Racism adv Drones are racist Kindynis 12 (Theo, writer and researcher considers issues of policing, security and social control, October 14 th 2012, “Eyes in the sky the rise of the police drones!,https""ceasefire#aga$ine%co%uk"eye&sky&pri# drones!,https""ceasefire#aga$ine%co%uk"eye&sky&pri#er&police& er&police& drones"' The notoriously brutal )*+ long seen by #any in the black co##unity as an occupying (para'#ilitary force was the first police force to use the technology, flying a lightweight lightweight -ky-eer sur.eillance drone o.er the streets of -outh /entral since 200% -ince then, the +epart#ent of o#eland -ecurity has awarded hundreds of thousands of dollars in grants for f or s#all )3s )3s to at least 1 police depart#ents, and the -upre#e /ourt has ruled that indi.iduals ha.e no right to pri.acy fro# police obser.ation fro# public airspace% ntil now, restrictions i#posed by the 5ederal ).iation )d#inistration (5))' ha.e kept #any drones on the ground% owe.er, /ongress recently passed a law re6uiring the 5)) to loosen these restrictions and #ost police forces are e7pected to be able to fly s#all )3s by ne7t year% 8n the #eanti#e, the 9ew :ork *olice +epart#ent is “in.estigating the possible use of )3;s as a law enforce#ent tool!, whilst the
, ar#s #anufacturer ?)E -yste#s was re.ealed in 2010 to be working alongside se.eral go.ern#ent agencies to de.elop an unprecedented national strategy for the use of drones by police in “routine! sur.eillance, #onitoring and e.idence gathering% )ccording to a recent report by +rone =ars >, the ?ritish go.ern#ent has spent @2 billion on #ilitary drones since 200A% ?)E, which already produces a range of /)3s for use in war$ones such as )fghanistan and 8ra6 including the deadly , current /)) regulations are too se.ere for police drone use to be practical practical for #ost forces, forces, although although this #ay be set to change change in the the ne7t few years (the /)) has has already licensed the the testing of of drones at *arc)berporth in =ales'% Begulations regarding s#all radio&controlled aircraft howe.er re#ain “dangerously la7!, according to E##a /arr fro# pri.acy and and ci.il liberties liberties ca#paign ca#paign group ?ig ?rother ?rother =atch, =atch, and and this is “so#ething “so#ething it appears appears those selling drones drones are keen keen to e7ploit!% e7ploit!% 5urther#ore, sur.eillance #ay only be the start% “
% ) year ago the > was shaken by rioting on a scale not seen in decades, a key contributing factor to which was the disastrous breakdown of relations between police and inner&city co##unities% )ccording )ccording to the Duardian;s “Beading “Beading The Biots! sur.ey, #any in.ol.ed in the disorder cited policing as the single #ost significant cause of the riots% 8n light of this, it see#s reasonable to suggest that the kind of “re#ote control! policing&at&ar#s&length policing&at&ar#s&length that drone&based technology ine.itably encourages, whereby the local .ariation and a#biguity that #ight otherwise i#pede action such as pepper spraying or shooting a suspect by trigger&happy police
co##unity is .iewed fro# afar in a for# of #echanised sur.eillance that dehu#anises both the watched and the watcher, is precisely what is not needed% =ithdrawing fro# the beat to watch o.er the streets through electronic “eyes in the sky! will only stand to further alienate an already o.erwhel#ingly and .isibly ho#ogeneous (white, #ale, “respectable! working&class' police force fro# the di.erse inner city co##unities it e7ists to ser.e% 5urther#ore, the use of drones by police will be seen by #any as a refusal to engage with the public at the #ost funda#entally hu#an le.el, and thus further under#ine their already dwindling legiti#acy%
Domestic drones drones fuel the militarization of police – exports violence abroad to minority bodies Thrasher 12 (Dreg, 3O+ =ashington ?ureau, =riter,
=e ha.e ha.e #ore weapons of #ass destruction than any other nation on the globe% )#erica )#erica is indeed a profitable #erchant in the #arket of warfare products %% ast week this escalation in #ilitary purchases and de.ices ca#e to the our ho#eland, not to protect us fro# our e7ternal foes but to assist and aug#ent the ar#ory of our local police depart#ents% The 5ederal ).iation ).iation )d#inistration )d#inistration loosened the restrictions on local police depart#ents; sur.eillance of us to allow the# to use n#anned )erial 3ehicles, also co##only known as +BO9E -% Our nation;s high court, the -upre#e /ourt, has e.en ruled that warrantless sur.eillance by #anned aircraft is not unconstitutional and does not .iolate the 4th )#end#ent of our federal constitution% 8n far too #any powerful public and pri.ate circles there are ad.ocates focused on introducing the #ilitary into our cities and other .enues% =e now face the specter of entire cities being profiled by the usage of #ilitary&designed +BO9E-% ocal #unicipalities, already burdened by fiscal deficits and lousy re.enues, are actually spending huge outlays of their budgets in the purchase of these hi tech anti& freedo# profile dri.en de.ices % =here is the outrage fro# our public officials, acti.ist groups and e.en police unions o.er these in.asi.e sur.eillance and anti &pri.acy do#estic #ilitary #achines in our nation;s urban airspaceG One of the real dark potentials of these +BO9E- is not only their ugly in.asion and .iolation of pri.acy rights, but these +BO9E- also ha.e the capacity to be lethal and deadly% deadly% The applications applications and operational operational features of +BO9E- are truly uni#aginable% The The growing #ilitari$ation of our local law enforce#ent depart#ents is not to be e7cused b y fictional clai#s of terroris# and e7cessi.e urban cri#es % =e #ust reCect and defeat the #yths about cri#e and anarchy in our cities% =e #ust #ust defuse and deflate the notions that our cities are cesspools of .iolence and cri#e% The proliferation of the #yth #yth of cri#e and the profiling of entire entire bandwidths of of people based upon their their hue and types of clothing is dangerous% -uch a public policy creates a fertile soil for the introduction of #ilitary de.ices like +BO9E- into our do#estic .enues% +BO9E- are part of the arsenal of gadgets and de.ices which destroy the freedo#s of all )#ericans % =e #ust reCect all kinds of de.ices and gadgets which at the end of the day are =<+;s on )#erican )#erican soil% dealer and weapons supplier in the world%
+rones be racist Cyril 33! (
The )/Ks Duliani pointed out, howe.er, that in.asi.e for#s of sur.eillance, especially police sur.eillance, often i#pact co##unities of color disproportionately, disproportionately, pointing pointing to - /usto#s and ?order *rotectionsK ubi6uitous ubi6uitous use of drone sur.eillance in .ast border regions i#pacting huge swaths of the populations that that li.e in those areas% M:ouKre not Cust talking about the physical border, youKre talking about an area that enco#passes #any #aCor cities that ha.e large #inority populations, and the idea that these drones can be flown with little or no pri.acy protections really #ean #ean that, people, Cust by .irtue .irtue of li.ing in that region are so#ehow accepting accepting that they ha.e a right to less pri.acy,M she said% )frican&)#erican co##unities could well feel the disproportionate disproportionate i#pacts of the integrated use of do#estic drones and other sur.eillance in the co#ing years, as technologies such as -tingBay are already being used #ostly in the ongoing war on drugs to track those suspected of selling and buying drugs% The drug war has long negati.ely i#pacted co##unities of color, based on raciali$ed drug policies and racial discri#ination by law enforce#ent two&thirds of all those con.icted of drug cri#es are people of color, despite si#ilar rates of drug use a#ong whites and people of color% These already&e7isting racial disparities in intrusi.e policing tactics and deploy#ent of sur.eillance technologies are one of the pri#ary reasons ci.il liberties e7perts are saying the go.ern#ent often gets it backward when thinking about pri.acy issues deploying intrusi.e technologies first, and co#ing up with pri.acy policies go.erning their use afterward (when they #ay already be .iolating #any peopleKs ci.il rights'% M=hat we see with -tingBays is the sa#e pheno#enon that weKre seeing with N)-, where federal agencies are using the#,M Duliani said% M-tate and local agencies are using the#% ThereKs federal dollars that are going to buy the#, and weKre kind of ha.ing the pri.acy debate after the fact with .ery little infor#ation%M
The "overnment already uses surveillance to control #uslim populations in the $%& Drone expansion 'ould only expand "overnment (slamophobia&
Knefel 13 (John, journalist, March 11, 2013, “Police Spying on American Muslims Is a Pointless ational Shame!, http"##$$$%rollingstone%com#p http"##$$$%rollingstone%com#politics#ne$s#police&spying olitics#ne$s#police&spying&on& &on& american&muslims&is&a&pointless&national&shame&20130311' i)il li*erties groups le+ *y the Muslim American i)il i*erties oalition release+ a ne$ report to+ay +etailing the +etrimental e-ects o. the /Ps spying on Muslim communities in recent years% he report, calle+ Mapping Muslims" /P Spying an+ its Impact on American Muslims, alleges that more than a +eca+e o. sur)eillance sur )eillance o. Muslims throughout the ortheast “has chille+ constitutionally protecte+ rights curtailing religious practice, censoring speech an+ stunting stun ting political organi4ing%! hey +escri*e their communities as *eing un+er “a per)asi)e climate o. .ear an+ suspicion! suspicion! that a-ects “e)ery aspect o. in+i)i+ual an+ community li.e%! he report com*ines pu*licly pu*licly a)aila*le +ocumentation a*out the /Ps snooping regime inclu+ing the Associate+ Press groun+*rea5ing in)estigations into the +epartments emographics 6nit 6nit $ith original inter)ie$s o. 78 Muslims in e$ /or5 ity% 9ut
the signi:cance o. this report reaches .ar *eyon+ e$ /or5s /or5s Muslim community an+ e)en *eyon+ the American Muslim community at large% he authors ha)e pro)i+e+ a nee+e+ re*uttal to the common argument that sur)eillance isnt a pro*lem i. you ha)e nothing to hi+e , an+ that spying itsel. is essentially )alue&neutral so long as you +ont *ecome a target o. an in)estigation% he Muslims inter)ie $e+ in the report +escri*e a terri.ying reality $here trust an+ pri)acy are )irtually impossi*le, an+ $here li)es are se)erely harme+ *y spying alone% he per)asi)e spying regime has e-ecti)ely intimi+ate+ many $oul+&*e critics% “Many o. the Shia organi4ations $ho $ere approache+ *y acti)ists to spea5 up or spea5 out $ere hesitant to +o so,! says community organi4er Ali a;u)i in the report% “A lot o. it seems to *e .ear% hey +ont $ant to *e targete+ .or a++itional sur)eillance%! iscouraging this legitimate, constitutionally protecte+ *eha)ior isnt simply an un.ortunate *y&pro+uct o. total sur)eillance, *ut rather a primary an+ pre+icta*le outcome% As
anyone $ho has e)er suspecte+ themsel)es o. *eing un+er sur)eillance $ill tell you, that .ear changes the $ay you thin5 an+ act% Instilling such .ears is an e
$as the state+ aim o. the Intelligence i)ision +oesnt really matter% hat has *een the e-ect one that $as entirely .oreseea*le% So $hat has all this sur)eillance, this so&calle+ “intelligence gathering,! gotten us= A terrori4e+ local Muslim population, a police +epartment that grossly e
