EARLY GREEK EDUCATION and ROMAN EDUCATION

EARLY GREEK EDUCATION and ROMAN EDUCATION
Reporter: Nino Angelo C. Aniciete
ANGENCIES OF EDUCATION
The school of "Grammaticus" or grammar school taught grammar, literature, and the art of speaking correctly.
The most advance education was given in "Rhetorical Schools, which gave a brought training in language and literature, and in declamation as preparation for management of public and private affairs, which required the art of oratory.
-The rhetorical schools played an important part in disseminating roman culture.

ANGENCIES OF EDUCATION
Children of all sexes learned the rudiment of knowledge, morals and religion AT HOME.
EDUCATION for GIRLS

In general, girls did not go to school. Girls from rich families did receive an education, but this was done at home.
Here they were taught how to run a good household and how to be a good wife and in preparation for the time they got married.
Part of their education would have been music, sewing, and the competent running of a kitchen.
EDUCATION for BOYS
The boys, on the other hand, went their fathers to shops and farms to learn the trades of their fathers. Military camp was the place where the boys learned the art of warfare like the use of the battle-ax, lance, and chariot. Forum was the place where boys learned the science if politics and government. The Greeks set up private schools. The pupils had to pay some learning such as such reading, writing and counting. These schools had little prestige among Romans.
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AGENCIES OF EDUCATION
Ballads and songs glorifying traits esteemed by the Romans, the laws of the twelve tables, religious ceremonies and usage, physical and military exercises, domestic chores taught by mothers to their daughter and vocations were some of the contents studied by the Romans..
Two of the most influential teachers and thinkers in roman education were CICERO and QUINTILIAN.
Cicero's writing provided the ideal for the education of the middle ages. His educational ideas were put in his orator not only as a well-rounded man of affairs but as a man of integrity in character.
Quintilian stressed memory and used memorizing as main basis for motivation; he made use of plays and games for relaxation, and to stimulate interest in consideration with the individual differences. He suggested competition and awards as bases for motivation rather corporal punishment.
TYPES OF EDUCATION
>> Physical and military training was imperative for soldiers who would be conquerors in war.
>> To make men know their rights and obligations to the states civic training was also exercise so that they could participate wisely in politics. The good citizen was obedient to authority, pious, frugal and honest.
>> Moral training was for the development of moral virtues.
>> Religious training was tied up to moral and civic training. Children were trained in religious ceremonies and usages.
>> Vocational training for livelihood was very important to the Romans.

AIMS OF EDUCATION

The lowest roman school was the "LUDUS" or the school of "LITTERATOR", where the elements of reading, writing and arithmetic were taught.
Aims were also moral, religious, civic and political, to produce good citizens who knew how to exercise their rights, fulfill their duties and obligations and acquire virtues such as piety, obedience, manliness, courage, bravery, industry, honesty, prudence, earnestness, sobriety, dignity, fortitude, and gravity.
Romans were train to be participative and wise in politics.

AIMS OF EDUCATION

Early Roman education emphasized a practical training for military life and citizenship, acquired through memorization of the laws of the twelve tables and the historical tradition of Rome.
It was not until the Romans succumbed to the cultural influence of the Greeks that they began to provide formal schooling.
The development of the Roman educational system took place in two great divisions.

Ancient Roman Education
Later Roman Education

ANCIENT ROMAN EDUCATION

HISTORY
The story of ancient Rome is a tale of how a small community of shepherds in central Italy grew to become one of the greatest empires in history- and then collapsed. According to roman legend, the city of Rome was founded in 753 B.C, it controlled most of the Italian peninsula. At its peak, In the A.D. 100's, the roman empire covered about half of Europe, much of the middle east, and the north coast of Africa. The empire then begun the crumble partly because it was too big for Rome to govern. In A.D. 476, warlike Germanic tribes overthrew the last roman emperor.
HISTORY
The millions of people who lived in roman empire spoke many languages and followed many different customs and religion. But the roman empire bound them together under a common system of law and government. This remarkable achievement has aroused interest and admiration from ancient times right up to the present day.

AIMS OF EDUCATION

The aim of Roman education was utilitarian, not theory but application, not learning but practice.
The youth memorized the laws of the twelve tables, which defined private and public relationship and human and property rights. Among the rights were; the rights of a father over his children; the right of a husband over his wife; the right of a master over his slaves, and the right of a man over his property.

