2012 WATER QUALITY STATUS REPORT
A. WATER BODIES BODIES AND AND CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION
Central Visayas region, Region 7, is located at the central part of the Visayas island group with a land area of 15,875 km². It is bordered by the Visayan Sea and the province of Masbate in the north, Mindanao Sea in the south, Negros Occidental in the west and the island of Leyte in the east. It consists of four (4) provinces, namely: Cebu, Bohol, Negros Oriental and Siquijor (see figure below). It includes three (3) independent cities namely: Cebu City, Mandaue City, and Lapu-Lapu City. Cebu City is its regional center. As of the 2010 Census and Housing Population Population conducted by the National Statistics Office, Central Visayas had a population of 6, 800,180 making it the 5th most populous of the country's 17 regions. The census showed an average annual population growth rate of 1.77% from 2000 to 2010, significantly less than the national average of 1.90 %. The region‟s economic strengths are in exports, tourism, and commerce. It is home to several economic zones, nationally recognized tourist attractions and facilities as well as shipping and trading companies.
Figure 1. Map of Central Visayas
As a whole, the region is hilly and mountainous. The f latlands of the region serve as the land for farming and other cottage industries. The region experiences little or no rainfall at all because of the mountains that serve as protection against the strong typhoons that other parts of the country get. But there are times that the region gets affected by strong typhoons. The land used for farming in the region is not as big as the other regions. Aside from palay, the farmers also plant corn, sugarcane, abaca, coconut, tobacco and root crops. They also subsist on fishing because most islands are surrounded by water. There are also a number of home industries in the region. The people manufacture bags, fans, placemats and other household things. The food industry includes biscuits and bread, chicharon and other food items that only the region can produce. It is blest with beautiful beaches, a plethora of sea life, and areas with natural wonders.
As of December 2005, the EMB Region 7 had classified 19 principal rivers, 11 minor rivers, and 10 bays. Below is the list of classified water bodies. Table 1. Regional Water Resources Profile (as of December 2005) #
Name and Location
A. River or Stream Stream 1 Abatan River - Cortes, Bohol
2
Argao River-Argao, Cebu
3
Balamban River- Balamban, Cebu
4
6 7 8 9 10
Banica River-headwaters in Valencia, Negros Oriental with exit in Dumaguete Dumaguete City Bayawan River-Bayawan, River-Bayawan, Negros Oriental Butuanon River-Mandaue City Canaway River-Siaton, River-Siaton, Neg O Cawitan River-Siaton NO Cotcot River-Compostela, River-Compostela, Cebu Danao River-Danao City,
11
Ginabasan River-Asturias, River-Asturias, Ceb
12
Guadalupe River-Cebu City
5
13
Class
Boundaries of each classification
A B C A B A B A B C A B D A A A A B AA A B
Dorol, Balilihan, Bohol & upstream Dorol, Balilihan down to Sto. Rosario, Cortes Kamayaan down to its outlet at Poblacion, Cortes, Bohol Talaytay, Argao, Cebu going upstream to its headwaters. Downstream of Talaytay, Argao Luca and Ginatilan, Balamban going upstream upstream Cabagdalan, Balamban downward to its exit point at Nangka, Segment within Apolong and Sagbang and upstream upstream Batinguel, Dgte. City up to West Balabag and Jawa, Valencia Taclobo, Dgte. City down to its exit point at Calindagan, Dgte. City Banga and Conalum Bayawan and and upstream Other segment downstream up to its exit at Poblacion, Bayawan Whole segment of the river Whole river system Whole river system Exit to Camotes Sea at Cotcot, Compostela going upstream upstream Malapoc, Danao City going upstream Guinacot, Danao City and downstream downstream New Bago, Asturias going upstream Segment downstream downstream of New Bago Sandayong Bridge (Bgy. Sapangdaku) going upstream
C
Downstream of Sandayong Bridge Upstream of Nagsaha, Nagsaha, Guihulngan Nagsaha, Guihulngan and downstream downstream Upstream of Cantao-an, Naga Cantao-an, Naga and downstream downstream Upstream of Barangay Cawayan, Inabanga Cawayan, Inabanga and downstream downstream Exit at Poblacion,Trinidad, Bohol going upstream Exit to Tañon Strait going upstream Segment within Nueva Fuerza, Carmen and upstream upstream Villarcayo, Carmen and downstream downstream to Loay, Bohol Segment within Cantipay, Carmen and upstream Segment within Cogon, Carmen and below Whole segment upstream upstream of Tabuan, G-Hernandez Tabuan, G-Hernandez down to Calma, G-Hernandez Downstream of Calma and downstream Whole river system
15
Guihulngan RiverGuihulngan,Negros Oriental Guindarohan River-Minglanilla, Cebu Inabanga River-Inabanga, Bohol
16 17 18
Ipil River-Trinidad, Bohol La Libertad, River-Neg.Or. Loboc River- Loboc, Bohol
19
Luyang River Carmen, Cebu
20
Manaba River-Garcia River-Garcia Hernandez, Bohol
21
Mananga River-Talisay, River-Talisay, Cebu
A B A C A C A A A B A C A B C A
22 23
Matul-id River- Bohol Ocoy River-Sibulan, Negros Oriental Pagatban River-Basay, NO Panamangan River-Bais City,
A A B B C
Whole stretch from its exit point to Cogtong Bay going upstream Malaunay Spillway, Valencia, Valencia, Negros Oriental and upstream upstream Downstream of Malaunay Spillway Whole river system Whole stretch from its exit point to South Bais bay going upstream upstream
26
Sapangdaku River and its tributaries -Toledo City, Cebu
A C
Cantabaco, Toledo City and upstream upstream Downstream of Cantabaco, Toledo City
27
Siaton River-Siaton, River-Siaton, Negros Oriental Sicopong River-Sta. Catalina, Negros Oriental Sicopong River Tanjay River-Tanjay, Negros Oriental
A
Whole stretch from its exit point to Mindanao Sea at at Poblacion, Siaton going upstream San Isidro, Sta. Catalina and upstream upstream Downstream of San Isidro to its exit at Caranoche, Sta. Catalina Whole river system Upstream of San Jose Tanjay San Jose, Tanjay and downtream towards Tañon Strait
14
24 25
28 29
A B C A B
As of December 2005, the EMB Region 7 had classified 19 principal rivers, 11 minor rivers, and 10 bays. Below is the list of classified water bodies. Table 1. Regional Water Resources Profile (as of December 2005) #
Name and Location
A. River or Stream Stream 1 Abatan River - Cortes, Bohol
2
Argao River-Argao, Cebu
3
Balamban River- Balamban, Cebu
4
6 7 8 9 10
Banica River-headwaters in Valencia, Negros Oriental with exit in Dumaguete Dumaguete City Bayawan River-Bayawan, River-Bayawan, Negros Oriental Butuanon River-Mandaue City Canaway River-Siaton, River-Siaton, Neg O Cawitan River-Siaton NO Cotcot River-Compostela, River-Compostela, Cebu Danao River-Danao City,
11
Ginabasan River-Asturias, River-Asturias, Ceb
12
Guadalupe River-Cebu City
5
13
Class
Boundaries of each classification
A B C A B A B A B C A B D A A A A B AA A B
Dorol, Balilihan, Bohol & upstream Dorol, Balilihan down to Sto. Rosario, Cortes Kamayaan down to its outlet at Poblacion, Cortes, Bohol Talaytay, Argao, Cebu going upstream to its headwaters. Downstream of Talaytay, Argao Luca and Ginatilan, Balamban going upstream upstream Cabagdalan, Balamban downward to its exit point at Nangka, Segment within Apolong and Sagbang and upstream upstream Batinguel, Dgte. City up to West Balabag and Jawa, Valencia Taclobo, Dgte. City down to its exit point at Calindagan, Dgte. City Banga and Conalum Bayawan and and upstream Other segment downstream up to its exit at Poblacion, Bayawan Whole segment of the river Whole river system Whole river system Exit to Camotes Sea at Cotcot, Compostela going upstream upstream Malapoc, Danao City going upstream Guinacot, Danao City and downstream downstream New Bago, Asturias going upstream Segment downstream downstream of New Bago Sandayong Bridge (Bgy. Sapangdaku) going upstream
