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Títu Título origin igina al: O desafio ambi=tal Carlos Walte! Walte! Porto-Gon~alves ves @Carlos Walte! Porto-Gon~alves, ves, 2004 2004 DerechQs exclusivos de la edición en portug'.J és: Dístribu DístribuídOía ídOía Reco Record rd de Scrví~ Scrví~os de de Imprensa, S. A. Rua Argentina 171, Río Rí o de J aneíro, RJ , 20921-380 -380 Prim Primera edición dición en espa español: 2006 2006 . @Progr @Progra ama de las Nacion Nacione es Unidas para el Me M edio Ambiente iente Oficina Reg Regional para Am A mérica L atina tina y el Caribe Caribe Boulev Bouleva ard de los Virre Vi rreyes 155, col col L omas de Villey il leye es, 1100 11000, México, D. F www.pnuma.otg
Red de Form Formación Ambienta biental Coord Coordina inado dor: r: Enriqu Enrique e L eff Tud Tuduccióo ióo;-Ed ;-Edic ició ión n-y-Bia -y-Biagrarnación ión:-Ma :-Mau uro-Man -Mansuy-I::ó -I::ópez
I SBN: 968-7 968-791 913-36-3 3-36-3
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L A NATURA ATURAL L EZA EZA DE LA GLOBALIZACIÓN y LA
GL OBAL I ZACIÓN ACIÓN
DE L A NATURA ATURAL L EZA EZA
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•
Porto-Gont;alves
13
1. Globalizaci6n, ¿qué imagen es esa? LaTie Tierra es un globo: la fuerza de la (metáfora) globalizaci6 i6n
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Estábamos a fin finales de los años cincuenta y el cosmonauta ruso Y uri Gagarin veJ a por primera vez la Tier Tierra desde el espacio. io. "La Tie Tierra es azul" dijo. Los Los Estados Unidos, sintiéndose parcialmente derrotados enla catten. espacia cial (y enlatecnológica), desattollaron un osado proyecto espacial que culminada con lanaveA veApollo lo-a que fIn de cuentas se trataba de mostrarlo 10 más bonito-, descenderia ria añosmás tarde(19 rde (1969)suavementeenl nteenlaLun aLuna. IL~Tietta en azul, redonda y pequeña, considerada desde esepunto devi devista sta!
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Esa imagen seriau ria un duro golpe para lavisión la visión antropocéntrica. Nosotros que nos considerábamos los sf:ñorescid mundo, por lo menos en la versión dela Europa renacentista, nos veíamos ahora pasajeros de un pequeño planeta -la -la nave Tie L Tie.tt~erau raun Tien~ .aTie planeta fin fi nito•.li .libreen,el espacio .in .infin finito;esas ideas comenzaron a dejar de ser conceptos f.tlosóficosyciff óficosy ciffiitifico tificos para convertirse rtirse en imagen. Y apartir de esa época, la imagen sevolvió lvió cada veZmás poderosa.
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La idea de que estamosinm os inmersos.en un globo yano esfrut esfruto de la capacidad de abstracción, a partir de la cual habíamos hecho globos terráqueos de plástico, detie de tieno, de papel o de madera, a losqu osquemanipulábamos enlasescuelas.No. Ahorae hora estamosi osinmersos en un globo lib li bree re en el espacio,p cio, pero es un globo que está.enaq tá.enaquél lugar, objetivamente, y que nos fue mostrado a través de una fotog fotografi rafia a. ¡La ¡La Tie Ti erra es un un globo! lobo! Mása Más alládeser azul, redonda y fin finita, laTi aTierrano rranotie tiene fronteras, ano ser lasdelana delanaturaleza, como lasdela delasnubes en sumovimiento, sutile iles; o la de los océanos y los continentes, diluida diluidas y vagas.L s. La idea deglob deglobalización que bie:n..parecíasuperar todas las barreras se muestra algo banal. ¡Laglob ¡Laglobalización senaturaliza!
