preface. Second edition AS 1100.201—1992. Incorporating Amdt 1-1992
PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA PUBLISHED BY (STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA) 1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 ISBN 0 7262 7805 X
PREFACE
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This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Technical Drawing to supersede AS 1100.201–1984. AS 1100.201 was a revision and amalgamation of AS 1100 Parts 9 to 11 all published in 1974 and AS 1100 Part 12 published in 1979. AS 1100 Parts 9 to 12 ran concurrently with AS CZ1.1 of 1976 which was withdrawn in 1982. AS CZ1.1 was a revision of AS CZ1 which was first published in 1941 with further editions published in 1944, 1946, 1951, 1966 and 1973. The 1966 edition also superseded AS Z8 of 1956 (endorsement of BS 308.2—1953 without amendment). The AS CZ1 Standards were endorsements of The Institution of Engineers, Australia publications entitled, Engineering Drawing Practice . The document from which these publications originated, was published by the Institution under the title, Recom- mended Engineering Drawing Practice but this was not endorsed by this Association. This Standard is one of a series dealing with technical drawing, the other Standards in the series being as follows: Part 101: General principles Part 301: Architectural drawing Part 401: Engineering survey and engineering survey design drawing Part 501: Structural engineering drawing In the preparation of this Standard, the committee took account of changes in Australian technical drawing practice and recommendations of the International Organization for Standardization. Also considered were the equivalent British and American Standards. In its preparation, many changes in the layout of the text and figures have taken place resulting in greater consistency and improved ease of use of the document. New material introduced in this edition includes the simplified representation of pipelines, centre holes, seals and a guide to general tolerancing of castings. The section on dimensioning and tolerancing which previously was in this part of the Standard is now contained in Part 101. Reference to Part 101 is required for the source and definition of some of the contents of this part. This Standard is in agreement with the following International Standards: ISO 128 1302 2162 2203 2768 2768–1 2768–2 6410 6411 6412 6412–1 6412–2 6413 8062 8826 8826–1 9222 9222–1 9222–2
Technical drawings — General principles of presentation Technical drawings — Method of indicating surface texture on drawings Technical drawings — Representation of springs Technical drawings — Conventional representation of gears General tolerances Part 1: Tolerances for linear and angular dimensions without individual tolerance indications Part 2: Geometrical tolerances for features without individual tolerance indications Technical drawings — Conventional representation of threaded parts Technical drawings — Simplified representation of centre holes Technical drawings — Simplified representation of pipelines Part 1: General rules and orthogonal representation Part 2: Isometric projection Technical drawings — Representation of splines and serrations Castings — System of dimensional tolerances Technical drawings — Rolling bearings Part 1: General simplified representation Technical drawings — Seals for dynamic application Part 1: General simplified representation Part 2: Detailed simplified representation
CONTENTS Page SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TERMINOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 5 5 5 5
SECTION 2 GENERAL APPLICATIONS 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DRAWING SCALES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 8 8 8 8
SECTION 3 SURFACE TEXTURE
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3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7
SCOPE OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDICATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDICATION OF SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDICATION ON DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GENERAL APPLICATION OF R a VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPLICATION OF SURFACE TEXTURE SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 12 13 15 16 19 19
SECTION 4 WELDING 4.1
WELDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
SECTION 5 CENTRE HOLES 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DESIGNATION OF CENTRE HOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23 23 23 23
SECTION 6 SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION OF PIPELINES 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
SCOPE OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ISOMETRIC PROJECTION METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 25 25 28
SECTION 7 SPRINGS 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4
INFORMATION ON DRAWING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TYPES OF SPRINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SPRINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37 37 37 40
SECTION 8 GEARS 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4
INFORMATION ON DRAWING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TYPES OF GEARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF GEARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44 44 44 45
Page SECTION 9 SPLINES 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4
SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TRUE REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SPLINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52 52 52 54
SECTION 10 ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS 10.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 SECTION 11 SEALS 11.1 GENERAL CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 ELEMENTS OF DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SEALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57 57 57 57
SECTION 12 KNURLING 12.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF KNURLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 APPENDICES ) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
A B C D
GUIDE TO GENERAL TOLERANCING OF MACHINED COMPONENTS . GUIDE TO THE GENERAL TOLERANCING OF CASTINGS . . . . . . . . . . . GENERAL APPLICATION OF R a VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TYPICAL ROUGHNESS VALUES OBTAINED WITH ORDINARY MATERIALS AND COMMON PRODUCTION PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . .
Copyright —
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AS 1100.201—1992
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Technical drawing Part 201: Mechanical engineering drawing SECTION 1
SCOPE AND GENERAL
1. 1 SC OPE This Standard sets out requirements and recommendations for mechanical engine ering drawing practice. It is complementary to AS 1 100.101. The Standard provides inf ormation on surface texture and welding , and the simplified representatio n of pipelines. Details are also provided on various mechanical features and parts used on mechanical drawings. Appendices provide guidan ce on the tolerancing of machined compon ents and castings. 1.2 APPLICATION The p rinciples given in this Standard are in tended for adoption by engineers, draftspersons, and workshop personnel in the preparation and interpretationof mechanical engineering drawings. 1.3
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REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this Stand ard:
AS 11 00 1100.101 1100.301 1100.401 1100.501
Te chn ica l dr awi ng Part 101: General principles Part 301: Architectural drawing Part 401: Engineering survey and engineering survey design drawing Part 501: Structural engineering drawing
1101 1101.1 1101.2 1101.3 1101.4 1101.5
Graphical symbols for general engineering Part 1: Hydraulic and pneumatic systems Part 2: Ventilation systems in ships Part 3: Welding and non-destructive examination Part 4: Machine elements Part 5: Piping, ducting and mechanical services for buildings
19 13
Centre dril ls
2075
Glossary of terms and notations for gears
25 36
Su rfa ce te xtu re
ISO 6412 1.4
Technical drawings — Simplified representation of pipelines TERMINOLOGY For the purpose of this Standard, the terminology given in AS 1100.101 applies.
1.5 ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations for all technical drawings are given in AS 1100.101. Those related only to mechanical engin eering drawing are given in Table 1.1 and are decode d in Tab le 1.2. Abbreviations should be used only where brevity and conservation of space make it necessary and then only when their mean ings are unquestionably clear to the inten ded reader. WHEN IN DOUBT SPELL IT OUT. NOTES: 1 An abbreviation may or may not be recognized internationally. 2 The abbreviations given in Tables 1.1 and 1.2 are not exhaustive. Other abbreviations and other meanings for those given may be used, provided that — (a) their common usage in particular fields is clear; (b) the meaning is clarified on the drawing; or (c) the meaning is clarified in a reference document.
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TABLE 1.1 ABBREVIATIONS Term
Abbreviati on
across flats annealed balancing valve boiling point boiling water unit bottom of pipe case harden compression ratio counterbore crystal dedendum diametrical pitch electrochemical machining electrodischarge machining freezing point full indicator movement pitch circle diameter pressure angle regardless of feature size root mean square roughness value (arithmetic mean deviation) specific heat specific volume spot face unless noted otherwise ) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
AF ANL BV BP BWU BOP CH COMP R CBORE XTAL DED DP ECM EDM FP FIM PCD PA RFS RMS R a SP HT SP VOL SF UNO
TABLE 1.2 ABBREVIATIONS DECODING Abbreviati on AF ANL BOP BP BV BWU CBORE CH COMP R DED DP ECM EDM FIM FP PA PCD R a RFS RMS SF SP HT SP VOL UNO XTAL
Term across flats annealed bottom of pipe boiling point balancing valve boiling water unit counterbore case harden compression r atio dedendum diametrical pitch electrochemical machining electrodischarge machining full indicator movement freezing point pressure angle pitch circle diameter roughness value (arithmetic mean deviation) regardless of feature size root mean square spot face specific heat specific volume unless noted otherwise crystal
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SECTION 2
AS 1100.201—1992
GENERAL APPLICATIONS
2.1 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING 2.1.1 General The units and methods used in the dimensioning and tolerancing of drawings shall be in accordance with AS 1100 .101. A guide to the general toleran cing of machined components is given in Appe ndix A and a guide to the general toleran cing of castings is given in Appendix B. 2.1.2 General tolerancing examples All features on components always have a size and geometri c shape. The tol erancing should be complete to ensure that t he deviations of size and geometry for all features are controlled. The use of general tolerances simplifies this task by obviating the need to tolerance individually the size and geometry for all featu res. An example of the application of ge neral tolerances for length, angle a nd geometry for features not explicitly toleranced is shown in Figure 2.1. The interpr etation of the general tolerances in Figure 2.1 is given in Appen dix A which also lists the permissible variation s for grades of accuracy.