C
Downstream of Sandayong Bridge Upstream of Nagsaha, Nagsaha, Guihulngan Nagsaha, Guihulngan and downstream downstream Upstream of Cantao-an, Naga Cantao-an, Naga and downstream downstream Upstream of Barangay Cawayan, Inabanga Cawayan, Inabanga and downstream downstream Exit at Poblacion,Trinidad, Bohol going upstream Exit to Tañon Strait going upstream Segment within Nueva Fuerza, Carmen and upstream upstream Villarcayo, Carmen and downstream downstream to Loay, Bohol Segment within Cantipay, Carmen and upstream Segment within Cogon, Carmen and below Whole segment upstream upstream of Tabuan, G-Hernandez Tabuan, G-Hernandez down to Calma, G-Hernandez Downstream of Calma and downstream Whole river system
15
Guihulngan RiverGuihulngan,Negros Oriental Guindarohan River-Minglanilla, Cebu Inabanga River-Inabanga, Bohol
16 17 18
Ipil River-Trinidad, Bohol La Libertad, River-Neg.Or. Loboc River- Loboc, Bohol
19
Luyang River Carmen, Cebu
20
Manaba River-Garcia River-Garcia Hernandez, Bohol
21
Mananga River-Talisay, River-Talisay, Cebu
A B A C A C A A A B A C A B C A
22 23
Matul-id River- Bohol Ocoy River-Sibulan, Negros Oriental Pagatban River-Basay, NO Panamangan River-Bais City,
A A B B C
Whole stretch from its exit point to Cogtong Bay going upstream Malaunay Spillway, Valencia, Valencia, Negros Oriental and upstream upstream Downstream of Malaunay Spillway Whole river system Whole stretch from its exit point to South Bais bay going upstream upstream
26
Sapangdaku River and its tributaries -Toledo City, Cebu
A C
Cantabaco, Toledo City and upstream upstream Downstream of Cantabaco, Toledo City
27
Siaton River-Siaton, River-Siaton, Negros Oriental Sicopong River-Sta. Catalina, Negros Oriental Sicopong River Tanjay River-Tanjay, Negros Oriental
A
Whole stretch from its exit point to Mindanao Sea at at Poblacion, Siaton going upstream San Isidro, Sta. Catalina and upstream upstream Downstream of San Isidro to its exit at Caranoche, Sta. Catalina Whole river system Upstream of San Jose Tanjay San Jose, Tanjay and downtream towards Tañon Strait
14
24 25
28 29
A B C A B
Tyabanan River - Basay, Negros 30 Oriental B. Shoreline 1 Cansaga Bay-Consolacion, Bay-Consolacion, 2 Maribojoc Bay 3 North Bais Bay 4 Silot Bay 5 6 7 8 9 10
South Bais Bay Coastal Waters Dgte City Coastal Waters of Danao City Hilutungan Channel Mactan Channel-Cebu Olango Channel
B
Whole stretch from its exit point to Mindanao Sea at Bal-os, Basay going upstream
SC SB SB SB
Whole bay area with boundaries to be delineated Whole bay area Whole bay area Whole bay area covering barangays Tayud, Poblacion, and Catarman, Liloan, Cebu Whole bay area Coastal water within the jurisdiction of Dumaguete Dumaguete City Coastal water within the jurisdiction of Danao City Whole of the channel Whole channel Within the Olango Bird Sanctuary Outside the Olango Bird Sanctuary
SB SB SC SB SC SA SB
Note that some rivers and bays are classified differently in its upstream, midstream, and downstream sections. The figure below shows the breakdown of classified water bodies in Region 7 according to beneficial use.
Figure 2. Breakdown of Classified Water Bodies
Based on EMB‟s classification, classification, inland water bodies are classified as follows:
1 Class AA (Cebu); 25 Class A (5 in in Bohol, 9 in Cebu, and 8 in Negros Oriental); 15 Class B (3 in in Bohol, 6 in Cebu, Cebu, and 6 in Negros Negros Oriental); 10 Class C (3 in Bohol, 4 in in Cebu, and 3 in Negros Oriental); Oriental) ; and 1 Class D (Cebu).
For coastal and marine waters, one bay is classified as Class SA, seven bays as Class SB, and three bays as Class SC.
B. WATER QUALITY STATUS STATUS This report provides an overview of the current status of water quality of the region. This latest update relies on the selected indicators of water quality. Indicators are compared to accepted environmental guidelines and criteria. There were five (5) rivers and three (3) coastal waters monitored by EMB 7 for the year 2012, namely Butuanon River in Mandaue City; Sapangdaku River in Toledo City;
Guadalupe River in Guadalupe, Cebu City; Luyang River in Carmen, Cebu; Guindarohan River in Minglanilla, Cebu; Hilutungan Channel (East Coast Mactan) in Mactan Island; Maribojoc Bay (San Jose Drainage) in Tagbilaran City, Bohol; and Coastal waters of Balamban and Todelo City, a part of Tañon Strait, in Balamban, Cebu and Toledo City. These water bodies are officially classified as follows: Table 2. Water Bodies Monitored in 2012 Name of River Butuanon River Sapangdaku River Guadalupe River
Location Mandaue City
Luyang River
Carmen, Cebu
Guidarohan River
Minglanilla, Cebu Mactan Island, Lapu-Lapu City Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Hilutungan Channel Maribojoc Bay Coastal Waters of Balamban & Toledo City
Toledo City Guadalupe, Cebu City
Balamban and Toledo City
Official Classification Class D Upstream of Cantabaco = Class A Downstream of Cantabaco = Class C Upstream of Sandayong Bridge = Class B Downstream of Sandayong Bridge = Class C Segment within Cantipay, Carmen and upstream = Class A Segment w/in Cogon, Carmen and below = Class C Upstream of Cantao-an, Naga = Class A Cantao-an, Naga and downstream = Class C Whole channel = Class SB Whole bay area = Class SB Whole Tañon Strait = Protected Seascape, Class SA
These water bodies are valuable assets providing pastoral beauty, wildlife habitat and recreational opportunities to the region. Over the years, water quality in these water bodies has generally improved substantially with more effective treatment technologies, better land management practices, and increasingly more stringent water quality regulations. Nevertheless, there is opportunity for additional improvement. Butuanon River and Guadalupe River had been monitored since these are inside the heavily industrialized and densely populated Metro Cebu area. These have extremely high pollution levels in terms of high BOD 5 concentrations, low oxygen levels, and high coliform cell counts. Monitoring of Butuanon and Guadalupe Rivers were continued to improve the water quality due to public complaints being biologically dead situated proximate within the urban center of Mandaue City and Metro Cebu. Rivers in remote rural areas also show significant pollution levels. Both Sapangdaku River in Toledo and Luyang River in Carmen are contaminated with fecal coliforms. Guindarohan River was monitored in 2012 for the purpose of reclassification because of the current sand and gravel quarrying within the river system. Aside from the five (5) rivers, for the Beach Watch program, there is monthly monitoring of Hilutungan Channel specifically in the area of selected Mactan Island Resorts and Maribojoc Bay specifically near San Jose Drainage area in Tagbilaran City, Bohol. The Coastal Waters of Balamban, Cebu and Toledo City, which is part of the Tañon Strait, was monitored in 2011 for the purpose of classification/reclassification.
The table below shows the percentage of samples meeting the water quality criteria for the water bodies monitored by EMB 7 for the year 2012.