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14
El desafío fí o ambiental
A fin decu de cue enta ntas, la l a Tie Ti erra está stá en aquél lugar, libre libre en el espa espacio, desnud snuda a, ¡natura turaleza leza pura purall L as diferencias ncias entre ntre los pue pueblos no aparece recen. n. Poderosa im i magen esaqu saque e sobreva revalloriza al plane planeta yesco yescond nde e . a los pueblos y a las cultu:ra ltu:ras. Hay Hay que tener cuida cuidado do con con la idea idea dequ de que e esta sta!nos !nos ante nte una comtmcción ~tura1; no debe debemos pasar por alto que que en en lasdive las diversa rsas fotog fotografi rafia as que se proye royecta ctan de la Tie Ti erra en en . el espa spacio está stá el asta sta del satélite li te desde sde dond donde e fue fot f otog ogra rafi fia ada. L a técnica cnica por por encitna ncitna de la imagen. Pero Pero detr.ás de la lente nte siem siempre pre habrá algui guien observando. rvando. En esteca ste caso~ so~un poderos poderoso o sistema técnico técnico como soporte de quien observa y comunica, nica, el saté satélitecon te con sus objetiv~ ~ . '.¡.
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Tod Todos los los día días s recibim ibimo os vía sa satélite lite, a través de los los me medios ios de comunicación, icación, un mundo undo editad? en pedazos, zos, 10que 10que contribu contribuye ye a que que constru construyam yamos una una imagen del mund mundo o que que nos ha haga senti ntir, cada cada vez vez más, que que nue nuestro stro destino stino está stá liga ligado do a lo que que aconte contece en "e "el mundo undo,, en el plane planeta. ta. Globa Globaliza~ za~ón, mundiali undializac zaciión, plan;et plan;eta ariza rización ción son son palabra labras s que que cada vez más comienzan a const constru ruir ir un nuevo destino stino de comunida nidad, en la l a que la l a vida de cad cada uno uno ya no esta stará más lig li gada al luga lugar o al país en el que sen se nace, por lo menos no del mismo modo odo que que antes. ..'., ..'.,.. .. L a Tierra T ierra. será será cada cada vez más globa globaliza li zada da. L a natura turaleza leza de. la globa globaliza li zación, ción, no podr podría ía tener más lejos a ~uestros stros cora corazone zones y me11tes. ~ N o debemos dejar delad de lado o que que la ne~ción de la eseala local y la idea idealiza li zación ción de la esca scala globa global dicen dicen muc mucho ho sobr sobre e quien quiene es 500los los protagonistasdeesavalorinri ón/ desva1 desva1o.t: o.t:iizarión.N zarión.No o sanl sanlos os campesi pesinos, nos, por por ejemplo, los que desva svalorizan lorizan la esca escala local; tampocO ocO los indíge indígena nas o los 3froa 3froameticanos o los pueblos deMri de Mrica ca, Oceania o Asia, sia, quien quiene es han const constru ruido ido sus sus cultura culturas con una relación relación muy cerca cercana na a la natlttal tlttaleza y con sing singularida ularidade des locales muy~ muy~fuerte fuertes. L a sobr sobre evalora valoración ción de la la esc esca ala globa global lle ll ega a su eta etapa de aug auge e por. medio d~los d~los que que rea reafirm fi rman suide suident ntida idad d a través de ella ll a: lasgra las grande ndes transnacionakJ akJ ,1as organizaciones multil corporaciones transnacion ultilateral rales. (Banco (Banco
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Porto-Gonljalves
15
Fondo Monetario rio Internacional, Organización Mundial de Comercio. Orga Organizaci nizaciones no Gube Gubernamenta ntales), toda~ esas instituciones f3 las personas y gru grupos que las mantienen) que se reafirman deshacie ciendo el papel del delos Estados naci nacionales (y delos sujetos y grupos pos que los sustentan). Desna Desnaturalizemos, pues. esos términos nos tan emblemáticos: ticos:tra trans nsnacion ciona ales,i s, internacion ciona al, mundial, dial, no-gobierno (escala) nacional pe este ste modo, globalización zación no es un término neutro. neutro.