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2.1.3 Geometry tolerancing Typical examples of geometry tolerancing applied to mechanical engine ering components are shown in Figures 2.2 and 2.3. Figure 2.2 shows the drawing of a simple component using the toleranceframe method. Figure 2.3 shows the drawing of a complicated component using the toler ance tabul ar method.
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2.1.4 Dimensioning of key ways Keyways shoul d be dimensioned by one of the methods shown in Figures 2.4 and 2.5. 2.2 LINES 2.2.1 Type of line A type of line appropriate for each application should be selected from and used in accordance with AS 1100 .101. 2.2.2 Line thickness Line thi cknesses should be selected in accordance with AS 1100.101 . 2.2.3 Application of lines Typical applicationof linesin mechanical drawings are shown on Figure2.6. The lett ers refer to the various line types given in AS 1100.10 1. 2.3 SYMBOLS The symbols given in AS 1100.101 and AS 110 1.1, AS 11 01.2, AS 1101. 3, AS 1101.4 and AS 1101.5 should be used to indicate relevant features or req uirements on drawings. The use of di mensioning and tolerancing symbols is shown on Figures 2.2 and 2.3. Welding symbols a nd their application are given in AS 1101.3. Symbols for surface texture are given in Section 3, for centre holes in Section 5, and for splines in Section 9. 2.4 DRAWING SCALES Drawing scales shall comply with the requirements of AS 1100 .101. Different scales on one sheet shou ld be kept to a minimum, with all scales clearly indicated. 2.5 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION Conventional representation is a simplified drafting technique for depicting a component or repetitive feature to obviate unnecessary detailing. A conventional representation drawing, is drawn to scale and to the line types specified in A S 1100. 101. Dimensions and other det ails may be applied directly to th is drawing or b y means of tabula ted data or other suitable methods. The conventional representation of springs, gears, splines, rolling element bearings, seals, and knurling is given in this Standard . For general and particular discipline conventions, reference should be made to AS 1100.101, AS 1100.301, AS 1100.401 and AS 1100.501. COPYRIGHT
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SECTION 3 SURFACE TEXTURE 3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION This Section provides information on the ind ication of surface texture on mechanical e ngineeringdrawingsa nd similar applications.For a morecomplete understandingof surface texture, reference should be made to AS 25 36. 3.2 SYMBOLS 3.2.1 Basic symbol The basic symbol is shown in Figure 3.1. The dimensions of surface texture symbols are shown in Figure 3.2. Sloping lines in the symbol are at 6 0° to the horizontal.
FIGURE 3.1 BASIC SYMBOL
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*
h
1.4h
2h
2.8h
2.5 3.5 5.0
3.5 * 5.0 7.0
5.0 7.0 10
7.0 * 10 14
7.0 10 14
10 * 14 * 20
14 20 28
20 * 28 * 40
20
28
40
56
These figures are rounded upwards.
NOTE: h = character height
FIGURE 3.2 SHAPE AND SIZE OF SURFACE TEXTURE SYMBOLS
3.2.2 Modification to bas ic symbol The following modifications may be made to the basic symbol: (a)
The symbol to be used where machining is mandatory shall be the basic symbol with a bar added, as shown in Figure 3.3. This symbol may be used alone to indicate that a surface is to be machined without defining either the surface texture or the p rocess to be used.
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(b)
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AS 1100.201—1992
The symbol to be used when the removal of material is not permitted shall be the basic symbol with a circle added, as shown in Figure 3.4. This symbol may be used alone to in dicate that a surface is to be left in the state re sulting from a preceding manufacturing process.
3.2.3 Extension of symbols When special surface characteristics are to be indicated (see Clause 3.4), the symbols shown in Figures 3.1, 3.3 and 3.4 may be e xtended by adding a line of approp riate length to the long leg, as shown in Figure 3.5.
3.3 INDICATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS 3.3.1 General The prin ciple parameter used for describing and quanti fying surface roughne ss is the arithmetic mean deviation (R a ). When specifying this parameter, the value should be selected from those given in Table 3.1. The R a value should be shown on the drawing by inscribing the R a value in micrometres (see Column 1, Tabl e 3.1). NOTES: 1 The ‘arithmeticmean deviation’ (R a ) was previously known as the ‘centre-line average value’ (CLA). 2 The corresponding R a value in microinches is shown for comparison in Column 2, Table 3.1.
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TABLE 3.1 PREFERRED R a VALUES 1
2 Roughness values R a
µm
µin
50 25 12.5 6.3 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025
2000 1000 500 250 125 63 32 16 8 4 2 1
3.3.2 Method of indication The R a values shall be placed above the app ropriate symbol to ind icate the degr ee of surface roughness requ ired, as follows: (a) One value only Where only on e value is specified, it represents the maximum permissible value of surface roughness (see Figure 3.6). Figure 3.6(a) shall apply when the surface roughne ss may be obtained by any produ ction method. Figure 3.6(b)shall apply when the surface roughness must be obtained by machining. Figure 3.6(c)shall apply when the surface rough ness must be obtained without machining. ) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
(b) Two values If i t is ne cessary to impose maximum and minimum limits on t he principal criterio n of surface roughness, both values shall be shown with the maximum limit pla ced above the minimum limit (see Figure 3.7). Figure 3.7(a) shall apply when the surface roughne ss may be obtained by any produ ction method. Figure 3.7(b)shall apply when the surface roughness must be obtained by machining. Figure 3.7(c)shall apply when the surface rough ness must be obtained without machining.
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3.4 INDICATION OF SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS 3.4.1 General It may be necessary to specify additional requirements associated with surface texture. Such requirements shall be indicated as shown in Figure 3.8 and Clauses 3.4.2 to 3.4.6.
3.4.2 Production processes If it is required that the final surface texture be produced by one particular method, this method shall be indicated in plain language above the extension of the symbol, as illustrated in Figure 3.9. ) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
If the material requires a final treatment such as plating or chemical processing , the R a rough ness value appliesa fter such treatment, unless otherwise indicated. If it is necessary to specify surface texture both before and after treatment, this should be in dicated either in a special note or as in the example shown in Figure 3.10 where two symbols are used, one to a line to indicate the untreated surface and the other to a Type J line to represent the surface after treatment.
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3.4.3 Cut-off (sampling length) Where the cut-off is to b e other than 0.8 mm, the selected value shall be indicated below the extension of th e symbol, as illustrated in Figure 3.11. Cut-off shall be selected from the following preferred series: 0.08; 0.25; 0.8; 2.5; and 8
3.4.4 Lay If it is necessary, for functional reasons, to specify the direction of lay, it shall be indicate d by addin g to the symbol the appropri ate lay symbol sele cted from those given in Column 1, Ta ble 3.2. Column 2 shows the method of indication of drawings and Column 3 gives the interpret ation. Should it b e necessary to specify a l ay not clearly defin ed in Table 3.2 , then it shall be indicated by a suitable note on the drawing. 3.4.5 Machining allowance Where it is necessary to specify the value of the machining allowance, this shall be indicated on the left of the symbol (see example shown in Figure 3.12). ) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
3.4.6 Waviness Where necessary, the value of the maximum wavine ss height selected from Table 3.3 shall be indicated above the extension of the symbol f ollowed by the waviness spacing where requ ired (see Figure 3.13).T he indicationof waviness requirementsshall followproductionprocess requirements. 3.5 INDICATION ON DRAWINGS 3.5.1 General principles Symbols and their inscriptions shall be orientated so that th ey can be re ad from the bottom or the right-hand side of the drawing. If ne cessary, the symbol may be connected to the surface by a l eader terminating in an arrow. The symbol or the a rrow shall poi nt from outside the surface either to the lin e representing the surface or to a projection line from it. Figure 3.14 shows typical examples of the placement of symbols in drawings. In accordance with the general principles of dimensioning, the symbol shall be used once only for a given surface and , if possible, on the view which carries the dimension defining the size or position of the surface. An example is shown in Figu re 3.15.
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TABLE 3.3 PREFERRED MAXIMUM WAVINESS HEIGHT VALUE millimetres Waviness height (maximum) 0.0005 0.0008 0.0012
0.008 0.012 0.02
0.12 0.2 0.3
0.0020 0.003 0.005
0.03 0.05 0.08
0.50 0.80
FIGURE 3.13 EXAMPLE OF INDICATION OF M AXIMUM WAVINE SS HEIGHT AND SPACING
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NOTE: Roughness values not shown.