Table 3. Status of Water Bodies Water Body Percentage of samples meeting water quality criteria (%) DO BOD pH Total Coliform Fecal Coliform 1. Butuanon River 42 62 100 2. Guadalupe River 100 13 100 3. Luyang River 100 100 100 0 0** 4. Sapangdaku River 100 100 92 5. Guindarohan River 95 100 94 6. Mactan Island Resorts 61 40 (East Coast Mactan) 7. Maribojoc Bay 100 20 6 (San Jose Drainage) ** - based on Class B standard: 200 per 100 mL *** - based on the National Standards for Drinking Water: <2.20
WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT
A. Inland Waters 1. Butuanon River a. Description and uses of water body Butuanon River is a 23-kilometer water body which originates in the mountain area around Metro Cebu and eventually discharges into Mactan Channel. Approximately 10-kilometer length of the river is crossing Metro Cebu area, most significantly the heavily industrialized and densely populated areas of Mandaue City. While the water of Butuanon River in the upstream area still can be used for drinking and for washing purposes, the middle and downstream portions of the river only is used for industrial purposes, and is receiving discharges from different sources of pollution.
Figure 3. Butuanon River Watershed and River System
Figure 4. Water Quality Monitoring of Butuanon River
b. Water Quality Monitoring Results and Assessments Water Quality Butuanon River is a priority water body for many years. It has been identified to be designated as Water Quality Management Area (WQMA). Butuanon River is classified as Class D water body. Monthly water quality monitoring of Butuanon River is being conducted at eleven (11) sampling stations since the third quarter of 2011 until 2012. The eleven(11) sampling stations include the following: (1) Camboga-ong Bridge, (2) Butuanon Bridge, (3a) Tingub Bridge, (3) Greenhills Outfall, (4) Pilit Treasure Island, (5) Old Pilit (HJR Outfall), (6) Canduman Bridge, (7) Bacayan Bridge, and (8) Sta. Lucia Bridge, (9) Binaliw II, (10) Candurang, Pulangbato, and (11) Kalubihan, Talamban. However the Kalubihan, Talamban station was no longer sampled for the 2 nd until the 4 th quarter since the identified station dries up when there is no sufficient rain. The parameters monitored were Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, and Temperature, Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform and heavy metals were monitored. Results of the water quality monitoring are shown in Table 4.
Table 4. Butuanon River Water Quality – Physical and Chemical Characteristics – (Class D) Stn No.
Parameter Location
pH min
max
DO ave
1
Cambogaong Bridge
6.72
8.19
7.38
2
Butuanon Bridge
6.42
7.47
6.96
3a
Tingub Bridge
7.33
7.89
3
Greenhills Outfall
7.38
4
Pilit Treasure Island
5
std 6.09.0
min
max
ave
std
min
BOD5 max ave 93.2 223 7
0
1
0.2
3
42
6.09.0
0
1
0.3
3
44
270
7.71
6.09.0
0
4
2.1
3
5
7.97
7.74
6.09.0
0
4
2.2
3
7.47
8.22
7.74
6.09.0
2
5
3.4
Old Pilit (HJR Outfall)
7.38
8.2
7.84
6.09.0
0
4
6
Canduman Bridge
7.56
8.16
7.78
6.09.0
2
7
Bacayan Bridge
7.53
8.16
7.71
6.09.0
8
Sta. Lucia Bridge
7.75
8.25
7.97
9
Binaliw II
7.49
8.38
10
Candurung Pulangbato
7.78
11
Kalubihan, Talamban
8.07
Stn No.
Location
std
min
max
TSS ave 79.5 6
15
25
324
75.6 3
15
18
82
29.9 5
59
16.5 5
15
9
262
28.7 3
4
64
13.4 8
15
11
51
20.0 3
3
3
43
9.3
15
15
89
24.2 7
2.9
3
2
105
11.5 9
15
12
76
25.6 6
5
3.79
3
3
51
6.34
15
9
143
26.8
2
5
3.5
3
2
16
5.54
15
17
119
38.4 6
6.09.0
5
6
5.38
3
1
6
2.26
15
5
57
22.8 5
8.00
6.09.0
4
7
5.34
3
1
7
2.46
15
4
68
19.2 4
8.22
7.98
6.09.0
5
7
5.46
3
1
2
1.74
15
4
56
26.2
8.16
8.11
6.09.0
5
7
5.59
3
2
13
4.27
15
3
30
9.32
Cadmium ave std < 0.2
1
Camboga-ong Bridge
2
Butuanon Bridge
3a
Tingub Bridge
3
Greenhills Outfall
4
Pilit Treasure Island
< 0.2
5
Old Pilit (HJR Outfall)
< 0.2
6
Canduman Bridge
7
Bacayan Bridge
8
Sta. Lucia Bridge
9
Binaliw II
10
Candurung Pulangbato
< 0.2
11
Kalubihan, Talamban
< 0.2
< 0.2
< 0.2
< 0.2
< 0.2
< 0.2
< 0.2
< 0.2
Lead ave std
-
0.10
-
-
0.098
-
-
0.077
-
-
0.095
-
-
0.097
-
-
0.093
-
-
0.095
-
-
0.144
-
-
0.091
-
-
0.108
-
-
0.11
-
-
-
-
min
Parameter Total Coliform max geomean
9.20E+0
1.60E+
1213260
7
08
07
3.50E+0
3.50E+
8
08
5.40E+0
1.60E+
6
07
2.20E+0
2.40E+
2297825
7
07
1
5.40E+0
1.60E+
5
06
1.60E+0
5.40E+
6
07
5.80E+0
5.40E+
4
06
1.60E+0
1>
6
16E+6
1.70E+0
5.40E+
5
05
2.40E+0
3.50E+
5
05
5.40E+0
7.00E+
5
05
1.60E+0
1.60E+
6
06
std
min
5000
3.50E+07
3.50E+08
5000
4.90E+07
9295160
5000
1.70E+06
5000
2.30E+06
929516
5000
3.30E+04
9295160
5000
2.40E+05
559642.7
5000
2.30E+04
1600000
5000
2.40E+05
302985.1
5000
1.70E+05
289827.5
5000
1.70E+05
614817
5000
2.20E+05
1.60E+06
5000
1.60E+06
Fecal Coliform max geomean 1.60E+0
7483314
8
8
3.50E+0
1309580
8
09
3.50E+0 6 4.90E+0 6 3.50E+0 5 2.40E+0 7 1.40E+0 6 1.60E+0 7 5.40E+0 5 2.40E+0 5 4.90E+0 5 1.60E+0 6
std Not more than 60 mg/L increase Not more than 60 mg/L increase Not more than 60 mg/L increase Not more than 60 mg/L increase Not more than 60 mg/L increase Not more than 60 mg/L increase Not more than 60 mg/L increase Not more than 60 mg/L increase Not more than 60 mg/L increase Not more than 60 mg/L increase Not more than 60 mg/L increase Not more than 60 mg/L increase
std -
2439262
-
3357082
-
107470.9
-
2400000
-
179443.6
-
1959592
-
302985.1
-
201990.1
-
328329.1
-
1573358
-
The following data plots show the parameters DO and BOD 5 for the year 2012. In order to provide some orientation for the assessment of the data, the values for 100% DO saturation (typically for unpolluted water bodies), as well as the Class D requirements for DO (40% DO saturation) and BOD (15mg/L BOD 5) are also presented in the graph.
Figure 5. Average Monthly DO of Butuanon River
. Figure 6. Average Monthly BOD of Butuanon River
The BOD5 parameter represents the easily biodegradable portion of the water pollution. Biochemical oxygen demand or B.O.D. is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time
period. Only 62% of the data met the water quality criteria for Class D in terms of BOD, which is 15 mg/L. Likewise, only 42% of the data collected met the criteria for Class D in terms of DO, which is 3 mg/L. Based on Figure 6, BOD 5 result peaked in the month of May with 49.27 mg/L BOD5, which is three (3) times higher than the Class D criteria.
For the year 2012, the average BOD 5 concentration for the Butuanon River is 30.8 mg/L which is 2 times higher than the standard. Comparing this value for the past 3 years, the average BOD 5 is much lower than 2011, 2010 and 2009 which were 31.2, 201.0 mg/L, 201 mg/L, and 51.8 mg/L, respectively. The significant drop indicates that there is great improvement in the water quality of the river. For the year 2012, the DO, as a correlating parameter of the BOD 5, as well did not reach levels acceptable to DENR Class D water quality standards of 3.0 mg/L for DO for the months of April, June and November. Only for the months of February, May, July, and September were the DO concentrations above the standard 3 mg/L. The lowest reading was recorded in June and November at 2.55 mg/L. Pollution Sources and Load Assessments The following pictures were the middle and downstream portion of the Butuanon River. Different sources are contributing pollution in the river.
