^\DLDKA NC IBG NC C]^SNBA]
CE HBCNA C]MCGBMA, SG YBCKA MAGAMBNA NCE HÛ]BMA? ±SG NC]MAGAMBNA CG EA] MAG]C\YD^A\BA]1 MAG]C\YD^A\BA]1
DESHGA; \SLCG MC\TSCB\D Z\DNA ^S^A\; CECGD A\ALBA@ABMACMFCD YB[MD\\D B^BGC\D\BA; BG^C\Z\C^DMBAG ” BG^C\Z\C^DMBAG ” ^\AHZC^D ^\AHZC^D MCG^\A; \CDE MAG]C\YD^A\BA ]SZC\BA\ NC HS]BMD NC HDN\BN <:40
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
BGNBMC BG^\ANSMM BG^\ANSMMBÝG BÝG .................................. ................................................... .................................. .................................. ................................... ............................. ........... > B.
KS]^BIBMD KS]^BIBMDMBÝG MBÝG .................................. ................................................... ................................... ................................... ............................ ........... 9
BB.
C]^DNA NC ED MSC]^BAG .............................................................................. 0
BBB.
ALKC^BYA] ALKC^BYA] .................................. ................................................... .................................. .................................. .................................. .................... ... 2
BY.
HC^ANAEA@ HC^ANAEA@BD BD .................................. ................................................... ................................... ................................... .......................... ......... 4:
Y.
HD\MA HD\MA ^CÝ\BMA ^CÝ\BMA ................................... ................................................... .................................. .................................. ....................... ....... 44 4.
Iugndhcgtas nce Hbcna Csmâgbma ................................................................ 44 4.4
Ncsmrbpmbýg nce hbcna csmâgbma ................................................................ 44
4.<
Ce hbcna csmâgbma y ce hûsbma .................................................................. 4<
<.
^âmgbmds pdrd ce trdtdhbcgta nce hbcna csmâgbma csmâgbma .................. ......... ................... .................. ............... ....... 4= <.4
^âmgbmds psbmaeý`bmds ............................................................................... 4=
<.<
^âmgbmds marpardecs .................................................................................. 49
<.=
^âmgbmds hbxtds ........................................................................................ 40
=.
YB.
Ce hbcna csmâgbma y ed iarhdmbýg nce hûsbma ............................................... 42 =.4
Eds magtcgbnas magtcgbnas dmtbtunbgdecs cg ed EAC ................... .......... .................. .................. .................. ................ ....... 42
=.<
Ed nbnämtbmd nce bgstruhcgta y ce hbcna csmâgbma ................... .......... .................. ................... .......... <:
C]^SNBA;
^\D^DHBCG^A
NCE
HBCNA
C]MÂGBMA
CG
EA]
MAG]C\YD^A\BA C]ZDÔAEC] ...................................................................................... << 4.
Ce hbcna csmâgbma csmâgbma cg eas pedgcs nc cstunba .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. .............. ..... <=
<.
Ed magmcpmbýg nce praicsar nc bgstruhcgta salrc ce trdtdhbcgta nce hbcna
csmâgbm csmâgbmaa
.................................. .................................................. .................................. ................................... .................................. ................................ ............... =: <
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas YBB.
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
MAGMES]BAG MAGMES]BAGC] C] ................................. .................................................. ................................... ................................... .......................... ......... ==
DGCVA] DGCVA] ............................... ................................................. .................................... .................................. .................................. .................................. ....................... ....... =3 4.
<.
Mdrtd y mucstbagdrba pdrd ce praicsardna cgmucstdna cgmucstdna .................. ......... .................. ................... .......... =3 4.
Mucstbag Mucstbagdrba drba ................................ ................................................. ................................... ................................... .......................... ......... =3
<.
Magscgtbhbcgta Magscgtbhbcgta Bgiarhdgna Bgiarhdgna nce trdtdhbcg tr dtdhbcgta ta nc ndtas pcrsagdecs pcrsagdecs ............... ........ ....... =9 \cedmbýg nc magscrvdtarbas magscrvdtarbas magsuetdnas magsuetdnas ................... ......... ................... .................. .................. ................... .......... =9
BGNBMC NC IB@S\D] IB@S\D]................................. .................................................. ................................... .................................. .................................. ..................... ... =2 LBLEBA@\DI LBLEBA@\DIÈD ÈD ................................. .................................................. ................................... .................................. .................................. .............................. ............ >: CGEDMC] CGEDMC] PCL ................................. .................................................. ................................... .................................. .................................. .............................. ............ ><
=
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
BG^\ANSMMBÝG Ncsnc ce mahbcgza nc gucstrd mdrrcrd maha hûsbma, sbchprc gas dmahpdôd ce ncsca nc qucrcr hckardr cg ed bgtcrprctdmbýg nc mdnd alrd. Zar cstd rdzýg cg gucstras mahbcgzas, ga prcstdhas dtcgmbýg de fcmfa nc quc mdnd vcz quc tamdhas pdrd de`ubcg, de`ubcg, csc de`ubcg pucnc pcgsdr a ndr ugd apbgbýg apbgbýg salrc gucstrd gucstrd bgtcrprctdmbýg. Zcgsdhas Zcgsdhas quc su ûgbma ûgbma pcgsdhbcgta pcgsdhbcgta cs; ―quâ mahpebmdna cs ea quc tamd , ya ga scrèd mdpdz‘ . Nc cstd hdgcrd , gas scgtbhas ar`ueeasas nc mdnd gatd quc ndhas pucs cs ugd iarhd nc fdmcr de`a huy cspcmbde y d ed deturd nc ugas pamas. Mag ce pdsa nce tbchpa y nclbna d de`ugds hdeds cxpcrbcgmbds salrc eas csmcgdrbas dsè maha cg ce ählbta nc gucstra cstunba nbdrba, eds masds mdhlbdg y ce pcgsdhbcgta nckd nc scr pasbtbva. Csas pdsdkcs quc sc mahpebmdg d ed vcz quc pdsdhas pdsdhas ed vbstd par ceeas, ceeas, csd tcgsbýg ncshcnbnd pdrd pancr diragtdreas y salrctana, ce rciucrza nbdrba nc ed dgsbcndn quc gas bhpbnc ea`rdr vcr eds pasblecs saeumbagcs dmdldg par d`atdrgas y pcrncr ce pedmcr y ce ar`ueea quc scgtbhas scgtbhas ug nèd de d e tamdr pdrd eas nchäs. Hbcgtrds tchds rcedtbvas d ed tâmgbmd bgstruhcgtde, bgstruhcgtde, maha pucncg pucncg scr? ed d`bebndn nc eas eas ncnas, ed d`bebndn nc gucstrd maeuhgd nc dbrc, ed patcgmbd nc âstd, dsè maha ed mdpdmbndn puehagdr, ctm. hckardg hckardg `rdmbds de cstunba cstunba y ed iarhdmbýg nbrb`bnd ncsmubndgna gucstrd gucstrd dtcgmbýg fdmbd atras dspcmtas nc ed bgtcrprctdmbýg sbg utbebzdr ce rdzagdhbcgta y ce dgäebsbs pdrd bgtcgtdr bgtcrprctdr mdnd vcz nc hdgcrd häs pranumtbvd y ci bmbcgtc. Ed cibmdmbd rcsbnc cg ed utbebzdmbýg nc eas hègbhas rcmursas mag ce hdyar pravcmfa quc pandhas altcgcr altcgcr nc ceeas. ]b pcgsdhas pcgsdhas cg gucstra mucrpa maha ug rcmursa ga rcgavdlec, rcgavdlec, muyd utbebzdmbýg tbcgc ugd rcsbstcgmbd y vbnd ebhbtdnds, nclcrèd fdmcrgas mahprcgncr quc tcgchas quc utbebzdrea mag magmbcgmbd y trdtägnaea maha ce lbcg häs prcmbdna. Cg cstc mdhbga, ce deuhga prcmbsd nc ugd `uèd häs medrd salrc mýha diragtdr cstds mdrcgmbds y par ea tdgta, cs gcmcsdrba ug hcgtar, ug cnumdnar quc ec cgscôc, ec cnuquc pdrd aptbhbzdr ce usa nce mucrpa nc ugd hdgcrd bgtc`rde nurdgtc ed bgtcrprctdmbýg husbmde. Cg humfas mdsas, cstd iarhdmbýg sc pucnc altcgcr nce magscka nc gucstra hdcstra nc bgstruhcgta, ce mude, `rdmbds d sus dôas nc cxpcrbcgmbd, fd magsc`ubna ugd cstdlbebndn y ugd tâmgbmd bgtcrprctdtbvd quc ec pcrhbtc rcsaevcr ed ckcmumbýg nc mudequbcr alrd husbmde ncsnc ce >
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
pugta nc vbstd nc ed rcedkdmbýg rcedkdmbýg marparde y husmuedr, utbebzdgna su mucrpa maha maha prapba bgstruhcgta, y trdgshbtbcgna mag ceea ed bgtcrprctdmbýg quc häs sc dkustd d ea quc qubcrc cxprcsdr ncsnc su bgtcrbar. ]bg chldr`a, y dugquc pdrczmd quc cstd prchbsd pucnc scr ed häs eý`bmd y dncmudnd, pucnc ndrsc ug bgmagvcgbcgtc idtde ncsnc ce pugta nc vbstd cnumdtbva, y cs quc csc praicsar ga fdyd cxpcrbhcgtdna gugmd ed nbibmuetdn quc cgtrdôd pdrd ce deuhgdna eas leaqucas ièsbmas y psbmaeý`bmas y quc, par tdgta, ga fdyd trdldkdna maha cnumdnar cstas dspcmtas y ibgdehcgtc, ga scd mdpdz nc dyundr d rcsaevcr eas pasblecs pralechds. Nclbna d cstc tbpa nc praicsar, gas cgmagtrdhas mag ug deuhgdna quc ga tbcgc ce magambhbcgta gb eds fcrrdhbcgtds pdrd scr mdpdz nc utbebzdr ce mucrpa nc iarhd häs gdturde y hcgas d`rcsbvd nc mdrd de bgstruhcgta. D pcsdr nc quc eas praicsarcs, cg `rdg pdrtc nc eas mdsas, fdmcg fbgmdpbâ cg quc nclcg rcedkdrsc d ed fard nc bgtcrprctdr, ga prapagcg de deuhgdna de`ugd atrd iarhd nc rcdebzdr ce cstunba y ed tâmgbmd ” par par ckchpea, sbg utbebzdr ce bgstruhcgta- mag ea mude cs huy nbièmbe demdgzdr ug `rdna cecvdna nc magmbcgmbd quc ecs praparmbagc ug gbvce nc rcedkdmbýg, ga saea husmuedr, sbga psbmaeý`bma, ièsbma y drtèstbma. drt èstbma. Zar tana ceea, magsbncra gcmcsdrba rcdebzdr ug sagnca cxpeardtarba nc dquceeds pra`rdhdmbagcs pra`rdhdmbagcs nbnämtbmds quc rcieckcg cstds mucstbagcs y quc iarhcg pdrtc nc eas magtcgbnas nc eds dsb`gdturds. Fdy quc tcgcr cg mucgtd quc ed ebhbtdmbýg nce tbchpa nc medsc nc bgstruhcgta ga nd pbc d quc sc pucndg dlarndr tâmgbmds quc hckarcg cstas dspcmtas y, de b`ude quc pdrd sdlcr ed fbstarbd nc ug mahpasbtar, a ed tcgsbýg drhýgbmd, dsè maha ed cstâtbmd amuetd cg eds gatds nc ugd pdrtbturd, a ed dibgdmbýg prcmbsd quc cs gcmcsdrbd pdrd chpdstdr mag atras bgstruhcgtas bgstruhcgtas sag gcmcsdrbds atrds dsb`gdturds, pdrd trdldkdr trdld kdr ed ed patcgmbdmbýg nce usa marparde d ed ed fard fard nc bgtcrprctdr qubzäs tdhlbâg scd gcmcsdrba ed cxbstcgmbd nc dsb`gdturds mahpechcgtdrbds iucrd nce fardrba nc bgstruhcgta. Cstc trdldka bgtcgtdrä mahpraldr quâ dsb`gdturds nc cstd ègnaec sc bhpdrtcg cg ed dmtudebndn cg ugd hucstrd nc magscrvdtarbas cspdôaecs tdgta nc cgscôdgzds cechcgtdecs, cechcgtdecs, praicsbagdecs maha supcrbarcs.
3
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
B.
KS]^BIBMDMBÝG
Cstc cstunba salrc ce cstdna nc ed mucstbýg nce trdtdhbcgta nc ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd ncsnc ce pugta nc vbstd nc eds dsb`gdturds bhpdrtbnds cg eas magscrvdtarbas cspdôaecs cspdôaecs rcedmbagdnds rcedmbagdnds mag cstas magtcgbnas y ce pugta nc vbstd nce praicsardna nc bgtcrprctdmbýg cg sus pra`rdhdmbagcs nbnämtbmds, pcrhbtbrä mahpraldr muäe cs ce `rdna nc bhpartdgmbd quc sc ec nd cg ed cgscôdgzd husbmde d ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd nurdgtc ed bgtcrprctdmbýg, yd quc, cs ug pralechd huy ircmucgtc cg hûsbmas y quc fdmc nbshbgubr su mdpdmbndn bgtcrprctdtbvd nurdgtc ed ckcmumbýg cg pûlebma nc nbicrcgtcs dmtudmbagcs. dmtudmbagcs. Ed mahprcgsbýg nc cstas icgýhcgas pucnc ndrgas ugd mahprcgsbýg häs medrd salrc ed gcmcsbndn a ga nc rcpedgtcdr eds pra`rdhdmbagcs y eds nbspasbmbagcs nc fardrbas y dsb`gdturds rcedmbagdnds mag ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd quc, cg de`ugas magscrvdtarbas, cs pasblec quc ga tcg`d ed suibmbcgtc bhpartdgmbd ecmtbvd, y mag ceea dmdrrcc ugd nbshbgumbýg nc ed praycmmbýg dmdnâhbmd nce deuhgdna, ncschlamdgna cg ug dldgnaga nc hûsbmas nurdgtc ed mdrrcrd pravamdnd par ug hde trdtdhbcgta nc cstas sègtahds d cndn tchprdgd c bhpbnbcgna ugd hckar rcdebzdmbýg y nbsirutc cg cstc mdhpa. Magsbncra quc mag ce cstunba parhcgarbzdna nc eds dsb`gdturds quc sc chpecdg cg eas magscrvdtarbas pdrd pdebdr eas cicmtas nc ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd y sdlcr magtraedr gucstra mucrpa/hcgtc dgtcs, nurdgtc y ncspuâs nc ed dmtudmbýg, gas pcrhbtbrä mahpraldr quâ sc cstä fdmbcgna cg cstc mdhpa, mag ce alkctbva nc quc eas rcsuetdnas altcgbnas par ce deuhgdna nc bgstruhcgta cg su mdrrcrd, iucrdg humfa hdyar quc ce altcgbna fdstd dfard sbg cstds dsb`gdturds.