je$el in)estigation o. a trou*le+ man name+ Ahme+ >erhani that $as so pro*lematic e)en the >9I recently +u**e+ “the terror .actory! *y .actory! *y one author *ecause o. its role in manu.acturing plots that its o$n agents then +isrupt $ante+ nothing to +o $ith it% An+ as the report remin+s us, homas ?alati, the comman+ing o@cer o. the /Ps Intelligence i)ision, “a+mitte+ +uring s$orn testimony that in the si< years o. his tenure, the unit tas5e+ $ith monitoring American Muslim li.e ha+ not yiel+e+ a single criminal lea+%! hile Muslims in the ortheast are the people most +irectly a-ecte+ *y this sur)eillance, it is a national pro*lem *oth in the sense that all o. our rights are in.ringe+ i. anyones are, *ut also in a more concrete $ay% $ay% he
states capacity .or .or sur)eillance is alrea+y enormous, an+ $ill only e
)arrant re*uirement is +ey
Sengupta 13 (SBMII, 6nite+ ations *ureau chie. at he e$ /or5 imes, 2C >e*ruary 2017 10"1D, “Propose+ Eules Eules Eegulating omestic rone 6se ac5 Police arrant Ee;uirement,! Ee;uirement,! http"##$$$%truth&out%org#ne$s#item#2F270&pro http"##$$$%truth&out%org#ne$s#item#2F270&propose+&rules®ulating& pose+&rules®ulating& +omestic&+rone&use&lac5&police&$arrant&re;uirement)) +omestic&+rone&use&lac5&police&$arrant&re;uirement he use o. StingEay StingEay technology as it currently currently stan+s is alrea+y incre+i*ly incre+i*ly secreti)e, $ith police +epartments an+ an+ manu.acturers such as Garris orporation concealing their use o. use o. the phone&trac5ing e;uipment .rom the courts through the use o. non&+isclosure agreements% he
epartment o. Gomelan+ Gomelan+ SecurityHs 6S ustoms an+ 9or+er Protection an+ the >9I alrea+y use planes an+ +rones in areas that are more than 100 miles o. the Me9I has *een resistant resistant to ans$er e)en
la$ma5ersH ;uestions a*out ho$ many +rones it operates an+ ho$ o.ten they are use+% It is *oth technologically possi*le an+ *y no means a l eap to imagine that once the >AA appro)es *roa+er *roa+er use o. +rones $ithin the 6S *y la$ en.orcement, la$ en.orcement o@cialsK may put StingEays on them, sai+ athan >ree+ essler, essler, a sta- attorney $ith the A6Hs Speech, Pri)acy an+ echnology echnology Project, an+ an e
in)asi)e .orms o. sur)eillance, especially police sur)eillance, o.ten impact communities o. color +isproportionately , pointing to 6S ustoms an+ 9or+er pointe+ out, ho$e)er, that
ProtectionsH u*i;uitous use o. +rone sur)eillance in )ast *or+er regions impacting huge s$aths o. the populations
/ouHre /ouHre not just tal5ing a*out the physical *or+er, youHre tal5ing a*out an area that encompasses many major cities that ha)e large minority populations, an+ the i+ea that these +rones can *e Lo$n $ith little or no pri)acy protections really mean that, people, just *y )irtue o. li)ing in that region are someho$ accepting that they ha)e a right to less pri)acy, she sai+% A.rican&American A.rican&American communities coul+ $ell .eel the +isproportionate impacts o. the integrate+ use o. +omestic +rones an+ other sur)eillance in the coming years, as technologies such as StingEay are alrea+y *eing use+ mostly in the ongoing $ar on +rugs to trac5 those suspecte+ o. selling an+ *uying +rugs% he +rug $ar has long negati)ely impacte+ communities o. color, *ase+ on raciali4e+ +rug policies an+ racial that li)e in those areas%
+iscrimination *y la$ en.orcement t$o&thir+s t$o&thir+s o. o. all those con)icte+ con)ic te+ o. +rug crimes are people o. color, +espite similar rates o. +rug use among $hites an+ people o. color% color% hese alrea+y&e
Current $,-s are used to police and militarize the border ),.. ),.. ,/D #0/,,/ #0/,, / 2!11 2! 11 (Tyler =all, Eastern >entucky ni.ersity and Torin
-oon after *resident Oba#a announced in
asserted that drones ha.e pro.en effecti.e in - #ilitary ca#paigns o.erseas and that they would therefore assist in securing the - border 8 would also ask you, as specifically #ilitary )3s and helicopters (ach, 2010'% ?rewer
o.erseas operations in 8ra6 and )fghanistan per#it, to consider wider deploy#ent of )3s Nun#anned aerial .ehicles along our nation;s
it see#s )3s operations would be ideal for border security and counter&drug #issions% (Suoted in ach, 2010' This appeal for drones at the border obscures the fact that )3s )3s ha.e already been pro.iding aerial sur.eillance o.er border regions (-hacht#an, 200I Dilson, 2010'% -ince 200, the -) has spent appro7i#ately H100 #illion for )3s on both the southern and northern - borders as part of its efforts to create a so&called .irtual fence southern border% 8 a# aware of how effecti.e these assets ha.e beco#e in Operations 8ra6i and Enduring 5reedo#, and
(/anwest 9ews -er.ice, 200A'% )s of 2010 the - /usto#s and ?order *rotection (/?*' was operating si7 unar#ed *redator drones for o.erhead sur.eillance #issions along the -
/?* officials credit
their drones with Rhelping bust 1I,000 lbs of pot and 4,000 illegal i##igrants; ( Dilson, 2010'% 8n the words of a ()3s', unaffected by pilot fatigue, pro.ide defense e7ecuti.e R 8t is 6uite easy to en.ision a future in which ()3s', 24A border and port sur.eillance to protect against terrorist intrusion F Other e7a#ples Nof possible uses are li#ited only by our i#agination; (
%urveillence %urveillence in the $% most directly affects and tar"ets mar"inalized people& Drones only serve to exacerbate this&
Cyril 15
(Mali5a Amala, reporter, April 2017, “9lac5 Americas State o. Sur)eillance!, http"##$$$%progressi)e%o http"##$$$%progressi)e%org#ne$s#2017#03#1DD08 rg#ne$s#2017#03#1DD08C#*lac5&americas&state& C#*lac5&americas&state& sur)eillance' As local la$ en.orcement agencies increasingly a+opt sur)eillance technologies, they use them in three primary $ays" to listen in on speci:c con)ersations on an+ oNine to o*ser)e +aily mo)ements o. in+i)i+uals an+ groups an+ to o*ser)e +ata tren+s% Police +epartments li5e 9rattons aim to use sophisticate+ technologies to +o all three% hey $ill use u se technologies li5e license plate rea+ers, $hich the Olectronic >rontier >rontier >oun+ation .oun+ to *e +isproportionately +isproportionately use+ in communities o. color an+ communities in the process o. *eing gentri:e+% hey $ill use .acial recognition, *iometric scanning so.t$are, $hich the >9I has no$ rolle+ out as a national system, to *e a+opte+ *y local police +epartments .or any criminal justice purpose% hey
inten+ to use *o+y an+ an+ +ash*oar+
cameras, $hich ha)e *een toute+ as an e-ecti)e step to$ar+ accounta*ility *ase+ on the results o. one stu+y, yet storage an+ cellphone archi)ing proce+ures, among many other issues, remain unclear% hey $ill use Stingray cellphone interceptors% Accor+ing to the A6, Stingray technology is an in)asi)e cellphone sur)eillance +e)ice that mimics cellphone to$ers an+ sen+s out signals to tric5 cellphones in the area into transmitting their locations an+ i+enti.ying in.ormation% hen use+ to trac5 a suspects cellphone, they also gather in.ormation a*out the phones o. countless *ystan+ers $ho happen to *e near*y% near*y% he same is true o. +omestic +rones, $hich are in increasing use *y 6%S% la$ en.orcement to con+uct routine aerial sur)eillance% hile +rones are currently unarme+, +rone manu.acturers are consi+ering arming these remote&controlle+ remote&controlle+ aircra.t $ith $eapons li5e ru**er *ullets, tasers, an+ tear gas % hey $ill use .usion centers% Briginally +esigne+ to increase interagency colla*oration .or the purposes o. counterterrorism, these ha)e instea+ *ecome the local arm o. the intelligence community% community% Accor+ing to Olectronic >rontier >rontier >oun+ation, there are currently se)enty&eight on recor+% hey are the clearinghouse .or increasingly use+ “suspicious acti)ity reports!+escri*e+ as “o@cial “o@cial +ocumentation o. o*ser)e+ *eha)ior reasona*ly in+icati)e o. pre&operational planning relate+ to terrorism or other criminal acti)ity%! acti)ity%! hese reports an+ other collecte+ +ata are o.ten store+ in massi)e +ata*ases li5e e&Qeri.y e&Qeri.y an+ Prism% As any*o+y $hos e)er +ealt $ith gang +ata*ases 5no$s, its almost impossi*le to get o- a .e+eral or state +ata*ase, e)en $hen the +ata collecte+ is incorrect or no longer true %
Pre+icti)e policing +oesnt
just lea+ to racial an+ an+ religious pro:lingit pro:lingit relies on on it% Just as stop an+ .ris5 legitimi4e+ an initial, un$arrante+ contact *et$een police an+ people o. color, almost F0 percent o. $hom turn out to *e innocent o. any crime, suspicious acti)ities reporting an+ the +ragnet approach o. .usion centers target communities o. color% color% Bne re)ie$ o. such reports collecte+ in os Angeles sho$s appro
is the .uture o. policing in
America, an+ it shoul+ terri.y you as much as it terri:es me% 6n.ortunately, it pro*a*ly +oesnt, *ecause my li.e is at .ar greater ris5 than the li)es o. $hite Americans, especially those reporting on the issue in the me+ia or a+)ocating in the halls o. po$er% Bne
o. the most terri.ying aspects o. high&tech sur)eillance is the in)isi*ility o. those it +isproportionately +isproportionately impacts% he SA an+ >9I ha)e engage+ local la$ en.orcement agencies an+ electronic sur)eillance technologies to spy on Muslims li)ing in the 6nite+ States% Accor+ing to >9I training materials unco)ere+ *y ire+ in 2011, the *ureau taught agents to treat “mainstream! Muslims as supporters o. terrorism, to )ie$ charita*le +onations *y Muslims as “a .un+ing mechanism .or com*at,! an+ to )ie$ Islam itsel. as a “eath Star! that must mu st *e +estroye+ i. terrorism is to *e containe+ % >rom e$ /or5 ity to hicago an+ *eyon+, local la$ en.orcement agencies ha)e e
the more than 2 million people incarcerate+ in the 6nite+ States, more than R0 percent are racial an+ ethnic minorities% 9ut *y .ar, the $i+est net is cast o)er *lac5 communities% 9lac5 people alone represent C0 percent o. those incarcerate+% More *lac5 men are i ncarcerate+ than $ere hel+ in sla)ery in 1D70, on the e)e o. the i)il ar% ar% est some misinterpret that statistic as e)i+ence o. greater criminality, a
2012 stu+y con:rms that *lac5 +e.en+ants are at least 30 percent more li5ely to *e imprisone+ than $hites
.or the same crime% his is not a *ro5en system, it is a system sy stem $or5ing per.ectly as inten+e+, to the +etriment o. all% he SA coul+ not ha)e spie+ on millions o. cellphones i. it $ere not alrea+y spying on *lac5 people, Muslims, an+ migrants% As sur)eillance technologies are increasingly a+opte+ an+ integrate+ *y la$ en.orcement agencies to+ay, racial +isparities are *eing ma+e in)isi*le *y a me+ia en)ironment that has .aile+ to tell the story o. sur)eillance in the conte
#odelin" privacy ri"hts adv Domestic drones ris+s authoritarianism
Compliance 13 (omplaince ampaign, ampaigning .or a 6nite+ States in compliance $ith its international o*ligations, Bcto*er 2C, 2013, “Police “Police *rutality, +rone $ars an+ international norms! https"##compliancecampaign%$or+press%c https"##compliancecampaig n%$or+press%com#2013#10#2C#+rones&pol om#2013#10#2C#+rones&police&)iolence&an+ ice&)iolence&an+&& international&norms# ' he A6 A6, ho$e)er, notes that “6%S% la$ en.orcement is greatly eurther, “+omestic +rones shoul+ not
onsi+ering the gro$ing procli)ity procli)ity o. 6%S% police .orces to engage in lethal .orce against ci)ilians at home, an+ the 6%S% militarys trou*ling trac5 recor+ a*roa+, it coul+ *e sai+ that the A6s mil+ a+monitions coul+ *e consi+ere+ un+erstate+ at *est% The violence and impunity 'ith *e e;uippe+ $ith lethal or non&lethal $eapons,! says the A6%
'hich security forces operate are a clear dan"er to society both 'ithin the $nited %tates and overseas% A++ing +omestic +rones to the arsenal o. local police $eapons is only i n)iting .urther trage+y% trage+y% In+ee+, unless the ,merican people and the 'orld community be"in to demand that the $&%& abides by the international norms that it demands of ro"ue states such as %yria or (ran4 the $nited %tates 'ill li+ely continue its slide into an authoritarian country in 'hich human ri"hts are cast aside as an irrelevant nuisance&