FIGURE 3.14 PLACEMENT OF SYMBO LS
FIGURE 3.15 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SURFACE ROUGHNESS SYMBOLS AND DIMENSIONS
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3.5.2 Simplified procedures If one or more textures are require d on a number of surfaces of a pa rt, a simplified procedu re may be ad opted. The procedure involves either using a symbol which is qualifi ed if necessary, or introdu cing a substitute symbol which is clearly defined. Such symbol s should be placed near a view of the part, near the title block or in the space devoted to general notes. Details and examples are given in (a) to ( d) below: (a) W here a single surface texture specification applies to all surfaces — t he symbol may be qualified thus:
(b) W here a single surface texture specification applies to th e majority of surfaces — the symbol may be qualified thus:
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Surface texture specifications which are exceptions to the major requirement shall be indicated on the corresponding surfaces by appropriate symbols. (c) Where a single surface texture specification applies to a large number of surfaces — u se basic symbol, Figure 3.1, as a substitute symbol on the appropriate surfaces and clearly define the meaning of the substitute symbol. See Figure 3.16.
This procedure is recommended particularly where the surface specification is complicated and where space is limited. Surface texture specifications which are exceptions to the major r equirement shall b e indicated on the corresponding surfaces by appropriate symbols. (d) Where each of two or more surface texture specifications applies to a number of surfaces, use simplified symbols as substitute symbols on ap propriate surfaces as illustrated in Figure 3.16. The meaning of each substitute symbol shall be clearly defin ed on th e drawing. This procedure is recommended particularlywhere the surface texture specifications are complicated and where space is limited. Surface texture specifications which are not covered by the above simplified symbols shall be indicated on the corresponding surfaces by a ppropriate symbols. 3.6 GENERAL APPLICATION OF R a VALUES Appendices C and D indicate the appearance and application of various surface roughness R a values and the production process by which each is generally achieved. 3.7 APPLICATION OF SURFACETEXTURESYMBOLS T he applicationo f surface texture symbols to indicate the principal criterion of roughness R a is g iven in T able 3.4. The applicationand placement of additional indicationswith the surface texture symbols is given in Table 3.5. COPYRIGHT
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NOTES: 1 ‘a 1 ’, ‘a2 ’ and ‘a3 ’ represent values selected from Table 3.1, Column 1. 2 ‘b’ and ‘d’ represent a production method and lay respectively. 3 ‘y’ and ‘z’ represent two selected letter characters.
FIGURE 3.16 EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF SUBSTITUTE SYMBO LS
TABLE 3.4 SYMBOLS WITH INDICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE CRITERION OF ROUGHNESS, Symbol
R a
Meaning
Symoval of m aterial by machine is opti onal
Obli gatory
prohibit ed A surface w ith a maximum surface roughness value R a of 3.2µm A surface w ith a maximum surface roughness value of R a of 6.3 µm and a minimum of 1.6 µm
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TABLE 3.5 SYMBOLS WITH ADDITIONAL INDICATIONS
Symbol
Meaning of addit ional indicati on Production method - milled
Cut-off—2.5 mm
Direction of lay—perpendicular to the plan of projection of the view
Mechining allowance—2 mm
In di ca ti on ( i n b rac ke ts ) o f a cr it er io n o f r ou gh ne ss o th er t ha n th at u sed fo r Ra, fo r e xa mp le Rz = 0.4 µm
Ma xi mu m wa vi ness he ig ht 0 .0 1 m m a nd m ax im um wa ve le ng th of 5 mm
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NO TE : S ym bo ls ma y b e used s in gl y, i n c om bi na ti on , o r co mb in ed wi th a n a pp ro pr ia te s ym bo l f ro m Ta bl e 3 .4 .
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SECTION 4
WELDING
4.1 WELDING Symbols for depicting complete welding information on drawings shall comply with AS 1101.3 . The typical application of weld symbols o n a mechanical drawing is shown on Figure 4.1.
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FIGURE 4.1 USE OF WELD SYMBOLS
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SECTION 5 CENTRE HOLES 5.1 GENERAL The symbolic representati on of centre holes may be used where it is not necessary to show the exact form and size or where the designation of standard centre holes is sufficient for information. 5.2 SYMBOLS Symbols for centre holes are given in Fi gure 5.1.
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*
h
0.1 h *
3.5 5 7
0.35 0.5 0.7
10 14 20
1.0 1.4 2.0
Line thickness for symbol and lettering
FIGURE 5.1 SYMBOLS FOR CENTRE HOLES
5.3 SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION The symbolic representation of centre holes and their application are shown in Figure 5.2. If the centre hole may remain on the finished part, no symbol is r equired.
5.4 DESIGNATION OF CENTRE HOLES The designation of centre holes consists of — (a) (b) (c) (d)
a reference to AS 1913; th e lette r for th e drill type (A, B, or R ); the pilot diameter (d ) ; and t he outside countersink centre hole diameter (D ).
The two values are sepa rated by a slash. Drill types A, B, and R and the dia meters d a nd D are defined in AS 1913. Figure 5.3 shows examples of the designation of centre hol es.
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SECTION 6
AS 1100.201—1992
SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION OF PIPELINES
6.1 SCOPE OF SECTION This Section specifies rules and conventions for the preparation of simplified drawings for the representationo f pipelines made of various materials including both rigid and flexible. The sing le line method is presented. Both orthogonal and isometric methods of projection are given. 6.2 SYMBOLS Symbols representing pipes, crossing s, connections, and equipment are given in AS 1101.5 . See AS 1100.10 1 for the info rmation on shape and size of symbols. 6.3
ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION METHOD
6.3.1 Representationof pipes The simplified representationof a pipe, irrespectiveof its diameter,shall be b y means of a Type A line coin ciding with the centre-li ne of the pipe. Bends may be simplified by extending the straight length of the pi pe to the vertex (see Fig ure 6.1(a)) . However, bends may be shown for sake of clarity in the form illustrated in Figure 6 .1(b). In this case, if projections of bends would otherwise have been elliptical,these projectionsmay be simplified by using circular arcs.
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6.3.2 Dimensioning In g eneral, dimensions shall be in a ccordance with AS 1100.101. Nominal diameters may be indicatedby the short designation‘DN’ (see Figure 6.1(a)). The nominal diameter and wall thickness may be indicated on the line representing the pipe (see Figure 6.1(b)). The lengths should start from the o uter faces of the pip e ends, flange s, or centre o f the joint, whichever is appropriate.
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Pipes with bends should be generally dimensioned from centre-line t o centre-line of the pipes (see Figure 6.1(a) and (b)). If it i s necessary to specify the dimension from vertex to vertex of the bent pipe, the dimension may be specified by the a rrows headi ng to short type B lines parall el to the projection lines in order to indi cate the oute r or in ner vertex of the ben t pipe (see Figure 6.2 ). The dimensions from outer vertex to outer vertex, from inner to inner and from inner to outer are shown in F igure 6.2(a), (b), and (c), respectively. Radii and angles of bends may be indicated as shown in Figure 6.3. The functional angle shall be indicated; angles of 90° shall not be indicated.
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Levels refer g enerally to the centre of the pipe abo ve (+) or b elow (-) the datum levels (see Figure 6.4(a)). If, in special cases, i t is necessary to specify the level to the bottom of a pipe this shall b e indicated by the reference arrow pointing to short thin (type B) strokes. A similar rule shall be a pplied to indicate levels to the top of the pipe (see Figure 6.4(b)).
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AS 1100.201—1992
The direction of slope shall be indicated by a right-angle d triangle above the flow line pointing from the higher down to t he lower level (see Figure 6.5). The amount of slope shall be indicated in a ccordance with the metho ds shown in Figu re 6.6.
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6.3.3 Crossings and connections Crossings without connections shall normally be depicted without interrupting the line representing the hidden pipe (see Figure 6.7(a)). If it is absolutely necessary to indicate that o ne pipe has to pass behind the other, the line representing the hidden pipe shall be interrupted (see Figure 6.7(b)). Permanent junctions shall be marked by a prominent dot (see Figure 6.8). The diameter of the dot shall be five times the thickness of the l ine. NOTE: Clause 6.3.3 agrees with I SO 6412. AS 1101.5—1984 does not conform to Clause 6.3.3.
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6.3.4 Adjoiningapparatus If needed,adjoining apparatussuch as tanks and machinery, not belonging to the piping itself, may b e represented by their outlines using Type K lines, as shown in Figure 6.9 . 6.3.5 Direction of flow The dire ction of flow shall be indi cated by an arrow on the pip ing or near a graphical symbol repr esenting a valve (see Figure 6.10).