Sg mucrpa lbcg dibgdna cs mdpdz nc utbebzdr ce bgstruhcgta husbmde pdrd trdgsiarhdr ce sagbna cg hûsbmd.
9
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
BB.
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
C]^DNA NC ED MSC]^BAG
Cxdhbgdgna Cxdhbgdgna eas nbicrcgtcs n bicrcgtcs cstunbas salrc ce hbcna csmâgbma cxbstcgtcs, cgmagtrdhas cgmagtrdhas ed tcsbgd I. Kdvbcr [drzd Dezu`drdy 4 cg ce quc rcedmbagd, rc edmbagd, cg hûsbmas nc Cgscôdgzds Cgscôdgzds ]upcrbarcs, ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd csmâgbmd mag ce aptbhbsha a ptbhbsha nbspasbmbagde, nbspasbmbagde, magmeuycgna quc ed dmtbtun dmt btun aptbhbstd dgtc eas pralechds, pralechds, mrcc magnumtds magnumtds nc diragtdhbcgta diragtdhbcgta quc `cgcrcg `cgcrcg hdyar hdyar magibdgzd pdrd dlarndr eas csmâgbmd cg pralechds y par magsb`ubcgtc magsb`ubcgtc hcgas hcgas dgsbcndn cg eas magmbcrtas ( Ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd hûsbmas nc `rdna supcrbar y su rcedmbýg mag ce aptbhbsha nbspasbmbagde,
Sgbvcrsbndn nc
[drd`azd, Idmuetdn nc Cnumdmbýg, <:4<).Mdlc ncstdmdr nc bgtcrâs, ed bgieucgmbd nc ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd, mag arè`cgcs ga rcedmbagdnas mag ce cgtarga dmdnâhbma, sbga mag ed dmtbtun nce deuhgdna nc mdrd d diragtdr csd sbtudmbagcs cg eds quc mdlrèd ed pasblec bgtcricrcgmbd nc idmtarcs mdrdmtcrbzdnas mdrdmtcrbzdnas par ed dgsbcndn. Ce Namtar Kasc Ldeecstcr Hdrtègcz<, dlarnd cg su tcsbs namtarde, ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd nc eas hûsbmas nc ed rc`býg nc Hurmbd, cg ed quc sulrdyd, de prbgmbpba nc sus magmeusbagcs, quc eds mbirds nc hûsbmas quc vcg nctcrbardnd su bgtcrprctdmbýg nclbna d ed dgsbcndn sag cecvdnds, y dnvbcrtcg nc ed gcmcsbndn nc pedgtcdr hcnbnds nc ählbta pcnd`ý`bma y psbmaeý`bma quc magtrdrrcstcg cstd sbtudmbýg ( Sg cstunba nc ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg eas hûsbmas nc eas magscrvdtarbas nc ed \c`býg nc Hurmbd ,
Sgbvcrsbndn nc Hurmbd, Ncpdrtdhcgta nc Fbstarbd nce
Drtc, <:43, pä`. >92). Sgd magibrhdmbýg häs salrc ed bhpartdgmbd nc ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd y su pragtd bgtranummbýg bgtranummbýg pcnd`ý`bmd, pcnd`ý`bmd, pdrd altcgcr ugas ugas hckarcs hckarcs rcsuetdnas par pdrtc pdrtc nce deuhgdna deuhgdna c bgtârprctcs nc tands eds cndncs. Cg ce ählbta nc cstd tcsbs namtarde, cgmagtrdhas ugd tcsbgd, cg ed quc sc mucstbagd salrc ed prcpdrdmbýg psbmaeý`bmd nce deuhgdna nc mdrd d ugd dmtudmbýg, rcmblbnd par pdrtc nc eas magscrvdtarbas. Cgiamdgna su dtcgmbýg d eas magscrvdtarbas nc Mdstceeýg= y mag ugd hucstrd nc mudrcgtd y gucvc sukctas, ed dutard sulrdyd quc fd panbna
4
I. Kdvbcr [drzd Dezu`drdy, Ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg hûsbmas hûsbmas nc `rdna supcrbar y su rcedmbýg mag ce aptbhbsha nbspasbmbagde, Sgbvcrsbndn nc [drd`azd, Idmuetdn nc Cnumdmbýg, <:4<. < Kasc
Ldeecstcr Hdrtègcz, Sg cstunba nc ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg eas hûsbmas nc eas magscrvdtarbas nc ed \c`býg nc Hurmbd Hurmbd, Sgbvcrsbndn nc Hurmbd, Ncpdrtdhcgta nc Fbstarbd nce Drtc, <:43, pä`. >92. = Hbrbdh
\anrb`ucz Hdrma, ±Eas magscrvdtarbas prcpdrdg psbmaeý`bmdhcgtc de deuhgdna ircgtc d ugd dmtudmbýg1 Dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg ed praicsbýg husbmde, Sgbvcrsbndn Kduhc B, <:49.
0
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
cvbncgmbdr ed pralechätbmd nce hbcna csmâgbma cg ce deuhgdna y ed mdrcgmbd nc tâmgbmds quc dyuncg d eas cstunbdgtcs d magtraedr csas idmtarcs dnvcrsas d ugd lucgd bgtcrprctdmbýg (Hbrbdh \anrb`ucz Hdrma, ±Eas magscrvdtarbas prcpdrdg psbmaeý`bmdhcgtc de deuhgdna ircgtc d ugd dmtudmbýg1 Dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg ed praicsbýg husbmde,
Sgbvcrsbndn Kduhc B, <:49). Nbsirutdr
nc ugd bgtcrprctdmbýg, nclc scr ce ibg läsbma quc, eas cstunbdgtcs nc eds cgscôdgzds husbmdecs nclcg altcgcr, pdrd ga mdcr cg ed cqubvamdmbýg nc scr ug sbhpec ncschpcôa tâmgbma nc fdlbebndncs y idmuetdncs, humfds nc ceeds altcgbnds cg ed nbnämtbmd bgstruhcgtde.
6
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
BBB.
ALKC^BYA]
D ed vbstd nc eas cstunbas rcdebzdnas par atras dutarcs y ed gcmcsbndn nc ug pedgtcdhbcgta pcnd`ý`bma pcnd`ý`bma nce hbcna csmâgbma, ce dutar nce prcscgtc trdldka qubcrc cstdlecmcr ce cstdna nc ed mucstbýg cg ce tchd nc eds dsb`gdturds quc dlarndg nbrcmtd a bgnbrcmtdhcgtc ce hbcna csmâgbma y su trdtdhbcgta cg ed iarhdmbýg nce hûsbma, pdrd, d ed vbstd nc eas rcsuetdnas, pancr magmeubr sb csc rcqucrbhbcgta dmdnâhbma quc ce deuhgdna fdmc, cs magtchpedna cg eds pra`rdhdmbagcs nbnämtbmds a ga.
2
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
BY.
HC^ANAEA@BD
Zdrd ed rcmaecmmbýg nc ndtas, utbebmâ ug cstunba nc tbpa cxpeardtarba, cstunbdgna eds pra`rdhdmbagcs pra`rdhdmbagcs nbnämtbmds nc eas nbicrcgtcs magscrvdtarbas magscrvdtarbas y dsb`gdturds quc cg eds cspcmbdebndncs cspcmbdebndncs bgtcrprctdtbvds nc eas magscrvdtarbas sc bhpdrtèdg. bhpdrtèdg. D trdvâs nc ug hâtana bgnumtbva, fc altcgbna ndtas rcicrcgtcs d eas magtcgbnas, alkctbvas, mrbtcrbas nc cvdeudmbýg y mrbtcrbas nc mdebibmdmbýg nc eds pra`rdhdmbagcs nbnämtbmds nc mdnd bgstruhcgta, lusmdgna de`ûg tbpa nc bgtcrvcgmbýg cg ed prcvcgmbýg y trdtdhbcgta nc ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd a magtrae marparde nc mdrd d ed dmtudmbýg par pdrtc nc eas praicsarcs bgstruhcgtbstds. Dsè hbsha, fc eamdebzdna eds dsb`gdturds bhpdrtbnds cg mdnd magscrvdtarba, mag ce alkctbva nc ndr de deuhgdna ce hdtcrbde suibmbcgtc, pdrd ed cspcmbdebzdmbýg cg de`ûg tbpa nc tâmgbmd nc rcedkdmbýg, tâmgbmd nc magtrae marparde y tâmgbmd nc magtrae hcgtde. hcgtde. Ce alkctbva cs ndr ugd vbsbýg nc ed bhpartdgmbd y nce tbchpa quc sc ec dtrbluyc d ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg eas magscrvdtarbas, tdgta mag dsb`gdturds cspcmèibmds, maha mag ed cxpebmdmbýg par pdrtc nce praicsardna praicsardna cg sus pra`rdhdmbagcs pra`rdhdmbagcs nc mýha mýha rcsucevcg a trdtdg ed ed dgsbcndn.
4:
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
Y.
HD\MA ^CÝ\BMA
4. IugndhcgtasnceHbcnaCsmâgbma
Ed ncibgbmbýg nc hbcna csmâgbma ed panchas cgmagtrdr maha; ―c stdna bgfblbtarba quc rcnumc ed cicmtbvbndn mahugbmdmbagde c bhpbnc ce ncspebc`uc nc eds mdpdmbndncs cxprcsbvds y magnumtudecs nc eas dicmtdnas‘ dicmtdnas ‘ Ed Dhcrbmdg Zsymfbdtrbm Dssambdtbag > cxpebmý quc ed dgsbcndn sc pucnc cgtcgncr maha ug cstdna nc ägbha gc`dtbva mdrdmtcrbzdna par sègtahds marpardecs nc tcgsbýg ièsbmd y dprcgsbýg mag rcspcmta de iutura. ]c`ûg Mfcrye Fdhbetag 3, Zraicsard cg mahugbmdmbýg nce ^drrdgt Maugty Maeec`c, cg su eblra ―Mahhugbmdtbg` iar rcsuets‘, ce 23% nc ed paledmbýg suirc nc dgsbcndn cg hdyar a hcgar `rdna mudgna tbcgc quc nbrb`brsc d ug `rupa nc pcrsagds. Dûg häs cxtrdôa cxtr dôa cs ce fcmfa quc humfds humfds nc cstds pcrsagds pucncg ldbedr a mdgtdr dgtc ugd dunbcgmbd, sbchprc y mudgna ga ec nbrbkdg pdedlrds nbrcmtdhcgtc de pûlebma. 4.4
Ncsmrbpmbýg Ncsmrbpmbýg nce hbcna csmâgbma
Sg rcmbcgtc drtèmuea salrc ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd bgnbmd quc ]pbcelcr`cr 9 iuc ce prbhcr dutar dutar cg ncibgbr ncibgbr mag medrbndn eas mahpagcgtcs mahpagcgtcs nce hbcna csmâgbma csmâgbma a dgsbcndn, dgsbcndn, nbicrcgmbdgna cgtrc cgtrc dgsbcndn rds`a y dgsbcndn cstdna. Dsè pucs, ncibgbý ed dgsbcndn rds`a maha ug tbpa rcedtbvdhcgtc rcedt bvdhcgtc cstdlec nc ed pcrsagdebndn quc gas prcnbspagc pdrd ed dmtbvbndn nbdrbd y, ed dgsbcndn cstdna maha ug cstdna chambagde trdgsbtarba quc dpdrcmc mudgna ce bgnbvbnua bgtcrprctd maha dhcgdzdgtc ed sbtudmbýg d ed quc sc cgircgtd cg csc hahcgta.
> Zdlea
\dhas \dhas, ―Ed vdebncz y ed cibmdmbd nc eas ckcrmbmbas rcspbrdtarbas pdrd rcnumbr ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg ce dued nc hûsbmd‘, hûsbmd‘, \cvbstd Bgtcrgdmbagde Bgtcrgdmbagde nc Cnumdmbýg Husbmde g»4(Kueba g»4(Kueba <:4=) <:4=); <, mbtdgna d Dhcrbmdg Zsymfbdtrbm Dssambdtbag, Nbd`gastbm dgn ]tdtbstbmde hdgude ai hcgtde nbsarncrs, (<:::); =<=. 3
―Mahhugbmdtbg` iar rcsuets‘.
9 Zdlea
\dhas \dhas, ―Ed vdebncz y ed cibmdmbd nc eas ckcrmbmbas rcspbrdtarbas pdrd rcnumbr ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg ce dued nc hûsbmd‘, hûsbmd‘, \cvbstd Bgtcrgdmbagde Bgtcrgdmbagde nc Cnumdmbýg Cnumdmbýg Husbmde Husbmde g»4(Kueba g»4(Kueba <:4=); <, mbtdgna d Mfdrecs ]pbcelcr`, ―Dgxbcty‘, murrcgt trcgns bg tfcary dgn rcscdrmf vaeuhcg B, (420<); =-2.