Figure 7. Pollution Source Discharging to Butuanon River
The picture confirms the high pollution during the year. BOD 5 values fluctuating around 1.0 mg/L and maximum finding of 490 mg/L indicate clearly that the big portion of pollution is from industrial and domestic effluents. The decrease in the average BOD 5 indicates that efforts to improving the water quality of the Butuanon River, such as Adopt a River/Estero Program, monitoring efforts of EMB, and other similar activities by other organizations, had effects on the river. However, the EMB 7 still have to enhance their efforts in monitoring the locators along the river to further reduce BOD 5 concentration of the river to pass the standard, since it is only those upstream stations that passes the BOD5 standard of 15 mg/L.
Public Health and Ecosystem Concerns Butuanon River is a highly contaminated water body which is bordering along densely populated areas in Cebu City and Mandaue City. There are rivebank areas downstream which are occupied by informal settlers. For these residents directly exposed to the river water, health risks are coming from high pollution levels with all kinds of organic compounds (as summarized by the BOD 5 parameter). In this way, the poor water quality of Butuanon River is depriving the residents from their quality of life significantly. Butuanon River has experienced a general decline in the quality of its surface water over the last several years due to development, industrialization, and other human activities. Natural phenomena such as typhoons further exacerbate this decline in water quality by increasing stormwater pollution loading to the water body. This results in blackening of its water, negative impacts to human and has limited the use of our water resources. From the ecological point of view, the following data plots below are illustrating the development of BOD 5 concentrations in the different sampling stations along Butuanon River. The plot of BOD 5 below shows that the highest BOD 5 average for the year, 544.73 mg/L, was from station # 2 Butuanon Bridge. Comparing it with the 2008 and 2009 highest BOD 5 average from station # 1 Camboga-ong Bridge, which were 73.4 mg/L and 168.6 mg/L, respectively, the 2010 average is much higher than the 2008 and 2009 average. The result also indicates the stations # 1 and 2 are the most polluted part of the Butuanon River. On the other hand, the most upstream has the lowest BOD 5 of 15.33 mg/L since lesser pollutant sources are located in that station. However, as compared to the 2009 data, it is higher this year than last year wherein the Sta. Lucia Bridge Station had an average of 2.07 mg/L BOD 5. This confirms that the most polluted part is the downstream portion of the Butuanon River. This shows that the river is still far from rehabilitation.
. Figure 8. BOD 5 Concentration in Butuanon River per Station
2. Guadalupe River a. Description and uses of water body Guadalupe River is a 12-kilometer water body which originates in the mountain area of Cebu City in Brgy. Sapangdaku and eventually discharges into Mactan Channel. Approximately 8-kilometer length of the river is crossing Cebu City urban area, most significantly the heavily densely populated areas of Cebu City. While the water of Guadalupe River in the upstream area still can be used for drinking, bathing and for washing purposes, the middle and downstream portions of the river is used as drainage canal. b. Water Quality Monitoring Results and Assessments Water Quality Guadalupe River has been a priority water body for many years. EMB 7 is conducting quarterly water quality monitoring of Guadalupe River at four (4) sampling stations. The four (4) sampling stations include the following: (1) Topaz Bridge, (2) Sanciangko Bridge, (3) B. Rodriguez Bridge, and (4) Sandayong Bridge. Below are pictures of the sampling stations. The parameters monitored are Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, and Temperature. Results of the water quality monitoring are shown in Table 5.
Station # 1 - Topaz Bridge
Station # 2 - Sanciangko Bridge
Station # 3 - B. Rodriguez Bridge
Station # 4 - Sandayong Bridge
Figure 9. Sampling Station of Guadalupe River
Table 5. Guadalupe River Water Quality – Physical and Chemical Characteristics – (Class C) Stn No.
Parameter Location min
pH max ave
std
min
DO max ave
std
min
BOD max ave
std
min
max
TSS ave
1
Tupaz Bridge
7.268
7.76
7.61
6.5 8.5
2
Sanciangko Bridge
6.764
7.78
7.47
6.5 8.5
0
0
0
5
38
108
79
10
12
37
25.5
3
B. Rodriguez Bridge
7.313
7.82
7.66
6.5 8.5
0
1
0.5
5
35
88
59.25
10
13
34
24
4
Sandayong Bridge
7.2
7.77
7.56
6.5 8.5
0
5
3
5
6
42
18
10
2
243
65.25
0
0
0
5
36
106
70.75
10
25
50
38
The following data plot shows the parameters BOD 5 and DO for the year 2011. In order to provide some orientation for the assessment of the data, the values for 100% DO saturation (typically for unpolluted water bodies), as well as the Class C requirements for DO (60% DO saturation) and BOD (10 mg/L BOD 5) are also presented in the graph.
Figure 10. DO and BOD 5 in Guadalupe River
As for the BOD5 parameter, all the recorded data from first to the fourth quarter 2011 are higher than the criteria for Class C of 10 mg/L. Data for 2 nd and 3rd quarters show high BOD 5 values of 85 and 68 mg/L, respectively. For 2011, the average BOD 5 concentration for the Guadalupe River is 45. 3 mg/L. For the year 2012, the average BOD concentration is at 57 mg/L. There is a significant increase as compared to 2011‟s average BOD concentration. The DO, as a correlating parameter of the BOD 5, did not reach level acceptable to DENR Class C water quality standards of 5.0 mg/L for DO . Results ranged from 0 to 5
std Not more than 30mg/L increase Not more than 30mg/L increase Not more than 30mg/L increase Not more than 30mg/L increase
mg/L. Based on Table 5, Only Station 4 (Sandayong Bridge) reached a DO of 5 mg/L, the maximum value obtained which is more than the standard 5.0 mg/L. This indicates that only the upstream portion of the river passes the water quality criteria for Class C. Both results of BOD5 and DO show that the river is still polluted, thus should be improved. The figure below shows the BOD 5 concentrations of the four (4) sampling stations for each quarter for 2012.
Figure 11. Quarterly BOD 5 in Guadalupe River
The average DO and BOD 5 of Guadalupe River for 2012 is 0.81 mg/L and 56.7 mg/L, respectively. The results this year is less than the results last year for DO. Further, a significant increase can be observed for BOD 5 with last year‟s result at 55.3 mg/L. This indicates that the quality of river has degraded which requires mitigating plans to rehabilitate the quality of the river. Pollution Sources and Load Assessments The Guadalupe River is contaminated with domestic wastewater since the area is densely populated and households lack adequate septic tanks and there is no centralized wastewater treatment facilities for such domestic wastes. The two identified main reasons for the deterioration of the river water quality are the abundant discharge of household wastewater and the inadequate disposal practices for solid waste. A further growing population leads to the development of new residential areas situated along riverbanks of Guadalupe River. Commercial or industrial pollution sources are not considered as significant along Guadalupe River.
Public Health and Ecosystem Concerns Guadalupe River is a highly contaminated water body which is bordering along densely populated areas in Cebu City. For residents directly exposed to the river water, health risks are coming from high pollution levels with all kinds of organic compounds (as summarized by the BOD5 parameter). In this way, the poor water quality of Guadalupe River is depriving the residents from their quality of life significantly. It should also be noted that the bigger part of the river is already anaerobic, which shows clearly that the river is still far from rehabilitation.
3. Luyang River a. Description and uses of water body Luyang River is a 20-kilometer water body which originates in the mountain area in Carmen, Province of Cebu and eventually discharges into the eastern coastline of Cebu Island. The river encompasses a scarcely populated provincial area. The water of Luyang River is used for drinking (particularly the upstream) and for washing purposes. In the downstream portion the river is also receiving wastewater of a chemical industry. Below are pictures of the Luyang River Watershed and the four (5) sampling stations along the Luyang River. From Cantipay, Carmen and upstream of the Luyang River is classified as Class A while from Cogon, Carmen to downstream is classified as Class C.