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6.3.6 Flanges Flanges shall be represented, using Type A lines (see Figures 6.11 and 6.24), irrespective of their type and sizes, by — (a) t wo concentric circles for the fron t view, (b) on e circle for the rear view, (c) a stroke for the side view of a singl e flange, and (d) two strokes for the side view of a pair of flanges. A simplified representation of the flange holes may be shown by the appro priate number of crosses at their centre-lines (see Figure 6.11). 6.3.7 Example An example of orthogonal proje ction is given in Figure 6.11. 6.4 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION METHOD 6.4.1 General Isometric projections have been introdu ced to a great extent for tender, manufacturing, and erection drawings in pipeline construction a s well as in machine construction and the building industry. 6.4.2 Coordinates Where it is necessary to use cartesian coordinates, for instance for calculations or numerical control of machine tools, the coordina te axes shall comply with Figu re 6.12. In a ll cases, the coordinat es of individual pipes or pip e assemblies should comply with tho se adopted for the complete installation and should be indicated on the drawing or i n an associated do cument . 6.4.3 Deviations from the direction of coordinate axes Pipes, or parts of pipes, running parallel to the coordinate axes shall be drawn paral lel to the relevant axis without further indication . Deviations from the directions of the coordinate axes should be indicated by means of auxiliary hatched projection planes, as shown in F igure 6.13.
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NOTES: 1 Points at which the pipe changes direction and connections are indicated by reference numbers. The pipe and the reference numbers are identical with those in the isometric representation illustrated in Figure 6.23. 2 Reference numbers for points hidden behind other points are shown i n brackets.
FIGURE 6.11 EXAMPLE OF ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION
Pipes, or parts of pipe s, situated in a vertical plane shall be indicated by showing their projections on a horizontal plane (see Figure 6.14(a)). Pipes, or parts of pipes, situated in a horizontal plane shall be indicatedby showing their projections on a vertical plane (see Figure 6.14 (b)). Pipes, or parts of pipes, not running parallel to any coordinate plane shall be indicated by showing both their projections on a hori zontal and on a vertical plane (see Figure 6.14(c)). Auxiliary projection planes may be e mphasized by h atchings, paral lel to the x o r y axis for horizontal auxiliary planes, and vertical f or all o ther auxiliary planes.
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If such hatching is not convenient, it may be omitted; in that case, the rectangle (see Figure 6.15(a)) or the rectangular prism (see Figure 6.15(b)),of which a diagonal coincides with the pipe, should be shown, using type B lines. 6.4.4 Dimensioning Special rules for di mensioni ng isometric projection for pipeline s are specified below. Pipes with bends should be dimensioned from centre-line to centre-line of the pipelines or from centre-line to the end of p ipe (see Figure 6.16). Radii and angles of bends may be indicated as shown in Figure 6.17. If required, the auxiliary hatched projection planes can be dimensioned (see Figure 6.18). If it is necessary to indicatedouble dimensions for manufacturing or technical purposes one of the dimensions should be indicated in paren theses (see Figure 6.18 ).
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AS 1100.201—1992
6.4.5 Position of the end of pipes If necessary, the positions of the ends of the piping may b e specified by indicating the coordinates referring to the centres of the end faces. For ad jacent drawings, a referen ce note should be given. For e xample — ‘continued on drawing x’. 6.4.6 Graphical symbols All graphical symbols shall be drawn using the isometric projection method (see example in Figure 6.19). Valve actuators should be shown only if it is necessary to define their position or type (e.g. spindle, piston). If shown, an actuator with a position parallel to one of the coordinate axes need not be dimensioned. Deviations from such positions should be indicated (see Figure 6.20). Transformation pieces (cones) should be depicted as shown in Figure 6.21. The relevant nominal sizes should be in dicated above the g raphical symbols. Examples of flang es dep icted in isometric proje ction are shown in Figure 6.22. COPYRIGHT
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6.4.6 Crossings and connections Crossings and connections shall be in accordance with Clause 6.3.3. 6.4.7
Examples Examples of isometric projection are shown in Fi gures 6.23 and 6.24.
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NOTE: Points at which the pipe changes direction and connections are indicated by reference numbers. The pipe and the reference numbers are identical to those in the orthogonal representation illustrated in Figure 6.11.
FIGURE 6.23 EXAMPLE OF ISOMETRIC PROJECTION — WITH REFERENCE NUMBERS
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FIGURE 6.24 EXAMPLE OF ISO METRIC PROJECTION — WITH SYMBOLS
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SECTION 7
SPRINGS
7.1 INFORMATION ON DRAWING The information to be included on a drawing is dependentupon the purposefor which the drawingis made. The following examples represent informationt hat may be stated on the drawing or on an attached data sheet. For example the essential data for leaf springs is indicated in Clau se 7.3.1. 7.2 DRAWINGS Springs are normally drawn in conventional representation, as shown in Table 7.1. 7.3 TYPES OF SPRINGS 7.3.1 Leaf springs L eaf springs are shown in Figure 7.1 . The following particulars should be specified, as appropriate: (a) Nu mber of leaves. (b) Dimensions — free centres, width and length of each leaf. (c) Load/deflection requirements. (d) Ma terial specification. (e) Test required. (f) Manufacturing process. (g) A ccuracy, in cluding squareness. (h) Finish. (i) Identification.
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FIGURE 7.1 LEAF SPRINGS
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7.3.2 Helical springs Helical springs may be in compression, tension or torsion. They may be wound from material of round, square, rectangu lar, or t rapezoidal cross-section. They may also be wound in cylindrical, conical or double conical (hour-glassor barrel) form. Helical springs are shown in Figure 7.2. The following particulars should be specified, as appropria te: (a) Nu mber of active (full section) coils plus coiling at each end. (b) Dimensions — free le ngth, diameter (outside, mean or inside), shape of cross-section (and orientation if, for example, of rectangular or trapezoidal section) an d end details. (c) Load/deflection requirements. (d) Ma terial specification. (e) Di rection of coiling , i.e. right-ha nd or lef t-hand. (f) Tests required. (g) Manufacturing process. (h) A ccuracy, in cluding squareness of end s. (i) Finish. (j) Identification.
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NOTE: These views are also drawn to a ’convention’ as the projection of a helix is not a straight line.
FIGURE 7.2 HELICAL SPRINGS
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7.3.3 Cup springs (also known as ‘coned disc springs’) Cup springs are a special type of compression spring. They are shown in Figure 7.3. The following particulars should be specified, as appropriate: (a) Number of cup springs used together and their orientation. (b) Di mensions — free he ight, inte rnal and external diameters, and material thickness. (c) Load/deflection requirements. (d) Ma terial specification. (e) Tests required. (f) Manufacturing process. (g) Accuracy. (h) Finish.
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FIGURE 7.3 CUP SPRINGS
7.3.4 Spiral springs Spiral spring s are a special type of torsion spring. They are shown in Figure 7.4. The following particulars should be specified, as appropria te: (a) Nu mber of coils. (b) Di mensions — free diame ter, material cross-section, lengt h of material, and end de tails. (c) Load/deflection requirements. (d) Ma terial specification. (e) Tests required. (f) Manufacturing process. (g) Accuracy. (h) Finish. (i) Identification.
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7.4 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SPRINGS A spring may be represented as shown in Table 7.1. This table shows a range of typical springs and the principles used may be extend ed to other variations of form, e .g. a heli cal compression spring using wire of square se ction .
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SECTION 8
GEARS
8.1 INFORMATION ON DRAWING The information to be included on a drawing is dependent upon the purposefor which the drawingis made. The following examples representinformation that may be stated on t he drawing or on an attached data sheet. For example, the essential tooth data for spur gears are indicated in Figure 8.1. All terms and notationfor toothed gearing should be in accordance with AS 2075. 8.2 DRAWINGS Gears are n ormally drawn in conventional representation, e.g. gear teeth are not normally drawn. The drawings of gears given in Clause 8.3 use the conventional representation method shown in Clause 8.4. 8.3 TYPES OF GEARS 8.3.1 Spur gears The gear teeth are of constant section througho ut their length and are parallel to the axis. Typical methods of drawing spur g ears are shown with gear too th data in Figure 8.1.