Mundial,
La imagen dela el aTie Ti erracomo un globo lobo no caeene een el vacío cuando com comienza a ser usada más ampliamente. Es la idea de un mu mundoi dointegrado quesuperalasl eralasliimitacionesloca tacioneslocales,siem ,siempreaco preacompañado del humanismo europeo, sobre todo todo después del Renaci acimiento y la instauración ción del sistema-mundo-modemo-colon o-coloniial. En el Manifie fi esto sto Comunista sta de 1848puede leerse rse el entusiasm siasmo de la las posibilida ibilidades que se ab abrían para la humanidad con con la superación ración por por el capital pitalismodela delaslimitacion cionesloca slocalesynaciona ynacionales, pues. con con el desarrol rrollo de sus fuerzas prod producti ctivas, "to "tod do lo lo que es sólid li do se dilu il uyeen el aire". ire". Laprocla roclam ma era: ¡"Prolet ¡"Proleta arios de to C Ú J el Seestablecie leciero ron n lal. la l. J I. J II Y laI la IV Internacion cionales les y mundo, unÍos"l Sees se creía. de manera mucho menos critica critica que hoy. oy. en el caráct rácte er emancipa cipatorio que la ciencia y la técnica prop roporcion rciona aban a la humanidad. Se hablaba. asimismo, sin mayor preocup preocupación ción.. del carácte rácter civil civiliizatoriode zatoriodellacie cienci nciatal como sepraá raáicaba enlaEuro aEuropa pa Oecidental.
La expa xpansiónd sión del capitalismoseadornabaco ba con n un aurad ra demisión civi civillizatoria ria,con10queseabsolví ueseabsolvíae ael etno etnoci cidio dioy elge elgenoci nocidio diocom cometido tido
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•
16
E l desa desafio fio ambient ambiental al
del deseo deseo de En los años 60 se se pod podía escuc scuch har, en las barricadas del mayo de19 de 1968, 68, el grito grito deAb'fio Iasjrontmzs. En los años ños 70, 70, el señor ñor J acques Maiso Maisomouge, ejec jecutivo utivo ~ la multi multinac nacional ional m M . decía: d e " hace hacemos nuestro stro el gri grito to del 68 de; abajo abajo las fron fr onte teras", ras", afum afumando ando que 10hacia, 10hacia, incluso, incluso, por por razone razones ecológ cológica icas, s, en la medida en que la
natura turaleza leza no resp respeta lasfront las fronte eras ras ent entre re losEsta los Estados dos (Bamet y Mülle üller, 1974). Como se pue puede ver, a partir partir de punto puntos s de vist vista a tan tan diferen diferente tes s -ilustrac -ilustración ión burgu burgue esa., a., marxista, anarquis narquista ta,, ecológ cológica ica,, lo m.ism m.ismo que que de un un alto eje ejec cutivo utivo de una una multin multina aciona ional-, l-, era fas fascinant inante e la idea idea de la globaliza lobalizació ción n como la supe uperación ración de las fronte fronteras y de las las barre barr er as loc l ocale ales s y nacionales. ,
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nos nos debe sorprend rprende er,.
