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ASAN MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Explain the Tomasulo’s Tomasulo’s appoa!h use" in "#nami! s!he"ulin$ %o oe!omin$ "ata ha'a"s( O )ie%l# explain ho* to oe!ome "ata ha'a"s *ith "#nami! s!he"ulin$ usin$ Tomasulo’s Tomasulo’s appoa!h O +hat is "#nami! s!he"ulin$, Explain ho* it is use" to e"u!e "ata ha'a"s O Explain the %un!tion o% Tomasulo’s Tomasulo’s appoa!h
Dynamic Scheduling The The -#nam -#nami! i! S!he S!he"u "uli lin$ n$ is a te!h te!hni ni.u .uee in *hi! *hi!h h the the ha" ha"*a *ae e eaa eaan$ n$es es the the inst instu! u!ti tion on exe! exe!ut utio ion n to e"u! e"u!ee the the stall stallss *hil *hilee main mainta tain inin in$ $ "ata "ata %lo* %lo* an" an" ex!e ex!ept ptio ion n /ehaiou( A"anta$es
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It ena/les han"lin$ some !ases *hen "epen"en!es ae un0no*n at !ompile time It simpli%ies the !ompile It allo*s !o"e that *as !ompile" *ith one pipeline in min" to un e%%i!ientl# on a
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"i%%eent pipeline 1ses spe!ulation te!hni.ue to impoe pe%oman!e
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Overcoming Overcoming Data Hazards with Dynamic Scheduling: Althou$h Althou$h a "#nami!all# "#nami!all# s!he"ule" s!he"ule" po!esso !annot !han$e the "ata %lo*2 %lo*2 it ties to aoi" stallin$ *hen "epen"en!es2 *hi!h !oul" $eneate ha'a"s2 ae pesent( A ma3o limitation o% the simple pipelinin$ te!hni.ues is that the# all use in4o"e instu!tion issue an" exe!ution5 Instu!tions ae issue" in po$am o"e an" i% an instu!tion is stalle" in the pipeline2 no late instu!tions !an po!ee"( Thus2 i% thee is "epen"en!e /et*een t*o !losel# spa!e" instu!tions in the pipeline2 this *ill lea" to a ha'a" an" a stall( I% thee ae multiple %un!tional units2 these units !oul" lie i"le( I% instu!tion j "epen"s "epen"s on a lon$4unnin$ instu!tion i, !uentl# !uentl# in exe!ution exe!ution in the pipeline2 then all instu!tion instu!tionss a%te j a%te j must /e stalle" until i is %inishe" an" j an" j !an exe!ute( Fo example2 !onsi"e this !o"e5 -I6(F72F82F9 A--(F:72F72F; S1)(F:82F;2F:9 Out4o%4o"e exe!ution into"u!es the possi/ilit# o% +AR an" +A+ ha'a"s2 *hi!h "o not exist in the %ie4sta$e inte$e pipeline an" its lo$i!al extension to an in4o"e %loatin$4 point pipeline( Out4o%4o"e Out4o%4o"e !ompletion !ompletion also !eates ma3o !ompli!atio !ompli!ations ns in han"lin$ han"lin$ ex!eptions( ex!eptions( -#nami! s!he"ulin$ *ith out4o%4o"e !ompletion must pesee ex!eption /ehaiou in the sense that exactl exactlyy those ex!eptions that *oul" aise i% the po$am *ee exe!ute" in sti!t po$am o"e actually "o aise(
Impe!ise ex!eptions !an o!!u /e!ause o% t*o possi/ilities5 :( The pipeline ma# hae alea"# completed instu!tions that ae later in po$am o"e than the instu!tion !ausin$ the ex!eption2 an"
JIJU K JOSEPH, Lecturer/CSE Lecturer/CSE
ASAN MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY 8( The pipeline ma# hae not yet completed some instu!tions that ae earlier in po$am o"e than the instu!tion !ausin$ the ex!eption( To allo* out4o%4o"e exe!ution2 *e essentiall# split the I- pipe sta$e o% ou simple %ie4 sta$e pipeline into t*o sta$es5 1 Issue —Decode instructions, check for structural hazards. Read operands —!ait until no data hazards, then read o"erands. In a "#nami!all# s!he"ule" pipeline2 all instu!tions pass thou$h the issue sta$e in o"e ho*ee2 the# !an /e stalle" o /#pass ea!h othe in the se!on" sta$e <ea" opean"s= an" thus ente exe!ution out o% o"e( Score-boarding is a te!hni.ue %o allo*in$ instu!tions to exe!ute out4o%4o"e *hen thee ae su%%i!ient esou!es an" no "ata "epen"en!es( +e %o!us on a moe sophisti!ate" te!hni.ue2 !alle" Tomasulo’s algorithm2 that has seeal ma3o enhan!ements oe s!oe4/oa"in$( Dynamic Scheduling #sing $omasulo%s &""roach : The I)M ?@7B: %loatin$ point unit use" a sophisti!ate" s!heme to allo* out4o%4o"e exe!ution( This s!heme2 inente" /# Ro/etTomasulo2 ta!0s *hen opean"s %o instu!tions ae aaila/le2 to minimi'e RA+ ha'a"s2 an" into"u!es e$iste enamin$2 to minimi'e +A+ an" +AR ha'a"s( To /ette un"estan" ho* e$iste enamin$ eliminates +AR an" +A+ ha'a"s2 !onsi"e the %ollo*in$ example !o"e se.uen!e that in!lu"es /oth a potential +AR an" +A+ ha'a"5 -I6(F72F82F9 A--(F@2F72F; S(F@27