The plan revitalizes ri"ht to privacy and privacy la'
Calo 11 (M% Eyan, irector o. Pri)acy an+ Eo*otics, enter .or Internet an+ Society, ecem*er 12, 2011, “he rone as Pri)acy atalyst“RC Stan% % Ee)% Ee)% Bnline 2F http"##$$$%stan.or+la$re)ie$%org#online#+rone&pri)acy&catalyst ' Associate+ to+ay $ith the theatre o. $ar, the $i+esprea+ +omestic use o. +rones .or sur)eillance seems ine)ita*le % O
pieces o. +isparate in.ormation% May*e one online a+)ertiser you ha)e ne)er hear+ o. merges $ith another to share email lists% Perhaps a shoppers purchase o. an organic pro+uct increases the li5elihoo+ she i s a emocrat just enough to cause her i+entity to
It is har+ to 5no$ e
*e sol+ to a campaign% At most one can picture t he occasional harm.ul outcome its mechanism remains o*scure%
;uestion o. +amages% Pri)acy statutes ten+ to respon+ to speci:c inci+ences or a*uses" .or instance, no pro)i+er o. )i+eos (*roa+ly +e:ne+' may release customer rental history *ecause journalists once manage+ to procure a list o. the )i+eos enjoye+ *y a Supreme ourt nominee% An+ it must *e possi*le .or o@cers practically to glimpse the pro)er*ial “la+y in her sauna! *e.ore the >ourth Amen+ment places serious limits on the +eployment o. sur)eillance technology%2K technology%2K he
+e)elopment o. American pri)acy la$ has *een slo$ an+ une)en the a+)ancement o. in.ormation technology has not% he result is a $i+ening chasm *et$een our collecti)e an+ in+i)i+ual capacity to o*ser)e one another an+ the protections a)aila*le to consumers an+ citi4ens un+er the la$% la$% e are only no$, in 2011, re)isiting he Olectronic ommunications Pri)acy Act, $hich controls the circumstances un+er $hich the go)ernment can intercept or access electronic communications such as emails% he Act $as passe+ in 1FDR% At the time, la$ma5ers 5i+s $ere tra+ing in their al5man al5man .or a iscman% Al ?ore ha+ only just in)ente+ the Internet%3K Internet%3K Eecent shi.ts shi.ts in technology an+ atten+ant changes to *usiness practices ha)e ha)e not le+ to similar shi.ts in pri)acy la$, at least not on the or+er o. 1DF0% omputers, the Internet, E>I, ?PS, *iometrics, .acial recognitionnone o. these
might reasona*ly $on+er $hether $e $ill e)er ha)e another arren an+ 9ran+eis moment, $hether any technology $ill +ramati4e the nee+ to rethin5 the )ery nature o. pri)acy la$% la$% Bne goo+ can+i+ate is the +rone% In routine use *y to+ays military, these unmanne+ aircra.t systems threaten to per.ect the art o. sur)eillance% +e)elopments has create+ the same sea change in pri)acy thin5ing% Bne
rones are capa*le o. :n+ing or .ollo$ing a speci:c person% hey can Ly patterns in search o. suspicious acti)ities or ho)er o)er a location in $ait% Some are as small as *ir+s or insects, others as *ig as *limps% In a++ition to high&resolution cameras an+
hat microphones, +rones can *e e;uippe+ $ith thermal imaging an+ the capacity to intercept $ireless communications% hat +rones $ill see $i+esprea+ +omestic use seems ine)ita*le% hey represent an e@cient an+ cost&e-ecti)e alternati)e to helicopters an+ airplanes% Police, :re:ghters, an+ geologists $illan+ +ouse +rones .or sur)eillance an+ research% 9ut +rones $ill not *e limite+ to go)ernment or scienti:c uses% he pri)ate sector has has incenti)es to use +rones +rones as $ell% he he me+ia, in particular, coul+ ma5e $i+esprea+ use o. o. +rones to co)er co)er un.ol+ing police acti)ity or tra@c stories% Imagine $hat +rones $oul+ +o .or the lucrati)e papara44i in+ustry, especially couple+ $ith commercially a)aila*le .acial recognition technology% technology% /ou might thin5 +rones $oul+ alrea+y *e u*i;uitous% here are, ho$e)er, >e+eral A)iation A)iation A+ministration restrictions on the use o. unmanne+ aircra.t systems, restrictions that +ate *ac5 se)eral years% Some pu*lic agencies ha)e petitione+ .or $ai)er% $ai)er% ustoms an+ 9or+er Protection uses +rones to police our *or+ers% Eecently the state o. B5lahoma as5e+ the >AA .or a *lan5et $ai)er o. eighty miles o. airspace% ?oing .or$ar+, $ai)er may not *e necessary% necessary% he >AA .aces increasing pressure to rela< its restrictions an+ is consi+ering rulema5ing to ree
Agency rules impe+e the use o. +rones .or no$ 6nite+ States pri)acy la$ +oes not% here is )ery little in our pri)acy la$ that $oul+ $oul+ prohi*it prohi*it the use o. +rones $ithin $ithin our *or+ers% iti4ens +o not generally enjoy a reasona*le e
nor common la$ appears to prohi*it police or the me+ia .rom routinely operating sur)eillance +rones in ur*an an+ other en)ironments %8K I. anything, o*ser)ations *y +rones may occasion less scrutiny than manne+ aerial )ehicles% Se)eral prominent cases, an+ a signi:cant *o+y o. scholarship, reLect the )ie$ that no pri)acy )iolation has occurre+ unless an+ until a human o*ser)es a person, o*ject, or attri*ute% DK Just as a +og might sni- pac5ages an+ alert an o@cer only in the presence o. contra*an+, so might a +rone scan .or )arious chemicals or heat signatures an+ alert an o@cer only upon spotting the telltale si gns o. +rug pro+uction%FK In short, +rones
li5e those in $i+esprea+ military use to+ay $ill tomorro$ *e use+ *y police, scientists, ne$spapers, ho**yists, an+ others here at home% An+ pri)acy la$ $ill not ha)e much to say a*out it% Pri)acy a+)ocates $ill% As $ith pre)ious emerging technologies, a+)ocates $ill argue that +rones threaten our +$in+ling in+i)i+ual an+ collecti)e pri)acy% pri)acy% 9ut unli5e the +e*ates o. recent +eca+es, I thin5 these arguments $ill gain serious traction among courts, regulators, an+ the general pu*lic% I ha)e in min+ the e-ect on citi4ens o. +rones Lying aroun+ 6nite+ States cities% hese machines are +is;uieting% Qirtually any ro*ot can engen+er a certain amount o. +iscom.ort, let alone one associate+ in the min+ o. the a)erage American $ith spy operations or targete+ 5illing% I. you $ill par+on the ine)ita*le re.erence to 1FDC, ?eorge Br$ell speci:cally +escri*es small Lying +e)ices that roam neigh*orhoo+s an+ peer into $in+o$s% /et one nee+ not tra)el to Br$ells Bceaniaor the o@ces o. our o$n e.ense A+)ance+ Eesearch Projects Projects Agencyto encounter one o. these machines% /ou /ou coul+ tra)el to one o. se)eral counties $here American police
o@cers are presently putting this technology through its paces% he he
parallels to he Eight Eight to Pri)acy are are also acute% Bnce journalists nee+e+ to con)ince high society to pose .or a photograph% e$ technologies ma+e it possi*le .or a journalist automatically to “snap! a picture, $hich in turn le+ to salacious ne$s co)erage % Americans in 1DF0 coul+ just picture that t$ee+y journalist in the *ushes o. a posh $e++ing, hear the slap o. the ne$spaper the ne
o+ays loo5 o. the *ri+al party in the co)er art% o+ays
police ha)e to .ollo$ hunches, culti)ate culti)ate in.ormants, su*poena AM AM camera .ootage journalists must ghost a*out the restaurant or party o. the moment% omorro$ omorro$s s police an+ journalists might sit in an o@ce or )ehicle as their metal agents metho+ically search .or interesting *eha)ior to recor+ an+ relay% relay% Americans can )isuali4e an+ eAA restrictions rela< an+ pri)ate an+ pu*lic +rones ;uic5ly :ll the s5y% s5y% aniel Solo)e has argue+ that the proper metaphor .or contemporary pri)acy )iolations is not the 9ig 9rother o. Br$ells 1FDC, *ut the inscruta*le courts o. >ran4 >ran4 Ua.5as he rial%11K rial%11K I agree, an+ *elie)e that the
lac+ of a coherent mental model of privacy harm helps account for the la" bet'een the advancement of technolo"y and privacy la'% here is no story, no )i)i+ an+ speci:c instance o. a para+igmatic pri)acy )iolation in a +igital uni)erse, upon $hich citi4ens an+ la$ma5ers can premise their concern% rones
an+ other ro*ots ha)e the
potential to restore that mental mo+el % hey represent the col+, technological em*o+iment o. o*ser)ation% 6nli5e, say, SA net$or5 sur)eillance or commercial +ata *ro5erage, go)ernment or in+ustry sur)eillance o. the populace $ith +rones $oul+ *e )isi*le an+ highly salient% People $oul+ .eel o*ser)e+, regar+less o. ho$ or $hether the in.ormation $as actually use+% he resulting *ac5lash coul+ .orce us to ree
)idespread Drone use destroys 5th amendment ri"hts eahy 13, (Patric5, (Patric5, 6S Senator o. Io$a, March 20 th 2013, “GO >66EO B> EBOS I AMOEIA" A O>BEOMO A PEIQA/ BSIOEAIBS!, http"##$$$%ju+iciary%senate%go)#imo#me+ia#+oc#GE?&113shrgD1887%p+. ' ith the >e+eral A)iation A)iation A+ministration estimating that as many as 30,000 +rones li5e this $ill *e operating in the national airspace *y the en+ o. this +eca+e, I thin5 $e ha)e to care.ully consi+er the policy implications o. this .ast&emerging technology% technology% I 5no$ that $e are going to hear a lot o. things a*out the uni;ue a+)antages o. using unmanne+ aircra.t as oppose+ to manne+ )ehicles% rones are a*le to carry out ar+uous an+ +angerous tas5s that $oul+ other$ise *e eor >or eourth Amen+ment jurispru+ence% hen is it appropriate .or
la$ en.orcement to use a +rone, an+ .or $hat purposes= 6n+er $hat circumstances shoul+ la$ en.orcement *e re;uire+ to :rst o*tain a search $arrant= An+ then $hat shoul+ *e +one $ith the +ata that is collecte+ an+ ho$ long shoul+ it *e 5ept= An+ although no +rones operating in the 6%S% are yet $eaponi4e+, I am a+)ise+, shoul+ la$ en.orcement *e permitte+ to e;uip unmanne+ aircra.t aircra.t $ith non&lethal tools such as tear gas or pepper spray= My concerns a*out the +omestic use o. +rones e
6rivacy is a uman Ri"ht Si++i;ue 13 ( Garoon, Garoon, ne$s reporter reporter on the ?uar+ian, ?uar+ian, ecem*er 2R th 2013, !Internet pri)acy as important as human rights, says 6Hs a)i Pillay!, http"##$$$%theguar+ian%com#$orl+ http"##$$$ %theguar+ian%com#$orl+#2013#+ec#2R#un&na)i&pillay #2013#+ec#2R#un&na)i&pillay&internet&pri)acy &internet&pri)acy ' ' he 6 human rights chie., a)i Pillay, Pillay, has compare+ the uproar uproar in the international community cause+ *y re)elations o. mass sur)eillance $ith the collecti)e response that helpe+ *ring +o$n the aparthei+ regime in South A.rica% Pillay, the :rst n on& $hite $oman to ser)e as a high&court ju+ge in South A.rica, ma+e the comments in an inter)ie$ $ith Sir im 9erners&ee on a special e+ition o. 99 Ea+io CHs o+ay programme, $hich the in)entor o. the $orl+ $i+e $e* $as guest e+iting% Pillay has *een as5e+ *y the 6 to prepare a report on protection o. the right to pri)acy, in the $a5e o. the .ormer ational Security Agency analyst O+$ar+ Sno$+en lea5ing classi:e+ +ocuments a*out 6U an+ 6S spying an+ the collection o. personal +ata% he .ormer international international criminal court ju+ge sai+ her encounters $ith serious human rights a*uses, $hich inclu+e+ ser)ing on the E$an+a tri*unal, +i+ not ma5e her ta5e online pri)acy less seriously% seriously% I +onHt gra+e human rights, she sai+% I .eel I ha)e to loo5 a.ter an+ promote the rights o. all persons% IHm not put o- *y the li.etime e
oNine must also *e protecte+ online, inclu+ing the right to pri)acy % 9ra4ilHs presi+ent, ilma Eousse-, an+ the ?erman chancellor, Angela Mer5el, $ere among those spie+ on, accor+ing to the +ocuments lea5e+ *y Sno$+en% he resolution calle+ on the 1F3 6 mem*er states to re)ie$ their proce+ures, practices an+ legislation regar+ing regar+ing the sur)eillance o. communications, their interception an+ collection o. personal +ata, $ith a )ie$ to uphol+ing the right to pri)acy o. all their o*ligations un+er international human rights la$% It also +irecte+ Pillay to pu*lish a report on the protection an+ promotion o. pri)acy in the conte