Luyang River
Figure 12. Luyang River Watershed and River System
Station # 1
Station # 2
Luyang Bridge
Back of Shemberg Biotech
Station # 3
Station # 4
Obayong Bridge
Cantumog Spillway
Figure 13. Luyang River Sampling Stations Table 6.Luyang River Water Quality – Physical and Chemical Characteristics – (Class A & C) Stn No.
Parameter Location min
pH max ave
std
min
DO max ave
std
min
BOD max ave
std
min
max
TSS ave
std Not more than 30mg/L increase Not more than 30mg/L increase Not more than 30mg/L increase
1
Luyang Bridge
7.8 1
7.96
7.90
6.5 8.5
2
Back of Shemberg Biotech
7.8 9
8.02
7.95
6.5 8.5
4
6
5.33
5
1
4
2.0
10
6
34
18.6 7
3
Obayong Bridge
7.8 9
8.04
7.96
6.5 8.5
6
6
6.00
5
2
6
3.67
10
1
63
28.0
4
Cantumog Spillway
7.7 9
7.95
7.86
6
7
6.67
5
2
6
3.0
5
2
94
34.0
50
5
Cantipay
7.8 3
8.03
7.92
6
6
6.0
5
2
6
3.33
5
1
71
27.6 7
50
6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5
4
7
5.33
5
2
4
3.0
10
6
17
12.0
b. Water Quality Monitoring Results and Assessments Water Quality EMB-7 started monitoring of Luyang River in 2005 for the purpose of protecting the water body for its potential use as water supply for Metro Cebu. Quarterly water quality monitoring of Luyang River is being conducted at five(5) sampling stations. The five (5) sampling stations include the following: (1) Luyang Bridge, (2) Back of Shemberg Biotech, (3) Obayong Bridge, and (4) Cantumog Spillway and (5) Brgy. Cantipay. There was no sampling during the fourth quarter since the vehicle allotted for the sampling activity was repaired and is not yet serviceable until early January 2012. The parameters monitored are Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, Temperature, Total Coliform, and Fecal Coliform. Results of the water quality monitoring are shown in Tables 6 and 7.
. Figure 14. DO and BOD 5 in Luyang River (Cogon, Carmen and downstream)
. In terms of BOD5 and DO concentrations, there is generally no significant pollution levels observed. The BOD 5 and DO concentrations for all the stations from the 1st quarter until the 3 rd quarter complied with the standards for Class A waters. Compared to 2011‟s monitoring, there has been improvement in the quality of the Luyang River. The total and fecal coliform was monitored for the month of September and February however, results cannot be compared with the standards since these values refer to the geometric mean of the most probable number of coliform organism during a 3-month period. Table 7. Luyang River W ater Quality – Bacteriological Characteristics – (Class C) Stn. No. 1 2 3 4 5
Parameter Location Luyang Bridge Back of Shemberg Biotech Obayong Bridge Cantumog Spillway Cantipay
min 3.3E+04
Total Coliform max ave 2.2E+05 126500
std 5,000
min 7.8E+03
Fecal Coliform max ave 2.2E+05 113900
5.4E+04
9.2E+05
487000
5,000
230
2.8E+05
140115
-
3.3E+04 7.0E+03 7.0E+03
3.5E+05 2.2E+05 3.5E+05
191500 113500 119000
5,000 1,000 1,000
1.3E+04 2.3E+03 4.9E+03
7.9E+04 6.3E+04 2.4E+04
46000 32650 14450
100 100
. Pollution Sources and Load Assessments The observed contamination in terms of the total and fecal coliform in the upstream portion of Luyang River for months of February and September has to be noted to be alarming particularly when considering the river‟s rather rural location. Pollution sources in the upstream are poultries, piggeries, residents, and small scale farming (e.g. goat and carabao) present in the area. Most people residing in the area lives in houses made of wood or „nipa‟ and not concrete. It is possible that the community in the upstream portion do not have enough sanitation facilities does contaminating the river. Public Health and Ecosystem Concerns The water of Luyang River poses health risk to residents who are using the water directly for drinking without prior treatment. For residents directly exposed to the river
std -
water, health risks are coming from the coliforms (as summarized by the coliform cell counts). If ever the water body would be used as water supply for Metro Cebu in large scale, further measures in order to improve the quality and protect it from further contamination have to be applied.
4. Sapangdaku River a. Description and uses of water body Sapangdaku River watershed is located in the west central side of Cebu Island. It covers the political jurisdiction of Barangays Daan Lungsod, Dumlog, Sangi, Ilihan, Canlumampao and Magdugo of the City of Toledo, Cebu. Sapangdaku River is a rather extensive water body which originates in the mountain area around Toledo and eventually discharges into the western coastline of Cebu Island. It stretches to about 9 kilometers starting from its mouth in Brgy. Daan Lungsod to its upstream point at Brgy. Magdugo. It mostly encompasses a scarcely populated provincial area. It has tributary rivers that pass the Atlas Copper Mining Area mining site like the Hinulawan River and Ilag River. However, due to the nearby location of the Atlas Copper Mining Area, the water body is affected by both industrial and domestic discharges. It is classified as Class A in the upstream of Cantabaco and Class C downstream of Cantabaco. Below is a picture of the Sapangdaku River System and the four (4) sampling stations. Sapangdaku River System Toledo City, Cebu
Figure 19. Sapangdaku River System
Figure 20. Sapangdaku River Sampling Stations
Table 8. Sapangdaku River Water Quality – Physical and Chemical Characteristics – (Class C) Stn No.
Parameter Location min
pH max ave
1
Sangi/ Dumlog Bridge
7.62
8.22
2
Magdugo
8.25
3
Pandong Bato/Ilag
4
Buswang Exit Sigpit Dam
DO
BOD max ave
std
min
max
TSS ave
1.25
10
22
136
59
3
2.25
10
21
93
52.2 5
1
3
1.75
10
27
76
44.7 5
Not more than 30% increase Not more than 30% increase
1
2
1.5
10
31
86
49.2 5
Not more than 30% increase
std
min
max
ave
std
min
8.0
6.58.5
5
7
5.75
5
1
2
8.8
8.4
6.58.5
6
7
6.25
5
1
8.17
8.28
8.2 5
6.58.5
3
6
5.25
5
8.14
8.35
8.2 8
6.58.5
5
7
6.25
5
b. Water Quality Monitoring Results and Assessments Water Quality EMB-7 started monitoring of Sapangdaku River in 2006. Water quality monitoring is conducted quarterly for the Sapangdaku River. Quarterly water quality monitoring of Sapangdaku River is being conducted at four (4) sampling stations which are the following: (1) Sangi/Dumlog Bridge, (2) Magdugo, (3) Buswang exit Sigpit Dam, and (4) Pandong Bato. The parameters monitored are Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, and Temperature. Results of the water quality monitoring are shown in Table 8.
std Not more than 30% increase
. Figure 21. DO and BOD 5 in Sapangdaku River
In terms of BOD5 and DO, there is generally no significant pollution levels observed for Sapangdaku River. All samples passed the BOD and DO standards. The annual average BOD 5 was 1.69 mg/L and DO was 5.9 mg/L which passed the standards for BOD5 and DO standards for Class C which are 10 mg/L and 5 mg/L, respectively. The BOD5 and DO concentrations did not prove to be an issue in the area.
Public Health and Ecosystem Concerns For the year 2012, monitoring results shows there is no risk as to the water quality of the whole river. However, results form the monitoring conducted last year showed that during the 2 nd quarter, the DO level was below the 5mg/L minimum standard.