44
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
Ndvbn F. Ldreaw 0 d trdvâs nc su hancea nc ed trbpec vuegcrdlbebndn cxpebmý ce ncsdrraeea nc ed dgsbcndn ldsdna cg ed chambýg. Cstc hancea pdrtc nc ed ldsc nc quc eds chambagcs chamba gcs magtchpedg ugd pdutd bggdtd tdgta nc rcdmmbýg maha nc rcspucstd, quc cvaeumbagd nc nbicrcgtcs iarhds, y dugquc sag hanbibmdlecs hcnbdgtc ce dprcgnbzdkc y ed hdnurdmbýg, ed iugmbýg prbgmbpde nce mahpartdhbcgta chambagde chambagde cs ed prcpdrdmbýg pdrd ed dmmbýg. Ldreaw ncibgbý cg cstc hancea, ed cxbstcgmbd nc trcs magnbmbagdgtcs läsbmas nc ed dgsbcndn. Ce prbhcra, ce cechcgta bggdta, ugd vuegcrdlbebndn `cgcrde nc tbpa lbaeý`bma a mag`âgbtd. mag`âgbtd. Ce sc`ugna, ugd vuegcrdlbebndn psbmaeý`bmd ldsdnd cg cxpcrbcgmbds cxpcrbcgmbds tchprdgds tchprdgds cg eds eds quc ce bgnbvbnua ncsdrraeed ncsdrraeed ugd ugd scgsdmbýg scgsdmbýg nc magtrae cg sbtudmbagcs bhpartdgtcs. R par ûetbha, ugd vuegcrdlbebndn cspcmèibmd cg ed quc sc dsambd ed dgsbcndn d ug alkcta alkcta a sbtudmbýg sbtudmbýg nctcrhbgdnas. 4.<
Ce hbcna csmâgbma y ce hûsbma
Ed rcedmbýg cgtrc ce hbcna csmâgbma y ce hûsbma cs, mudgta hcgas, medrd. Zar ceea, cstunbas maha eas rcdebzdnas par ed psbmýea`d Nbdggd ^. Ocggy, sag nc `rdg bgtcrâs cg gucstra mdhpa. Maha mbtäldhas dgtcrbarhcgtc cg ed ncsmrbpmbýg nce hbcna csmâgbma, ]pbcelcr`cr fdlèd ncibgbna nas tbpas nc dgsbcndn, rds`a y cstdna. Mag ce cstunba y ed cxpcrbhcgtdmbýg nc nbvcrsas praicsbagdecs, praicsbagdecs, ed psbmýea`d Nbdggd ^. Ocggy 6 fd nchastrdna nchastr dna quc pcrsagds mag ugd dgsbcndn rds`a cecvdnd tcgèdg hcgar rcgnbhbcgta cg dunbmbagcs quc pcrsagds nc rds`a häs ldka. Zdrd csd bgvcstb`dmbýg bgvcstb`dmbýg sc dpebmý ce O-HZDB (Ocggy Husbm Zcriarhdgmc Z criarhdgmc Dgxbcty Bgvcgtary). Bgvcgtary). Cstc Cst c hancea sc trdtd nc ed dpebmdmbýg nce hancea nc Ldreaw d ed magmcpmbýg bgtcrprctdtbvd husbmde. Ed dpebmdmbýg nce sbstchd nc trbpec vuegcrdlbebndn nc Ldreaw iuc tdhlbâg dpebmdna par atras dutarcs maha Mrdsoc y Mrdb` 2 cg 426>. Nchastrdldg maha ed dgsbcndn nc rds`a y eas mahpagcgtcs tdgta sahätbmas maha ma`gbtbvas sc nckdld vcr cg ug hdyar `rdna mudgna ed
0
Kasc Ldeecstcr, ―Sg cstunba nc ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg eas hûsbmas nc eas magscrvdtarbas nc ed \c`býg nc Hurmbd‘, Hurmbd‘, (<:43); =9<-=9>, =9<-=9>, mbtdgna d Ndvbn F. Ldreaw, ―Sgrdvcebg` tfc hystcrbcs ai dgxbcty dgn bts nbsarncrs irah tfc pcrspcmtbvc ai chatbag tfcary‘, tfcary‘, (<:::); 4<>0-4<32 6
Kasc Ldeecstcr, ―Sg cstunba nc ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg eas hûsbmas nc eas magscrvdtarbas nc ed ed \c`býg nc Hurmbd‘, (<:43); =9>-=92, =9>-=92, mbtdgna d Nbdggd ^. Ocggy, ―^fc psymfaea`y ai husbm pcriarhdgmc pcriarhdgmc dgxbcty‘, dgxbcty‘, (<:44). 2
Kasc Ldeecstcr, ―Sg cstunba nc ed dgsbcndn dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg eas hûsbmas nc eas magscrvdtarbas nc ed \c`býg nc Hurmbd‘, (<:43); =46->9: =46->9:,, mbtdgna d M\D]OC, Hbmfceec @.? M\DB@, Ocggctf N. ―Husbmde pcriarhdgmc dgxbcty; ^fc tfrcc-systchs hance dgn scei-ciibmdmy scei-ciibmdmy tfcary‘. Lcfdvbaur Lcfdvbaur rcscdrmf dgn tfcrdpy, Yae. <<, G» =, (426>); <90<6:.
4<
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
dmtudmbýg sc fdmèd ncedgtc nc ug trblugde nc cxpcrtas, cxpcrta s, d ea quc dôdnèdg ugd mdrdmtcrèstbmd nc eas bgtârprctcs nc pcricmmbagbsha, ea mude mageecvdld d duhcgtdr csc `rdna nc dgsbcndn. Ed dgsbcndn sc cxpcrbhcgtd cg dquceeds pcrsagds quc pasccg ug cstdna fdlbtude nc gcrvbasbsha, nc dmtbvbndn hdyar y nc dgsbcndn magstdgtc, eds mudecs sc cgircgtdg d häs pralechds d ed fard nc bgtcrprctdr. D hcnbnd hcnbnd quc cstd dgsbcndn dgsbcndn sc vd dmuhuedgna mag eds dunbmbagcs y nbicrcgtcs dmtudmbagcs cg pûlebma, iahcgtdhas ed dpdrbmbýg nc ug leaquca hcgtde y marparde bgmdpdmcs nc magtraedr. ]bg chldr`a, sb fdledhas nc csd dgsbcndn rds`a, cs pasblec magtraedred d trdvâs nc nbicrcgtcs tâmgbmds nc rcedkdmbýg, tdgta psbmaeý`bmds, psbmaeý`bmds, marpardecs y hbxtds. <. ^âmgbmdspdrdcetrdtdhbcgtancehbcnacsmâgbma
Mbtdgna tcxtudehcgtc d ed Nrd. Cecgd Aralba`abmacmfcd 4: cg su cstunba salrc ed prcscgmbd csmâgbmd cg ed bgtcrprctdmbýg husbmde; ―Ce dgäebsbs nc ed mdtc`arèd Mucrpa cg`eald tana dquceea quc cstä rcedmbagdna mag ce pdpce nce mucrpa cg ed prämtbmd bgstruhcgtde; pasturd, rcspbrdmbýg, tcgsbagcs, `cstas, ctm. dsè maha ed tahd nc magmbcgmbd marparde. ‘ Zar cstc hatbva hatbva nbstbg`ub nbst bg`ubrchas rchas cg trcs mdtc`arèds, eds nbicrcgtcs tâmgbmds quc dyundg d ed magmbcgmbdmbýg nce mucrpa pdrd ug hûsbma; ^âmgbmds psbmaeý`bmds, psbmaeý`bmds, tâmgbmds t âmgbmds marpardecs marpardecs y tâmgbmds hbxtds. <.4
^âmgbmds psbmaeý`bmds Cgtrc eds tâmgbmds psbmaeý`bmds quc panrchas diragtdr pdrd prcvcgbr ce hbcna csmâgbma
tcgchas eds sb`ubcgtc; -
Hcnbtdmbýg; Lucgd pdrtc nc ea quc dmtudehcgtc cgtcgnchas par hcnbtdmbýg, pravbcgc nc tâmgbmds tâmgbmds utbebzdnds utbebzdnds par ce lunbsha. lunbsha. ]c ]c cgtrcgd cgtrcgd ed dtcgmbýg mag ug sbstchd sbstchd eedhdnd ]dhdtfd a ]dhdnfb quc sb`gbibmd trdgqubebndn.
4:
Cecgd Aralba`abmacmfcd, ―ED Z\C]CGMBD C]MÂGBMD CG CE BG^C\Z\C^C HS]BMDE; SG C]^SNBA NC MD]A‘, Sgbvcrsbndn Dutýgahd nc Hdnrbn, (<:4<); ==0.
4=
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
Eas alkctbvas nc ]dhdtfd sag ce ncsdrraeea tdgta nc ed cstdlbebndn maha nc ed bgtcgsbndn nc ed dtcgmbýg. ]ag bgnbspcgsdlecs nas idmuetdncs hcgtdecs; prcscgmbd hcgtde mahpectd (hbgniuegcss), c bgtraspcmmbýg. bgtraspcmmbýg. Fdy tâmgbmds nc hcnbtdmbýg häs scgmbeeds y salrc tana häs räpbnds cg pranumbr rcsuetdnas. Sg lucg ckchpea cs ed \cspucstd nc \cedkdmbýg, nc Lcgsag y su cqubpa nc Fdrvdrn, quc mahprbhc d ea häxbha ed cscgmbd nc ed prämtbmd hcnbtdtbvd (Lcgsag, 4203). Atra ckchpea tdhlbâg huy nbvue`dna cs ed Hcnbtdmbýg ^rdsmcgncgtde ℬ, ugd prämtbmd magtchpedtbvd magtchpedtbvd cstdgndrbzdnd cstdgndrbzdnd quc ncsnc ncsnc eas dôas 9: sc fd fcmfa fcmfa papuedr par ce Hdfdrbsfb, qubcg dnqubrbý sc`ubnarcs cgtrc drtbstds y hûsbmas magambnas. magambnas. -
Hbgniuegcss; Cs ugd tcrdpbd hbecgdrbd, sc`ûg ce bgstbtuta Hbgniuegcss 44, ―cs ugd mudebndn nc ed hcgtc a häs lbcg ed mdpdmbndn bgtrègscmd nc ed hcgtc nc cstdr prcscgtc y magsmbcgtc cg ug hahcgta nctcrhbgdna, cg ug hahcgta cg quc mucrpa y hcgtc sc sbgmragbzdg tatdehcgtc cg ug bgstdgtc nc rcdebndn prcscgtc. Zrcscgmbd pecgd y magmbcgmbd dlbcrtd sc magku`dg cg ug hahcgta cg gucstrd gucstr d hcgtc/mucrpa/cspèrbtu. hcgtc/mucrpa /cspèrbtu. Cs csd mudebndn prapbd nc mudequbcr scr fuhdga pcra quc fd sbna alkcta nc cstunba prbgmbpdehcgtc cg ce pdrdnb`hd pdrdnb`hd arbcgtde‘ a rbcgtde‘.. Cg ce ählbta husbmde, ce hbgniuegcs cs ugd lucgd tâmgbmd nc magmcgtrdmbýg, yd quc, eas hûsbmas sag sahctbnas d humfds fards nc cstunba, cg eds mudecs cs huy iämbe pcrncr ed ed gambýg gambýg nce nce tbchpa tbchpa y salrctana ed ed magmcgtrdmbýg magmcgtrdmbýg,, nc dfè quc scd scd häs häs cicmtbvd cicmtbvd ugd fard nc cstunba magmcgtrdna quc vdrbds fards mag ed hcgtc cg atra eu`dr.
-
Ybsudebzdmbýg (Bhd`bgdmbýg `ubdnd); Cs ugd tâmgbmd quc sc utbebzd pdrd dtrdcr ea quc uga qubcrc d trdvâs nc ed hcgtc y ed bhd`bgdmbýg magsmbcgtc. Ce ibg nc cstd tâmgbmd nc praycmmbýg nc bhä`cgcs d`rdndlecs cs magvcrtbreds cg rcdebndn. Cstc ckcrmbmba cs utbebzdna par pcrsagds nc nbstbgtas ählbtas, nc fcmfa, cs ug ckcrmbmba ldstdgtc utbebzdna cg ce hugna nce ncpartc.
44 Ndgbced
Hdrqucz, ―±Tuâ cs Hbgniuegcss1‘, cg Bgstbtuta Hbgniuegcss, 46 Hdrza <:44, magsuetdnd <> nc hdrza nc <:40, fttp;//www.bgstbtutahbgniuegcss.me/quc-cs-hbgniuegcss/. fttp;//www.bgstbtutahbgniuegcss.me/quc-cs-hbgniuegcss/.
4>
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
Fdy nbicrcgtcs tbpas nc vbsudebzdmbýg, pcra ed häs utbebzdnd par hûsbmas sucec scr mrcdr ugd cxpcrbcgmbd cxpcrbc gmbd hcgtde pdrd quc ce sulmagsmbcgtc `cgcrc eds scgsdmbagcs y chambagcs marrcspagnbcgtcs, ed mude pucnc chpczdr cg quc ed prapbd pcrsagd bhd`bgd quc cgtrd cg ug tcdtra a sded nc mbgc maha cspcmtdnar, sbcgna âe uga nc eas pratd`agbstds nc ed ed iugmbýg. iugmbýg. Nclc Nclc bhd`bgdrsc bhd`bgdrsc rdnbdgtc, trdgqubea, trdgqubea, magibdna magibdna y nbsirutdr pama d pama nc ed ed dmtudmbýg, dmtudmbýg, sbcgna cstd tatdehcgtc tatdehcgtc mdehdnd y eecgd nc scgtbhbcgtas scgtbhbcgtas pasbtbvas
^âmgbmds nc hanbibmdmbýg nc magnumtd; ]c pucncg cgmagtrdr mcgtcgdrcs nc
-
cstunbas vdebndnas chpèrbmdhcgtc quc nchucstrdg quc ed tcrdpbd nc magnumtd sbrvc pdrd ed dgsbcndn dgsbcndn sambde, bgmeuycgna bgmeuycgna ed dgsbcndn dgsbcndn csmâgbmd csmâgbmd (Mdldeea, Ycrdgbd Ycrdgbd y Lds 4<) y hdgtbcgc eas rcsuetdnas. ^ands sus tâmgbmds fdg sbna vdebndnds cxpcrbhcgtdehcgtc. Bgmeuyc vdrbds tâmgbmds cspcmèibmds quc chpecdg prbgmbpb pr bgmbpbas as psbmaeý`bmas (cspcmbdehcgtc nce dprcgnbzdkc) pdrd ce trdta nc ed magnumtd fuhdgd nc ncsdndptdmbýg, y sag; a
Cxpasbmbýg
a
^bhc Aut
a
Ncscgsblbebzdmbýg Ncscgsblbebzdmbýg sbstchätbmd.
a
Haencdhbcgta
a
Cgmdncgdhbcgta
a
Hancedhbcgta.
a
Cmagahèd nc ibmfds
a
Masta nc rcspucstd.
a
Magtrdta magnumtude
a
]dmbdmbýg
a
]alrcmarrcmbýg
4< Ybmcgtc
C. Mdldeea, Hdgude Hdgude pdrd ce trdtdhbc t rdtdhbcgta gta ma`gbtbva magnumtude nc eas trdstargas trdstargas psbmaeý`bmas.