por por tant tanto o., la fasc fascinac inación ión
que que va
adquirie iriendo la idea de la globaliza li zación ción,, sob sobre tod todo en los últimos últimos treinta o cuare cuarenta nta años años,, cuan cuando do una nue nueva r evolución volución en las relaciorelacio-
nes de pod poder por medio de la tecnolog cnología ía -particula rticulan nnente
en el el
cam campo delascom del ascomunicacione ciones-- hizo posible posible las condic condicione iones materiale ri ales s pata pata la impo impos siCión iCi ón del mlsmo discu discurso rso a escala cala plane planetari taria a, coa coa lo que que se estable tableció un verdade rdadero oligo ligopolio polio mundia undiall de 'las fuentes emisoras
eilI il I os medios
de com comunicación, ción,
tal com como la proporciona proporcionara ra
establec;.iólas ólas hJ. hJ ._,reyo~~~pn_, pn_,~e:rgéti e:rgética,~ ca,~ ~ 9n m~q~_a_d _dey:a :apor, r, que establec;.i condicio ndicione nes
pata pata una nue nueva estrate trategia
de globa lobaliza lizac ción ión
de-la
.na .natura turalez leza aa partir rtir del siglo XV Ur. . No era la ptime ptimera vez vez que que el el ser ser hum humano saltara ltara sobr sobre e la l a Tie Ti erra, dando ""a ""a mirada de sobrevu (HannaA Arend rendt) ala alaiidea más radir3 radir3JJ .del sobrevuelo elo (Hanna pensam nsamiento iento mode odemo-colo o-colonial nial que los europe europeos se im pu~ a si mismos y al mundo undo.. Vis Vi sta desde lo alto, la T:ie T:i eua apa aparece rece sin fronte fronteras y aque quel mundo undo que que en m3:Y m3:Y o de 68 68 tampoco poco que quería rí a fronte fronteras vio
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julio julio de 1969 1969 su
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PortoPorto-Gon~ Gon~alves
De esta sta manera., ra., la politiza politización ción de la con contracultu cultura ra de ma mayo de 68 ¡se contrapone a la técnica de julio de 19691La preocupación perma rmanece. ce. L a racion raciona alid li dad com comunica unicativa tiva es la racion raciona alida li dad instr instruu-
mental (J , Habe Haberma rmas), la taZón taZón Yla Y la emoción oción tend tendrá rán n que que ajusta justar sus sus cuentas, ya sea negándose o dialpgando. La razó razón n objet objettv tva aes una
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razón razón intersu intersubjet bjetiva iva y no será la misma isma desde sde enton ntonce ce:.;. :.;. ¡Habrá ¡Habrá que que busc busca ar otra otrass racion raciona alida li dadesl Enrique Enrique L eff propo propone ne una una raciona cionalida li dad raciona alida li dades espe specífica cífi cass ambiental en la que esasracion puedan etlcontratse por medio de la cultu cultura ra y dela autonomía delos delos pue pueblos. blos.
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po, el desa desafio fi o ambienta bientall será aprop apropiado iado de una Al mismo tiempo,
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manera muy especifica por los que com comanda ndan el actua ctual periodo neoli liberal desde una perspectiv iva esencialmente económicQ-
fina fi nanciera nciera, Ellos El los afirm fi rma an que que elAbqo
lasfronte lasfronteras
corre corresp spon onde de a la
diná dinámica de la na natura turalez leza a, en la l a medida dida en que ésta ésta no resp respe eta las fronte frontera rass ent¡¡e nt¡¡e los países íses y, así, legitim legitima a las polí política ticas de cará caráct cte er libe li beral ral com como aq,• q,•.• ellas pro prop puestas por la Org Orga anizació ización n Mund Mundial ial de Comercio (OMe), De esta sta forma forma, la globa globallzación lzación neolibe oliberal ral es natural. ral. La glob lobalizac lización de la na naturaleza leza y la naturale raleza za de la globaliza li zación ción se encue ncuentran. Como Como se ve, ve, esta stamos muy lejos de las las res respu pue esta stas a la .carla que nos han sido ido ofrecida idas por un ecologis logism mo ing ingenuo, aunque la mayoría yoría de las las vece vecess bien bien .intenciona ncionado do,, que que los l os medios manipulan nipulan sabiam biamente, te, invitá invitándono donoss a cuida cuidarr nuestca stca basura ura de ca cada día o a alguna lguna espe specie amenazada zada de extinción. xtinción. ¡Haga ¡Haga su parte!, rte!, se seno noss inv i nvita ita cOIlÍ o si la pa parte rte de cad cada uno de nos nosot otro ross en la injusticia injusticia ambien biental tal que que im i mpexa en el mun mundo do fuese igua igual a la de de tod todos; os; com como si el el todo todo