The $nited %tates7s constitution is modelled "lobally
Ginsburg et al. 12 (om ?ins*urg, Wachary Ol5ins, an+ James Melton, om ?ins*urg is Pro.essor Pro.essor at the 6ni)ersity o. hicago hicago a$ School% Ge hol+s 9%A%, J%% J%% an+ Ph%% +egrees .rom .rom the 6ni)ersity o. ali.ornia at 9er5eley% 9er5eley% Gis *oo5s inclu+e Eule 9y a$" he Politics o. ourts in Authoritarian Eegimes Eegimes (200D' an+ Ju+icial Ee)ie$ in e$ emocracies (2003', $hich $on the American Political Science Associations % German German Pritchett A$ar+ A$ar+ .or *est *oo5 *oo5 on la$ an+ courts% Ge currently co&+irects the omparati)e onstitutions Project at Illinois, an+ is $or5ing on a *oo5 on constitutional en+urance, “omments on a$ an+ Qersteegs he eclining InLuence o. the 6nite+ States onstitution! http"##papers%ssrn%com#sol3#papers%c.m=a*stracti+X2CDR88R' his intro+uces some special special analytic pro*lems% pro*lems% Bne aspect o. o. this pro*lem is that that the conte
do the other sets of ri"hts in circulation +uring the same time that the .ramers +i+ not
select% A.ter all, e)en .or those +ra.ting constitutions in the nineteenth century, the rights enshrine+ in the 6%S% onstitution o-ere+ just one set o. a larger uni)erse o. rights% e$ atin American countries an+ +emocrati4ing states in Ourope ha+ se)eral +i-erent menus to choose .rom, such as those in the series o. >rench >rench charters starting in 18F1 or that in the $i+ely +isseminate+ Spanish onstitution o. 1D12, 5no$n as the i+i4 onstitution%1F hese menus, or mo+els, $ere +eci+e+ly +i-erent $ith respect to their content% B. the t$enty&three common rights in general circulation, only ele)en in *oth the 6%S% onstitution an+ >rench onstitution o. 18F1 match, meaning that *oth constitutions either eigure >igure 3 presents an analysis o. the similarity o. the 6%S% onstitution to others $ith respect to common rights% As in >igure 2, $e analy4e t$o samples" one o. atin American constitutions an+ one +ra$n .rom all constitutions% hese graphs can *e contraste+ against those in >igure >igure 2, $hich replicate replicate an+ eigure 2, constitutions appear increasingly +issimilar to the 6%S% onstitution, suggesting that, on a)erage, constitutions ha)e e)ol)e+ an+ a*sor*e+ mo+ern rights% >igure >igure 3, ho$e)er, plots the similarity o. constitutions to the 6%S% onstitution across those rights that $ere popular (that is, .oun+ in at least t$enty&:)e percent o. constitutions' *e.ore 1D70% As $e suggest a*o)e, this metric *etter captures the influence of the $&%& Constitution& )e see that across this set of ri"hts4 the $&%& Constitution is actually increasin"ly similar to other constitutions over time%
$&%&7s Constitution modelled "lobally – small s mall la's prove Ginsburg et al. 12 (om ?ins*urg, Wachary Ol5ins, an+ James Melton, om ?ins*urg is Pro.essor Pro.essor at the 6ni)ersity o. hicago hicago a$ School% Ge hol+s 9%A%, J%% J%% an+ Ph%% +egrees .rom .rom the 6ni)ersity o. ali.ornia at 9er5eley% 9er5eley% Gis *oo5s inclu+e Eule 9y a$" he Politics o. ourts in Authoritarian Eegimes Eegimes (200D' an+ Ju+icial Ee)ie$ in e$ emocracies (2003', $hich $on the American Political Science Associations % German German Pritchett A$ar+ A$ar+ .or *est *oo5 *oo5 on la$ an+ courts% Ge currently co&+irects the omparati)e onstitutions Project at Illinois, an+ is $or5ing on a *oo5 on constitutional en+urance, “omments on a$ an+ Qersteegs he eclining InLuence o. the 6nite+ States onstitution! http"##papers%ssrn%com#sol3#papers%c.m=a*stracti+X2CDR88R' SBMO SI?A6EO, SI?A6EO, I> OSS OEA, OOMOS B> 6%S% I>6OO may seem inconse;uential% 9ut it is in part *ecause o. their tri)iality&or at least their ar*itrary selection *y the .oun+ers&that these elements tell
Q
o. some arcane elements o. the 6%S% onstitution, $hich
e close $ith a regretta*ly short +iscussion
us something a*out inLuence% Many types o. constitutional rules ha)e little +istri*uti)e 4 the rule from one conse;uence% e)ertheless, some rule must *e a+opte+% constitution simply may be more li+ely to be emulated by constitutional constituti onal drafters, .urther increasing similarity *et$een constitutions% >or e
some things *e settle+ than that they *e settle+ right% 20
In such cases
21
%
22
stic5y, ha)ing *een
in our sample (thirty percent o. the 73C constitutions that speci.y an age limit .or the hea+ o. state'% 2 3
(t$enty&:)e' .or
ser)ing in the lo$er house o. the legislature remains the most popular num*er glo*ally (thirty&se)en percent o. the 7R7 constitutions that speci.y an age limit .or mem*ers o. the lo$er house'% 2C espite a signi:cant increase in li.e e
the $&%& 9solution9 has remained in place& his his is an e
constitutional +ra.ters .ailing to mo+erni4e an+ suggests e)i+ence o. te
% Most presi+ential constitutions ha)e ha+ term limits% As $e sho$ in our stu+y o. term limits, the
most popular .orm historically $as a )ersion in $hich the o@cer coul+ ser)e .or multiple nonconsecuti)e nonconsecuti)e terms *ut no consecuti)e terms% 27 Go$e)er,
$enty&Secon $enty&Secon+ + Amen+ment $as rati:e+ in 1F71, 1F71,
, $hich $as not co+i:e+ until the
%2R
of increasin" $&%& influence over time4 in 'hich modernization has moved in the direction of the $&%& model& As a :nal e
pream*les% .oun+ in national pream*les time
In an early $or5ing paper, $e :n+ that the e
e e the People is the single most popular phrase an+ that its use is increasing in popularity o)er
since 18DF
% 28 e +o not ha)e space .or a complete analysis o. $hat aspects o. constitutions are most li5ely to e
o. constitutional inLuence or similarity% similarity% o their cre+it, a$ an+ Qersteeg Qersteeg push their analysis *eyon+ rights, *ut their analysis still lea)es many areas o. constitutions untouche+% A.ter A.ter all, constitutional +ra.ters are e
It has *een suggeste+, $ith gro$ing .re;uency, that the 6nite+ States may *e losing its inLuence o)er constitutionalism in other countries *ecause it is increasingly out o. sync $ith an e)ol)ing glo*al consensus on issues o. human rights% ittle is 5no$n in an empirical an+ systematic $ay, ho$e)er, a*out the eree+oms >ree+oms has inLuence+ constitution ma5ing in other countries% his inLuence is neither uni.orm nor glo*al in scope, ho$e)er, *ut instea+ reLects an e)olutionary path share+ primarily *y other common la$ countries% 9y comparison, $e un co)er no patterns that $oul+ suggest $i+esprea+ constitutional emulation o. ?ermany, South A.rica, or In+ia%
*ri.acy is key to defending the 5ourth )#end#ent )#end#ent and .ice .ersa warrantless search de.ices i#pede pri.acy Ohm 12
(aul Ohm! aul Ohm is an "ssociate rofessor an# "ssociate $ean for "ca#emic "%airs at the &ni'ersity of Colora#o a School. *e speciali+es in information pri'acy! computer crime la! intellectual property! an# criminal proce#ure! ,-he ourth "men#ment in a /orl# /ithout ri'acy0 httpmississippilaournal.orgp4contentuploa#s2126174Ohm89:".p#f)
o more Oourth Amen+ment *uilt on pri)acy% his too5 the .orm .orm o. the majoritys pronouncement pronouncement that “ the >ourth e
as the test .or the meaning o. search $ithin the amen+ment% Although the rest o. this Part $ill eourth Amen+ment in a $orl+ $ithout pri)acy, the punch line is *oth easy to state an+ preor+aine+ almost to the point o. *eing tautological in a 'orld 'ithout privacy4 a :ourth ,mendment built around reasonable em*race+ *y the ourt
expectations of privacy 'ill no lon"er apply& Speci:cally, the courts ha)e gi)en the reasona*le e
$hen courts .ace .act patterns arising .rom the rise o. the sur)eillance society, they might hol+ that the >ourth Amen+ment +oes not apply% apply% 1% ela*orations, an+ each suggests that
Assumption o. Eis5 Accor+ing to the Supreme ourt, an in+i)i+ual ta5es the ris5, in re)ealing his a-airs to another, that the in.ormation $ill *e con)eye+ *y that person to the ?o)ernment% % % % OK)en i. the in.ormation is re)eale+ on the assumption that it $ill *e use+ only .or a limite+ purpose an+ the con:+ence place+ in the thir+ party $ill not *e *etraye+%7F his reasoning has has *een applie+ in at least t$o important important an+ *roa+ *roa+ conteourth >ourth Amen+ment +oes not apply to our *an5s recor+s o. our :nancial transactions,R2 or to
this rule automatically e
an+ >ours;uare%R7 2% Uno$ing Oourth Amen+ment protection%!RR he Supreme ourt has use+ this reasoning to rule that the police can trac5 a car $ith an electronic *eeper as it mo)es aroun+ city streets, *ecause the car remains on pu*lic thorough.ares%R8 thorough.ares%R8 It has also use+ the concept o. 5no$ing eourth Amen+ment the use *y the police o. airplanes an+ helicopters to loo5 at the open :el+s an+ e)en the curtilage neace*oo5 account% Is a >ace*oo5 account a pu*lic or pri)ate space= oes it +epen+ on the num*er o. .rien+s you ha)e or the con:guration o. your pri)acy settings= omplicating this consi+era*ly is >ace*oo5s ongoing $ar $ith its users a*out those pri)acy settings an+, in particular, $hat the +e.ault settings shoul+ *e% A court coul+ reasona*ly hol+ that some o. the content
.ollo$ing con)entional >ourth Amen+ment la$, rule that it may *e o*taine+ *y the police $ithout a $arrant % 3% ?eneral Pu*lic 6se >inally, the general pu*lic use rule poste+ to >ace*oo5 has *een 5no$ingly e
comes .rom t$o cases, o$ hemicalRF an+ Uyllo%80 Accor+ing to this rule,
the police may deploy po'erful surveillance devices to
trac+ suspects 'ithout a 'arrant so long as the tool is generally accessi*le to the pu*lic% In o$ hemical, the court hel+ that a
Y22,000 camera ;uali:e+ un+er this rule% 81 Although the ourt *ac5trac5e+ a *it in Uyllo, :n+ing a Y1000 thermal heat&imaging machine +i+ not ;uali.y as one in general pu*lic use, it re.use+ to o)errule o$ hemical%82 As the po$er o. pri)ate sur)eillance increases, the +e)ices an+ systems they create may *e a)aila*le to the police $ithout process *ecause o. this rule% onsi+er .or e
5ourth a#end#ent declining now, allowing allowing for a pri.ate sector&led police state Ohm 12 (aul Ohm! aul Ohm is an "ssociate rofessor an# "ssociate $ean for "ca#emic "%airs at the &ni'ersity of Colora#o a School. *e speciali+es in information pri'acy! computer crime la! intellectual property! an# criminal proce#ure! ,-he ourth "men#ment in a /orl# /ithout ri'acy0 httpmississippilaournal.orgp4contentuploa#s2126174Ohm89:".p#f)
he +iminishe+ >ourth >ourth Amen+ment hile some legal scholars ha)e argue+ that $e a*an+on the reasona*le eourth Amen+ment in principles other than pri)acy, none o. these scholars has consi+ere+ the central
$e are hea+e+ .or a $orl+ $ithout pri)acy = his shi.t in .ocus gi)es a +i-erent, more urgent impetus to some o. the prescriptions that others ha)e o-ere+, *ut it also gi)es rise to the nee+ .or ne$ prescriptions% In a $orl+ $ithout pri)acy, a >ourth Amen+ment .ocuse+ on pri)acy *ecomes nearly a +ea+ letter% o+ays >ourth Amen+ment has *een *uilt aroun+ the reasona*le eourth Amen+ment, pro*a*le cause an+ a $arrant, $ill *ecome much less important as per)asi)e monitoring an+ recor+ collection $ill gi)e the police pro*a*le cause most o. the time% The diminishment of the :ourth ,mendment 'ill chan"e police poli ce behavior& Police agencies $ill *egin to a*+icate their tra+itional role as con+uctor o. sur)eillance, *ecause it $ill *e eclipse+ *y the po$er.ul ne$ systems o. pri)ate sur)eillance % he >9I an+ other la$ en.orcement agencies $ill shi.t .rom *eing acti)e pro+ucers o. sur)eillance to passi)e consumers, essentially outsourcing all o. their sur)eillance acti)ities to pri)ate thir+ parties , ones $ho are not only ungo)erne+ *y the state ;uestion o. this Article" $hat i.