METHODS OF INSTRUCTION

Direction imitation, memorization and discipline were the methods of instructions of the early roman education.
The boys imitated their fathers and the girls their mothers.
Reading, writing and counting were learned by imitation from parents or teachers.
They were also urged to imitate the heroes whose exploits were related to them.
When training was carried in the home, in the father's shop or farm, in the forum (an open market place/ the center of roman government), or in the military camp, the learner did not pay any fee, but when they entered the private schools put up by the Greeks, they had pay.

SOME OF THE ROMAN TRAITS
>> Romans were not truly interested in the cultural aspects of life, although some of finer aspect of Hellenic culture was taken as a mean of shows
>> Wealth became the objective of most citizens and vulgar displays became the essence of wealth. Luxury, corruption, extravagance and vice became commonplace
>> The roman lack drive for clean competition; they did not see nakedness of performance, and they did not see the value to play as an enjoyable pastime.
>> They prefer to be a spectators rather than participants. They proffered professionalism than amateurism. The rewards of some individuals who engaged in chariot races and gladiatorial combats were enormous.

AIMS OF EDUCATION

The chief of roman education is oratorical.
The vir bonus (morally virtuous), gifted in oratory was the idea educated man, the educated man must have the moral character, broad knowledge, and ability to speak.
Civic was the ideal aim of the roman school system to train the student for public service.
Cicero, Tacitus, and Quintilian recognized that the ideally educated man was an orator who used his learning for public service.


Memorization, drill and writing exercises and public speaking practices were the method of instruction for the early Romans.
Memorization was used in the elementary level. The pupils sat on the floor and rested their tables on their knees.
Class sessions were from sunrise to sunset, No class was held during summer and holidays.
Writing and reading were taught from dictation and writing was on wax with stylus.
Discipline was severe and flogging was used.
Letters of the alphabet were memorized and pronunciation, enunciation, and self-expression were also taught.

AGENCIES OF EDUCATION AND CONTENTS STUDIED
At 16, boys enter the school of rhetor. This included debates on points of roman law and moral principles, specially ethical and cultural content, history of one's country, music, arithmetic, astronomy, geometry and philosophy.
Those who hurdled the school of rhetor went to the Atheneum for a professional course. In the university, applied science and professions such as law, medicine, architecture, and mechanics were in the curriculum.

At the age of 7-10, boys and girls entered the litterator. They learned reading, writing and calculation. Arithmetic was primitive because of the cumbersome Roman nation, The Twelve Tables later gave way to the Latin translation of Homer.
At the age of 10 to 16 years old, grammar was the chief study with the inclusion of literature, prose, poetry, and language. Greek and Latin authors reflecting the new literary attitudes were studied. Geography, history, mythology and natural sciences were studied superficially, only to enable students to recognize such allusions in literature.

School of the rhetor (teacher of the rhetoric) was in the highest level.
Athenaeum was in the university level developed as the center of learning around the library established by the emperor Vespasian in 75 AD.

The school of litterator (teacher of letters) was in the elementary level, an outgrowth and successor to the ludus attended by both boys and girls. Ludus means sports or play where the term ludi or private schools were taken.
School of Grammaticus (teacher of grammar) was in the second level attended by the boys only. Greek grammar school and Latin grammar school were the two types of school Grammaticus. Grammar and literature were taught in these schools.


Drill and writing exercises was in the secondary level. These were intensive drill on grammatical elements such as part of speech, syntax, pronunciation, and the like. There was so much practice in writing paragraphs, themes, compositions, and poetic expressions.
Public speaking was strong emphasis in all types of the Rhetoric's. There was strong emphasis in all types of public speaking such as declamations, eulogies, funeral orations, exhortations, and extemporaneous speeches after lecture on articulation, modulation, emphasis and the like.


The schools established in Rome did the fees of the students support private schools. Thus, only the children of the well-do families could attend school. Classes were conducted in the homes of some pupils or in some vacant public buildings.
Later, Quintilian advocated the establishment of a public school system.
The first emperor to answer the call was Vespasian who ordered the payment of salaries of the Greek rhetoricians.
Emperor Trajan provided for scholarships for poor students.
Antonius Pius exempted teachers from paying taxes and military services.
Marcus, Aurelius ordered the establishment of a salary scale for teachers.
Hadrian started and paying pensions to retired teachers. Starting 425 AD, only the state could establish schools.