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,
18
El desafio fi o ambiental
cuando obs~os a nuestro planeta desde el espacio y vemos que es pequeño y cuando entendemos que somos apenas una de entreta ntretantas especie ciesviva vivas del delas que depende nuestravi stra vida da? M1rmat q~e la problemática ambiental es, sobre. todo, una cuestión de ética, filos filoso ofia fia y po~tica. es querer :irse :irsepor el camino fácil quenosha enos hasido sidoofre ofrecidom cido mediantem temedidasprácticasy téc:oicas para solucio ionar los graves'p 'problemas de contaminació ión, deforestación ción y erosión. Ese camino nos hacep ce prision risioneros de un pensam iento heredado que es,'é 'él m ism o, parte del problem a analizado.Existe .Existellacreenciaacriti aacriticadequ cadequesie siemprehayunasoluci yunasolución ón técnica para todo. Con eso ign i gnoramos que el sistema. técnico inventado por cualquier socieda ciedad llevad va dentro de si mismo a la sociedadquelo generó, con suscontradicciones propiastra pias traducidas en eseca secampo especifi cifico. Esa creenciaingenua del pape1fedentof ~ dela dela,técnicaesuninve cnicaesuni nventom ntomuyre uyrecie cienteenlahistoriadel ahistoriadelahum ahumanidad ---de ---de laRevoluciónI ónIndustria rial hasta nuestros días- y forma parte del ideario riodelai el aillustracióo. cióo. Esos últimosdo osdoscientos añoscu osculniinan hoy con lanecesidad derepensar larelacióndel cióndelahum ahumanidad con el plane laneta. V ivim ivimos en una sociedad de riesgo riesgo (Giddens y Beck). ,
.Hea .He aquí el caminomás dificil difi cil,,sindu sin duda, quedebemosre osrecorre! si se.0,0s.. qUe!emQ~salir ele.4ttra .4t tram.J ~ º.e.l º.e :, .l;ts ;tsno noqQnes. f~R1~ qu .0,0s..S90 ofrecidaspor losm osmedios de comunicación como "calidad devida" o "desarrollo rrollo sostenible" que, por susu su superficia rfi ciallidad, prepara hoy' contod contoda certezala zalafrustraciónde~ ón de~añana. El debatea teambien~talista, ------------------a-su.vez,adquie.re-fuertes--connotaciones-esquizofrénicas;-1a-gravedad-----------------de los nesgos que enfrenta el planeta contrasta con las tímidas propuesta.s de "plante un árbol", rbol", prom promueva la "separaciqn de la basura" o "desarrolle rrolle el ecoturism rismo". De esafott sa fottna. el estilo de y"el od d rod ción l l ño 60 le
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como, en los años 60, se planteó contra la idea de desarrollo, ll o, ideaclave cid con..rt",c/o moderno. En los años 80 transitamos hacia la idea del "desarrollo sostenible" y, en la década de los 90, hacia la ISO 14000. "certificación verde", proye royectos de separación de la basura o de ecotu.t:ismo. Mie Mientras tanto, ese es un proye royecto de globaliza li zación que vien viene siendo construido desde aniba, por los de arriba, para los "de "de arriba", para usar la metáfora topológica que tanto le gustaba a Flo.te Flo.testan Femandes; pero hay otro proyecto de'globalización que ha estado acercando a sindicalistas. ecologistas, mujeres, indígenas, afrodescendientes, campesinos, roperos, gente sin tierra, gente sin techo, okupas, palestinos tinos, judíos, árabes, mapuches, quechuas, aymaras, gallegos, catalanes, vascos, trabajadores,
habitant bitante es de las perife rif erias delas de las ciuda ciudades ... desde sde Sea Seattle, ttle, Génova Génova, Porto Alegre, Cancún, India.. Todo in i ndica que estamos inmersos en un momento de bifurca bifurcación histór istórica ica, como diria iria TI TIyaPrigogine. en la que se nos presentan. varias opciones. Es notorio orio que, sea cual fuere el proye royecto (op (o proye royectos) que se afia fiance apartir rtir del mundo-qIl6. está-aquí, tendrá que incorporar la dimensión ambiental, sobre todo por los ries riesgos que el capitalis li smo -particularm larmente en los últimos treinta años de periodo neolib liberalprovocó a la humanidad y al planeta. Esperamos encontramos en la las últim ltimas páginas con otra imagen "mucho más fortalecida para enfrentar el desafio fi o ambiental contemporáneo.