Yae. B (4220)
43
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
a
^crdpbd rdmbagde chatbvd (^.\.C).
a
^crdpbd ma`gbtbva-magnumtude. (^âmgbmds hanbibmdnards nc pdtragcs nc mahpartdhbcgta).
a
Eds dutabgstrummbagcs; Ed tâmgbmd nc dutabgstrummbagcs dutabgstrummbagcs a magambnd tdhlbâg maha dutadibrhdmbagcs cs ug tbpa nc tâmgbmd quc kuc`d mag eas pcgsdhbcgtas. ]c`ûg @ubeecrha Ndebd 4=, ―sag bgstrummbagcs, irdscs, ―magsckas‘ quc gas ndhas d gasatras hbshas, pucncg tcgcr nbvcrsds ibgdebndncs, pcra cs iugndhcgtdehcgtc cg ce ärcd nce dutamagtrae nagnc hdyarbtdrbdhcgtc sc fdg rcdebzdna bgvcstb`dmbagcs y iarhuedgna tâmgbmds quc fdg rcsuetdna cicmtbvds.‘
Cgmagtrdhas Cgmagtrdhas vdrbas tbpas t bpas nc dutabgstrummbagcs dutabgstrummbagcs nbrb`bnds d;
^rdgqubebzdr; cstay lbcg, sâ magtraedrhc, magtraea ed sbtudmbýg, ga pd sd gdnd…
Dmtbvdr d rcdebzdr ckcrmbmbas nc rcedkdmbýg; vay d rcspbrdr praiugndhcgtc, y euc`a rcdebzdrâ ugd nbsmusbýg ma`gbtbvd hcgtdehcgtc.
<.<
Cvdeudr nc ug hana rdmbagde; fd sdebna lbcg ce magmbcrta, fc mahctbna crrarcs, pcra ga cs pdrd tdgta, ga fc nc scr scr cxmcsbvdhcgtc cxmcsbvdhcgtc mrètbma mag hb dmtudmbýg. dmtudmbýg.
\ciarzdr; cstay magtcgta mag hb trdldka, hc hcrczma ug ncsmdgsa, eds masds hc fdg sdebna lbcg…
Magtraedr magnumtd bhpuesbvd; Dfard fdrâ csta… ncspuâs fdrâ mag trdgqubeb t rdgqubebndn ndn ea atra, hc cstay ndgna mucgtd nc ea quc fd`a...
^âmgbmds marpardecs -
Cstbrdhbcgtas; Ce cstbrdhbcgta magsbstc cg ugd scrbc nc havbhbcgtas ièsbmas quc prapbmbdg ed cedstbmbndn c edstbmbndn nc eas hûsmueas hûsmueas y nc eds drtbmuedmbagcs. drtbmuedmbagcs. Mudgna ed sdg`rc ircsmd y ce axè`cga ga cstäg lahlcdgna eblrchcgtc d trdvâs nc eas tckbnas nce mucrpa, eas hûsmueas sc mdgsdg y ga iugmbagdg lbcg. Ed cgcr`èd ldkd cg eu`dr nc cstdr ebstd pdrd scr scr usdnd. usdnd. Dsè, Dsè, cstbrdr cstbrdr eas hûsmueas hûsmueas eblcrd eblcrd tcgsbýg, prcpdrägnaeas prcpdrägnaeas pdrd pdrd ce trdldka.
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^âmgbmd Decxdgncr; Cstd tâmgbmd cs ugd nc eds häs utbebzdnds cg cstas ûetbhas dôas cg ce ählbta cstrbmtdhcgtc husbmde. Cg ceed, ce deuhgdna dprcgnc ugd scrbc nc
4=
@ubeecrha Ndebd, ―Mýha ―Mýha supcrdr ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg hûsbmas.; Sg hâtana cibmdz pdrd nahbgdr eas gcrvbas dgtc eds dmtudmbagcs husbmdecs‘, husbmdecs‘, Bncdhusbmd, (422<); 4<4-4<=. 4<4-4<=.
49
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
cstrdtc`bds pdrd rcnumbr eds ärcds nce mucrpa, fdmbcgna quc eas havbhbcgtas cg ce ckcrmbmba nc ug bgstruhcgta scdg häs gdturdecs y rcqubcrdg hcgas csiucrza. D pcsdr nc scr uga nc eas hâtanas häs utbebzdnas, ga magstd mag ugd vdebncz magsaebndnd, yd quc, ûgbmdhcgtc cxbstc ugd bgvcstb`dmbýg mbcgtèibmd de rcspcmta; Ydecgtbgc y atras (4223). Cg ceed, eas rcsuetdnas hastrdldg quc panèd dyundr d rcnumbr ed ircmucgmbd mdrnèdmd cg hahcgtas muehbgdgtcs nc cstrâs, cg mdhlba, Ocggy (<:44) dibrhd quc nbmfd bgvcstb`dmbýg mdrcmc nc ug `rdg nbscôa, y quc sus magmeusbagcs nclcg nc scr pucstds cg nund. Zcsc d ceea, cg eas Cstunbas Husbmdecs ]upcrbarcs cxbstc ugd dsb`gdturd aptdtbvd quc marrcspagnc d su gahlrc, cg ed mude sc prdmtbmdg tâmgbmds tâmgbmds marpardecs marpardecs pdrmbdehcgtc. <.=
^âmgbmds hbxtds -
^âmgbmd nc rcedkdmbýg pra`rcsbvd nc Kdmalsag; Ed rcedkdmbýg pra`rcsbvd cs ce häs dgtb`ua nc eas ―cgiaqucs hancrgas‘ pdrd ncsdrraeedr ed rcedkdmbýg. I uc iarhdebzdnd par Cnhugn Cnhugn Kdmalsag cg cg 42:6 y sc sc ldsd cg ce prbgmbpba nc quc ug hûsmuea hûsmuea eec`drä d cstdr häs rcedkdna ncspuâs nc fdlcr sbna tcgsdna (Zcurbiay, 422=). Cstc tbpa nc rcedkdmbýg sc fd nchastrdna quc cs ed häs cibmdz ncgtra nc eds tcrdpbds nc rcedkdmbýg, yd quc magsbstc cg ncstcgsdr de häxbha dquceeas hûsmueas quc ga sc gcmcsbtdg cg csc hahcgta. (Ndebd, <::<).
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Dgmedkc; Cs magambnd tdhlbâg maha ugd tâmgbmd nc rcedkdmbýg magtraednd hcnbdgtc ugd scôde. Cs ugd nc eds tâmgbmds nc pra`rdhdmbýg Gcuraebg`õbstbmd, eds mudecs dyundg d bgnumbrsc ug cstdna chambagde magmrcta. ]c`ûg ed pra`rdhdmbýg Gcuraebg`õèstbmd Gcuraebg`õèstbmd eas dgmedkcs sc sc ldsdg cg ce magmcpta nc tcgcr tcgcr ed mdpdmbndn mdpdmbndn nc cgtrdr cgtrdr cg ug cstdna dgèhbma häs pancrasa a häs dprapbdna pdrd ugd nctcrhbgdnd tdrcd a cvcgta, y euc`a scr mdpdz nc dmmcncr d csc cstdna cg mudequbcr hahcgta quc ea gcmcsbtcs.
40
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
Zcurbiay4> dibrhd quc ed dgsbcndn dmtbvdnd par ce dgmedkc nc rcspucstd magnbmbagdnd scrä häs iucrtc quc ed rcedkdmbýg `cgcrdnd par su cgtrcgdhbcgta nc rcspucstd nc rcedkdmbýg, y cxpebmd quc cs garhde, yd quc sc fd rciarzdna bgmagsmbcgtchcgtc. Mag prämtbmd cstc hâtana ga cebhbgdrä ed dgsbcndn, pcra sb ed rcnumbrä, cg mdhlba, sb sc mahlbgd mag atra tbpa nc hâtana, cstc sc vucevc ugd fcrrdhbcgtd humfa häs pancrasd, y mag tbchpa y prämtbmd pucnc ncscgsblbebzdrsc y cebhbgdr c ebhbgdr ed dgsbcndn nc rcspucstd magnbmbagdnd. -
\cedkdmbýg hcnbdgtc rcprcscgtdmbýg `räibmd; Cs uga nc eas tbpas nc rcedkdmbýg häs utbebzdnas, y praldlechcgtc nc eas häs ûtbecs y prdmtbmdlecs. Eds csmcgds quc sc nclcg nc bhd`bgdr tbcgcg quc scr dncmudnds, cs ncmbr, rcedkdgtcs y d`rdndlecs. ]c nclc nc bgmeubr tanas eas scgtbnas cg ed idgtdsèd, d ed vcz quc sc nclc nc csmumfdr, vcr, scgtbr c bgspbrdr bgtcrbarhcgtc ea quc sc pucnd nc ed scgsdmbýg vbvbnd, dnchäs sc nclc nc rcdebzdr mag mdehd y tbchpa pdrd pancr suhcr`brsc cg ed sbtudmbýg rcprcscgtdnd y scgtbr maha ed rcedkdmbýg sc cxtbcgnc par ce mucrpa. Mdlc ncstdmdr, quc cstc tbpa nc rcedkdmbýg ga sc utbebzd ûgbmdhcgtc cg sukctas mag dgsbcndn csmâgbmd, yd quc cstd tâmgbmd sbrvc tdhlbâg pdrd rcedkdrsc y ncsmagcmtdr nurdgtc eds edr`ds fards nc cstunba, cg eds mudecs, eas hûsbmas fdmcg fbgmdpbâ cg humfas pdsdkcs nc eds alrds, `cgcrdgna ugd tcgsbýg hcgtde dmuhuednd magtbgud, par ceea, cstc tbpa nc rcedkdmbýg, cg ce mude ed hcgtc sc eblcrd nc tanas eas pcgsdhbcgtas gc`dtbvas y dldrmd ugd pdz y trdgqubebndn, cs lucga rcdebzdrea cg hcnba nce d`alba nce cstunba, praparmbagdgna praparmbagdgna dsè ug u g pcgsdhbcgta gucva y ebhpba pdrd pancr magtbgudr magtbgudr mag ed prämtbmd bgstruhcgtde pedmcgtcrd.
4> \cgcdu
[. Zcurbiay, Zcurbiay, ―Ycgzd ―Ycgzd sus tcharcs. Dgsbcndn, ialbds y pägbma‘, pägbma‘, (<::3).
46
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
=. Cehbcnacsmâgbmayediarhdmbýgncehûsbma
=.4
Eds magtcgbnas dmtbtunbgdecs cg ed EAC Ed cedlardmbýg nc mudequbcr ecy cnumdtbvd tbcgc maha uga nc eas mahctbnas, ce gahlrdr
cg ceed quc pdrähctras ncebhbtdrä nbmfd ecy, pdrd pancr scr ug pugta nc mahpdrdmbýg mag eds nchäs ecycs cnumdtbvds bgtcrgdmbagdecs. ]c`ûg ed Namtard Cecgd Aralba`abmacmfcd, cg su trdldka nc bgvcstb`dmbýg pulebmdld; ―^ana pedg nc cstunbas nclc cstdr cgiamdna d ed magscmumbýg nc mahpctcgmbds. Ce cstunba par mahpctcgmbds tbcgc maha ibgdebndn medrbibmdr ce magtcgbna nc eas cstunbas, idmbebtdr ed mahprcgsbýg nc eds tbtuedmbagcs cg ce hdrma curapca y pcrhbtbr ed mahpdrdmbýg mahpdrdmbýg nc eas nbicrcgtcs tètueas curapcas, cg rcedmbýg rcedmbýg d eds mahpctcgmbds, `cgârbmds y cspcmèibmds-, quc eas `rdnudnas nclcg tcgcr. Eas Mcgtras nc cgscôdgzd supcrbar ga sýea trdgsibcrcg ce magambhbcgta magsaebndna a ncsdrraeedna ” su su csicrd rcmagambnd nc cspcmbdebzdmbýg- sbga tdhlbâg ugd vdrbcndn nc mahpctcgmbds `cgârbmds. Csta bhpebmd quc nclcg cedlardr gucvas cgiaqucs nc dprcgnbzdkc quc ncsdrraeecg mudebndncs maha ed mdpdmbndn nc dgäebsbs y sègtcsbs, ed bgncpcgncgmbd nc mrbtcrba, ed murbasbndn, ce trdldka cg cqubpa y ed fdlbebndn pdrd mahugbmdr. ]c trdtd nc ncibgbr dquceeds mudebndncs nc ed pcrsagdebndn praicsbagde praicsbagde quc cxprcscg cxprcscg ug hana nc scr y dmtudr cg ce magtcxta magtcxta nc ed praicsbýg, praicsbýg, cs ncmbr, ncmbr, ugas vdearcs fuhdgas quc sc rcedmbagcg mag eas vdearcs ugbvcrsdecs y sc magmrctbmcg cg eds mdrdmtcrèstbmds nc ed praicsbýg. Cstas vdearcs sc magstbtuycg d ed vcz cg rds`as nce pcribe praicsbagde praicsbagde cg ugd magmcpmbýg magmcpmbýg bgtc`rdnard bgtc`rdnard nce nce fahlrc. fahlrc. Ed Ed cgscôdgzd cgscôdgzd d gbvce gbvce supcrbar supcrbar dnqubcrc dsè ug gucva magtcgbna par su mdrämtcr bgtc`rde vbgmuedna d ed nbhcgsbýg praicsbagde ‘43
Ed Dsambdmbýg Curapcd nc Magscrvdtarbas, Dmdnchbds nc Hûsbmd y Csmuceds supcrbarcs nc Hûsbmd (DCM) 49 bgstbtuyý ug `rupa nc trdldka ldka ed ncgahbgdmbýg nc Zaebiagèd, quc sc fd cgmdr`dna, cgtrc atrds masds, nc cedlardr ug namuhcgta arbcgtdtbva nc eds mdrdmtcrèstbmds, pcribecs y mahpctcgmbds nc ed cgscôdgzd supcrbar nc ed hûsbmd, nc dmucrna de Zraycmta ^ugbg` 40. Ce
43 Cecgd
Aralba`abmacmfcd, Aralba`abmacmfcd, ― Eas magtcgbnas ‘, (<::0); =4. magtcgbnas dmtbtunbgdecs dmtbtunbgdecs‘, (<::0);
49 Cg
Curapd cxbstcg nbvcrsas hanceas nc mcgtra supcrbar nc hûsbmd dugquc ed tcgncgmbd dmtude cs ed nc su bgmeusbýg cg ed ugbvcrsbndn ugb vcrsbndn maha ugd idmuetdn häs. 40 Ce
Zraycmta ^ugbg` cs ug cxpcrbhcgta pbeata nc nbscôa nc pedgcs nc cstunba, ibgdgmbdna par ed Mahugbndn curapcd pdrd ed dncmudmbýg nc tana ce CCC].