5. Guindarohan River a. Description and uses of water body The Guindarohan River watershed is located in the in Minglanilla, Cebu. It is a rather extensive water body which originates in the mountain area around Naga and Minglanilla and eventually discharges into the eastern coastline of Cebu Island. It stretches from its mouth in Brgy. Lower Minglanilla to its upstream point at Brgy. Cantaoan, Naga. It mostly encompasses a scarcely populated provincial area in the upstream and populated rural area in the downstream portion. It has tributary rivers, the Matun-og River and Naupa River located in the upstream portion of Guindarohan River. However, due to the sand and gravel quarrying in the river system, the water body is affected by both industrial and domestic discharges. It is classified as Class A in the upstream of Cantao-an, Naga (Station 3 to 7) and Class C downstream of Cantao-an, Naga (Station 1 to 2). Table 9. Guindarohan River Water Quality – Physical and Chemical Characteristics – (Class A and C) Stn No. 1
Parameter Location
pH min
Abuno Bridge
7.18
max 8.08
ave 7.92
std 6.58.5
min 4
DO max ave 6
5.18
std 5
min 1
BOD max ave 4
2.64
std 10
min 32
max 558
TSS ave 183.8
std Not more than 30%
increase Not more than 30% increase
2
Tabo-an
6.72
7.94
7.62
6.58.5
5
6
5.4
5
1
3
1.8
10
147
3120
1109.8
3
200 m downstream of JLR outfall
6.91
8.37
7.76
6.58.5
5
6
5.3
5
1
4
2.0
5
99
415
251.3
50
4
Confluence
6.81
8.40
7.92
5
7
5.55
5
1
4
2.0
5
134
1070
350.27
50
5
Matun-og River
6.85
8.54
8.03
4
7
5.73
5
1
5
1.73
5
0.9
122
34.17
50
6
Cabo-an
6.84
8.44
7.84
5
7
5.64
5
1
3
1.91
5
79
1704
415.64
50
7
Naupa River
6.70
8.52
7.99
4
7
5.36
5
1
2
1.55
5
2
23
12
50
6.58.5 6.58.5 6.58.5 6.58.5
b. Water Quality Monitoring Results and Assessments Water Quality EMB-7 started monitoring of Guindarohan River in 2008 for the purpose of reclassification. Monthly water quality monitoring of Guindarohan River is being conducted at seven (7) sampling stations which are the following: (1) Abuno Bridge, (2) Tabo-an, (3) 200 meters downstream of JLR outfall, (4) Confluence, (5) Matun-og River, (6) Cabo-an, and (7) Naupa River. The parameters monitored are Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, and Temperature. Results of the water quality monitoring are shown in Table 9.
. Figure 22. DO and BOD 5 in Guindarohan River (Downstream of Cantao-an, Naga)
. Figure 23. DO and BOD 5 in Guindarohan River (Upstream of Cantao-an, Naga)
In terms of BOD5 and DO, there is generally no significant pollution levels observed, as can be seen in Figure 22 and 23. Water quality monitoring conducted monthly showed annual average BOD 5 of 2.25 mg/L and DO of 5.36 mg/L, which are lower than the results last year, thus passed the standards for Class A BOD of 5 mg/L and DO of 5 mg/L and for Class C BOD of 10 mg/L and DO of 5 mg/L.
B. Ground Water This year, no sampling of ground water was conducted for the Tap Watch Program.
C. Coastal Waters 1. Mactan Island a. Description and uses of water body The eastern coastline of Mactan Island is the famous location of approximately 30 beach resorts, both local and international class. Therefore, the water body is used for tourism purposes mainly, i.e. SCUBA diving, snorkeling, swimming, bathing, etc. In this way, the desirable water quality in the area according to DAO 34 would be Class SB. Monitoring of Mactan Island Beach Resorts is part of the Beach Ecowatch Program of EMB 7. Below is a picture of the eastern coastline of Mactan Island.
Figure 26. Mactan East Coast Sampling Stations
Table 11. Mactan Island Beach Resorts Water Quality –Bacteriological Characteristics – (Class SB) Parameter Stn No.
Location min
1
300m right side CEBU MARINE RESORT
61
2
PARKER BEACH
140
3
PALMERA BEACH
210
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
PALM BEACH Tonggo Beach HADSAN COVE RESORT KONTIKI WHITE SAND RESORT MARIBAGO BLUE WATER TAMBULI BEACH RESORT CEBU BEACH CLUB PORTOFINO
23 240 23 23 49 31 31 31 9.3
Total Coliform ave max (geomean ) 16,000 >16 E+05 >16 E+05 24,000 24,000 16,000 9,200 2,400 2,400 9,200 920 9,200
Fecal Coliform std
min
max
ave (geomean)
std
1331
1000
40
16,000
916
200
1772
1000
92
1532
200
2349
1000
110
2527
200
2293 2368 174 334 460 354 179 101 218
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
23 23 23 23 23 23 23 2 6.8
1557 1367 97 170 249 110 82 48 114
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
>16 E+05 >16 E+05 24,000 9,200 920 1,100 1,300 2,400 3,500 920 9,200
b. Water Quality Monitoring Results and Assessments Water Quality The following data plot shows the total coliform and fecal coliform cell counts along the eastern Mactan Island coastline for the year 201 2.
. Figure 24. Total and Fecal Coliform at Mactan Island Resorts
From the plot, it is shown that it was on during the months of April, July and November wherein the total coliform was above the standard for Class SB which is 1,000 MPN/100 mL. Compared to last year‟s monitoring, it was only i n December 2011 that the total coliform result was above the standards. Based on Figure 27, the lowest total coliform count was recorded in October with a value of 83 MPN/100 mL. In 2011, the lowest was 63 MPN/100 mL which was obtained in September. On the other hand, for fecal coliform cell count, it is also for the months of January, April, May, June, July, November and December wherein the results exceeded the fecal coliform standard of 200 MPN/100 mL for Class SB. The highest recorded result was for the month of July with a result of 41467 MPN/100 mL while the lowest fecal coliform was recorded on October at 44 MPN/100 mL. In 2011, the highest recorded result was on December and the lowest recorded result was in September. The total and fecal coliform cell counts for this year can be considered alarming as international tourists surely would not like to hear that the water they are going to swim at is contaminated with fecal coliform and not complying to the national standards. The coliform contamination in the area needs to be addressed since the current quality of the beach is still not complying with the standards in certain months. The tables below show the total coliform and fecal coliform of each sampling station per month. This tells us which sampling point has the higher total and fecal coliform cell counts. Table 12. Total Coliform (MPN/100mL) in Each Sampling Station per Month 24-Jan
20-Feb
12-Mar
23-Apr
14-May
14-Jun
9-Jul
10Sep
17Oct
14Nov
5-Dec
300m right side CEBU MARINE RESORT
540
16000
1400
1700
490
2400
3500
1100
61
2400
1700
PARKER BEACH
1600
350
2400
3500
700
-
>1600E+03
240
140
540
2400
PALMERA BEACH
2200
540
2400
5400
24000
2400
>1600E+03
240
210
700
24000
PALM BEACH
1700
350
1700
16000
9200
5400
9200
23
2400
940
24000
Tonggo Beach
1600
920
24000
3500
460
16000
16000
240
1700
9200
240
HADSAN COVE RESORT
350
33
33
920
110
33
1600
280
23
1400
240
KONTIKI
9200
23
23
540
540
170
1600
130
79
1600
920
WHITE SAND RESORT
1700
310
49
350
2400
350
2400
170
49
540
2400
MARIBAGO BLUE WATER
310
240
31
540
2400
110
1700
540
33
460
2400
TAMBULI BEACH RESORT
49
70
70
240
170
79
350
1600
31
49
9200
920
15
49
920
49
33
920
49
9.3
49
540
23
9.3
240
240
350
9200
70
3500
17
350
920
CEBU BEACH CLUB PORTOFINO
Table 13. Fecal Coliform (MPN/100mL) in Each Sampling Station per Month 24-Jan
20-Feb
12-Mar
23-Apr
14-May
14-Jun
9-Jul
10Sep
17Oct
14Nov
5-Dec
300m right side CEBU MARINE RESORT
130
16000
1400
700
490
1300
3500
1100
40
2400
790
PARKER BEACH
1600
350
2400
3500
330
-
1600000
240
92
540
2400
PALMERA BEACH
1100
110
2400
5400
24000
2400
1600000
240
140
700
7900
PALM BEACH
490
350
1700
16000
9200
3500
9200
23
350
490
24000
Tonggo Beach
1600
220
24000
1700
230
16000
16000
240
490
9200
340
240
23
23
350
49
33
920
46
23
790
130
1100
23
23
350
240
170
920
79
79
540
130
WHITE SAND RESORT
230
310
23
240
790
240
1300
170
49
350
790
MARIBAGO BLUE WATER
170
23
23
130
2400
33
790
110
23
68
230
TAMBULI BEACH RESORT
49
70
23
79
33
79
350
70
23
33
3500
CEBU BEACH CLUB
920
9.3
23
540
46
33
920
23
2
9.3
49
PORTOFINO
23
6.8
79
240
33
9200
70
790
6.8
240
540
HADSAN COVE RESORT KONTIKI
Based on the tables above, it can be seen that the higher results of total and fecal coliform cell counts where the samples collected from Tonggo Beach, Palmera Beach, Palm Beach,for the month of July, which are over the standards for Class SB. The highest total coliform result was 1.6 E+06 MPN/100 mL from the Parker and Palmera Beaches, The highest fecal coliform result was >1.6 E+06 MPN/100 mL from the Parker and Palmera Beaches as well. Although the values of the monitoring results this year were not as high as last year, these values are still very alarming since the highest recorded data are much higher than the standards, specifically for the Parker and Palmera Beach areas.