Thee is an anti "epen"en!e /et*een the A--(- an" the S1)(- an" an output "epen"en!e /et*een the A--(- an" the M1L(-2 lea"in$ to t*o possi/le ha'a"s5 a +AR ha'a" on the use o% F; /# A--(- an" a +A+ ha'a" sin!e the A--(- ma# %inish late than the M1L(-( Thee ae also thee tue "ata "epen"en!es5 /et*een the -I6(- an" the A--(-2 /et*een the S1)(- an" the M1L(-2 an" /et*een the A--(- an" the S(-( These t*o name "epen"en!es !an /oth /e eliminate" /# e$iste enamin$( Fo simpli!it#2 assume the existen!e o% t*o tempoa# e$istes2 S an" T( 1sin$ S an" T2 the se.uen!e !an /e e*itten *ithout an# "epen"en!es as -I6(F72F82F9 A--(S2F72F; S(S27
JIJU K JOSEPH, Lecturer/CSE
ASAN MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY aaila/le2 eliminatin$ the nee" to $et the opean" %om a e$iste( In a""ition2 pen"in$ instu!tions "esi$nate the eseation station that *ill poi"e thei input( Finall#2 *hen su!!essie *ites to a e$iste oelap in exe!ution2 onl# the last one is a!tuall# use" to up"ate the e$iste( As instu!tions ae issue"2 the e$iste spe!i%ies %o pen"in$ opean"s ae ename" to the names o% the eseation station2 *hi!h poi"es e$iste enamin$( The %ollo*in$ "ia$am sho*s the /asi! stu!tue o% a Tomasulo4/ase" MIDS po!esso2 in!lu"in$ /oth the %loatin$4point unit an" the loa"stoe unit(
$he (asic structure of a )*+S floating"oint unit using $omasulo%s algorithm
Instu!tions ae sent %om the instu!tion unit into the instu!tion .ueue %om *hi!h the# ae issue" in FIFO o"e( The eseation stations in!lu"e the opeation an" the a!tual opean"s2 as *ell as in%omation use" %o "ete!tin$ an" esolin$ ha'a"s( Loa" /u%%es hae thee %un!tions5 hol" the !omponents o% the e%%e!tie a""ess until it is !ompute"2 ta!0 outstan"in$ loa"s that ae *aitin$ on the memo#2 an" hol" the esults o% !omplete" loa"s that ae *aitin$ %o the C-)( Similal#2 stoe /u%%es hae thee %un!tions5 hol" the !omponents o% the e%%e!tie a""ess until it is !ompute"2 hol" the "estination memo# a""esses o% outstan"in$ stoes that ae *aitin$ %o the "ata alue to stoe2 an" hol" the a""ess an" alue to stoe until the memo# unit is aaila/le(
JIJU K JOSEPH, Lecturer/CSE
ASAN MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY All esults %om eithe the FD units o the loa" unit ae put on the C-)2 *hi!h $oes to the FD e$iste %ile as *ell as to the eseation stations an" stoe /u%%es( The FD a""es implement a""ition an" su/ta!tion2 an" the FD multiplies "o multipli!ation an" "iision( Thee ae onl# thee steps in Tomasulo’s Apoa!h 5 1. Issue —-et the net instruction from the head of the instruction /ueue. *f there is a matching reservation station that is em"ty, issue the instruction to the station with the o"erand values 0renames registers . Execute(EX) — !hen all the o"erands are availa2le, "lace into the corres"onding reservation stations for eecution. *f o"erands are not yet availa2le, monitor the common data 2us 03D( while waiting for it to 2e com"uted. 4. Write result (WB) —!hen the result is availa2le, write it on the 3D( and from there into the registers and into any reservation stations 0including store 2uffers waiting for this result. Stores also write data to memory during this ste": !hen 2oth the address and data value are availa2le, they are sent to the memory unit and the store com"letes. Ea!h eseation station has six %iel"s5 OpThe opeation to pe%om on sou!e opean"s S: an" S8( 32 0The eseation stations that *ill po"u!e the !oespon"in$ sou!e opean"> a alue o% 'eo in"i!ates that the sou!e opean" is alea"# aaila/le in 63 o 602 o is unne!essa#( 632 60The alue o% the sou!e opean"s( Note that onl# one o% the 6 %iel" o the %iel" is ali" %o ea!h opean"( Fo loa"s2 the 60 %iel" is use" to the o%%set %om the instu!tion( Ause" to hol" in%omation %o the memo# a""ess !al!ulation %o a loa" o stoe( )us#In"i!ates that this eseation station an" its a!!ompan#in$ %un!tional unit ae o!!upie"(