action re;uirements o. the >ourth Amen+ment, *ut also $ho ha)e hone+ the a*ility to con)ince pri)ate citi4ens to agree to *e $atche+% It is li5ely, ho$e)er, that courts $ill resist this change, re.using to accept a nugatory >ourth Amen+ment% o sa)e the >ourth Amen+ment, they $ill trans.orm it, a*an+oning the reasona*le e
Decreases in the privacy of society is leadin" to an increased reliance on the private; sector
Ohm 12
(aul Ohm! aul Ohm is an "ssociate rofessor an# "ssociate $ean for "ca#emic "%airs at the &ni'ersity of Colora#o a School. *e speciali+es in information pri'acy! computer crime la! intellectual property! an# criminal proce#ure! ,-he ourth "men#ment in a /orl# /ithout ri'acy0 httpmississippilaournal.orgp4contentuploa#s2126174Ohm89:".p#f)
the rise o. the sur)eillance su r)eillance society means .or the >ourth Amen+ment, consi+er $hat it means .or the practicalities o. policing% e shoul+ e
policing% In constitutional criminal proce+ure, the +i-erence *et$een sel.&help policing an+ assiste+ policing has recei)e+ little attention, *ecause almost all court attention has .ocuse+ on the .ormer% In the near century since Blmstea+,32 almost all o. the cases +iscussing $hat ne$ technology means .or the >ourth Amen+ment ha)e in)ol)e+ police sel.&help an+ home&gro$n tools% he police inserte+ the $ires into the telephone lines in Blmstea+,33 mounte+ the recor+ing +e)ice in Uat4,3C +eploye+ its o$n microphones in ?ol+man37 an+ Sil)erman,3R chartere+ aircra.t .or their o$n use in iraolo38 an+ o$ hemical,3D an+ installe+ their o$n trac5ing *eepers in Uaro3F an+ Unotts%C0 >uture stu+ents o. the amen+ment are li5ely to mar)el at these historical relics, trying to imagine a time $hen the >9I $as .orce+ to *uil+ its o$n tools an+ collect its o$n +ata% It $ill li5ely seem a .ar cry .rom the >9I they 5no$" agents sitting in o@ces, acting as a central clearing house .or the o*ser)ations o. pri)ate in+ustry, mining their $ay through mountains o. +ata collecte+ *y other people an+ .or other purposes% It is as i. to+ays >9I has +e)elope+ a sophisticate+ sur)eillance research&an+&+e)elopment arm $ith
:el+
o@ces name+ Apple, ?oogle, >ace*oo5, omcast, an+ AZ %C1 Bn the sur.ace, these pri)ate la*s seem similar to >9I la*s $ith *ig *uil+ings an+ smart engineers% 9ut peel *ac5 a layer an+ it is o*)ious these la*s c an +o something important that no >9I la* coul+ coul+ e)er hope to +o con)ince the sur)eillance sur)eillance targets o. the $orl+ to consensually a+opt their sur)eillance technologies, acting as a neat en+&aroun+ circum)enting the >ourth Amen+ment %C2 Although .e$ scholars ha)e note+ $hat the en+ o. sel.&help policing means .or the >ourth Amen+ment, some ha)e note+ the +escripti)e shi.t in the amount the police an+ intelligence community rely on the .ruits o. pri)ate sur)eillance% Jon Michaels has care.ully trac5e+ the increasing reliance on technological a+)ances an+ pri)ate sur)eillance *y the intelligence community %C3 Bthers ha)e note+ ho$ much the IA, >9I, an+ e.ense epartment rely on the ser)ices o. +ata aggregators li5e hoicePoint %CC As proo. o. the shi.t a$ay .rom a sel.&help police .orce, consi+er the annual iretap Eeport% 9y statute, the A+ministrati)e B@ce o. the 6nite+ States ourts is charge+ $ith issuing a report each year that tallies the num*er o. applications .or court&or+ere+ $iretaps in state an+ .e+eral court an+ re;uires a small num*er o. summary statistics a*out each juris+iction%C7 Bne ta*le o. the report *rea5s +o$n $iretap or+ers *y the “type o. sur)eillance use+,! oral ()oice', $ire (telephone', electronic (computer net$or5'%CR Some ha)e eor ea<, an+ omputer!', or approigure 1, $hich plots *oth the total num*er an+ percentage o. all $iretaps that in)ol)e+ electronic sur)eillance .or the past :.teen years% >igure 1 pro)i+es a compelling )isual image o. the +ecline o. sel.&help policing% learly, the num*er o. court or+ere+ $iretaps in)ol)ing electronic e)i+ence +roppe+ precipitously at the turn o. the century% hris Soghoian, a close $atcher o. these statistics, speculates that this is proo. o. the +eclining importance o. .a< transmissions in criminal sur)eillance, $hich are inclu+e+ in this reporting category%CF 9ut the +rop since 2000 is nearly as pronounce+, $ith a near linear +ecline .rom 2000 (eighty&nine intercepts, nearly eight percent o. all'70 to 200R (thirteen intercepts, 0%8R['%71 Since 200R, the nations courts ha)e authori4e+ .e$er than t$enty $iretaps o. +igital net$or5s a year, ne)er topping one percent o. all or+ers in that time span%72 he +ramatic +ecrease is almost certainly not an in+ication that criminals use computer
it li5ely represents a shi.t in police tactics a$ay .rom sel.&help% o+ay, it ma5es little sense .or the police to engage in court&or+ere+ $iretapping% ot only is it easier to secure pri)ate cooperation than ju+icial sanction, *ut also the .ruits o. pri)ate sur)eillance are simply *etter *etter .e+ as they are *y our sensor&la+en $orl+ an+ empo$ere+ *y consensualsharing% >igure 1 is a *ell$ether not an outlier% ith each passing year, the police $ill learn to *orro$ an+ *eg rather than *uil+% Bur mental image o. the >9I agent net$or5s less or that the police rely less on net$or5 sur)eillance% Instea+,
con+ucting sur)eillance, $earing hea+phones in a $hite )an par5e+ on the cur*, clipping alligator clips to telephone $ires, an+ $or5ing $ith a $hite&
$ill soon *e replace+ *y an agent sitting in his o@ce, hitting the re.resh *utton on his $e* *ro$ser, an+ rea+ing the latest log :le +ump sent .rom pri)ate in+ustry% onsi+er one :nal e9I .ace+ a
coate+ >9I scientist
.irestorm surroun+ing its arni)ore system a piece o. so.t$are +e)elope+ in&house an+ +esigne+ to per.orm electronic $iretapping on +igital net$or5s in technical terms, a :ltering pac5et sni-er%73 he pu*lic story is $ell 5no$n" the press +ug +eep, the pu*lic complaine+, an+ ongress rage+, ultimately passing la$s re;uiring *etter reporting a*out the >9Is use o. the system%7C he less&$ell&5no$n +enouement is also telling" a .e$ years a.ter the contro)ersy, the >9I a*an+one+ arni)ores successor, reali4ing that the pri)ate computer security in+ustry ha+ +esigne+ *etter :ltering pac5et sni-ers than the >9I coul+ +o on its o$n% his shi.t is a heral+ o. the
shi.t in role an+ responsi*ility .or sur)eillance sur )eillance .rom
>9I la*s to pri)ate companies, $hich $e $ill see repeate+ constantly in the years to come%
Domestic drones < panopticon
Ca'ou;ian 12 (Ann, Ph.D., Information Information & Privacy Commissioner, August 2012, “Privacy and Drones: Unmanned Aerial Aerial Vehicles,” http://www.publicsafety.gc http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/lbrr/archives .ca/lbrr/archives/cnmcs-plcng/cn298 /cnmcs-plcng/cn29822-eng.pdf) 22-eng.pdf)
he Panopticon Panopticon prison +esign $as the creation o. Onglish philosopher an+ social theorist Jeremy 9entham% he +esign consiste+ o. a circular structure $ith an “inspection house! at its centre% >rom >rom this )antage point, managers or guar+s o. the institution $ere easily a*le to $atch (an+ control' the *eha)iour o. the inmates statione+ aroun+ the perimeter% 9entham inten+e+ the *asic plan to ha)e $i+esprea+ application% 9enthams initial concept $as later in)o5e+ *y Michel >oucault (in iscipline an+ Punish" he 9irth o. the Prison' as a metaphor .or mo+ern “+isciplinary! societies an+ their per)asi)e inclination to o*ser)e an+ normali4e% >oucault propose+ that not only prisons, *ut all hierarchical structures (i%e%, armies, schools, hospitals, an+ .actories' ha)e e)ol)e+ through history to resem*le 9enthams Panopticon% Panopticon% Bur societies s ocieties are *ecoming increasingly acclimati4e+ to panoptic sur)eillance *y close+&circuit tele)ision (Q' cameras in *oth pu*lic an+ pri)ate spaces, accepting that la$ en.orcement agencies ha)e a legitimate an+ compelling nee+ to engage in authori4e+ sur)eillance% Go$e)er, there is also the potential .or serious )iolations o. pri)acy to arise .rom the misuse o. this technology% hus $e set out )i+eo sur)eillance gui+elines to control potential eoucault, the increase+ use o. +rones or “unmanne+ aerial )ehicles! has the potential to result in the $i+esprea+ +eployment +eployment o. panoptic structures that may persist in)isi*ly throughout society% society% hese +e)elopments o*lige us to re)isit .un+amental issues regar+ing our e
$,$,-s destroy privacy 0.(-(T0 2!13 (Jonathan Oli.ito, J+ canidate Ohio -tate ni.%
pounds%4 These syste#s syste#s can operate at altitudes altitudes of up to I,000 feet, cruise at speeds of up to 20 knots, and re#ain re#ain airborne without without refueling for anywhere fro# thirty&fi.e hours to four days%4A -#all drones enCoy stealth and #aneu.erability, #aking #aking the# ideal for urban sur.eillance operations%4L ?ecause #any s#all drones operate on electricity, electricity, they produce .ery little noise%4Q )dditionally, the
relati.ely slow cruising speeds of s#all drones per#it the# to loiter o.er a sur.eillance target for e7tended periods of ti#e %I0 -o#e drones do not e.er need to loiter, as certain drone designs per#it the aircraft to both ho.er and fly nor#ally %I1 8n order to e7tend flight ti#e, other drones engage in “perch&and&stare! sur.eillance%I2
5inally, including face and body recognition technology%IQ 5inally,
ci.ilian drones, like their #ilitary counterparts, can carry weaponry% weaponry% )lthough )lthough lethal weapons are al#ost certainly out of the 6uestion, law enforce#ent drones #ight soon pack rubber bullets and tear gas %0 Taking Taking full ad.antage of drone capabilities, do#estic do#estic users ha.e a lready put drones to work in a .ariety of capacities% )lthough do#estic drones ha.e nu#erous beneficial applications, they also carr y the potential for abuse% abuse% E7acerbating this concern, concern, go.ern#ent agencies and pri.ate operators intend intend to e#ploy drones for so #any purposes that drones will so#eday for # a ubi6uitous part of life% E.en in the immediate future4 ho'ever4 tar"eted and inadvertent $,% surveillance poses a threat to privacy& priva cy&