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GEAR TOOTH DATA * * * * * * * *
Number of teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx Module (diameter pitch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx Pressure angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx° xx’ Pitch diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x.xxx Tooth thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxx - .xxx Whole depth, minimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Working depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Class of gear and relevantstandard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x Base circle diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x.xxx Maximum profile error from start of active profile to end of active profile . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Accumulated pitch error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Adjacent pitch error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Tooth alignment error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Measurement over rollers and roller diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Chordal height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chordal tooth thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*
Items marked thus are essential gear tooth data . FIGURE 8.1 SPUR GEARS COPYRIGHT
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AS 1100.201—1992
8.3.2 Helical gears The gear teeth are of constant section th roughout their length and oblique to the axis. The tooth traces are helices. The axes of mating gears may be either parallel or in clined. Where axes are incline d, the gears are termed ‘crossed hel ical gea rs’ (previously known as ‘spiral gear s’). In conventional representation ,h elical gears are drawn in the same manner as spur gears. Typical gear tooth data for hel ical gears are as fo llows: HELICAL GEAR TOOTH DATA Number of teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx Lead (right-hand or left-hand) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RH (or LH) Base circle diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x.xxx Helix angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx° xx’ Module (diameter pitch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx Transverse circular pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Normal pressure angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx° xx’ Normal arc thickness at pitch line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx - .xxx Pitch diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x.xxx Whole depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx - .xxx Measuring ball diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Measurement over balls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x.xxx - x.xxx Accumulated pitch error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Adjacent pitch error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Maximum lead error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Maximum profile error from start of active profile to end of active profile . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Maximum pitch circle diameter runout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx FIM relative to X Chordal height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Normal chordal tooth thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Class of gear and relevant standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x ) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
8.3.3 Straight bevel gears These are gears of conical form designed to operate on intersecting axes. Figure 8.2 illustrates details of a typical gear with gear tooth data. 8.3.4 Spiral bevel gears These are bevel gears having tooth lines that are other than straight line generators of the reference cone. Figure 8.3 illustrates details of a typical gear with gear tooth data. 8.3.5 Hypoid gears These are similar to spiral bevel gears, however the pinion is offset. The gear tooth data for the hypoid gear is the same as that for the spiral bevel gear with the add itional information of the pinion offset distance above or b elow the centre -line. Details of the h ypoid pinio n are shown in Figure 8.4. 8.4 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF GEARS Conventional representations for gears are shown in Table 8.1.
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GEAR TOOTH DATA Number of teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diametral pitch (circular pitch or module) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pitch diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shaft angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Working depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Whole depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Root angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part number of mating gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of teeth in mating gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Backlash with mating gear on specified mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chordal thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tooth caliper settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chordal height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class of gear and relevantstandard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FIGURE 8.2 STRAIGHT BEVEL GEARS
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xx xx x.xxx xx° xx’ x.xxx xx° xx’ .xxx xx° xx’ xxxxxxx . .xx .xxx - .xxx .xxx .xxx .xxx x
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AS 1100.201—1992
GEAR TOOTH DATA Number of teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diametral pitch (circular pitch or module) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pitch diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shaft angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hand of spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chordal thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chordal height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part number of mating pinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of teeth in mating pinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Backlash with mating pinion on specified mounting . . . .. . .. . .. . . Class of gear and relevant standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary number* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *
.. ... .. ... .. . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. ... ... . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . ..
. . . . .
xx xx xx° xx’ x.xxx xx° xx’ RH (or LH) . .xxx . .xxx xxxxxxx .. xx .xxx - .xxx .. x xxxxxxx
Additional information is usually recorded on a summary, which shou ld be iden tified by an assigned number and referred to on the gear drawings. This is necessary because of various cutter specifications, machine types and sizes an d cutting methods that may be u sed for a given g ear and pinion pair with specified numbers of teeth, pitch and spiral angle.
FIGURE 8.3 SPIRAL BEVE L GEAR
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HYPOID PINION TOOTH DATA Number of teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diametral pitch (circular pitch or module) . . . . . . Pressure angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spiral angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hand of spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Offset above or below centre-line . . . . . . . . . . . Part number of mating gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of teeth in mating gear . . . . . . . . . . . . Backlash with mating gear on specified mounting Class of gear and relevantstandard . . . . . . . . . Summary number* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *
.. . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .
. . .. .. .. .. . . . . . ... .. ... .. ... . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. ... ... ... . ... ... .... .. . .. .. ... . .. . ... .. ... .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . ..
.. ... .. ... .. . .. . ... .. . .. ... .. ... . .. .. ... .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . ... .. . . .. .. . . .. ... .. ..
xx xx xx° xx’ xx° xx’ RH (or LH) x.xxx xxxxxxx xx .xxx - .xxx x xxxxxxx
Additional information is usually recorded on a summary, which shoul d be iden tified by an assigned number and referred to on the gear drawings. This is necessary because of various cutter specifications, machine types and sizes an d cutting methods that may be u sed for a given g ear and pinion pair with specified numbers of teeth, pitch and spiral angle.
FIGURE 8.4 HYPOID PINION
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TABLE 8.1 GEARS
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TABLE 8.1 (continued)
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(continued)
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TABLE 8.1 (continued)
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SECTION 9
SPLINES
9.1 SYMBOLS The symbols for the straig ht-sided and involute splines are shown along with thei r dimensions in Figure 9.1.
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h
0.1h *
3.5 5 7 10 14 20
0.35 0.5 0.7 1 1.4 2
0.3 h
0.9 h
1.6 h
1.0 1.5 2.1 3.0 4.2 6.0
3.2 4.5 6.3 9.0 12.6 18.0
6 8 11 16 22 32
*Line thickness for symbol and lettering.
FIGURE 9.1 SYMBOLS FOR SPLINES
9.2 DE SIGNATION The representation by design ation of a spline on a drawing should consist o f the symbol for the spline type a nd its designation. The designationshould be indicated near the feature but always conn ected to the contour of the spline by a leader line (see Figure 9.2). In assembly drawings, the designati on of both parts (hub and shaft) may be combin ed.
FIGURE 9.2 DESIGNATION OF SPLINES
9.3 TRUE REPRESENTATION A complete and true representation of splines showing all details with their true dimensions is gene rally not ne cessary in technical drawing and should be avoide d. Where a true representation of a spline is drawn, the designation of the spline may be adde d if desired. Figures 9.3 and 9 .4 show the true representation of spline s.
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FIGURE 9.4
TRUE REPR ESENTATION OF INVOLUTE SPLINES
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9.4 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SPLINES The conventionalr epresentationo f a splined shaft or a splined hole shal l be as shown in Table 9.1. For straight-sided splines, the root surface (minor d iameter of external spline, major diameter of internal spline) shall be drawn with a t ype B line. In the axial section of a splined shaft or hub, however, the root surface shall be drawn with a type A line. The pitch surface (pitch diameter) shall be drawn with a type G line for involute splines. Usually only the usable length of a spline is drawn. If necessary, the tool runout may be represented by an obli que line or a radius with the same line as used for the root surface (see Figure 9.5). If i t is essential to indicate the po sition of the ge ar teeth in relatio n to a gi ven axial plane, one or two gear teeth may be dra wn with a type A line (see Figu re 9.6). TABLE 9.1 SPLINES
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NOTE: If necessary, the designation of the spline in accordance with Clause 9.2 may be added.
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FIGURE 9.6 POSITION OF TEETH
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SECTION 10
ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS
10.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION Balland roller bearingsmay be represented in two different ways, dependingon the degree of detailed information required. Method A in Ta ble 10.1 shows the general method of representing a bearing where it is not necessary to show the basic function of the bearing. Method B in Table 10.1 shows the methods of representing various types of bearing where it is necessary to sh ow the basic function of the bearin g. All features of the convention al representation shall be drawn in type A lin es. If it is necessary to show the exact contour of a rolling bearing, it should be represented by the true outline of its cross section, with the upright cross in a central position (see Figure 10.1).
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FIGURE 10.1 BEARING CONTOUR
TABLE 10.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION Descript io n METHOD A
Component or fe at ure
Conventi onal representation
See Clause 10.1
Requirements and remarks Type A lines
METHOD B Radial f orce transmission
Type A lines parallel to shaft axis
Axial for ce transmission (thrust)
Type A lines normal t o shaft axis
Angular force transmission
Type A lines normal t o general dir ection of force applied to elements
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SECTION 11
SEALS
11.1 GENERAL CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION For general purposes (without specified lip configuration where it is not necessary to show the e xact cont our), the seal shall be represented by a square and a fr eestanding diagon al cross centred in the square (see Figure 11.1). The cross shall not touch the outlines. The representation shown in Figure 11.1 shall be used only when the sealing direction is unimportant . If it is necessary to show the sealing direction, an arrowhead may be added to the diagonal cross (see Figure 11.2).
FIGU RE 11.1
G EN ER AL PU RP OS E
FIGU RE 11.2
REPRES ENTATION ) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
S EA LING DI RE CT IO N SHOWN
If it is necessary to show the exact contour of a sealing composition, it should be represented by the true outline of its cross-section, with the diagonal cross in a c entral position (see Figure 11.3). The cross shall not touch the outlines.
FIGURE 11.3
CONTOUR OF SEAL SHOWN
11.2 ELEMENTS OF DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SEALS The elements of the deta iled conventional representa tion of seals are given in Table 11.1. 11.3 DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION The detailed conventional representations of seals are gi ven in Tables 11.2 to 11.4. 11.4 EXAMPLES Examples showing the conventional representationof seals are given in Figures 11.4 to 11.8.
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TABLE 11.1 ELEMENTS OF THE DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION FOR SEALS
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* An arrowhead may be added to show the sealing direction.