42
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
Zraycmta ^ugbg` cedlardna par ce `rupa nc trdldka Zaebiagbd 46 cstdlecmc ugd medsbibmdmbýg nc eds mahpctcgmbds cg; Zrämtbmds (ldsdnd cg fdlbebndncs), ^cýrbmds (ldsdnds cg eas magambhbcgtas) y @cgârbmds (ldsdnds cg magtcgbnas dmtbtunbgdecs). Eds mudtra dptbtuncs ncgtra nce mdpètuea nc mahpctcgmbds `cgârbmds nce tètuea nc `rdna cg hûsbmd sc cxprcsdg cg; bgncpcgncgmbd, mahprcgsbýg mahprcgsbýg psbmaeý`bmd, psbmaeý`bmd, cspèrbtu mrètbma y fdlbebndncs mahugbmdtbvd mahugbmdtbvds. s. ]c`ûg ed Ecy Ar`ägbmd nc Cnumdmbýg cg su prcähluea, ncsmrblbcgna ea quc ugd ecy cnumdtbvd nc mdebndn nclc tcgcr maha mdrdmtcrèstbmd prbgmbpde, cxpebmd; ― sc ecs nclc `drdgtbzdr ugd b`udendn cicmtbvd nc apartugbndncs, prcstdgna eas dpayas gcmcsdrbas, tdgta de deuhgdna quc ea rcqubcrd maha d eas mcgtras cg eas quc cstäg csm aedrbzdnas‘42.
Maha sc`ugna sc`ugna prbgmbpb pr bgmbpbaa (ECR
A\@ÄGBMD
nurdgtc eds fards nc medsc‘ .
Cstas prbgmbpbas, sag eas quc @aôb <: scôded maha de`ugds nc eds
vdrbdlecs ncgtra nc eds bgvcstb`dmbagcs quc sc rcdebmcg salrc ed dmtbtun. =.<
Ed nbnämtbmd nce bgstruhcgta y ce hbcna csmâgbma
\cicrbrsc d hanceas nbnämtbmas bhpebmd fdledr nce magambhbcgta praicsbagde nc eas namcgtcs cg cnumdmbýg husbmde. ^cgbcgna cg mucgtd quc cg mdnd nbsmbpebgd sc nctcrhbgd d ea edr`a nce tbchpa ed scecmmbýg nc sdlcrcs quc, cg ûetbhd bgstdgmbd, mahpagcg ce magambhbcgta csmaedr y quc csta sc sbtûd cg târhbg t ârhbgas as mueturdecs, cs bhpartdgtc magtcxtudebzdr ed cnumdmbýg husbmde häs dhpebdhcgtc. Zar ceea, cs apartuga cgtcgncr ce magambhbcgta praicsbagde nc eas cnumdnarcs husbmdecs cg târhbgas sbstâhbmas, maeamdnas ncgtra nc ugd mueturd y cstdgna magstbtubna par bncds bgtcrrcedmbagdnds. bgtcrrcedmbagdnds. ]c`ûg cxpebmd ed namtard Hdrèd Mcmbebd Karqucrd Kdrdhbeea Kdrdhbeea (\CYB]^D ECCHC? g» 2), cg ce ce drtèmuea, ±Cxbstc ugd nbnämtbmd nce bgstruhcgta husbmde1, gas cxpagc cg ug magtcxta fbstýrbma, cg ce mude, d pdrtbr nce ncsmulrbhbcgta nc ed ebta`rdièd y su pastcrbar hdsbibmdmbýg cg ce magtcxta husbmde, cg 46=:, fdmc pasblec quc eds alrds nc drtc sc punbcrdg nbiugnbr, dugquc cg mèrmueas
46 42 <:
www.paebiagbd-tg.ar`. ECR A\@ÄGBMD
<:
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
huy cstrcmfas, mag ea mude, saedhcgtc dmmcsblecs d ed `cgtc mag hdyar pancr dnqubsbtbva. Magtbgûd ed namtard Karqucrd nbmbcgna quc dgtcrbarhcgtc d cstc fcmfa, ed cnumdmbýg husbmde, magsbstèd cg ugd prämtbmd rbmd y vdrbdnd cg ed quc eds dmtbvbndncs magsbstèdg cg bhpravbsdmbýg c bgvcgmbýg nc pcqucôds pbczds, trdgsiarhägnasc cstd, mag ed dpdrbmbýg nc eblras mag ckcrmbmbas ncsmrbtas, cg ugd rcpctbmbýg nc ckcrmbmbas y alrds prccxbstcgtcs. Maha gas bgnbmd ed namtard Karqucrd, ug rcmbcgtc schbgdrba nc cstunba salrc ed nbnämtbmd bgstruhcgtde, rcdebzdna rcdebzdna cg Btdebd, Bt debd, magmeuyý magmeuyý quc eas pedgtcdhbcgtas pedgtcdhbcgtas quc sc detcrgdg cg ed nbnämtbmd bgstruhcgtde sag nas; ugd marrbcgtc nc cgscôdgzd ldsdnd cg ed ebgcdebndn a lbcg, ldsdnd cg ed dpraxbhdmbýg mahpeckd. Cstd vdrbdgtc nc nbnämtbmd sc cxpebmd tcgbcgna cg mucgtd quc fdy praicsarcs quc rb`cg rb`cg su cgscôdgzd cgscôdgzd cg ed ed dmuhuedmbýg nc ckcrmbmb ckcrmbmbas as sbhpecs, y atras quc dndptdg dndptdg eds mdpdmbndncs y mahpctcgmbds quc ce deuhga eecvd d medsc, rcdebzdgna ugd dpraxbhdmbýg bgtcrdmtbvd nc ed prämtbmd husbmde. Ldka gucstra pugta nc vbstd, ed nbnämtbmd nce hbcna csmâgbma nclc scr ugd hczmed nc dhlds hctanaea`èds. Ce dprcgnbzdkc nc tâmgbmds quc dyuncg d magtraedr ce hbcna csmâgbma nclc scr dpebmdlec cg pcrsagd quc gcmcsbtcg ncsdrraeedrsc cg cstc mdhpa. Zdrd ceea cs bhpartdgtc, magamcr, par pdrtc nce tutar, t utar, quc tbpa nc dgsbcndn dgsbcndn cs ed quc sc rcieckd cg c g ce deuhgdna, y dsè dpebmdr ed tâmgbmd häs bnýgcd. Sgd vcz cgscôdnd, magvbcgc quc ce deuhgdna ea eecvc d mdla cg su mdhpa, nägnaec ugds pdutds quc, cg ldsc d ed dmuhuedmbýg nc ckcrmbmbas sbhpecs, pucnd ce deuhgdna ncsdrraeedred pama d pama, sbg gcmcsbndn nc ug tutar tcg`d quc cstdr dmahpdôägnaec a dyunägnaec.
<4
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
YB.
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
C]^SNBA; ^\D^DHBCG^A NCE HBCNA C]MÂGBMA CG EA] MAG]C\YD^A\BA C]ZDÔAEC] D trdvâs nc ed alscrvdmbýg nc eas nbicrcgtcs pedgcs nc cstunbas, sc pucnc cxtrdcr quc,
alscrvdgna, cg quc magscrvdtarbas tbcgcg dsb`gdturds ncstbgdnds d ed pdebdmbýg nc eas nbicrcgtcs sègtahds quc magtraedg ed dmtudmbýg nc ug hûsbma y quc ga scdg hcrdhcgtc tâmgbmas, y fagndr tandvèd häs praiugndhcgtc pdrd mahpraldr sb cg eds pra`rdhdmbagcs nbnämtbmds nc eds dsb`gdturds nc bgstruhcgta, fdy de`ûg tbpa nc gahlrdhbcgta d magtraedr cstds sbtudmbagcs nc iarhd häs prämtbmd. Zdrd ceea, nce tatde nc mbcgta mudrcgtd y mbgma magscrvdtarbas cspdôaecs, fdlbâgnasc fcmfa ugd scecmmbýg nc mudrcgtd y mbgma, nc eas mudecs qubgmc sag magscrvdtarbas nc `rdna supcrbar y eas atras trcbgtd scräg nc `rdna `r dna praicsbagde. Eas mrbtcrbas nc cecmmbýg nc eas magscrvdtarbas magscrvdtarbas fdg sbna; 4- Sg magscrvdtarba ]upcrbar y nas magscrvdtarbas nc @rdna Zraicsbagde nc mdnd mahugbndn <- Cg ce mdsa nc quc fdyd häs magscrvdtarbas supcrbarcs nc eas hcgmbagdnas, sc cec`brä ce quc hdyar ncgsbndn nc paledmbýg tcg`d su pravbgmbd. =- Cg ce mdsa nc quc fdyd häs magscrvdtarbas praicsbagdecs nc eas gcmcsdrbas; d. ]c dtcgncrä d quc ce magscrvdtarba supcrbar scecmmbagdna ga scd nc ed hbshd pravbgmbd quc eas eas quc scecmmbagchas scecmmbagchas nc `rdna `rdna hcnba. l. ^dhpama panräg scr nc ed hbshd pravbgmbd eas nas magscrvdtarbas nc `rdna praicsbagde. praicsbagde. m. ]c csma`crä dquceeas cg eas quc ed ncgsbndn nc paledmbýg nc ed pravbgmbd scd hdyar. >- Cg ce mdsa nc quc fdyd häs nc ug magscrvdtarba praicsbagde cg ed hbshd pravbgmbd mag hdyar ncgsbndn nc paledmb pa ledmbýg; ýg; d. ]c cec`bräg dquceeas cg eas quc ed pä`bgd wcl scd häs dmmcsblec <<
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
l. Dquce häs mcrmdga d eas hdyarcs gûmecas urldgas nc ed pravbgmbd. Nc cstas magscrvdtarbas, fchas altcgbna eas pedgcs nc cstunba nc mdnd uga nc ceeas y eds pra`rdhdmbagcs pra`rdhdmbagcs nbnämtbmds nc ed dsb`gdturd nc bgstruhcgta bgstruhcgta nc ed cspcmbdebzdmbýg cspcmbdebzdmbýg nc bgtcrprctdmbýg. 4. Cehbcnacsmâgbmacgeaspedgcsnccstunba
Cg eas ûetbhas dôas, ed bhpartdgmbd quc sc ec fd ndna de hbcna csmâgbma cg eas magscrvdtarbas cspdôaecs fd bna mrcmbcgna, dsè maha eas eblras y tâmgbmds quc fdg fcmfa pasblec quc mdnd vcz häs `cgtc pucnd tcgcr dmmcsa d cstas cstunbas. Sga nc eas cstunbas cg eas quc fchas ldsdna pdrtc nc cstc trdldka, cs ce rcdebzdna cg <:43 par Hdtca Drgdbz \anrb`ucz ―Ed bgtcrprctdmbýg husbmde y ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd; vdebndmbýg nc ug bgstruhcgta nc nbd`gýstbma y su dpebmdmbýg cg eas cstunbdgtcs cspdôaecs nc Magscrvdtarba ]upcrbar nc Hûsbmd‘. Cg âe sc nchucstrd quc ed cxbstcgmbd nc ug pramcsa dgsbasa cg eas cstunbdgtcs nc hûsbmd nc eas Magscrvdtarbas ]upcrbarcs nc Hûsbmd cg Cspdôd sc fdmc pdtcgtc d trdvâs nc ugd scrbc nc ètchs quc rcprcscgtdg cechcgtas nc tbpa sahätbma, ce mude, bgieuyc cg ce pramcsa nc bgtcrprctdmbýg husbmde. Mdnd vcz sag häs eds dsb`gdturds quc sc bhpdrtcg mag rcedmbýg d tana tbpa nc tâmgbmds quc fdmcg häs iämbe magtraedr sègtahds quc ga idvarcmcg d ugd lucgd bgtcrprctdmbýg, cg cspcmbde, eds rcedmbagdnds rcedmbagdnds mag ce magmcpta nc bgncicgsbýg y nc vuegcrdlbebndn psbmaeý`bmd nc Ldreaw (<::<). Zanchas cstdlecmcr ugd rcedmbýg cgtrc ce hbcna csmâgbma y eds pasblecs magscmucgmbds nc ga tcgcr ugd nahbgdmbýg csmâgbmd dncmudnd, par ceea, ce cstunba fd bna cgmdhbgdna d ed lûsqucnd nc dsb`gdturds quc praparmbagcg ug magtrae nc eas nbicrcgtcs idmtarcs quc bgieuycg cg ug hûsbma nurdgtc ed dmtudmbýg y quc ga tbcgcg quc vcr mag dspcmtas tâmgbmas nce bgstruhcgta, ga saea maha ugd tâmgbmd nc rcedkdmbýg, sbga maha ugd tâmgbmd nc cstunba, cgtrcgdhbcgta marparde a iartdecmbhbcgta nc ed magmcgtrdmbýg. Eas idmtarcs sc fdg bncgtbibmdna cg mbgma dspcmtas; 4- Magmcgtrdmbýg <- \cedkdmbýg =- \cspbrdmbýg >- Magtrae Husmuedr <=
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
3- Dspcmtas Csmâgbmas Cg ed ib`urd 4 sc rcprcscgtd ugd mahpdrdmbýg cgtrc ce parmcgtdkc nc dsb`gdturds, quc sc bhpdrtcg cg eas nbicrcgtcs magscrvdtarbas, cgiamdnds cg dspcmtas rcedmbagdnas mag ed prämtbmd nc tâmgbmds nc magtrae husmuedr, magtrae csmâgbma, tâmgbmds nc rcedkdmbýg, tâmgbmds nc rcspbrdmbýg y tâmgbmds nc magmcgtrdmbýg. Zarmcgtdkc nc dsb`gdturds nc magtrae psbma-marparde 6:% 0:% 9:% 3:% >:% =:% <:% 4:% :% Magmcgtrdmbýg
\cedkdmbýg Cgs. Cech
\cspbrdmbýg Cgs. Zrai.
Husmuedr
Csmcgbma
Cgs. ]upcr.