2. Cóm o seconfigura lanueva fase desaqueo de la naturaleia (ydel trabajo) en el im aginario io de la globalizacló lón neol1beral
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• •
20
El desa desafifio o ambiental
Wa1que Wa1que presupo supone ne que que las materi teria as prima primas y la energfa, rgfa, frut fruto o del trll trllba bajo de las pobla poblacion cione es de los países íses del Terce Tercerr Mundo, do, deben cont continua inuar fluy fl uye endo ndo en el mismo ismo sent sentido ido y dirección dirección de la geogta ogtafífía a mode odemo-colonial, o-colonial, es decir, decir, hacia los paises ises y clases ricas de los: países íses ncos ncos ~pa ~para la las clase clases ricas ricas d~las region regione es ricas ricas en los países íses pobres. Entonce Entonces;to s;todo do se re~ re~ume "'en ~ómo ómo compe compensa nsarr yga.rantizar-el yga.rantizar-el abas abastecimi tecimien ento to pettnan pettnanen ente te dem demateria ria y energía nergía en Unaetapahistórica pahistórica en la que que el colonia colonialilism smo y el im i mperialism rialismo ya no se suste sustentan ni moral ni éticam éticamente nte. A fin fi n de euenta ntas,"la ide idea de de que que ios hom hombres son iguales, "id "ideaclave de la revolución lución política q u e fundá a la mode oder:o.ida r:o.idad, d, encue ncuentra ntra enorm norme es difi dificultade cultadess en losm os marcos libera beralles para para exte extend nde erse más al allá del de los tettitorios tettitorios europe uropeos os o europe uropeiizado zadoss (Esta (Estados dos Unido Unidoss y Cana Canadá), es decir, en América L atina y el Caribe Caribe~ ~ en África África y en Asia. sia. L a mode odernida rnidad d insepa inseparable rable de la colonia coloniallidad. idad. ,
En Amé América L atina tina y el Carib Caribe e la colon colonia ialida lidad d sobreviv revive e al colonialism colonialismo o por por medio de las idea ideas de desa:n:ol :n:ollo euroce urocent ntrista ristas, s, las cual cuales C?cupanl C?cupanlas as men mente tess y los corazon zones de 1 "lites "lites en'ollas, blanc blanca as o mestizas stizas nacidas cidas en Amé América L as export exporta aciones de
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enAmérica ricaL Latina(ne tina (neocolonialismo).La o).L as denunciaspor explotación ción del delos recursos naturales consagraron té:.ttn :.ttninoscomo pilIaje (pierre ] alée)y saqueo delosrecu delosrecursos naturalespor lospa ospaísesindustrializa triali zados contra los no industrializa riali zados2• El nacionalismo,ca o, casisiem si siempreinv prei nvocando unaideologíadej ología dejus usticia tici a social, y algunasveces calificándose como socialista ciali sta----como en la época de la Guerra Fria sevolvió una poderosa arma con contra el Fria-, sevolvió colonialismo y el imperialism riali smo. El flu fl ujo de materias prim rimas y de energía para 105países industrializa rializados co.t~ co.t~ peligro. Así, el capitalis li smo en su fas fase de globa lobaliza li zaciónfos ción fosil ilista ista-fon -fonlis li staimperialist rialista seveíacuestionado por todas partes. Al igual que en el ceritro ritrodd dd sistemadel mundo colonialm colonial moderno, losEsta osEstados Unido Unidos y laEur aEurop opa Occidental, la contracultura bacian cia notar "el "el malestar de la civiliza civili zación ción" no por 10 que el capitalis li smo en su polo más desarrolla ll ado no ofrecia, sino al contra trat:io,p t:io, por lo l o que ofrecía s e critica criti cabaa baabiertamente el consumismo como estilo stilo devida devi da(hippie! y
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• •
22
El desafio fi o ambiental
no se conslgue pensar fuera de las tefei:e fei:encias del pensamiento modemo colonial" ¡elpe ¡elpensamiento único! Luego, tanto por diado delaof~ la of~ (bienes deco deconsumo) com como de la demanda (recu (recursos naturales), así como por la desigual distribu distribución ción dela de lariqu rique eza, za, el mode odelo fordista fordista-fos -fosililista ista del capitalism li smo en sufa sufaseim seimperia rialistanocons no consiguesustentarse,ni ética tica.nimoralmente. La contaminación y el agotamiento del de losre osrecursos naturales pasan aser temas deint deinterés.i s. inclusivedegrup ve degrupos empresaria riales corno cornoe en el caso del Qub de Roma.