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TABLE 11.2 DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION
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TABLE 11.3 DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF U-CUPS, PACKING SETS AND V-RINGS
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TABLE 11.4 DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF LABYRINTH SEALS (IRRESPECTIVE OF THE NUMBER OF LABYRINTHS)
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FIGURE 11.4 ROTARY SHAFT LIP TYPE SEA L (SEALING AGAINST FLUIDS)
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) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
FIGURE 11.8 11.8 LABYRINTH SEAL
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SECTION SE CTION 12 KN KNURLING URLING 12.1 CONV CONVENTIONAL ENTIONAL REPRESENTATION REPRESENTATION OF KNURLING Knurling on a cylindrical cylindrical featu re shall be represented by a few type B l ines as shown in Tabl e 12.1. 12.1. Generally, the diame Generally, diameter ter of the fea feature ture repres representsthe entsthe dimens dimension ion before knu knurling.Dependent rling.Dependent on functio functional nal requirements, the the di ameter of the te eth over over the knurling knurling and th e pitch or type and grade of knurl may also need to be specified. TABLE 12.1 KNURLING
) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
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APPENDIX A
GUIDE TO GENERAL TOLERANCING OF MACHINED COMPONENTS (Informative) A1 INTRODUCT INTRODUCTION ION This App Append endix ix prov provide ides s a gui guide de for specif specifyin ying g per permis missi sible ble mac machin hining ing var variat iation ion to the siz size e and geometr geometry y of features that have no explic explicit it toleran tolerance ce indicati indication. on. It is the responsibi responsibilityof lityof the designerto designerto determi determine nein in the best way, way, but as far as possible possiblein in accordancewith the guidelinesgiven below, the value of the the permissibl permissible e deviat deviations ions to be shown shown in the general note for dimension dimensions s and geometr geometry y withou withoutt explicit explicit tolera tolerance nce indica indication. tion. A2 LINEAR AND ANGULAR DIMENSIONS The general note should should preferablyprescribe preferablyprescribe the following: following: (a) Standard Standard toleranc tolerances es should be indicat indicated ed by an accuracy accuracy grade selected selected from Tables Tables A1 and A2 for linear dimensions dimensi ons and Table Table A3 for angula angularr dimens dimensions. ions. (b) For linear linear dim dimens ensions ions,, ind indicat icate e a sta standardtoleranc ndardtolerance e in millimetr millimetres es.. (c) For angular dimensions, indicate a standard tolerance in degrees and minutes, decimal degrees, or a percentage percent age such as the number number of millimetres millimetres per 100 millim millimetres. etres. A3 GEOME GEOMETRY TRY The general general note should preferably prescr prescribe ibe the following: (a) The geometr geometry y charac characterist teristic ics s as listed listed in Table A4. Standardtolerances should be indicated indicated by a grade grade of accuracy from the various characteristics characteristics selected selected from Tables A5, A6 and A7. For perpendicularity perpendicularitytolera tolerances, nces, the longer of the two sides forming forming the right angle shall be taken as the datum; if the sides are of equal nomina nominall length, either may be taken as the datum (see Figure Figure A1). (b) A single single value in millimetres millimetres,, whatev whatever er the geometric geometric charac characterist teristic ic.. Figure A2 shows shows an example applic application ation and the interpr interpretation etationof of the use use of general general toleran tolerances. ces. ) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
TABLE A1 TABLE PERMISSIBLE PERMISSIB LE DEVIATIONS FOR LINEAR DIMENSIONS DIMENSIONS millimetres Accuracy grade Desi De sig gna nati tion on
Desc De scrrip ipti tion on
*
and * ≤ 3
>3 and ≤ 6
>6 and ≤ 30
> 30 and ≤120
>120 and ≤400
> 400 and ≤1000
>1000 and ≤2000
>2000 and ≤4000
fi n e
±0.05
±0.05
±0.1
±0.15
±0.2
±0.3
±0.5
—
m
medium
±0.1
±0.1
±0.2
±0.3
±0.5
±0.8
±1.2
±2
c
coarse
±0.2
±0.3
±0.5
±0.8
±1.2
±2
±3
±4
v
very coarse
—
±0.5
±1
±1.5
±2.5
±4
±6
±8
f
*
Permissible deviations f or or basic size ra r ange ≥ 0.5
For basic sizes sizes below 0.5 mm, the deviations deviations should be indicated indicated adjace adjacent nt to the relevant basic size.
TABL TA BLE E A2 PERMISSIBLE DEVIATIONS FOR BROKEN PERMISSIBLE BROKEN EDGES (externalradii and chamfer heights) heights) Accu Ac curracy gr gra ade Desi De sig gna nati tion on f
*
Desc De scrrip ipti tion on fine
m
medium
c
coarse
v
very coarse
millimetres
Per ermi mis ssi sib ble de devi viat atio ionsfo nsforr ba bas sic si siz ze ra rang nge e *
≥ 0.5
and ≤ 3
> 3 and ≤ 6
>6
±0.2
±0.5
±1
±0.4
±1
±2
For basic sizes sizes below 0.5 mm, the deviations deviations should be indicated indicated adjace adjacent nt to the relevant basic size.
A4 ANGUL ANGULAR AR DIMEN DIMENSION SIONS S General tolerances tolerances for angular dimensions dimensions apply, apply, irrespective irrespective of the linear tolerances toleranc es applied to the elementsforming the angle. angle. The upper and and lower lower deviati deviations ons of the angular dimens dimension ion do not limit limit the form deviations deviations of the lines or faces formin forming g an angle. To define the measuring measuring planes planes for an angle ang le on a wor workpi kpiece ece with with surf surface ace form dev deviat iations, ions, the the ang angle le is meas measure ured d alo along ng the dir directi ection on of the superimposed superi mposed planes planes (conta (contacting cting surface surface of ideal geometrical geometrical form). form). The maxim maximum um distance between between the superimposed superi mposed plane and the actual surfac surface e should be the least possib possible le value value (see (see AS 1100.101).
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TABLE A3 PERMISSIBLE DEVIATIONS OF ANGULAR DIMENSIONS degrees Accuracy grade
Designation f
Permissible angular deviations for the length, in millimetres,of the shorter side of the angle concerned > 10 and ≤ 50
≤10
Description
> 50 and ≤120
> 120 and ≤ 400
>400
fine
m
medium
c v
coarse very coarse
±1°
±0°30’
±0°20’
±0°10’
±0°5’
±1°30’
±1°
±0°30’
±0°15’
±0°10’
±3°
±2°
±1°
±0°30’
±0°20’
TABLE A4 GENERAL GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES Characteristic
Relevant table Straightness
) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
Table A5
Flatness
Table A5
Parallelism
Size tolerance or Table A5*
Perpendicularity
Table A7
Table A6 Runout
Total indicated runout
Table A6
Requires individual indication
* Whichever is the greater
TABLE A5 GENERAL GEOMETRY TOLERANCES ON STRAIGHTNESS, FLATNESS, AND PARALLELISM millimetres Grade of accuracy
General geometry tolerances for straightness, flatness,squareness and parallelism for nominal size range ≤10
> 10 and ≤ 30
> 30 and ≤100
> 100 and ≤ 300
> 300 and ≤1000
>1000 and ≤3000
H
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
K
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
L
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.2
1.6
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GENERAL GEOMETRY TOLERANCES FOR RUNOUT AND TOTAL RUNOUT millimetres Tolerance class
Runout tolerance
H
0.1
K
0.2
L
0.5
TABLE A7 GENERAL TOLERANCES OF SQUARENESS millimetres Tolerance class
Perpendicularity tolerances for ranges of nominal lengths of the shorter side ≤
) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
100
> 100 and ≤300
> 300 and ≤1000
≤1000
and ≤3000
H
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
K
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
L
0.6
1
1.5
2
FIGURE A1 DATUM FOR SQUARENESSTOLERANCE
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FIGURE A2 EXAMPLE OF APPLYING GENERAL TOLERANCES
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AS 1100.201—1992
APPENDIX B
GUIDE TO THE GENERAL TOLERANCING OF CASTINGS (Informative) B1 INFORMATION ON DRAWING A casting drawing should show the following: (a) Name and part number. (b) Actual or estimated mass. (c) Important dimensions. (d) Dimensional tolerances. (e) Surfaces to be machined and machining allowances. (f) Special requirements, such as finish, testing, gauging, special tolerances, disc or special grinding, drilling, tapping, machining locations, and hardness determination locations. (g) Special location for symbol or pattern numbers or trademarks, and type of symbols or numbers preferred (raised or sunken). B2 PRODUCTION METHODS The tolerance specified for a casting may determine the method of casting. It is therefore recommended, before the design or the order is finalized, for the customer to liaise with the foundry to discuss — (a) the proposed casting design and accuracy required; (b) method of casting; (c) the number of castings to be manufactured;and (d) the casting equipment involved. ) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
Becausethe dimensional accuracyof a casting is relatedto productionfactors, toleranceswhich can be achieved for various methods and metals are described in Paragraph B10 for — (i) long series and mass production, where development, adjustment and maintenance of casting equipment make it possible to achieve close tolerances; and (ii) short series and single production. The tolerancesshown are suitable for castings produced by sand moulding,gravity die casting, low pressure die casting, high pressure die casting, and investment casting. B3 BASIC DIMENSIONS The basic dimensionsgiven refer to the dimensionsof a raw casting beforemachining (see Figure B1). The necessary machining allowances are therefore included (see Figure B2).