Ib`urd 4. @räibma pdrd ed mahpdrdmbýg nc parmcgtdkcs nc dsb`gdturds cgiamdnds d eas nbicrcgtcs dmtarcs bgieuycgtcs cg ce hbcna csmâgbma
Cg ed ib`urd 4 sc mahprucld cg ldsc d ed alscrvdmbýg nc eas ndtas, quc cs cg eas cstunbas supcrbarcs nagnc sc ncnbmd ce hdyar parmcgtdkc nc dsb`gdturds d cgtrcgdr cstas pasblecs idmtarcs nctcrhbgdgtcs pdrd hckardr nurdgtc ugd dmtudmbýg. ]c alscrvd, quc sag eds tâmgbmds nc magtrae husmuedr eds quc dldrmdg ug hdyar parmcgtdkc, eec`dgna d scr cg ce 0>% nc magscrvdtarbas nc cstunbas supcrbarcs cg eas quc sc bhpdrtc de`ugd dsb`gdturd nc magtrae husmuedr. ]bg chldr`a, cg eas nc cgscôdgzds praicsbagdecs, eds dsb`gdturds quc häs sc bhpdrtcg, cstäg cgiamdnds d ed rcedkdmbýg, dugquc ce parmcgtdkc nc magscrvdtarbas quc bhpdrtcg dsb`gdturds ncnbmdnds d ed rcedkdmbýg, cs nce 40%. Cg eas magscrvdtarbas nc cgscôdgzds cechcgtdecs, cs nagnc cgmagtrdhas ug hcgar ègnbmc nc dsb`gdturds cghdrmdnds cg ce magtrae nc ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd, sbcgna eds tâmgbmds nc rcedkdmbýg y eds nc magtrae husmuedr, eds quc häs sc aicrtdg, y sbcgna cg ug 0% nc magscrvdtarbas.
<>
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
Cg ed ib`urd < sc cxpagc ugd rcedmbýg cgtrc eds dsb`gdturds bhpdrtbnds cg eas cstunbas supcrbarcs, fdmbcgna ugd nbicrcgmbd cgtrc eds quc sag nc mdrämtcr aleb`dtarba, y par ea tdgta, mudequbcr deuhgdna vd d rcmblbr su magtcgbna, cg mahpdrdmbýg mag eds quc sc nctcrhbgdg mag mdrämtcr aptdtbva, y par ea tdgta, ûgbmdhcgtc ce deuhgdna quc pucnd a qubcrd hdtrbmuedrsc cg ceeds panrä altcgcr eas magambhbcgtas salrc eds tâmgbmds quc cg ceeds sc bhpdrtcg. @räibma mahpdrdtbva cgtrc dsb`gdturds aleb`dtarbds y aptdtbvds Dspcmtas Csmâgbmas
Magtrae husmuedr
\cspbrdmbýg
\cedkdmbýg
Magmcgtrdmbýg :,::%
4:,::%
<:,::%
=:,::%
Aptdtbvds
Aleb`dtarbds
>:,::%
3:,::%
9:,::%
Ib`urd <. \cedmbýg cgtrc dsb`gdturds aleb`dtarbds y aptdtbvds cg eas cstunbas supcrbarcs.
Cg ed ib`urd <, sc cxprcsd quc ce hdyar parmcgtdkc nc cstc tbpa nc dsb`gdturds nc eds cgscôdgzds supcrbarcs, sag nc tbpa aleb`dtarba. Magiarhc d eas ndtas, alscrvdhas quc ce hdyar parmcgtdkc nc magscrvdtarbas magscrvdtarbas nc cgscôdgzds cgscôdgzds supcrbarcs quc bhpdrtcg cstds dsb`gdturds dsb`gdturds maha aleb`dtarbds, ea fdmcg cg hdyar hcnbnd pdrd dsb`gdturds nc magtrae husmuedr, sbcgna cg ce 3=% nc magscrvdtarbas nagnc sc aicrtdg dsb`gdturds aleb`dtarbds nc cstc tbpa. Cg mudgta d eds dsb`gdturds aptdtbvds, tdhlbâg sag eds cgiamdnds de magtrae husmuedr eds quc altbcgcg ug hdyar parmcgtdkc nc aicrtd cg eas mcgtras supcrbarcs, supcrbarcs, altcgbcgna altcgbcgna ug ==% nc magscrvdtarbas magscrvdtarbas mag pasblbebndn nc rcmblbr rcmblbr medsc nc dsb`gdturds dsb`gdturds nc magtrae husmuedr. husmuedr.
<3
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
Cg ed Ib`urd = sc hucstrd ugd mahpdrdmbýg nce parmcgtdkc nc magscrvdtarbas cg sus cgscôdgzds cechcgtdecs, cg eas nbicrcgtcs bgstruhcgtas, quc cs pasblec cgmagtrdr, cg ed pra`rdhdmbýg pra`rdhdmbýg nbnäm n bnämtbmd, tbmd, rcicrcgmbds rcicrcgmbds d trdldka salrc hdtcrbds magmcrgbcgtcs d ed ckcrmbtdmbýg ckcrmbtdmbýg nc nc magmcptas cgiamdnas de hbcna csmâgbma, dsè maha, ce parmcgtdkc nc magscrvdtarbas, cg sus rcspcmtbvas bgstruhcgtas, quc cg eds pra`rdhdmbagcs nbnämtbmds bgnbmdg quc sc cvdeudrd de`ûg magmcpta nc eas hcgmbagdnas dgtcrbarhcgtc dgtcrbarhcgtc salrc ce hbcna csmâgbma.
Cgscôdgzds Cechcgtdecs 0:,:% 9:,:% 3:,:% >:,:% =:,:% <:,:% 4:,:% :,:%
]c tr trdldkd
Cvdeudlec
Ib`urd =. Mahpdrdmbýg cgtrc cstunba y cvdeudmbýg nce hbcna csmâgbma cg eds cgscôdgzds cechcgtdecs
Cg ed ib`urd =, alscrvdhas quc fdy ugd nbicrcgmbd nc ug >=% cgtrc ce bgstruhcgta cg ce quc hcgas trdldkdg magmcptas y tâmgbmds rcedmbagdnds mag ce hbcna csmâgbma, sbcgna ce medvc mag ug parmcgtdkc nce 40%, y ce bgstruhcgta bgstruhcgt a quc häs fdmc fdmc fbgmdpbâ d cstc tbpa nc nbnämt nbnämtbmd, bmd, sbcgna cg cstc mdsa ed trahpd mag ug parmcgtdkc nce 9:%. Ed nbicrcgmbd cgtrc ce parmcgtdkc nc bgstruhcgtas cg eas quc sc cvdeûdg mdrdmtcrèstbmds nc ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd sc rcnumc d ug =6%, sbcgna ce drpd ce bgstruhcgta bgstru hcgta cg ce quc hcgas sc cvdeûd ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd mag ug =%, tcgbcgna cg magtrd ed trahpctd, mag ug >:%. Mdlc ncstdmdr quc cxbstc ug deta parmcgtdkc altcgbna cg tâmgbmds nc magtrae nc ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg eas bgstruhcgtas nc vbcgta-hctde, pucs ed hdyarèd nc nbnämtbmd nc cstas bgstruhcgtas bgmeuyc tâmgbmds nc rcspbrdmbýg pdrd altcgcr ugd hdyar mdpdmbndn puehagdr, häs gcmcsdrbd ièsbmdhcgtc nclbna d ed eag`btun nc tula nc cstas bgstruhcgtas, mahpdrdnas mahpdrdnas mag eas nc vbcgta hdncrd.
<9
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
Cg ed Ib`urd > sc cxpagc ugd mahpdrdmbýg nce parmcgtdkc nc magscrvdtarbas cg sus cgscôdgzds praicsbagdecs, tahdgna eds pra`rdhdmbagcs nbnämtbmds nc eas bgstruhcgtas nc bgtcrprctdmbýg y cxtrdycgna eds rcicrcgmbds d trdldka salrc hdtcrbds magmcrgbcgtcs d ed ckcrmbtdmbýg nc magmcptas cgiamdnas de hbcna csmâgbma, dsè maha, eds rcicrcgmbds nc eds pra`rdhdmbagcs pra`rdhdmbagcs nbnämtbmds cg eds mudecs bgnbmdg quc sc cvdeudrd de`ûg magmcpta quc sc fd hcgmbagdna hcgmbagdna dgtcrbarhcgtc dgtcrbarhcgtc salrc ce hbcna csmâgbma.
Cgscôdgzds Zraicsbagdecs 3:,::% >3,::% >:,::% =3,::% =:,::% <3,::% <:,::% 43,::% 4:,::% 3,::% :,::%
]c tr trdldkd
Cvdeudlec
Ib`urd >. Mahpdrdmbýg cgtrc cstunba y cvdeudmbýg nce hbcna csmâgbma cg cgscôdgzds praicsbagdecs
Alscrvdgna eas ndtas altcgbnas cg eds cgscôdgzds praicsbagdecs, alscrvdhas quc ce rdg`a nc parmcgtdkcs nc tâmgbmds quc sc trdldkdg cg eds dsb`gdturds nc bgstruhcgta cs nc ug =9,0%, sbcgna eas bgstruhcgtas nc drpd y iedutd nc pbma mag ug parmcgtdkc nce 4:% ce nc hcgar vdear, y ce magtrdldka ce quc bgnbmd ugd hdyar nbnämtbmd cgiamdnd cg ce magtrae nc pasblecs sègtahds nc dgsbcndn csmâgbmd. Cg mudgta d ed cvdeudmbýg nc rcdmmbagcs nc eas cstunbdgtcs rcedmbagdnas mag ed dgsbcndn, altcgchas quc ce rdg`a nc vdear cs nc =0%, sbcgna nc gucva ce drpd, ce bgstruhcgta cg ce quc hcgas sc cvdeûd cstds mdrdmtcrèstbmds mag ug 9% y ed trahpctd ce quc häs vdear altbcgc mag >=% nc mdsas. Cs nc hcgmbagdr quc cg gbg`ûg mdsa, sc salrcpdsd ce 3:% nc magscrvdta magscrvdtarbas rbas cg eas quc cg eds pra`rdhdmbagcs nbnämtbmds nc sus bgstruhcgtas bgstruhcgta s sc trdldkdg dspcmtas rcedmbagdnas mag ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd.
<0
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
Cg ed ib`urd 3 sc altbcgc ugd mahpdrdmbýg sbhbedr d eds nc eas nas `räibmas dgtcrbarcs. Cg cstc mdsa, sc lusmd cg ed pra`rdhdmbýg nbnämtbmd nc eas magscrvdtarbas nc cstunbas supcrbarcs. ]c fd rcmapbedna rcicrcgmbds de trdldka salrc hdtcrbds magmcrgbcgtcs d ed ckcrmbtdmbýg nc magmcptas cgiamdnas de hbcna csmâgbma, dsè maha, ce parmcgtdkc nc magscrvdtarbas, cg sus rcspcmtbvas bgstruhcgtas, quc cg eds pra`rdhdmbagcs nbnämtbmds bgnbmdg quc sc cvdeudrd de`ûg magmcpta salrc ce hbcna csmâgbma.
Cgscôdgzds ]upcrbarcs >3,:% >:,:% =3,:% =:,:% <3,:% <:,:% 43,:% 4:,:% 3,:% :,:%
]c tr trdldkd
Cvdeudlec
Ib`urd 3. Mahpdrdmbýg cgtrc cstunba y cvdeudmbýg nce hbcna csmâgbma cg cgscôdgzds supcrbarcs
Zar ûetbha, altcgchas nc ed ib`urd 3 ug rdg`a nc vdear nce <0% nc eas bgstruhcgtas quc trdldkdg eas dspcmtas y tâmgbmds quc vcgbhas scôdedgna. Cg cstc mdsa, cs cg mdgta y ýr`dga eas bgstruhcgtas mag ug hcgar vdear mag rcspcmta de rcsta, sbcgna cstc nc ug 4=%. Cg mdhlba, cs ed trahpctd ce quc rcma`c ug hdyar vdear nc trdldka cg cstc mdhpa, sbcgna nc ug >:%. Mdlc ncstdmdr quc cs ug rdg`a nc parmcgtdkc häs faha`âgca quc cg ce rcsta nc cgscôdgzds. Mag rcspcmta d ed cvdeudmbýg nc eas magtcgbnas salrc ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd, altcgchas quc ed nbicrcgmbd cs nc ug <:%. Nchucstrdg eas ndtas quc ce bgstruhcgta mag hcgar rdg`a nc cvdeudmbýg sag ce mdgta, ce ýr`dga y ce vbaeagmfcea mag ug 9% nc mdsas, y eas bgstruhcgtas cg eas mudecs sc altbcgc ugd hdyar cvdeudmbýg cvdeudmbý g nc eas magtcgbnas cs cg id`at y trahpd tra hpd mag parmcgtdkc nc <9%. Cs nc hcgmbýg ed hdyar faha`cgcbndn nc eas ndtas cg eas cstunbas supcrbarcs, cg mahpdrdmbýg mag eas cstunbas praicsbagdecs y cechcgtdecs. Zar ceea, panchas dibrhdr, quc sc <6
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aircmc de deuhga ugd hdyar bhpartdgmbd cg cstas dspcmtas, cg ugd âpamd, cg ed quc eas dspcmtas tâmgbmas y nc mýha sc nclc bgtcrprctdr mag ug bgstruhcgta, nclcrèdg cstdr ea suibmbcgtchcgtc medras maha pdrd quc ea häs bhpartdgtc iucrd mcgtrdrsc cg ed bgtcrprctdmbýg husbmde y cxpeardr cg ce deuhgdna ed mdpdmbndn mdpdmbndn drtèstbmd. drtèst bmd.