HISTORY
Rome is the capital of Italy band one of the world's great historic cities. It has been important center of civilization for over 2,000 years. Because of its long history, Rome was called the eternal city. It is also one of the world's most beautiful cities, its historic center standing on seven hills. Its ancient monuments and magnificent churches and places stand as reminders of Rome past glory. Gleaming new buildings are a sign of its modern day importance.

SOME OF THE ROMAN TRAITS
The fall of the Roman Empire in the west about 476 AD resulted in a period of history that is frequently referred to as dark Ages. This period, however, was anything but dark in respect to the physical; rejuvenation brought about by the Teutonic barbarians overrunning the Roman Empire. One of the most outstanding causes for the breakdown of the Roman Empire was the physical and moral decay of the roman people.

CAUSES

Decrease in population
Moral depravity and enormous ruin
Poor health and physical deterioration
EFFECTS
Divorces, games and suicides
Extravagance, doles, slaves
Labor, and misuse of public funds
Luxurious living, vices and excesses

LATER ROMAN EDUCATION

THANK YOU

OUTSTANDING CONSTIBUTION TO EDUCATION AND CIVILIZATION

One of the contributions of the roman to education and civilization was their methods of organization, management and administration. They had constructed a carefully organized education ladder which probably became the forerunner of many ladderized educational system of today.
Another was the Romans organized body of civil law which became the basis of the legal systems in many countries including the Philippines.
The Romans believed that there should be empathy in the teacher-pupil relations, and that teachers should be properly selected, even setting forth the qualities that a teacher should have. The validity of these educational principles is recognized in the present time.

If the Greek were an idealistic and liberal people, the Romans were a pragmatic and progressive lot.

The Romans did not just excel in warfare and politics but also in the fields of education and sciences.

If the Spartans destroyed the family, the Romans, like the Athenians, considered it the basic social institutions that gives the child his/her first taste of education.

In Roman society, the mother occupied a position equal to that of the father: the mother was treated with the same respect and dignity as the father.
THE ROMAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

OUTSTANDING CONSTIBUTION TO EDUCATION

The Olympic games and the free development of all human capacities were the outstanding contributions of Athens.

AIMS OF EDUCATION

The aims of education for the Spartans is military and discipline. This is to make every citizens invincible in war, possessing physical perfection and complete obedience to the state and to develop a people unequalled in military skill and absolutely devoted and loyal to the state. Moreover, discipline had been instilled to develop conformity and obedience, courage, strength, cunning, endurance, and patriotic efficiency and to produce an ideal Spartan citizen who was capable of enduring hunger, thirst, torture, even death without flinching. The state was the sole agency of education. Every phase was controlled by the state. All financing was shouldered by the state.


Education was training, not school instruction.
The pupils learned by participating in the activities. They learn by doing. The were no books.
Testing was not for memory but for moral life and endurance.
Discipline and training were severe, food was scantly, theft was encourage to supliment food but thieves should not get caught; there was corporal punishment for moral delinquency and lack of alertness.
Motivation was enhanced by rivalry, emulation of great men and great deeds and most of all fear of public disposal.

TYPES OF EDUCATION
>> Physical education was rigid to make the Spartan strong, especially in combat.
>> Military education was rigid. Al the skills in combat known at that time were learned to the utmost. It was said that any enemy combatants could not pierce the Spartan military phalanx.
>> Moral training was taken in connection with group living. Stealing was not a crime but if caught, the thief was severely punished.
>> There was very little intellectual training just enough to understand the laws of Lycurgus and some Homeric writings.

TYPES OF EDUCATION
>> Music education was to arouse patriotism.
>> Gymnastic education was for the girls to make them strong to bear children.
>> There was no vocation education because the slaves called Helot or Perioeci (Dwellers around) who numbered almost thirty to one Spartan did all the non-skilled labor for the Spartans. The helots were not considered citizens.

OUTSTANDING CONSTIBUTION TO EDUCATION

The development of patriotism, discipline, and military education were the outstanding contribution to education by the Spartans.