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De esa forma, el period riodo. act actua ual de globa globalización neolibe oliberal difi difierede re deot otros period riodos anterio~ rio~espor la l aespecifi cificidad del desafio fi o ambie iental que lo acom paña y que también 10constit ituye. naturaleza a no Recorde rdemos que, aún en los años 60. el dominio de la naturalez er:at r:atema dede dedebate SID O una solución lución pata el desarrollo llo. Es apa.!ti:r .!ti:r dee~ dee~emomento queinte ueintervien rvi enemás explícit: cit:an anl.ente la lacueitión ambiental Los desafios fi osq que enfrentaron ron; apartir de esedía sedía, lospa los países que siem siempre pre se han beneficiad fi ciado del mode odelo de pode oder asimé simétrico del mundo moderno-colonial -colonial eran enormes: ¿cómo continuar
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ambiental en la lógica del mercado. :Mi :Mientras tanto, el.periodo histórico rico deglob deglobalización ambieatallegitim gitimó la cuestión ambiental ción de la naturaleza. y, paradójicamente, llevó a la mayor destrucción uamás, en un periodo de tre treinta inta años, en toda la historia de la g10b g10ba alización zación que que empezó en 1492, fue tan grande grande la devast vastac aciión del plane pl anetal 3. ¿Medio Ambiente o desarrollo? ¿Medio Am bie iente ydesarrollo? O ¿Másallá de las dicotom ías?
El desafio fi o ambiental está en el centro de las contradicci cciones del mundo. modemo:':colon o:':colonial A fin fi n de cuentas, la l a idea de progreso y suve:tsiónmás actual,desattollc> ttoll c>- es,e s,en estrictori strictorigo gor, sinónimo de dominio de la nalllralez nalllr aleza. a. Por 10tanto, aquello que el ambientalismo presentara como desafio es, exactamente, 10que el proyecto civil civilizatorio, con con sus distintas visiones hegemónicas, propone para
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• •
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El desafio fi o ambiental
del desarrollo ll o. La idea d de e progreso es de tal forma parte rte de la hegemonía cultw:a1urdida rdida a partir de la liu li ustración, que incluso auqellos ll os que se consideran los mayore yores criticas de la vertiente burguesade sa dellamodemidad --esto es, del capitali italism smo--, seas':llDeD. co como progresistas, y basados en esos fundameotos critica critican a los ambientalistas. De esta forma. progresista sistas de todos los matices, des'deliberales hasta marxistas productivist tivistas, se enfrentiln a los ambien bientalista tali stas. En losañ losaños 50y 60del siglo siglopa pasado semanif nifestó esaambigüedad . con relación ala al aidea de desuroUo, roUo, cuyos efect fectos se sintie intiero ron n en el nuevo period riodo del proceso deglob de globalización. En En aquellos años se cuesti cuestiona onaba ba el desarrollo, justa ustamente nte en dond donde e parecía recía esta star más finn fi nne e laide laidea-esto es.e s.en Europa y enEstados Unidos--, --, en el momento en 'qu 'que la idea empezaba a Se! recuperada en América Latina, en' Africa y en Asia,cu ia, cuando tomó cue<¡Jo ¡J olateoria oria del desarroll rrollo o (Yve (Y ves Lacoste, Cel CelsoFurta soFurtado). De esemodo, el desarrollo rrollo sedif sedifun undia en el Tercer Mundo al mismo tiempo que era cuestionado en el Pt:imero. . La pi:in i:incipa cipal critica critica que hastaL entonces había sido hecha al
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Porto-Gonc;alves
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dife diferent rente es cul cultura turas s y los pu pueblos que la l a humanidad inve inventó a lo largo de la historia. Así, nos encontramos fr~te a una de esas