,T %*uo solves privacy /ot enou"h protection a"ainst "overnment drone surveillance 0.(-(T0 2!13 (Jonathan Oli.ito, J+ canidate Ohio -tate ni.%
5th amendment 'ea+er after )ar on Terror -a"le 2!1= (Jeffrey % 3agle, 3agle, ni.ersity of *enn% aw -chool, =inter 201I “5urti.e encryption *ower, Trusts, and the /Onstitituional /ost of /ollecti.e -ur.eillance! 3% Q0 8ss% 1 8ndiana aw Journal http""www%repository%law%indiana%edu"cgi".iewcontent%cgiGarticle1114Uconte7tilC' The “=ar on Terror! Terror! that followed the catastrophic e.ents of -epte#ber 11, 2001, increased the fre6uency of suspicionless searches by law enforce#ent , including conte7ts such as searches at entrances to subways, on ferries, near political con.entions, con.entions, near sports sports arenas, at protest rallies, rallies, and around around water water reser.oirs%14L reser.oirs%14L 8n particular particular , the genuine proble# of global terroris# and the go.ern#ent;s go.ern#ent;s duty to pro.ide for national security ha.e added e.en #ore #o#entu# to the courts; consistent consistent trend toward analy$ing 5ourth )#end#ent proble#s fro# the go.ern#ent;s go.ern#ent;s point of .iew %14Q This is not to say that courts routinely adopt the go.ern#ent;s argu#ents in 5ourth )#end#ent cases, but rather rather that o.er the past three decades, the -upre#e /ourt has been for#ulating 5ourth )#end#ent doctrine fro# the perspecti.e of the go.ern#ent or police agency engaged in searches or sei$ures% 1I0 This is contrary to the /ourt;s orientation toward the indi.idual in >at$ and turns 5ourth )#end#ent doctrine on its head > the :ourth ,mendment 'as desi"ned to protect citizens from un?ustified and arbitrary "overnment intrusions4 not to facilitate the "overnment7s needs%1I1 This core constitutional tenet is especially i#portant when addressing go.ern#ent collecti.e&sur.eillance collecti.e&sur.eillance progra#s in the face of go.ern#ent clai#s of national security necessity% /urrent 5ourth )#end#ent Curisprudence has been steadily #o.ing toward analysis that begins fro# the go.ern#ent;s perspecti.e, a trend #ade plain in post&>at$ cases that co#plain of the burden placed on go.ern#ent by 5ourth )#end#ent re6uire#ents%1I2 This doctrinal trend has been e.en #ore pre.alent in cases argued after -epte#ber 11, 2001, where the
go.ern#ent argues that the needs of national security re6uire an e.en freer hand unencu#bered by naV.e 5ourth )#end#ent analysis analysis #ade 6uaint by the global global war on terroris#%
6rivacy is easily infiltrated by "overnment -a"le 2!1=
(Jeffrey % 3agle, 3agle, ni.ersity of *enn% aw -chool, =inter 201I “5urti.e encryption *ower, Trusts, and the /onstitutional /ost of /ollecti.e -ur.eillance! 3% Q0 8ss% 1 8ndiana aw Journal http""www%repository%law%indiana%edu"cgi".iewcontent%cgiGarticle1114Uconte7tilC' Do.ern#ent use of ad.ances in infor#ation technologies to collect and analy$e e.er larger and #ore detailed citi$en databases should co#e as no surprise % Suestions of efficacy aside for the #o#ent, the -tate;s increased use of data collection and analysis is a predictable result of the continued reali$ation of
the go.ern#ent could apply analytical tools to re.eal a .ery detailed portrait of who we are based on what we buy, what organi$ations organi$ations we belong to, what we read, and what we watch% 1LI The base analytical tools #ade a.ailable under e7isting 5ourth )#end#ent )#end#ent doctrine are sound but ha.e been gradually (and artificially' li#ited to a characteri$ation of the underlying constitutional issues that ha.e little basis in the 5ra#ers; intent% This characteri$ation, focusing on an ill&defined concept of pri.acy and taken fro# the perspecti.e of the go.ern#ent agent engaged in search and sei$ure, has been redefined fro# a prohibition against i#per#issible go.ern#ent intrusions based fir#ly on the 5ourth )#end#ent;s )#end#ent;s =arrant =arrant /lause1L to a balancing test which which weighs an indi.idual;s indi.idual;s right to pri.acy against against the go.ern#ent interest interest in effecti.e law enforce#ent% This balancing test departs fro# the language of the =arrant /lause and relies instead on the Beasonableness /lause, based on the the special needs of go.ern#ent% go.ern#ent%
Drolif ,dvanta"e )eaponized drones are comin" and have dan"erous applications
Greenal# 11 (?lenn, Journalist an+ la$yer, ecem*er R 2011, “PEs omestic rone ommercial!, http"##$$$%salon%com#2011#12#0R#nprs+o http"##$$$%salon%com#2011#12#0R#nprs+omestic+ronecommer mestic+ronecommercial#' cial#' Oe+eral la$ en.orcement agencies an+ local police .orces are *uying more an+ more o. them an+ putting them to increasingly +i)erse +omestic uses, as $ell as patrolling the *or+er, an+ e)en pri)ate corporations are no$ consi+ering ho$ to use them% Bne 6%S% +rone manu.acturer a+)ertises its pro+uct as i+eal .or “ur*an monitoring%! Brlan+os police +epartment originally re;ueste+ t$o +rones to use .or security at nee+eral A)iation A+ministration A+ministration (>AA', there $ere alrea+y “more than 280 acti)e authori4ations .or the use o. +o4ens o. 5in+s o. +rones! (37[ hel+ *y the Pentagon, 7[ *y Gomelan+ Security an+ others *y the >9I'% Omploying them .or +omestic police actions is .ollo$ing the mo+el ;uic5ly *eing implemente+ in sur)eillance&happy 9ritain, $here +rones are use+ .or “the routine monitoring o. antisocial motorists, protesters, agricultural thie)es an+ Ly&
O)en lea)ing asi+e the issue o. $eaponi4ation (police o@cials no$ openly tal5 a*out e;uipping +rones $ith “nonlethal $eapons such as asers or a *ean&*ag gun!', the use o. +rones .or +omestic sur)eillance raises all sorts o. eourth Amen+ments search an+ sei4ure tippers, in a signi:cant e
protections *y the rug ar an+ the ar on error error means there are .e$ onstitutional limits on ho$ this technology
the potential .or a*use is )ast, the escalation in sur)eillance they ensure is su*stantial, an+ the e-ect they ha)e on the culture o. personal pri)acy ha)ing the state employ ho)ering, high&tech, stealth )i+eo cameras that in)a+e homes an+ other pri)ate spaces is simply creepy% 9ut listeners o. PE $oul+ 5no$ a*out )irtually none o. that% Bn its All hings can *e use+, an+ there are no real statutory or regulatory restrictions limiting their use% In sum,
onsi+ere+ program yester+ay, PE *roa+cast a :)e&minute report (au+io *elo$' .rom 9rian aylor that purporte+ to *e a ne$s story on the +omestic use o. +rones *ut $as, in .act, much more a5in to a commercial .or the +rone in+ustry% in+ustry% aylor *egan *y +escri*ing a )i+eo on the $e*site o. a +rone manu.acturer, AeroQironment, AeroQironment, $hich names its +rone “the \u*e! the )i+eo, gushe+ aylor, sho$s police o@cers chasing a criminal $ho hi+es, only .or the police to pull a +rone out o. their trun5, launch it air*orne, recei)e images o. $here the criminal is hi+ing on their iPa+, an+ then :n+ an+ arrest the suspect, $ho $as arme+ an+ +angerous% PE listeners then hear+ .rom that corporations Qice Presi+ent touting ho$ much the \u*e $ill help “pu*lic sa.ety pro.essionals li5e la$ en.orcement, search an+ rescue, an+ :rst respon+ers%! aylor then tol+ PE listeners that +rones “ha)e *een a success $ith the military! though he +i+nt mention things li5e this, this or this an+ then mo)e+ on to tal5 to an o@cial in a Sheri-s o@ce in olora+o $ho uses the ragonLy ]R in aylors $or+s, that police o@cial e
source .or its story ei sni-ers! an+ coul+ also *e use+ *y “papara44i, your homeo$ners association, your neigh*or%! neigh*or%! aylor then note+ that the >AA is $or5ing no$ on sa.ety regulations, an+ $ith that, the report en+e+% So PE listeners hear+ .or C 1#2 minutes a*out the $on+er.ul, e
)eaponized drones are inevitable and comin" fast
Greenal# 13 (?lenn, Journalist an+ la$yer, March 2F 2013, “omestic rones a+ heir 6ni;ue angers!, http"##$$$ http"##$$$%theguar+ian%com#commentis.r %theguar+ian%com#commentis.ree#2013#mar#2F#+omestic& ee#2013#mar#2F#+omestic& +rones&uni;ue&+angers'' +rones&uni;ue&+angers he use o. +rones *y +omestic 6S la$ en.orcement en.orcement agencies is gro$ing gro$ing rapi+ly, *oth in terms o. num*ers an+ types o. usage % As a result, ci)il li*erties an+ pri)acy groups le+ *y the A6 & $hile accepting that +omestic +rones are ine)ita*le & ha)e *een +e)oting increasing e-orts topu*lici4ing topu*lici4ing their uni;ue +angers an+ +angers an+ agitating .or statutory limits% limits% hese e-orts are *eing impe+e+ *y those $ho moc5 the i+ea that +omestic +rones pose uni;ue +angers (o.ten the same people $ho moc5 concern o)er their usage on .oreign soil'% his +ismissi)e posture is groun+e+ not only in so.t authoritarianism (a religious&type .aith in the ?oo+ness o. 6S political lea+ers an+ state po$er generally' *ut also ignorance o)er current +rone capa*ilities, the $ays +rones are no$ *eing +e)elope+ an+ mar5ete+ .or +omestic use, an+ t he acti)ities o. the increasingly po$er.ul +omestic +rone lo**y% lo**y% So itHs ;uite $orth$hile to lay out the 5ey un+er&+iscusse+ .acts shaping this issue% IHm going to .ocus here most on +omestic sur)eillance +rones, *ut I $ant to say a .e$ $or+s a*out $eaponi4e+ +rones% he
*elie. that $eaponi4e+ +rones $onHt *e use+ on 6S soil is patently irrational% B. course they $ill *e% ItHs not just li5ely *ut ine)ita*le% Police +epartments are alrea+y spea5ing openly a*out openly a*out ho$ their +rones coul+ *e e;uippe+ to carry nonlethal $eapons such as asers or a *ean&*ag gun% he +rone in+ustry has alrea+y +e)elope+ an+ is no$ aggressi)ely mar5eting mar5eting precisely such $eaponi4e+ +rones .or +omestic la$ en.orcement use % It li5ely $onHt *e in the .orm that has recei)e+ the most me+ia attention" the type o. large Pre+ator or Eeaper +rones that shoot Gell:re missiles $hich +estroy homes an+ cars in Pa5istan, /emen, /emen, Somalia, A.ghanistan an+ multiple other countries aime+ at Muslims (although 6S la$ en.orcement agencies alrea+y possess Pre+ator +rones an+ ha)e use+ them o)er 6S soil .or sur)eillance'% Instea+, as I +etaile+ in a 2012 e