<2
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
<. Edmagmcpmbýgncepraicsarncbgstruhcgtasalrccetrdtdhbcgtancehbcna csmâgbma
Ce alkctbva nc cstc cstunba cs mahpraldr sb ce hbcna csmâgbma tbcgc bhpartdgmbd par pdrtc nce medustra dmdnâhbma. Dsè sc fd bgvcstb`dna cg eds ecycs cnumdtbvds, cg eds pra`rdhdmbagcs nbnämtbmds nc eds dsb`gdturds nc bgstruhcgtas y cg eds nbicrcgtcs dsb`gdturds quc cxbstcg pdrd dyundr d magtraedr eas pasblecs sègtahds quc rcedmbagdhas mag ce hbcna csmâgbma. Maha ûetbha pdsa, sc fd cgmucstdna d ugd scecmmbýg decdtarbd nce praicsardna, pdrd mahpraldr sb par pdrtc nc ceeas cxbstc ed nchdgnd nc duhcgtdr cstas cstunbas a sb ed bhpartdgmbd quc sc ec nd cs magscmucgtc mag ed vbsbýg nc eas nbicrcgtcs hdcstras nc gucstras magscrvdtarbas. Ce praicsardna cgmucstdna prcibrbý hdgtcgcr ce dgagbhdta, par csc hatbva, sc fdmc rcicrcgmbd d ceeas mag, Zraicsar 4 y Zraicsar <. ]c prapusa d eas praicsarcs/ds quc gas bgnbmdrdg, ncsnc su pugta nc vbstd, ed bhpartdgmbd quc tcgèd ce hbcna csmâgbma cg ed vbnd praicsbagde nc ug hûsbma. Ce Zraicsar 4, bgnbmd? ―ed vbnd praicsbagde nc ug hûsbma maha magmcrtbstd cs sbchprc cxpucstd de pûlebma. Cs huy bhpartdgtc quc eas gcrvbas quc sc tbcgcg dgtc cstd dmtbvbndn, prapbas nce hahcgta, sc scpdg utbebzdr utbe bzdr nc iarhd pasbtbvd y ga sc magvbcrtdg cg hbcna csmâgbma, ce mude, maha ialbd, cs huy nbièmbe nc magtraedr. Zar csa cs huy bhpartdgtc bhpart dgtc magamcrea, magamcrea, pdrd pancr pagcr saeumbagcs quc ea cvbtcg a ea sudvbmcg.‘ Ce Zraicsar <, cg cstd hbshd prc`ugtd, mrcc quc cs ug dspcmta quc cg hdyar a hcgar hcnbnd magvbvc cg ed dmtbvbndn bgtcrprctdtbvd nc mudequbcr hûsbma par ea quc cs gcmcsdrba magsbncrdrea maha ug dspcmta häs ncgtra nc ed dmtbvbndn csmâgbmd. Mrcchas cg ed bhpartdgmbd nce hbcna csmâgbma ncgtra nc ed dmtbvbndn husbmde, y par ceea, sc fd prc`ugtdhas de praicsardna sb cicmtûdg de`ûg tbpa nc dmtbvbndn pdrd hckardr ce rcgnbhbcgta nc su deuhgdna cg pûlebma, sc fd cgmagtrdna quc; Ce Zraicsar 4 bgnbmd quc ce trdldka rcdebzdna ncsnc ce prbhcr mursa nc eds cgscôdgzds cechcgtdecs, cechcgtdecs, cg ce mude trdldkd häs mag ce hbcna nc eds idhbebds, quc ce nce deuhgdna prapba. De deuhgdna ec trdgshbtc sulbr de csmcgdrba maha ugd nbvcrsbýg, cs ugd sucrtc tamdr mag ug pbdgbstd y quc sus idhbebdrcs ecs vdydg d vcr dmtudr. Ce mrcmbhbcgta nce deuhgdna, fdmc quc mahbcgmc d =:
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
scgtbr ce hbcna de rbnèmuea, pcra ce Zraicsar 4 fdmc magibdr de deuhgdna cg quc mudgta hckar prcpdrd eds alrds, hcgas hbcna tcgnrä. ]aea cg de`ugd amdsbýg cg quc fd tcgbna quc tamdr nc hcharbd fd fdlbna ed pasblbebndn nc quc mahcgzdrd d gc`drsc d rcdebzdred, pcra, rcdebzägnaed de ibg, dugquc ec fulbcrd ideedna ed hcharbd, ga rcmblèd ugd pcgdebzdmbýg par ceea, y altbcgc ug rciucrza pasbtbva cg ed gatd. Ce Zraicsar < cxpagc quc eds cstrdtc`bds quc rcdebzd, vdg cgiamdnds d cxpasbmbagcs magtraednds cg eds quc bgtcrvbcgcg ce cstunba bgtcrbarbzdna nc ed pdrtbturd, ce ncsdrraeea nc ed magmcgtrdmbýg y ed hcharbd, scsbagcs nc `rdldmbýg prcvbds d eds dunbmbagcs y dunbmbagcs cg medsc. Cg humfds amdsbagcs, sc fd cgmagtrdna quc ce gbvce nc prcpdrdmbýg nce praicsardna cg cstd hdtcrbd, cs csmdsa. Zar ceea, sc fd bgtcgtdna magamcr sb ce praicsardna cgmucstdna, sc fdlèd iarhdna a fdlèd ecèna lbleba`rdièd de rcspcmta. Ce praicsar 4 bgnbmd quc dsbstbý d medscs mag ce psbmýea`a quc fd pulebmdna vdrbas eblras de rcspcmta salrc ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg eas hûsbmas, @ubeecrha Ndebd. Dugquc bgnbmd quc ea quc häs ec fd dyundna d trdldkdr csc dspcmta, fd sbna dsbstbr d tcrdpbd, magsbncrdgna quc ec fdg dpartdna humfas magambhbcgtas quc fd pucsta cg prämtbmd cg su edlar maha namcgtc. Ce praicsar < mahcgtd quc fd dsbstbna d de`ûg mursa pcra quc magsbncrd nc pamd magsbstcgmbd y rcsuetdna. Cs nc bhpartdgmbd, eds dsb`gdturds cspcmèibmds salrc dspcmtas rcedmbagdnas mag ed psbmaea`èd nce hbcna csmâgbma, par ceea, ed ûetbhd mucstbýg quc sc fd rcdebzdna crd sdlcr sb eas praicsarcs cgmucstdnas magsbncrdldg quc nclcrèd scr ugd dsb`gdturd cspcmèibmd, ed arbcgtdnd d cstc mdhpa, a, par ce magtrdrba, magtr drba, nclèd cg`ealdrsc cg`ealdrsc ncgtra nc ed dsb`gdturd nc bgstruhcgta. Ce praicsar 4, magsbncrd bhpartdgtc magnumbr eds chambagcs quc punbârdhas br cxpcrbhcgtdgna d ea edr`a nc ed vbnd, par ceea, mrcc quc ed mrcdmbýg nc ugd dsb`gdturd bgtranumtarbd nurdgtc eds cgscôdgzds praicsbagdecs panrèd dyundrgas d mrcmcr maha hûsbmas, dmahpdôdna nce mubndna nce mucrpa. Ce praicsar < tdhlbâg tdhlbâg magsbncrd magsbncrd bhpartdgtc ugd dsb`gdturd dsb`gdturd quc trdtc cstc cstc dspcmta, pcra pcra pdrtbcgna nc ed prchbsd nc ga scr ug pralechd quc bgmdpdmbtd, bgmdpdmbtd, sbga ug fcmfa quc fdy quc dprcgncr d magtraedr. magtraedr. Ce diragtdr cstd rcdebndn rcdebndn ncsnc cstc pugta nc vbstd, vbstd, cebhbgd d murdgncras murdgncras =4
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
sdevdvbnds y vbvbnarcs nc cstc pralechd y ea iamdebzd cg eas praicsbagdecs quc fdg cxpcrbhcgtdna ed vbvcgmbd nce csmcgdrba.
=<
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
YBB.
MAGMES]BAGC]
Ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg ce deuhgdna nc magscrvdtarba magscrvdtar ba cs ugd rcdebndn quc ga panchas panchas nckdr nc ndrec ed bhpartdgmbd gcmcsdrbd pdrd quc dquceeas hûsbmas quc ed suircg, cg hdyar a hcgar hcnbnd, pucndg tcgcr eds fcrrdhbcgtds fcrrdhbc gtds gcmcsdrbds pdrd pancr magtraedred. magtraedr ed. D ed vbstd nc eas rcsuetdnas quc sc fdg altcgbna cg gucstrd bgvcstb`dmbýg, sc pucnc magmeubr quc cxbstc ugd `rdg nbicrcgmbd cgtrc dsb`gdturds quc sc bhpdrtcg cg eds cgscôdgzds cechcgtde y praicsbagde mahpdrdnds mahpdrdnds mag eds quc sc bhpdrtcg cg eds eds cgscôdgzds cgscôdgzds supcrbarcs, par ea quc, ga cs fdstd ce demdgmc nc cstas mursas, mudgna ce deuhgdna pucnd ndrsc mucgtd nc quc ed dgsbcndn cs de`a quc ea ircgd d ed fard nc mrcmcr husbmdehcgtc, mag ea mude, dquceeas hûsbmas quc nckdg eas cstunbas ugd vcz tcrhbgdna eds cgscôdgzds praicsbagdecs, pucnc quc ea quc ga qubcrdg cs sc`ubr fdmbcgna fdmbcgna de`a quc scd ug suirbhbcgta d ed fard nc dmtudr. Cg ce mdsa nc eas magscrvdtarbas nc cgscôdgzds supcrbarcs y eds dsb`gdturds nc gdturdeczd mcrmdgd de hbcna csmâgbma, sc alscrvd quc saea cg ce mbgmucgtd par mbcgta nc eas magscrvdtarbas cs cg eas quc sc bhpdrtc de`ûg tbpa nc dsb`gdturd aleb`dtarbd pdrd magtraedr eas idmtarcs nc ed dgsbcndn. Zar ea tdgta, sc fdmc, mudgta hcgas, bgsuibmbcgtc sb magsbncrdhas quc cs ugd hdtcrbd tdg bhpartdgtc cg vaz nc ed hdyar pdrtc nc eas hûsbmas. Eedhd ed dtcgmbýg, quc cg ce mdsa nc eds pra`rdhdmbagcs nbnämtbmds nc eas bgstruhcgtas, amurrd quc sc cvdeûc ug magmcpta maha cs ed rcedkdmbýg a ed magmcgtrdmbýg dpdrcgtc nce bgstruhcgtbstd, mudgna cg eds pra`rdhdmbagcs ga cxbstc ug trdldka sbhbedr nc cstd pdrtc nc ed dmtudmbýg. Maha mudequbcr pralechd tâmgbma quc sc gas pedgtcd d ed fard nc bgtcrprctdr ugd pdrtbturd, nclchas ndrgas mucgtd quc cs d ed fard nc dmtudr cg pûlebma, mudgna eas pralechds sc hd`gbibmdg nc tde iarhd quc, pdsdkcs quc cg medsc a cg ce cstunba nbdrba panchas eec`dr d magtraedr, cg ce hahcgta nc ed dmtudmbýg, sur`cg mahpebmdmbagcs mahpebmdmbagcs nc tbpa t bpa hcgtde, husmuedr a ugd hczmed nc eds nas, quc quc gas eecvdg eecvdg d pcrncr ce magtrae, par hahcgtas, hahcgtas, nc ed alrd quc bgtcrprctdhas. Cstd mdusd, ed dtrblubhas, prbgmbpdehcgtc d quc ga fchas prcpdrdna lbcg gucstrd dmtudmbýg. Cg mbcrta pugta, cstd dibrhdmbýg cs mbcrtd, parquc ga gas prcamupdhas nc prcpdrdr tanas eas idmtarcs quc supagcg ugd dmtudmbýg. Cvdnbhas nc ed prcpdrdmbýg, ed pdrtc hcgtde y nc ==
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
magmcgtrdmbýg quc gcmcsbtdhas pdrd muhpebr mag gucstra alkctbva nc fdmcr ugd cxmcecgtc pucstd cg csmcgd. Ed magmcgtrdmbýg y ed rcedkdmbýg sag nas cechcgtas, cechcgta s, dnfcrbnas d humfas humfas cstunbas cstu nbas nc dgsbcndn csmâgbmd, quc sag gcmcsdrbas pdrd magtrblubr d ed muehbgdmbýg nc gucstras alkctbvas drtèstbmas. Zdrd pancr ncsdrraeedreas cg tand su mdpdmbndn, cs gcmcsdrba tcgcr ug magtrae tatde nc eds pdrtcs nc gucstra mucrpa quc nc ceeas ncpcgnc, y par ea tdgta, fdlcr fcmfa ug cgtrcgdhbcgta magtbgua, sbhbedr de quc fdmchas ièsbmdhcgtc mudgna qucrchas qucrchas hdgtcgcrgas cg iarhd, nc altcgcr a ltcgcr ce deta `rdna nc magmcgtrdmbýg quc rcqubcrc dmtudr dgtc ug pûlebma. ]c dtrbluyc humfd bhpartdgmbd d eds dunbmbagcs, quc nurdgtc ce mursa, y cg ce hbsha mcgtra cg ce quc sc cstunbd, sc fdmcg pdrd ―prcpdrdr‘, ug rcmbtde nc ibg nc `rdna ncspuâs nc mdtarmc dôas nc mdrrcrd. Zcra ed rcdebndn, cs quc cstds dunbmbagcs, cg humfas mdsas, ûgbmdhcgtc dsbstcg maha pûlebma, mahpdôcras mahpdôcras y praicsarcs nce hbsha bgstruhcgta bgstru hcgta quc csc nèd dunbmbagd, par ea quc, cs ug pûlebma magambna, y quc cg humfas mdsas panchas pcgsdr quc pucnd scr häs magsmbcgtc nc eas crrarcs quc mahctchas quc nc ed husbmdebndn quc trdgshbtbhas, mag ea mude, cgiamdhas gucstrd dmtudmbýg d ea hcrdhcgtc hcrdhcgtc tâmgbma. t âmgbma. Zar cstc hatbva, sag eds dutarbndncs quc mrcdg eas pedgcs nc cstunba a rcndmtdg eds pra`rdhdmbagcs pra`rdhdmbagcs nbnämtbmds quc nclcg hanbibmdr, hanbibmdr, a bgmeubr bgmeubr cg ceeas, dmtbvbndncs, dmtbvbndncs, a dsb`gdturds dsb`gdturds quc sc amupcg nc patcgmbdr ed idmctd hcgtde cg eas hûsbmas pdrd vaevcr d ndrec su mdrämtcr drtèstbma y ga hcrdhcgtc hcrdhcgtc dmdnâhbma.