FIGURE B1 DRAWING INDICATIONS
B4 TOLERANCES There are 14 tolerancegrades, designated CT3 to CT16 (see Table B1 and Figure B3). COPYRIGHT
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) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
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NOTE: Any mismatch shall lie within the limits of size shown (see Paragraphs B3, B4, and B6).
FIGURE B3 TOLERANCE LIMITS
B5 POSITION OF TOLERANCE ZONE The tolerance zone, unless otherwise stated, is to be symmetrically disposed with respect to a basic dimension, i.e. with one half on the positive side and one half on the negative side (see Figure B3). However, when agreed by both manufacturer and purchaser for specific reasons, the tolerance zone may be asymmetric, i.e. on either the positive side or negative side.
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B6 MISMATCH Mismatchshall lie withinthe tolerancegiven in Table B1. When it is importantto restrictfurther the value of mismatch, it shall be stated on the drawing (see ParagraphB7), and shall lie within the tolerances given in Table B1 or Table B2 whichever is smaller (see Figure B4). This value shall not be added to that given in Table B1.
FIGURE B4 EXAMPLES OF MISMATCH
) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
B7 INDICATIONOF CASTINGTOLERANCES ON DRAWINGS Dimensions for which general tolerancesare not suitable shall be allocated individual tolerances. These may be finer or coarser than the general tolerances which would normally be applied to the basic dimensions, but the particular values should be chosen from Table B1. TABLE B1 CASTING TOLERANCES millimetres Raw casting basic dimension >
≤
Total casting tolerance (see Note) casting tolerance grade CT 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
— 10
10 16
0.18 0.20
0.26 0.28
0.36 0.38
0.52 0.54
0.74 0.78
1.0 1.1
1.5 1.6
2.0 2.2
2.8 3.0
4.2 4.4
-
-
-
-
16 25 40
25 40 63
0.22 0.24 0.26
0.30 0.32 0.36
0.42 0.46 0.50
0.58 0.64 0.70
0.82 0.90 1.0
1.2 1.3 1.4
1.7 1.8 2.0
2.4 2.6 2.8
3.2 3.6 4.0
4.6 5.0 5.6
6 7 8
8 9 10
10 11 12
12 14 16
63 100 160
100 160 250
0.28 0.30 0.34
0.40 0.44 0.50
0.56 0.62 0.70
0.78 0.88 1.0
1.1 1.2 1.4
1.6 1.8 2.0
2.2 2.5 2.8
3.2 3.6 4.0
4.4 5.0 5.6
6 7 8
9 10 11
11 12 14
14 16 18
18 20 22
250 400 630
400 630 1 000
0.40 — —
0.56 0.64 —
0.78 0.90 1.0
1.1 1.2 1.4
1.6 1.8 2.0
2.2 2.6 2.8
3.2 3.6 4.0
4.4 5 6
6.2 7 8
9 10 11
12 14 16
16 18 20
20 22 25
25 28 32
1 000 1 600 2 500
1 600 2 500 4 000
— — —
— — —
— — —
1.6 — —
2.2 2.6 —
3.2 3.8 4.4
4.6 5.4 6.2
7 8 9
9 10 12
13 15 17
18 21 24
23 26 30
29 33 38
37 42 49
4 000 6 300
6 300 10 000
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
7.0 —
10 11
14 16
20 23
28 32
35 40
44 50
56 64
NOTE: See Paragraph B4.
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TABLE B2 MISMATCH Tolerance grade CT 3 and 4 5 6 7 and 8 9 and 10 11 to 13 14 to 16
Mismatch (see Note) mm Within tolerancein Table B1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.5
NOTE: These values shall not be addedto those given in Table B1.
B8 WALL THICKNESS The tolerance for wall thickness must be specified to suit the type of casting required. Tolerancegrading should not be applied. B9 TOLERANCES ON TAPEREDFEATURES Wherea designrequires a taperedfeature,the toleranceshall be applied symmetrically along the surface (see Figure B5).
) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
FIGURE B5 TAPERED FEATURE
B10 TOLERANCES FOR LONG AND SHORT SERIES PRODUCTION PROCESSES Table B3 shows tolerances which can normally be expected in casting processes. As indicated in Paragraph B2, the accuracy of a casting process is dependent upon many factors including the following: (a) Complexity of the design. (b) Type of pattern equipment or dies. (c) Metal or alloy concerned. (d) Condition of patterns or dies. (e) Foundry working methods. For long series of repetitionwork it may be possible to make adjustmentsand to controlcore positions carefully to achieve closer tolerances than those indicated in Table B3. For short production series and for single castings, it is generally impractical and uneconomic to use metal patternsand to develop equipment and casting procedures resulting in close tolerances.The wider tolerances for this class of manufacture are shown in Table B4. Many dimensions of a casting are affected by the presence of a mould joint or a core requiring increased dimensionaltolerance.Since the designer will not necessarilybe aware of the mould and core layout to be used, increases have already been included in Table B1.
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TABLE B3 TOLERANCES FOR LONG SERIES PRODUCTION RAW CASTINGS Tolerance grade CT Method
Malleabl eiron
Coppera lloys
Zinc alloys
Light metal alloys
Nickelbased alloys
Cobalt -based alloys
11 to 13
11 to 13
10 to 12
—
9 to 11
—
—
8 to 10
8 to 10
8 to 10
8 to 10
—
7 to 9
—
—
—
7 to 9
7 to 9
7 to9
7 to 9
7 to 9
6 to 8
—
—
—
—
—
—
6 to 8
4 to 6
5 to 7
—
—
4 to 6
4 to 6
4 to 6
—
4 to 6
—
4 to 6
4 to 6
4 to 6
Steel
Grey iron
S.G. iron
Sand cast, hand-moulded
11 to 13
11 to 13
Sand cast, machine-moulded and shell moulding
8 to 10
Metallic permanent mould (gravity and low pressure) Pressure die casting Investment casting
NOTE: The tolerances indicated are those which can normally be held for castings produced in long series and when production factors influencing the dimensional accuracy of the casting have been fully developed.
TABLE B4 TOLERANCES FOR SHORT SERIES OR SINGLE PRODUCTION RAW CASTINGS ) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
Tolerance grade CT Moulding material
Steel
Grey iron
Spheroidal graphite iron
Malleable iron
Copper alloys
Light metal alloys
Green sand
13 to 15
13 to 15
13 to 15
13 to 15
13 to 15
11 to 13
Self-setting materials
12 to 14
11 to 13
11 to 13
11 to 13
10 to 12
10 to 12
NOTES: 1 The tolerances indicated are those which can normally be held for sand castings producedin shortseries or as single castings. 2 The valuesin this tableapplygenerallyto basicsizes greater than25 mm. For smaller sizes, finertolerances can normally be economically and practically held as follows: (a) Basic size up to 100 mm: three grades finer. (b) Basic size 10 to 16 mm: two grades finer. (c) Basic size 16 to 25 mm: one grade finer.
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APPENDIX C
GENERAL APPLICATION OF R a VALUES (Informative)
TableC1 indicatesthe appearanceand applications of varioussurface roughness(R a) valuesand the production processes by which each is generallyachieved. TABLE C1 GENERAL APPLICATION OF R a
values
R a
25
Very rough, low grade surface resulting from sand casting, torch or saw cutting, chipping or rough forgings. Machine operations are not required as appearance is not objectionable. This finish, rarely specified, is suitable for unmachined clearance areas on machinery,jigs, and other rough construction items
12.5
Ver y rough, l ow g rade s urfaces, where smoothness is of no object, resulting from heavy cuts and coarse feeds in milling, turning, shaping,boring,and from veryroughfiling, rough disc grinding and snagging. This surface is suitable for clearance areas on machinery, jigs, and fixtures. This surface roughness may be obtained by the processes of sand casting or rough forging.