$eaponi4e+ +rones $ill *e much smaller an+ cheaper, as $ell as more agile & *ut just as lethal% he nationHs lea+ing manu.acturer o. small unmanne+ aircra.t systems (6AS', use+ *oth .or sur)eillance an+ attac5 purposes, i s AeroQironment, AeroQironment, Inc% (AQ'% Its2011 Its2011 Annual Eeport :le+ $ith the SO repeate+ly SO repeate+ly emphasi4es that its *usiness strategy +epen+s upon ee*ruary, 2013 9S e$s report note+, note+, .ocusing on AQHs sur)eillance +rones" o$,
+rones are hea+e+ o- the *attle:el+% heyHre alrea+y coming
AeroQironment, the ali.ornia company that sells the military something li5e D7 percent o. i ts Leet, is mar5eting your $ay% AeroQironment, them no$ to pu*lic sa.ety agencies% i5e many +rone manu.acturers, AQ AQ is no$ .ocuse+ on +rone pro+ucts & such as the \u*e & that are so small that they can *e transporte+ in the trun5 o. a police )ehicle or carrie+ in a *ac5pac5 an+ assem*le+ an+ +eploye+ $ithin a matter o. minutes% Bne ne$s report AQ touts is touts is hea+line+ rone technology coul+ *e coming to a Police epartment near you, $hich .ocuses on the \u*e% 9ut another article prominently toute+ on AQHs $e*site +escri*es the tiny 6AS pro+uct +u**e+ the S$itch*la+e, $hich, says the article, is the lea+ing e+ge o. $hat is li5ely to *e the *roa+er, e)en $holesale, $eaponi4ation o. unmanne+ systems% he article creepily hails the S$itch*la+e +rone as the ulti mate assassin *ug% hatHs *ecause, as I $rote *ac5 in 2011, it is controlle+ *y the operator at t he scene, an+ it $orms its $ay aroun+ *uil+ings an+ into small areas, sen+ing its sur)eillance imagery to an i&Pa+ hel+ *y the operator, $ho can then +irect the S$itch*la+e to lunge to$ar+ an+ 5ill the target (hence the name' *y ee*ruary, 2013 e.ense e$s article +escri*ing article +escri*ing ho$ much the 6S Army lo)es the S$itch*la+e an+ ho$ it is preparing to purchase more% ime Maga4ine heral+e+ this tiny +rone $eapon as one o. the *est in)entions o. 2012, gushing" the S$itch*la+e +rone can *e carrie+ into *attle in a *ac5pac5% ItHs a 5ami5a4e" the person controlling it uses a real&time )i+eo .ee+ .rom the +rone to crash it into a precise target & say,
hat possi*le reason coul+ someone i+enti.y as to $hy these small, porta*le $eaponi4e+ 6AS pro+ucts $ill not imminently *e use+ *y .e+eral, state an+ local la$ en.orcement agencies in the 6S= heyHre +esigne+ to protect their users in +angerous situations an+ to ena*le a target to *e more easily 5ille+% Police agencies an+ the increasingly po$er.ul +rone in+ustry $ill tout their utility in capturing an+ 5illing +angerous criminals an+ their a*ility to 5eep o@cers sa.e, an+ me+ia reports $ill +o the same% same % he han+.ul o. genuinely positi)e uses .rom +rones $ill *e en+lessly toute+ to +istract attention a$ay .rom the +angers they pose% Bne has to *e incre+i*ly na^)e to thin5 that these assassin *ugs an+ other lethal +rone pro+ucts $ill not *e $i+ely use+ on 6S soil *y an alrea+y para& +etails, the militari4e+ +omestic police .orce% As Ea+ley 9al5oHs .orthcoming *oo5 Eise o. the arrior op +etails, a sniper% Its tiny $arhea+ +etonates on impact%
primary tren+ in 6S la$ en.orcement is $hat its title +escri*es as he Militari4ation o. AmericaHs Police >orces% >orces% he history o. +omestic la$ en.orcement particularly a.ter F#11 has F#11 has *een the importation o. military techni;ues an+ $eapons into +omestic policing% It
$oul+ *e shoc5ing i. these $eapons $ere not imminently use+ u se+ *y +omestic la$ en.orcement agencies%
Domestic Drone surveillance surveillance leads to a mass4 'eaponized4 'eaponized4 violent surveillance state4 ?ustifyin" human;ri"hts human;ri"hts abuses abuses throu"hout throu"hout the nation
Greenal# 11
(Glenn Greenal#! Glenn Greenal# is a ournalist! constitutional layer! layer! an# author of four :e
here is al$ays a large segment o. the population that reLe
o. *eing 9a+ an+ $ant authorities increasingly empo$ere+ to stop the 9a+ people' *y those in po$er, especially $hen li5e no$ those in po$er are ?oo+'%
consi+er $hat the +rone manu.acturing in+ustry itsel. is saying% hey continuously emphasi4e to in)estors an+ others that a major source o. *usiness gro$th .or their +rone pro+ucts $ill *e +omestic, non&military use % onsi+er the case o. AeroQironment, Inc% (AQ', (AQ', the nations lea+ing manu.acturer o. small +rones , use+ *oth .or sur)eillance an+ attac5 purposes (the lea+ing as asers or a *ean&*ag gun%! Anyone $ho +ou*ts that this is going to happen shoul+ just
manu.acturer o. the larger +rones, such as the Pre+ator, is ?eneral Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc%, o$ne+ *y the pri)ately&hel+ ?eneral Atomics'% In their 2011 Annual Eeport, AQ
repeate+ly touts +omestic uses as the source .or .uture gro$th" AQ speciali4es in the manu.acture o. +rone pro+ucts so small that they can *e transporte+ in the trun5 o. a car an+ assem*le+ an+ +eploye+ $ithin a matter o. minutes% In other $or+s, rather than *eing remote& operate+ .rom a military *ase, they can *e use+ *y a single sol+ier or police o@cer chasing a suspect , an+ can *e +eploye+ to :n+ suspects aroun+ corners, *ehin+ *uil+ings, in ur*an en)ironments" an+ not just :n+ them, *ut 5ill them % he pro+uct $hich AQ appears to *elie)e hol+s the greatest promise is one they ha)e christene+ “he S$itch*la+e,! the research an+ +e)elopment o. $hich has *een .un+e+ in part *y the unmanne+ aerial 6%S% ?o)ernment% As I note+ last $ee5, AQ prominently touts an article hailing the S$itch*la+e as “an ingenious, miniature unmanne+ )ehicle (6AQ' that is also a $eapon! an+ “the lea+ing e+ge o. $hat is li5ely to *e the *roa+er, e)en
'holesale4 'eaponization of unmanned
systems%! 9ecause o. ho$ small, light an+ easily +eploya*le it is, the article +u*s this ne$ pro+uct “the ultimate assassin *ug%! 9asically, controlle+ *y the operator at the scene, it $orms its $ay aroun+ *uil+ings an+ into small areas, sen+ing its sur)eillance imagery to an i&Pa+ hel+ *y the operator, $ho can then +irect the S$itch*la+e to lunge to$ar+ an+ 5ill the
>or those +ismissing concerns a*out +rones *y claiming (.alsely' that they are the e;ui)alent o. police helicopters, $ont those same people +ismiss concerns o)er $eaponi4e+ +rones *y arguing" theres no +i-erence *et$een allo$ing the police to aser you or shoot you themsel)es an+ allo$ing them to +o that *y +rone= his +rone= his is al$ays ho$ creeping creeping police state po'ers are entrenched" one step at a time% >or those $ho are per.ectly content $ith ha)ing stealth, ho)ering +rones o)er 6%S% soil .or sustaine+ sur)eillance target (hence the name' *y e
purposes *ase+ on the reasoning that the police can alrea+y engage in sur)eillance so $hy not let them +o it more e@ciently= $hat possi*le o*jections $ill there *e to ha)ing the police use $eaponi4e+ +rones= A.ter all, the police can alrea+y aser, pepper spray an+ shoot people" $hy not let them +o it $ith +rones= AQ itsel. certainly e
+rones )est )ast ne$ po$ers that police helicopters an+ e
Beyond the natural extension of the authoritarian mindset i. $e use +rones to :n+ an+#or 5ill 9a+ ?uys o)er there, $hy not let our lea+ers use them o)er here= (an+ ire+ to+ay pu*lishe+ photographs o. the ci)ilian impact o. Presi+ent B*amas +rone campaign “o)er there!' a separate reason the
+omestic importation o. +rones is highly h ighly li5ely is that this in+ustry is spen+ing large amounts o. money to ensure it% hen a scan+al erupte+ se)eral years ago o)er corporate&pai+ trips .or mem*ers o. ongress an+ their sta-s the most common +estinations *eing such strategically )ital locales such as Paris, Ga$aii, an+ Italy it $as ?eneral Atomics, the ma5er o. the Pre+ator +rone, that $as the largest un+er$riter o. those trips% his is an in+ustry that has long consoli+ate+ its control o)er ongress using the stan+ar+ mi< o. campaign contri*utions, legali4e+ *ri*ery, an+ *ipartisan lo**yist armies%?eneral Atomics employs a large team o. lo**yist :rms :lle+ $ith .ormer go)ernment o@cials, ongressional sta-ers an+ e)en mem*ers o. ongress% hose lo**yists inclu+e .ormer ?BP Sen% Al Amato an+ his son hristopher (e<&Senior ounsel at the SO' a)e Uilian, $ho *oasts o. “2F years o. ser)ice to the >e+eral ?o)ernment ?o)ernment in *oth the e
their .uture gro$th +epen+s upon e
the social unrest an+ anti&+emocratic .orces gro$ing in Ourope% Oconomic& an+ austerity&.uelle+ riots ha)e alrea+y struc5 on+on an+ Athens% Police in Onglan+ ha)e .ormally la*ele+ the
eAE an+, o. course,
Drones are the ultimate tool for invasive4 sustained surveillance and control4 and one 'ould have to be historically i"norant and patholo"ically naive not to understand its capacity for abuse% a5e a5e the case just reporte+ on *y the A imes% At :rst, I $as some$hat *aNe+ as to $hy this case +eep anger at the political class an+ its institutions not pro+uce+ that type o. unrest=
in)ol)ing a minor +ispute o)er R $an+ering co$s, .ollo$e+ *y some not unusual hostility .rom .arm o$ners to$ar+ la$ en.orcement $oul+ prompt the :rst use o. a Pre+ator 9 +rone to apprehen+ +omestic suspects% 9ut loo5ing a *it .urther into the matter ma+e it clear% he suspects in ;uestion are *asically political +issi+ents" they are a+herents to the “so)ereign citi4en! mo)ement $hich *asically engages in mischie)ous
ci)il +iso*e+ience
the :ling o. .rau+ulent lien +ocuments an+ the li5e to protest $hat it *elie)es to
*e illegitimate go)ernment authority% Although a .e$ mem*ers o. that mo)ement ha)e engage+ in )iolence (as is true .or most political mo)ements', these particular suspects are not
le+ .e+eral authorities to len+ their Pre+ator +rone to apprehen+ them%In the name o. “homegro$n errorism,! so many o. the most recent ar on error e