. Figure 25. Total and Fecal Coliform at each Mactan Island Resort
The geometric mean for total Coliform shows that Cebu Marine Resort, Parker Beach, Palmera Beach, Palm Beach and Tonggo Beach sampling stations did not pass the water quality criteria for Class SB. In terms of violating the fecal coliform standard for Class SB of 200 MPN/100 mL for the whole year 2012, only Parker Beach, Palmera Beach, Palm Beach and Tonggo Beach sampling stations failed (geometric mean data). This may be attributed to its location that forms a bay wherein considerable stagnant water develops during low tide and most of these are public beaches. Pollution Sources and Load Assessments The contamination with fecal coliforms comes from run-offs from septic tanks and other domestic sources. In the case of Mactan Island, the resorts and hotels have to be accountable for this since these are the ones discharging large amounts of effluents. However, there are also local residents living in the area which may have contributed to the contamination especially the public beaches such as the Parker, Palmera and Palm Beaches.
Public Health and Ecosystem Concerns Fecal coliforms are by far the most significant parameter when it comes to assessing the quality of recreational water bodies, where there is direct intensive exposure of the skin. Swallowing of water also cannot be avoided at these areas. So, the observed fecal coliforms counts have to be assessed as alarming and have to be mitigated by improved sanitation and wastewater treatment.
2. Maribojoc Bay (San Jose Drainage) a. Description and uses of water body
The coastline of Tagbilaran City is the Maribojoc Bay. The water body is used for tourism purposes like swimming, bathing, etc, as well as transportation and fishing. In this way, the desirable water quality in the a rea according to DAO 34 would be Class SB. Monitoring of Maribojoc Bay is part of the Beach Ecowatch Program of EMB7. Monitoring in this area was done because of the existing drainage canal leading to the bay. Below is a picture of the coastline of Tagbilaran City.
Figure 25. Maribojoc Bay (San Jose Drainage Area)
Stn No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Table 14. Maribojoc Bay (San Jose Drainage) Water Quality –Bacteriological Characteristics – (Class SB) Location Parameter Total Coliform Fecal Coliform min max ave std min max ave (geomean) (geomean) FRONTING BLUEWATER 350 240,000 5067 1000 310 240,000 2,962 BOHOL TROPICS BOHOL TROPICS NEAR CONVENTION CENTER DRAINAGE OUTFALL DRAINAGE OUTFALL CONFLUENCE MR RESTAURANT CAINGGET PUBLIC BEACH TOTOLAN, DAUIS NEAR POLICE STATION TAGBILARAN FISH PORT NEAR TAGBILARAN PORT NEAR TAMBLOT PENSION NEAR POLICE STATION, SONGCULAN TAGBILARAN CITY FISH PORT ADJACENT T O TAGBILARAN PIER PIER AREA ADJACENT TO MR SEAFOODS
200
79
54,000
1,741
1000
79
7,000
466
200
24,000 24,000
240,000,000 240,000,000
5,506,226 1,295,530
1000 1000
2,400 1,600
160,000,000 240,000,000
3,949,144 383,132
200 200
5,400 350
3,500,000 17,000
279,759 1,476
1000 1000
5,400 23
3,500,000 4,900
170,654 340
200 200
130
240
177
1000
79
3,500
405
200
24,000
79,000
43,543
1000
49,000
28,862
200
1,300
3,500
2,133
1000
17,00 0 1,300
3,500
2,133
200
3,500
16,000
7,483
1000
3,500
39,000
11,683
200
5,400
3,600
1000
1,300
5,400
2650
200
1,600
54,000
9,295
1000
920
24,000
4700
200
1,700
24,000
6,387
1000
790
13,000
3205
200
2,800
3,500
3130
1000
2,800
3,500
3130
200
2,400
b. Water Quality Monitoring Results and Assessments Water Quality
std
The following data plot shows the total coliform and fecal coliform cell counts along the Maribojoc Bay (Tagbilaran City coastline) for the year 2010.
Figure 26. Total and Fecal Coliform at Maribojoc Bay (San Jose Drainage)
From the plot, it is shown that all the months or sampling the total and fecal coliform cell counts were above the standard for Class SB which is 1,000 MPN/100 mL and 200 MPN/100 mL. Based on the graph, all results are very much higher compared to the standards, the highest geometric mean result being obtained in the month of April with a value of 494,857 MPN/100 mL total coliform and 279,096 MPN/100 mL fecal coliform. The lowest geometric mean result obtained was 3,903 MPN/100 mL total coliform and 3,492 MPN/100 mL fecal coliform in August. Pollution Sources and Load Assessments The contamination with fecal coliforms comes from run-offs from septic tanks and other domestic sources. In the case of Maribojoc Bay, the community were the drainage canal came from have to be accountable for this since these are the ones discharging wastewater into the canal. However, there are also local residents living in the area which may have contributed to the contamination. Public Health and Ecosystem Concerns The total and fecal coliform cell counts results can be considered alarming as tourists and the community surely would not like to hear that the water they are going to swim at and go fishing is contaminated with coliforms and not complying to the national standards. The coliform contamination in the area needs to be addressed since the situation had worsened.
C. Water Quality Management
a. Legal and Policy The wastewater charge system of Section 13 Article 2 of DAO 2005-10 is the basis of computing payment to the government for discharging wastewater into the water bodies. The discharge fee is computed based on the net waste load following the formula prescribed in Rule 13.1. The priority pollutant parameter for its implementation is BOD or TSS. Under this permitting system, the Regional office is able to regulate the discharges from point sources and issues Discharge Permit pursuant to Section 14 of the same DAO. The water quality standards are based on the Revised Water Usage and Classification/Water Quality Criteria of 1990 (DAO 34). The effluent standards are still based on the Revised Effluents Regulation of 1990 (DAO 35). b. Update on Compliance and Enforcement A total of water 268 firms had been issued with Discharge Permits, 291 firms had been inspected/monitored, and 18 new firms were surveyed during the year. INDUSTRIAL COMPLIANCE STATISTICS FOR 2011 Category No. of Firms Firms inspected 257 Firms monitored 34 Firms with renewed Discharge Permit issued 220 Firms with new Discharge Permit issued 48 NOV issued (inspection, monitoring and survey) 43 Programs and activities to control water pollution and protect water bodies are spearheaded by various government agencies, primarily EMB Region 7. Current programs implemented by EMB include: Industrial Eco-Watch Program, and Beach EcoWatch Program. There is strict monitoring of firms along Butuanon River. Cebu City government‟s conducts regular clean up of Guadalupe River and there is strong enforcement of Ecological Solid Waste Management Act. c. Investment in Sanitation, Sewerage, and Wastewater Treatment Metropolitan Cebu Water District, through the assistance of USAID had already identified the possible area in which they will cater for the project on Septage Management through the installation of a Septage Treatment Plant, as one of their mandates as a water concessionaire. The MCWD is still awaiting the response of the LGU, where the STP will be established, for them to start the project up until now since 2011. Lapu-Lapu City had installed a Sewerage Treatment Facility in the sitio of Barangay Basak in Lapu-Lapu City, which was designed and constructed by JV Baring Consultants and Allied Services.