=>
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
DGCVA] 4. Mdrtdymucstbagdrbapdrdcepraicsardnacgmucstdna
Tucrbna hdcstra; Hc cgmucgtra rcdebzdgna ug cstunba salrc ce hbcna csmâgbma cg eas magscrvdtarbas cspdôaecs y qucrèd sdlcr ed vbsbýg nc de`ugas praicsarcs salrc ce tchd cg mucstbýg. Zar ceea, cg ce chdbe quc ec cgvèa, ec dnkugta nas namuhcgtas. Ce prbhcra, namuhcgta warn, sc marrcspagnc mag ce pcqucôa mucstbagdrba salrc ed apbgbýg nce praicsardna. Cs scgmbeea, y saea gcmcsbta ugd apbgbýg pcrsagde salrc cstc tchd. Ce sc`ugna, namuhcgta pni, cs ce magscgtbhbcgta pdrd pancr pulebmdr cg hb cstunba su gahlrc. Cg ce mdsa nc cstdr nc dmucrna mag ed pulebmdmbýg nc su gahlrc, maha cgmucstdna, sbhpechcgtc tbcgc quc bhprbhbrea, ibrhdrea, csmdgcdrea nc gucva y vaevârhcea d cgvbdr d cstc marrca kugta mag ce mucstbagdrba. Cg ce mdsa nc ga qucrcr quc sc pulebquc su gahlrc, ga tbcgc häs quc hdgndrhc, ûgbmdhcgtc, ce mucstbagdrba rcspagnbna y ya ea hcgmbagdrâ maha praicsar 4, <, = a >. @rdmbds par su maedlardmbýg y cspcra quc cstc cstunba nc euz d ug pralechd prcscgtc cg humfas mahpdôcras mahpdôcras y, quc par ncs`rdmbd, ga cg humfas magscrvdtarbas fdmcg de`a pdrd cvbtdrea. ]b ga ncscd maedlardr sbhpechcgtc rcspýgndhc pdrd sdlcr quc ga qubcrc maedlardr y dsè lusmdr d atra praicsar praicsar pdrd cgmucstdr. cgmucstdr. Sg dlrdza \ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna magtdmtaJrulcgstruhpct.mah Jrulcgstruhpct 4.
Mucstbagdrba
d. ±Mrcc quc cs bhpartdgtc ce hbcna csmâgbma cg ed vbnd praicsbagde nc ug hûsbma1 l. ±Fdmc de`a, ustcn pcrsagdehcgtc, pdrd hckardr ce rcgnbhbcgta nc sus deuhgas cg pûlebma1 m. ±]c fd iarhdna a fd ecèna lbleba`rdièd de rcspcmta1 =3
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
n. ±Magsbncrd ±Magsbncrd quc nclcrèd scr ugd dsb`gdturd, a, ugd pdrtc nc ed dsb`gdturd nc bgstruhcgta1 <.
Magscgtbhbcgta Bgiarhdgna Bgiarhdgna nce trdtdhbcgta nc ndtas pcrsagdecs
BGYC]^B@DMBÝG ]AL\C CE HBCNA C]MÂGBMA CG EA] MAG]C\YD^A\BA] C]ZDÔAEC] \CDE MAG]C\YD^A\BA MAG]C\YD^A\BA ]SZC\BA\ NC HÛ]BMD NC HDN\BN Fakd nc magscgtbhbcgta bgiarhdna Zar cstc namuhcgta magsbcgta pdrtbmbpdr cg ce cstunba salrc ―Ce hbcna cs mâgbma cg eas magscrvdtarbas cspdôaecs‘. Cgtbcgna quc rcdebzdrâ ug mucstbagdrba mag prc`ugtds salrc hb vbsbýg y su dpebmdmbýg cg eds dueds nce hbcna csmâgbma. Cgtbcgna quc hbs rcspucstds scräg pûlebmds. Fc sbna bgiarhdna y cgtbcgna quc ce cstunba ga prctcgnc rcma`cr bgiarhdmbýg salrc pcrsagds cspcmèibmds, y quc tanas eas ndtas scräg manbibmdnas hdgtcgbcgna ce dgagbhdta sb dsè ea ncsca. Magsbcgta quc eds rcspucstds scdg pulebmdnds pulebmdnds cg ce nbmfa n bmfa trdldka trdldka a nbiugnbnas par atras hcnbas nc ed mahugbndn mbcgtèibmd. ]c magsbncrd quc nbmfa magscgtbhbcgta bgiarhdna cs dmcptdna par ce pdrtbmbpdgtc, ugd vcz quc sc rcmbld d ed nbrcmmbýg nce dutar nce prcscgtc cstunba hcnbdgtc chdbe ed fakd nc rcspucstds muhpebhcgtdnd nce mucstbagdrba hcgmbagdna. hcgmbagdna. Cg mdsa nc tcgcr de`ugd mucstbýg salrc cstd fakd nc magscgtbhbcgta pýg`dsc cg magtdmta mag nbmfa dutar d trdvâs tr dvâs nce chdbe magtdmtaJrulcgstruhpct.mah <. \cedmbýgncmagscrvdtarbasmagsuetdnas
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba ]upcrbar nc Hûsbmd nc ]dedhdgmd
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd nc Ydeednaebn
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd ―Kasâ Mdstra Avckcra‘ nc Ecýg
Magscrvdtarba ]upcrbar nc Hûsbmd ―Hdguce Mdstbeea‘ nc ]cvbeed
Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd ―Hdguce Mdrrd‘ nc Häed`d
\cde Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd ―Hdguce nc Ideed‘ nc Mänbz
Magscrvdtarba ]upcrbar nc Hûsbmd nc Drd`ýg
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd nc Fucsmd =9
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd ―Kasâ Zcrbs Edmdsd‘ nc Demdôbz
Magscrvdtarba ]upcrbar nc Hûsbmd nce Zrbgmbpdna Zrb gmbpdna nc Dsturbds ―Cnudrna Hdrtègcz ^argcr‘
Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd ―Hdgmahugbndn Ydeec nce Gdeýg‘ nc Edg`rca
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd nc @bkýg
Magscrvdtarba ]upcrbar nc Hûsbmd nc eds Bseds Ldecdrcs
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd nc Blbzd y Iarhcgtcrd
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd nc Hcgarmd
Magscrvdtarba ]upcrbar nc Hûsbmd nc Mdgdrbds (]cnc nc @rdg Mdgdrbd y nc ^cgcrbic)
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd nc ]dgtd Mruz nc ^cgcrbic
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd Hû sbmd nc Eds Zdehds nc @rdg Mdgdrbd
Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd ―Kcsûs nc Hagdstcrba‘ nc ]dgtdgncr
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd nc ^arrcedv ^arr cedvc`d c`d
Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd ―Kdmbgta @ucrrcra‘ nc ^aecna
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd ―Hdrmas \cnagna‘ nc Mbundn \cde
Mcgtra Dutarbzdna nc @rdna ]upcrbar ―Ebmcu‘ nc Ldrmceagd
Csmuced ]upcrbar nc Hûsbmd nc Mdtdeuôd (C]HSM)
Magscrvdtarba ]upcrbar nc Hûsbmd ―Lagbidmba @be‘ nc Ldndkaz
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd nc Dehcgnrdecka
Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd ―Fcrhdgas Lcrzasd‘ nc Mämcrcs
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba ]upcrbar nc Hûsbmd nc Ed Maruôd
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd nc Yb`a
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd nc Eu`a
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd nc Ed \bakd
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd nc Mdedfarrd
\cde Magscrvdtarba ]upcrbar nc Hûsbmd nc Hdnrbn
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd nc Hcebeed
Magscrvdtarba ]upcrbar nc Hûsbmd ―Hdguce Hdssattb Ebttce‘ nc Hurmbd
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd ―Hdcstra Kdbhc Kdbhc Eýpcz‘ nc Haebgd nc ]c`urd
Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd ―Gdrmbsa Rcpcs‘ nc Earmd
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba ]upcrbar nc Hûsbmd nc Gdvdrrd
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd ―Zdlea ]drdsdtc‘ nc Zdhpeagd Zdhpeagd
Mcgtra Dutarbzdna ]upcrbar nc Hûsbmd nce Zdès Zd ès Ydsma (HS]BOCGC) =0
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd ―Kcsûs @urbnb‘ nc Ybtarbd
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd ―Irdgmbsma Csmuncra‘ nc ]dg ]cldstbäg ]cldstbäg
Magscrvdtarba ]upcrbar nc Hûsbmd ―Kadquèg \anrb`a‘ nc Ydecgmbd
Magscrvdtarba Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd Hûsb md ―@ubtdrrbstd Kasâ ^ahäs‘ nc Debmdgtc
Magscrvdtarba Zraicsbagde nc Hûsbmd ―Hcstrc ^ärrc`d‘ nc Mdstceeýg nc ed Zedgd.
=6
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
BGNBMC NC IB@S\D] Ib`urd 4. @räibma pdrd ed mahpdrdmbýg nc parmcgtdkcs nc dsb`gdturds cgiamdnds d eas nbicrcgtcs idmtarcs bgieuycgtcs cg ce hbcna csmâgbma .............................................................................. <> Ib`urd <. \cedmbýg \cedmbýg cgtrc dsb`gdturds dsb`gdturds aleb`dtarbds a leb`dtarbds y aptdtbvds cg eas cstunbas supcrbarcs. ........ <3 Ib`urd =. Mahpdrdmbýg cgtrc cstunba y cvdeudmbýg nce hbcna csmâgbma cg eds cgscôdgzds cechcgtde cechcgtdecs cs .................................. ................................................... .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ..................... .... <9 Ib`urd >. Mahpdrdmbýg cgtrc cstunba y cvdeudmbýg nce hbcna csmâgbma cg cgscôdgzds praicsbagdecs.................. ........ ................... .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. ............. <0 Ib`urd 3. Mahpdrdmbýg cgtrc cstunba y cvdeudmbýg nce hbcna csmâgbma cg cgscôdgzds supcrbarcs ................................... ................................................... .................................. ................................... .................................. .................................. ................................... ..................... ... <6
=2
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
LBLEBA@\DIÈD -
Dhcrbmdg Zsymfbdtrbm Dssambdtbag. Hdgude Nbd`gýstbma Nbd`gýstbma y Cstdnèstbma Cstdnèstbma nc eas (N]H ” BY-^\). BY-^\). Ldrmceagd, Cspdôd; Hdssag. <::<. ^rdgstargas Hcgtdecs. (N]H ”
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Drgdbz \anrè`ucz, Hdtca . Ed bgtcrprctdmbýg husbmde y ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd; vdebndmbýg nc ug bgstruhcgta nc nbd`gýstbma y su dpebmdmbýg cg eas cstunbdgtcs cspdôaecs nc Magscrvdtarba ]upcrbar nc Hûsbmd . <:43.
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Ldeecstcr Hdrtègcz, Kasâ. Sg cstunba nc ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg eas hûsbmas nc eas magscrvdtarbas nc ed \c`býg nc Hurmbd. Sgbvcrsbndn
nc Hurmbd. Ncpdrtdhcgta nc
Fbstarbd nce Drtc. <:43. -
Ldreaw, Ndvbn F. Sgrdvcebg` tfc hystcrbcs ai dgxbcty dgn bts nbsarncrs irah tfc pcrspcmtbvc pcrspcmtbvc ai chatbag tfcary . <:::.
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Ldreaw, N. F. Dgxbcty dgn bts nbsarncrs; nbsarncrs; tfc gdturc dgn trcdthcgt trcdthcgt ai dgxbcty dgn pdgbm. Gcw Raro; ^fc @ubeniarn Zrcss, <::<.
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Mdldeea, Y., Ycrdgbd, D. y Lds, I. Ialbd sambde. Hdgude pdrd ce trdtdhbcgta ma`gbtbva magnumtude nc eas trdstargas psbmaeý`bmas. Yae.B ^rdstargas par dgsbcndn, scxudecs, dicmtbvas y psbmýtbmas.
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Nbrb`bna par Ybmcgtc Mdldeea. Hdnrbn; ]b`ea VVB, 4220.
Ndebd Mbrukcnd, @. Mýha supcrdr ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg hûsbmas.; Sg hâtana cibmdz pdrd nahbgdr eas gcrvbas gcrvbas dgtc eds dmtudmbagcs husbmdecs.
Hdnrbn, Cspdôd; Hugnbhûsbmd
cnbmbagcs, ].E., <::<.
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@aôb, D. ct de. Zsbmaea`èd nc ed cnumdmbýg sambapcrsagde . Hdnrbn; Iugndhcgtas, 4229.
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Fdhbetag, Mfcrye. Mahhugbmdtbg` iar rcsuets . 426<. >:
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas -
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
Kdrdhbeea, Karqucrd. ―±CVB]^C SGD NBNÄM^BMD NCE BG]^\SHCG^A HS]BMDE1‘. HS]BMDE1‘. Ecchc, ga. 2. (<::<).
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Ocggy, Nbdggd ^. ^fc psymfaea`y ai husbm pcriarhdgmc dgxbcty . <:44.
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Aralba`abmacmfcd, Aralba`abmacmfcd, C. Cstunba cxpeardtarba cxpeardtarba salrc ed pcrmcpmbýg nc dmtbtuncs nc eas ea s deuhgas nc bgstruhcgta nce \M]HH cg ce hdrma nc ed rciarhd cnumdtbvd. ^rdldka
bgânbta. NCD, Sgbvcrsbndn ]CO, <::0. -
Aralba`abmacmfcd, Aralba`abmacmfcd, Cecgd. Ed prcscgmbd prcscgmbd csmâgbmd csmâgbmd cg ce ce bgtârprc bgtârprctc tc husbmde; husbmde; Sg cstunba nc mdsa. <:4<.
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Zcurbiay, \cgcdu [. Ycgzd sus tcharcs. Dgsbcndn, ialbds y pägbma. Zsbmaea`èd prämtbmd. Ldrmceagd, Cspdôd; cnbmbagcs \albg Laao, <::3.
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\anrb`ucz Hdrma, Hbrbdh. ±Eas magscrvdtarbas prcpdrdg psbmaeý`bmdhcgtc de deuhgdna ircgtc d ugd dmtudmbýg1 Dgsbcndn csmâgbmd cg ed praicsbýg husbmde
.
Sgbvcrsbndn Kduhc B. <:49. -
csmâgbmd cg hûsbmas hûsbmas nc `rdna supcrbar supcrbar y su [drzd Dezu`drdy, I. Kdvbcr. Ed dgsbcndn csmâgbmd rcedmbýg mag ce aptbhbsha nbspasbmbagde.
Cnumdmbýg. <:4<.
>4
Sgbvcrsbndn nc [drd`azd. Idmuetdn nc
^rdldka Ibg nc Cstunbas
\ulâg Mcrqucbrd Zrdna
CGEDMC] PCL
ZAEBIAGBD. www.paebiagbd-tg.ar`
BG]^B^S^A HBGNISEGC]]; HBGNISEGC]]; fttp;//www.bgstbtutahbgniuegcss.me/quc-cs-hbgniuegcss/
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