paradojas ojas con constitutivas del mundo moderno-c rno-colo olon nial, en que la supe superación ración de las desigua sigualdade ldades' se transforma en la bús búsq queda de la igualdad para todos ... según el patrón cultural europeo,
noroccidental y estadounidense. Parecería, ría, asimismo, absurdo decir cir que todos tien ienen derecho a ser iguales les a los ianomamiJ o a los los
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El desafio fi o ambiental tal
De estamanera, se.cana .canalizóunprofundo zóunprofundo sentimiento ntimiento emancipatori ncipatorio o qu"e qu"eptove ptoveola del de las lucha uchas por la.in~ .in~epeodencia. ncia. contra contra la l a miseria ria Y la injusticia injusticia,, y que ofreció de nu~o com como solución solución más de /o mismo, ismo, es decir, más más dt.rarroU o. Asimismo, simismo, ~uchos uchos ambientalistas abandona donaron la conttae conttaeu1tu:ra, u1tu:ra, fuent fuente e deinsp de inspirac iración ión del movim movimien iento to que hiciera hiciera dura duras s critica criti cas a la idea de desarrollo, rroll o, y acepta ceptaron dialogar acerca cerca de esa esa idea idea, con prop ropuestas de eto etodesarrollo rrollo (M. Stro Stron ng e 1. Sachs) y después las de de d
ll
st table
(G. Brund Brundt!J t!J lnd). lnd).
,¡El de
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Porto-Gonr;a.lves
27
cuestione stiones,dd s, dd temadede dedemandaspor reCllrSosno renovables. ElInfonne Meadows, patroc trocinado por el Clob de Roma y elaborado por científi tíficosdeuna cos deunadel dela asmás renombradas instituciones académicas estadounidenses, d Instituto tituto Temológico ológico deMa deM assachussets,presentó Th, limits fo growfh (Los limite limites del un trabajo de ilu il ustra trativo título; Th, r:rerimiento)5. No obstante que que parte de una tesis simpli£.cadora, d
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28
El desafio fi o ambien.w
L a idea de".que ".que habt:ía que poner limites al crecim cimiento seda
tambiénrefo1'Zadaaños más tardecua rdecuando algunosci noscie entífi ntíficos, como Ulrich Beck Beck y A, Gidde Giddens,
com comenzaron ron
a hahlar lar de la "soc "socie ied dad
rie riesgo" pata hacer ver las co~ttad.iccion d.iccionesde~ de~ iociedad ioci edad
de
modef1!a. odef1!a.6
La caracte cteriza rización de la sociedad como "sociedad de riesgo" tie tieneun ne un componente interesante pata el debate acercade rca del desafio fi o ambiental, en la medida dida en la que indica indica el hecho de que los riesg riesgos que
cotte la sociedad contemporánea son, en gran medida, deriva rivados de la prop ropia intervención de la sociedad humana en el planeta
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I
'1
r ~
:
L
I
I
,
PortoPorto-Gon~ Gon~alves alves
29
!
I
Con la lle ll egada del ambient bienta alism li smo, allá ll á por por los año años s 60, creció la la conc concie ienc ncia ia del rie ri esgo global lobal que se sobrep sobrepon one e a los ries r iesgos locale locales, regíonales y nacio naciona nale les. s. No debemos olvidar olvidar que los riesg riesgos ya venían siendo siendo sentidos en los banio iegiones s pobr pobr es, incluso en los países íses io~ y iegione ricos y sobre todo todo en los l os paíse países más pobres pobres.. T odo odo indica que no sólo
esta stamos frent frente e aun auna a refl refle exivida xivi dad (Ant (A ntho hony ny Gidd Gi dde ens) ns) que que deriva dela dela tán
tán
I
l 1
i
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. . . . . ,
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30
E l desafio desafio ambiental ambiental
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'! I ,
; 1.
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El desa desafio fio ambient ambiental al
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