d. Programs on Water Quality Enhancement and Rehabilitation 1. Industrial Ecowatch Program
Monitoring of the five (5) priority sectors identified in CY 2005 under the Industrial Ecowatch program are still being conducted. These includes five (5) chicken dressing plants, four (4) beverage plants, five (5) carrageenan plants, five (5) sugar mills, one (1) piggery farm, and one (1) yeast plant. Environmental performance rating of these 21 industries will be endorsed to EMB-Central Office for public disclosure. Performance indicators and performance rating are based on the following broad categories: Performance Indicator
Broad Category
Color Code
Excellent
GOLD
Outstanding
SILVER
Very Good
GREEN
Good
BLUE
Effort not sufficient for compliance
Bad
RED
No effort to comply
Very Bad
BLACK
Efforts beyond legal requirements
Effort level sufficient to comply
2. Beach Ecowatch Program Twelve (17) priority beach areas in the Region frequently visited by tourists were monitored. These are located in Mactan Island, namely: Cebu Marine Beach, Palmera Beach Resort, Palm Beach, Parker Beach, B lue Reef, Hadsan Cove Resort, Kontiki, White Sands Resort, Maribago Blue Waters, Tambuli Beach Resort, Cebu Beach Club, and Hilton – Punta Engaño; and Tagbilaran City, Bohol, namely: fronting Bluewater Bohol Tropics, Bohol Tropics near Convention Center, San Jose Drainage Outfall, Drainage Outfall Confluence, and MR Restaurant. 3. Guadalupe River Rehabilitation The Guadalupe River Management Council is now established under the Cebu City Rivers Management Council and had been conducting regular meetings. An action program for the Guadalupe River Rehabilitation for the year 2010, 2020, and 2030 was already drafted covering the policy/ legislation/ enforcement, advocacy/ public education, environmental management, research and development and resources generation, mobilization and management.
On September 18, 2010, an event entitled Cebu Great River Clean Up was initiated by EMB 7, in which the pilot site was the whole stretch of the Guadalupe River, including its tributaries / nearby creeks and esteros. On that day, the “Adopt-aRiver, Adopt-a-Barangay” was launched, which was proposed and initiated by EMB 7 and accepted and supported particularly by the Cebu City Gov‟t., Cebu Uniting for Sustainable Water, Cebu Chamber of Commerce, Cebu Volunteers for Good Government, Aboitiz Leaders of Excellence, Rotary Clubs, Zonta Clubs of Cebu, Metro Cebu Water District, University of San Jose Recoletos, Southwestern University, University of Cebu, University of the Philippines, St. Theresa‟s College, Vicsal Development Corp. (Gaisano Metro), Vicsal Foundation, Inc., Cebu Private Power Corp., Chong Hua Hospital, Qualfon Phils., Inc., Robinsons Land Corp., Lucky Tableware, and Elizabeth Mall. Among others, the partner companies have donated
cleanup materials to the barangay as their initial concrete support. Nine (9) barangays were the first recipients of this project.
4. Butuanon River Rehabilitation The Butuanon River Watershed Management Board (BRWMB) is now reactivated and had been conducting regular meetings. The Soil and Water Conservation Foundation, Inc. had initially informed the board of the project they will have for Butuanon River which is funded and supported by the Coca-Cola Foundation, Atlanta. The project is entitled “Butuanon River Watershed Development Project” which will be formally launched early 2011.
5. Adopt-an-Estero/ Waterbody Program As of last quarter of 2012, there have been already thirty-two (32) memoranda of agreement which have been signed for the Adopt-a-Estero/Waterbody Program. Along with this, the following companies have been already started implementing their strategic plans in rehabilitating their adopted water bodies.
Name of Company 1. Maritrans Recycler, Inc. (Tabok) 2. Concrete Solutions, Inc. (Canduman) 3. RRDS Petrochemical Industries, Inc. (Umapad) 4. Cenapro Chemical Corporation (Jagobiao) 5. Treasure Island Industrial Corporation (Cabancalan) 6. Lami Food Products Corp. (Tipolo) 7. Cebu Holdings, Inc. (Hipodromo) 8. Greencoil Industries, Inc. (Tabok) 9. Dedon Manufacturing, Inc. (Canduman) 10. JLR Construction and Aggregates, Inc. – Tingub 11. Sunpride Foods, Inc. 12. ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corp. (Umapad - Canduman) 13. Profood International Corp. (Maguikay) 14. Socor Construction Inc. (Alang-alang, Ibabao, Paknaan 15. Mabuhay Filcement, Inc. 16. Mabuhay Filcement, Inc. 17. Taiheiyo Cement Phils. Inc.
Adopted Waterbodies Butuanon Butuanon Butuanon Jagobiao Creek Butuanon Tipolo Hipodromo Butuanon Butuanon Butuanon Butuanon Butuanon Butuanon Butuanon
Sabang River Lugot River Luknay
18. JLR Construction and Aggregates 19. Alta Cebu Garden Resort 20. Philippine Mining Services Company 21. Philippine Mining Services Company 22. Philippine Mining Services Company 23. Philippine Mining Services Company 24. Philippine Mining Services Company 25. Monde Nissin Corporation 26. Cebu Energy Development Corporation 27. San Miguel Brewery 28. Tsuneishi Heavy Industries, Inc. 29. Cebu Industrial Park Development, Inc. 30. Aquilini Renewable Energy 31. Atlas Fertilizer Corporation 32. Carmen Copper Corporation
Guindarohan River Pilipog-Gabi river Brgy. Consolacion, Dalaguete Coastal Waters Brgy. Poblacion, Alcoy Coastal W aters Brgy. Pugalo, Alcoy Coastal waters and Luyang spring Brgy. Obong, Dalaguete Coastal and Obong Spring Brgy. Mandaue Toledo Mandaue Toledo Buanoy, Balamban Casuntingan – Butuanon River Sapangdaku, River Cantabaco Bay
D. Best Practices and Lessons Learnt in Water Quality Management More firms within Mactan Economic Zone (MEZ) are tapping their wastewater to the centralized Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) of MEZ 1 and Aboitiz Land, Inc. The firms practice recycling of treated wastewater and use if for the flushing of toilets and watering of plants. This year, the Metropolitan Cebu Water District with the aid of Asian Development Bank, had conducted a series of stakeholders‟ workshops on May 18 -20 and July 18-20, 2010 for the Mananga-Kotkot-Combado Lusaran River Basins in Central Cebu, Philippines under the Regional Technical Assistance 6470: “Managing Water in Asia‟s River Basins: Charting Progress and Facilitating Investment”, in which one of the stakeholders who participated is from EMB 7. In 2010 the EMB 7 personnel have participated in the JICA-funded OrientationWorkshops on Capacity Development Project on Water Quality Management. The Orientation-Workshops included the following: Development of Industry-Specific Effluent Standards for Hotels and Restaurants Sector, Finalization of Discharge Permitting and Wastewater Charge System, Revision of Guidelines for PCO Accreditation and Compliance Inspection Manual, Water Quality Management Area Action Planning, Enhancement of Database for the Water Quality Management Information System, Water Quality Management Implementation Enhancement of Proposed Water Quality Management Fund Guidelines, Policy Study for Effluent Management, Revised Procedural Manual for Water Body Classification and Water Quality Modeling using