Statistics:
The number of the three classes varied widely during the Sparta's long history. Some authorities estimate that at the height of Spartan power there were about 25,000 citizens, an unknown number of Perioeci and as many as 250,000 Helots.
The people belong to the three classes:
Dorians- "The Spartans themselves"
-They were the ruling class of Sparta and were the only ones who had full rights of citizenship
Helots- The enslaved Greeks
Perioeci- They were not citizens but they lives in Sparta as free people.
SPARTAN VIRTUES
Endurance
A scorn of luxuries
Unyielding firmness
EARLY GREEK EDUCATION and ROMAN EDUCATION
SPARTAN EDUCATION
ATHENIAN EDUCATION
ANCIENT ROMAN EDUCATION
LATER ROMAN EDUCATION

ANCIENT GREECE
the birthplace of Western Civilization about 2,500 years ago. The magnificent achievements of the ancient Greeks in government, science, philosophy, and the arts continue to influence our lives today.
Greeks civilization developed chiefly in small city-states. A city-state consisted of a city or town and the surrounding villages and farmland. The Greek city-states were fiercely independent and often quarreled among themselves. But their small size and constant rivalry had certain advantages. Citizens of a city-state were strongly patriotic, and many citizens took part in the public affairs. The most advance city-states established the world's first democratic government. The best-known city-states were Athens and Sparta.

Athens and Sparta united? Not exactly.

SPARTAN EDUCATION

SPARTA
Sparta, also called Lacedaemon, the capital of Laconia, was at one time the most powerful city-state of an ancient Greece.
It was famous for its military power and its loyal soldiers. The greatest honor that could come to a Spartan was to die in defense of the country.

ATHENIAN EDUCATION

History

Ancient Athens was the leading cultural center of Greek world. Many of the most gifted writers of Greece lived there. They wrote works of drama, history, lyric poetry, and philosophy that have influenced literature up to the present time.

Greek Educational Theorists

SOCRATES: "the ultimate goal of education is TRUTH."
PLATO: "the ultimate goal of education is JUSTICE."
ARISTOTLE: "the ultimate goal of education is HAPPINESS."
Women in Athens
Expected to be good wives and mothers.

They are NOT valued and respected.
Women in Athens
LITTLE FREEDOM
Did not formally attend schools
Rarely left the house
Responsible for weaving and domestic arts.

AIMS OF EDUCATION

Good citizenship was the foremost aim of Athenian education.
There was a stress on individual excellence in wisdom, beauty, and strength for public usefulness.
Athens was the first state where there was freedom to develop all human capacities (many sided-development)

TYPES OF EDUCATION
>> Civic training was dominant aim because of the desire to serve the state.
>> Moral training was an emphasis on the virtues of Homeric heroes as well as those for service of the state.
>> Physical education was taken not to develop strength but to develop grace and harmony of the body.
>> Intellectual education was needed in the participation in the assembly and in discussion in the market place.
>> Art, music, poetry, and dancing were taken not to pleasure and entertainment but for the ennobling influence on the intellectual and moral and good cultural training, an Apollonian ideal.

TYPES OF EDUCATION
>> Speech training was the outstanding type. Public speaking or oratory and debate were given much attention.
>> Civic training was coupled with speech training with the expectation that the good orator would use his talent for public service.
>> The presence of many inscriptions and epitaphs on tombs, election posters, shop identifications and public notices indicated that there was a good literacy educated.
>> Vocational education was for the great mass of the people because there was no universal education.

BOYS
They started school at the age of 7:
(Reading, writing, mathematics, gymnastics, poetry and public speaking)
Lifestyle/Values in Athens
Very creative city-state with lots of opportunity for MALES.
Valued theater, art, philosophy and science
Believe in "good life"
ATHENIAN MILITARY
STRONG NAVY
- at the age of 18, all boys received 1-2 years of Military Training.
TYPE OF GOVERNMENT

THE COUNCIL- 500 citizens chosen each year.

They call them ASSEMBLY
TYPE OF GOVERNMENT
The government of ancient Athens provided an example of DEMOCRACY that has inspired lawmakers ever since.

THEY WERE THE FIRST TO DO THIS!
ATHENIAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE

CITIZENS/ FREEMEN- Full citizens
METICS- Not born in Athens
SLAVES- no rights, no freedom
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EARLY GREEK EDUCATION and ROMAN EDUCATION

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