6.3
) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
General application of R a values
3.2
1.6
Coarse production surfaces, for unimportant clearanceand cleanupoperations,resultingfrom very coarse surface grind, rough file, disc grind, and from rapidfeeds in turning, milling,shaping, drilling,boring, grinding, etc, where definite tool marks are not objectionable. This roughness may also be produced on the natural surfaces of forgings, permanent mould castings, extrusions androlled surfaces. Surfaceswith this roughness value can be produced very economically and are used to a great extent on parts wherestress requirements, appearance, and conditions of operation and design permit. This is the roughest surface recommended for partssubject to loads,vibration,and high stress. This surface roughness is also permitted for bearing surfaces when the motion is slow and the loads are light or infrequent, but not to be specified for fast rotationshafts, axles, and parts subject to severe vibration or extreme tension. This surface is a medium, commercial machine finish in which relatively high speeds and fine feeds are used in taking light cuts with wellsharpened tools, and may be economically produced on lathes, milling machines, shapers, grinders, etc. The surface roughness may also be obtained on permanent mould castings, die castings, extrusions, and rolled surfaces. A goodmachinefinishproduced undercontrolled production procedures using relatively high speeds and fine feeds in taking light cuts with well-sharpened cutters. This surface valuemay be specified where close fits are required and may be used for all stressed parts, except for fast rotating shafts, axles, and parts subject to severe vibrationor extremetension. Thissurface roughness is satisfactory for bearing surfaces when the motion is slow and the loadsare light or infrequent. This surface roughness may also be obtained on extrusions, rolled surfaces, die castings, and permanent mould castings when rigidly controlled.
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R a VALUES
values
G ener al application of R a values
0.8
A high-grade machine finish requiringclose control when produced by lathes, shapers, milling machines, etc, but relatively easy to produce by centreless, cylindrical or surface grinders. This surface may be specified in parts where stress concentration is present. This surface roughness is satisfactory for bearing surfaces when motion is not continuous and loads are light. When finer finishes than this are specified, production costs rise rapidly, therefore such finishes must be analysed carefully by the engineer or designer. Also processes such as extruding, rolling or die casting may produce a comparable surface roughness when such processes are rigidly controlled.
0.4
A high quality surface produced by fine cylindrical grinding, emergy buffing, coarse honing or lapping. A surface of this value is specified where smoothness is of primary importance for proper functioning of the part, such as rapidly rotating shaft bearings, heavily loaded bearings, and extreme tension members.
0.2
Very fine surfaces produced by special finishing operations such as honing, lapping, or buffing. Surfaces refined to this degree are specified where packings and rings must slide across the direction of the surface grain, maintaining or withstanding pressures; the interior honed surfaces of hydraulic cylinders are an example. Finishes of this value may also be required in precision gauges and instrument work, on sensitive value surfaces, or on rapidly rotation shafts and on bearings where lubrication is not dependable.
0.1
Refined surfaces produced by special finishing operations such as honing, lapping, andbuffing. This surface roughness value should be specified only when the requirements of design make it mandatory as the cost of manufacturing is extremely high. Surfaces refined to this degree are required in instrument work, gauge work and where packings and rings must slide across the direction of surface grain, such as on chrome plated piston rods, etc, where lubrication is not dependable.
0.05
Very refined surfaces, produced only by the finest of modern honing, lapping, buffing, and superfinishing equipment. These surfaces may have a satin or highly polished appearance depending on the finishing operation and material. Finishes of this type are only specified when design requirements make it mandatory as the cost of manufacturing is extremely high. Surfaces refined to this degree are specified on fine or very sensitive instrument parts or other laboratory items, and certain gauge surfaces, such as on precision gauge blocks.
0.025
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APPENDIX D
TYPICAL ROUGHNESS VALUES OBTAINED WITH ORDINARY MATERIALS AND COMMON PRODUCTION PROCESSES
) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
(1) With this casting method, R a values up to 125 µ m occur for castings of unit mass up to 250 kg. COPYRIGHT
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INDEX Abbreviations
Clause 1.5, Table 1.1, Table 1.2 See also AS1100.101 Clause A2, A4, Table A3
Rack gears Rollingelement bearings Roughness values
Bearings Conventional representaiton Bevel gears Broken edges - Deviations
Section 10 Table 10.1 Clause 8.3, Table 8.1 Clause A2, Table A2
Seals Double - acting piston rod seals Elements Labyrinth seals Packing sets
Casting tolerances Centre holes Conventional representation Bearings Gears Knurling Seals
Table B1 Section 5 Clause 2.5 Table 10.1 Table 8.1 Table 12.1 Clause 11.1, Table 11.1 11.2,11.3, 11.4 Table 9.1 Table 7.1 Clause 6.3.3 Clause 7.3.3 Clause 3.4.3
Angular dimensions - Deviations
Splines Springs Crossingsand connectio ns Cup springs (coned disc springs) Cut - off (sampling length) Dimensioning Keyways
) d e t n i r p n e h w d e e t n a r a u g t o n y c n e r r u c t n e m u c o D ( 3 1 0 2 l u J 9 2 n o Y R A R B I L Y T I S R E V I N U T I M R y b d e s s e c c A
Pipelines Tolerances - Castings Tolerances - Machining Direction of Flow
See also AS1100.101 Clause 2.1.4, Figure 2.4, 2.5 Clause 6.3.2, 6.4.4 Clause B3 Clause A2, A3, A4 Clause 6.3.5
Flanges - Pipes Flatness - Tolerances
Clause 6.3.6 Table A 5
Gear pairs Gears Conventional representation Helical gears Hypoid gears Spiral bevel gears Spur gears Straight b evel gear s Geometry tolerancing (see also Tolerances) Examples Geometry - Tolerances
Table 8.1 Section 8 Table 8.1 Clause 8.3.2 Clause 8.3.5 Clause 8.3.4 Clause 8.3.1 Clause 8.3.3 Appendix A,B See also AS 1100.101 Clause 2.1.3 Clause A3, Table A4
Helical gears Helical springs
Clause 8.3.2, Table 8.1 Clause 7.3.2
Knurling
Section 12
Lay Leaf springs Linear dimensions - Deviations Lines
Clause 3.4.4 Clause 7.3.1 Clause A2, Table A1 Clause 2.2 See also AS1100.101 Clause 2.2.3
Applications Long series production castings Tolerances
Clause B10, Table B3
Machining allowance Mismatch
Clause 3.4.5 Clause B6, Table B2
Parallelism - T oler ances Pipelines - Simplified representation Isometric projection
Table A5
Orthogonal projection Symbols Production processing
Section 6 Clause 6.4, Figure 6.23, 6.24 Clause 6.3, Figure 6.11 See AS1101.5, AS1100.101 Clause 3.4.2
Runout, Total runout-Tolerances
Table 11.2 Rotary shaft lip type U - cups V - rings Short series or single production castings - Tolerances Single length (cut-off) Spiral springs Splines Conventional representation True r epresentation Springs Conventional representation Spur, c ylindrical gear Squareness - Tolerances Straightness- Tolerances Surface r oughness Surface texture Symbols Centre holes Flow - Pipelines Lay - Surface texture Pipelines - Isometric Slope Splines Surface t exture Tolerance Welding
Table 8.1 Section 10 Clause 3.3, Table 3.4, Appendix C,D Table A6 Section 11 Table 11.2 Table 11.1 Table 1 1.4, F igure 11.8 Table 11.3, Figure 11.6 Piston rod seals Table 11.2, Figure 11.4,11.5 Table 11.3 Table 11.3, Figure 11.7 Clause B10, Table B4 Clause 3.4.3 Clause 7.3.4 Section 9, Figure 9.5 Table 9.1 Clause 9.3 Section 7 Table 7.1 Table 8 .1 Table A7, Figure A1 Table A5 Clause 3.3 Section 3 Clause 2.3, See also AS1100.101 Section 5 Clause 6.3.5 Table 3 .2 Clause 6.4.6 Figure 6.5, 6.6 Clause 9.1 Clause 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3 .7 Table A4 See AS1101.03
Tapered features - Tolerances Tolerances Angular dimensions Castings Examples Examplesof application Flatness Geometry Guide - Castings Guide - Machined components Linear dimensions Long seriees production castings Mismatch Parallelism Perpendicularity Runout, Total runout Short series or single production castings Squareness Straightness Tapered features Wall thickness Zone
Clause B10, Table B4 Table A7 Table A5 Clause B9 Clause B8 Clause B5
Wall thickness - Tolerances Waviness Welding Worm gears
Clause B8 Clause 3.4.6 Clause 4.1 Table 8.1
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Clause B9 See also AS1100.101 Clause A2, A4, TableA3 Clause B4, Table B1 Clause 2.1.2 Figure 2.1,2.2, 2.3, A2 Table A5 Clause A3, Table A4 Appendix B Appendix A Clause A2, Table A 1 Clause B10, Table B3 Clause B6, Table B2 Table A5 Clause A3 Table A 6