a+ministrations creepy ne$ “hear&something, see&something! see&something! campaign against “+omestic ra+icali4ation!" encouraging teachers an+ chil+ren to spot an+ then report those “ma5ing statements that in+icate a rejection o. American society%! society%! It ta5es little imagination to see the +angers o. this militari4ation o. +omestic police po$ers in .act, it
ta5es
e9I then lin5e+ those acts to Bc cupy or the ea ea Party= % % % % his e-ort to eat a$ay at the rights o. the accuse+ $as originally gra+ual, *ut to me it loo5s li5e that
process is accelerating % It *egan in the 9ush years $ith a ne*ulous +escription o. terrorist se+ition that may or
may not ha)e inclu+e+ lin5s to Sunni e
his
con.usion a*out the +e:nition o. terrorism comes at a time $hen the economy is terri*le, the +omestic go)ernment is more unpopular unpopular than e)er, an+ there is ;uite a lot o. ra+ical an+ e)en re)olutionary political agitation going on right here at home% here are people out there I)e met some o. them, in *oth the Bccupy an+ ea Party mo)ements $ho thin5 that the entire American political system nee+s to *e o)erthro$n, or at least recon:gure+, in or+er .or progress to *e ma+e% % % % At $hat point +o those luminaries start e;uating al&\ae+a supporters $ith, say, ra+ical anti&capitalists in the Bccupy mo)ement = hat e
the escalatin" addition of drones $eaponi4e+ or e)en just sur)eillance su r)eillance
to the )ast
e
Current :,, re"ulations fail to stop 'eaponization
Gallagher 13 (Eyan, journalist $ho reports on sur)eillance, security, an+ ci)il li*erties, July 3 2013, “6%S% 9or+er Agency Gas onsi+ere+ eaponi4ing eaponi4ing omestic rones to Immo*ili4e People!, http"##$$$%slate%com#*logs#.uture http"##$$$%slate%com#*logs#.uturetense#2013#08#03#+ocumentssho$c tense#2013#08#03#+ocumentssho$customsan+ ustomsan+ *or+erprotectionconsi+er *or+erprotectionconsi+ere+$eaponi4e++ e+$eaponi4e++omestic%html' omestic%html' rones in the 6nite+ States are currently only authori4e+ to *e use+ .or sur)eillance purposes% 9ut that hasnt stoppe+ the epartment o. Gomelan+ Security .rom consi+ering $eaponi4ing its unmanne+ unmann e+ aircra.t so they can “immo*ili4e! targets i n *or+er areas% e$ly release+ +ocuments, +ate+ 2010, sho$ that the GSs ustoms an+ 9or+er Protection arm has $eighe+ the possi*ility o. a++ing “non&lethal $eapons! to its Pre+ator unmanne+ aircra.t, $hich are currently use+ pre+ominantly to monitor *or+er 4ones in Ari4ona an+ erontier >oun+ation through >oun+ation through a >ree+om o. In.ormation Act re;uest, sho$
+rones coul+ *e upgra+e+ to inclu+e the $eapons to shoot at “targets o. interest%! he +ocuments +o not +etail speci:c $eapons, *ut “non&lethal! roun+s +eploye+ on +rones coul+ .easi*ly inclu+e ru**er *ullets, tear gas, or a aser&li5e aser&li5e shoc5% hat 9P has consi+ere+ $eaponi4ing its +rones $ill a++ to concerns a*out potential mission creep $ith unmanne+ technology *eing use+ +omestically% Eights groups ha)e pre)iously raise+ concerns the P9 suggesting in a “la$ en.orcement sensiti)e! report to ongress that its
a*out the possi*ility o. +rones in the 6nite+ States *eing e;uippe+ $ith $eapons, $hich may ha)e prompte+ Presi+ent B*ama +uring a speech in speech in May to state that he *elie)e+ no presi+ent shoul+ “+eploy arme+ +rones o)er 6%S% soil% he
>AA, >AA, $hich is $or5ing to integrate +rones into the national ai rspace system *y Septem*er 2017 , has sai+ that sai+ that it has rules in place that “prohi*it $eapons .rom *eing installe+ on a ci)il aircra.t! aircra.t! an+ that it +oes not “ha)e any plans on changing them .or unmanne+ aircra.t%! 9ut as +rone technology is increasingly a+opte+ *y la$ en.orcement agencies, the agency may come un+er pressure to rethin5 those regulations%
6rior aciton is +ey
>urgess 15 (Eep% Michael, congressman, 2Rth +istrict e
$e li)e in .ast times% >e+eral A)iation A+ministration (>AA' rules ha)e *een rela
the programs last re&authori4ation e)en ac5no$le+ge+ the :el+ $as rapi+ly a+)ancing unpre+icta*ly, $hich $oul+ necessitate ne$ o)ersight% An+ sure enough ,
in a .e$ short years +rones ha)e rapi+ly integrate+
into our e)ery+ay li)es% eli)ery companies li5e Ama4on $ant them, energy companies $ant them to monitor multi&acre pipelines an+ $in+ .arms, an+ scale+ +o$n )ersions are e)en sought a.ter .or recreation% hese a+aptations are similar to the a.ter&e-ects o. any groun+*rea5ing groun+*rea5ing technology, an+ arent threatening in an+ o. themsel)es% Go$e)er,
local police agencies across the country are increasingly re;uesting >AA appro)al to +eploy +rones% Most coul+ ha)e reasona*le intentions, *ut some +epartments are see5ing to arm +rones $ith tear gas, ru**er *ullets, an+ other riot control&li5e projectiles% he :rst local police to sho$ interest $ere in my home state o. e
9ut, arming a remote&controlle+ remote&controlle+ sur)eillance +rone .or +ay&to&+ay +omestic la$ en.orcement is *latantly an o)er&the&top o)er&the&top use o. .orce% here is no reason reason that any la$ a*i+ing a*i+ing American shoul+ e
O)en *e.ore $e can get to ha)ing h a)ing thought.ul +iscussion on many o. the issues surroun+ing +rones, it is o. the utmost importance that $e st art those tal5s on an e)en e )en sur.ace that +oesnt inclu+e arme+, unmanne+, Lying police aircra.t % his is a constitutional issue, not a partisan one% An+ I s$ore to +e.en+ our onstitution% So, rest&assure+, I $ill continue :ghting to ensure that, *e.ore the >AA appro)es a single +rone .or local policing or our .e+eral agencies create a sur)eillance state .ull o. citi4ens $ho constantly loo5 o)er their shoul+ers, $e as a nation ha)e the opportunity to choose li*erty in this +ynamic age o. inno)ation%
The :,, is currently strippin" a'ay drone re"ulations@no "uarantee that any bans on drone 'eaponization 'ill last
$illo 15 (lay, technology, aerospace, an+ +e.ense reporter, March 2C 2017, “>AA “>AA issues *lan5et appro)al appro)al .or commercial +rone use *elo$ 200 .eet!, http"##.ortune%com#2017#03#2C#.aa&commercial&+ro http"##.ortune%com#2017#03#2C#.aa&co mmercial&+rone&appro)al#' ne&appro)al#' he >e+eral >e+eral A)iation A)iation A+ministration A+ministration on ues+ay ues+ay release+ ane$ a ne$ interim policy go)erning the use o. certain small +rones .or commercial purposes, issuing a *lan5et
authori4ation .or unmanne+ aircra.t Lights *elo$ 200 .eet% 9ut the ne$ rules $ont *ene:t e )eryone e;ually %
he
ne$ policy only applies to the roughly C7 companies that ha)e alrea+y o*taine+ permission to Ly through the th e >AAs >AAs slo$ an+ stringent “Section 333! process% 6n+er eAA >AA rules, there are t$o $ays to gain clearance .or unmanne+ aircra.t system (6AS' operations% Bne can apply .or a erti:cate o. ai)er or Authori4ation (BA', $hich typically grant go)ernment agencies or research
9usinesses can also apply .or permission to use +rones through $hats 5no$n as Section 333 o. 333 o. the >AA Mo+erni4ation an+ Ee.orm Act o. 2012, un+er $hich the >AA can grant companies appro)al to Ly +rones commercially un+er certain +e:ne+ parameters % institutions permission to use +rones un+er .airly restricti)e circumstances, usually .or research%
he >AA >AA has appro)e+ only 73 Section 333 applications .or roughly C7 companies companies thus .ar% .ar% Some R00 applications are still pen+ing, stuc5 in a sl o$&mo)ing appro)al pipeline% he >AAs ne$ policy grants any company or entity that has alrea+y cleare+ the Section 333 appro)al process a *lan5et BA to Ly *elo$ 200 .eet% In other $or+s, those companies that are alrea+y appro)e+ to Ly un+er Section 333 no$ ha)e *lan5et appro)al to Ly *elo$ 200 .eet % I. all
9ut .or those $ith Section 333 eAA >AA just slashe+ through a $hole lot o. re+ tape% Section 333 eor instance, users that simply $ant that soun+s a *it con.using, heres $hat it really means" I. you $erent authori4e+ to Ly *e.ore, you still cant%
to test a ne$ Light so.t$are patch or use a +rone to inspect something no higher than a po$er line ha)e to :le Light plans $ith the >AA% he
*lan5et BA BA essentially allo$s allo$s those same companies to operate much more Le
Drone re"ulation needs to happen no';prolif comin" soon /"$*/" 21? (Qi)e5 a+h$a, a+h$a, irector o. Eesearch at the enter .or Ontrepreneurship an+ Eesearch Eesearch ommerciali4ation at the Pratt School o. Ongineering, u5e 6ni)ersity , 12&10&201C, 9anning rones onHt Sol)e the Pro*lem, Gu@ngton Post, http"##$$$%hu@ngtonpost%com#)i)e5&$a+h$a http"##$$$%hu@ngtonpost%com#)i)e5&$a+h$a#*anning&+rones&$ont&sol)e&the& #*anning&+rones&$ont&sol)e&the& pro*lem*R30113C%html' Senator ianne >einstein (&ali.%' (&ali.%' has )o$e+ to push legislation that $oul+ crac5 +o$n on the commercial use o. +rones, In+iaHs irectorate ?eneral .or i)il A)iation A)iation has alrea+y *anne+ all use o. +rones in the country && e)en .or ci)ilian purposes% There
he >e+eral >e+eral A)iation A+ministration A+ministration recently recently release+ a report +etailing +etailing more than 1F0 sa.ety inci+ents inci+ents in)ol)ing +rones +rones an+ commercial commercial aircra.t% In response, response,
also calle+ 6nmanne+ Aircra.t Systems (6AS'%
are valid concerns that the proliferation of drones 'ill endan"er commercial fli"hts and cause serious accidents& he 6%S% military is right.ully $orrie+ that +rones $ill *e $eaponi4e+ as 5illing
machines an+ *ecome autonomous Lying impro)ise+ e
' that target a speci:c
in+i)i+ual *y means o. .acial recognition
an+ 5ic5 the can .urther +o$n the roa+% A*out t$o years ago, I $rote a ashington Post column in $hich I argue+ that $e nee+ to
prepare oursel)es .or the +rone age% It isnHt just the 6nite+ States that is +e)eloping +rone capa*ilities go)ernments go)ernments an+ I/ers all o)er the $orl+ are +oing the same, particularly the hinese% his isnHt all *a+ there are many goo+ uses .or +rone technologies% o o start $ith, there isnHt yet a clear consensus on $hat a +rone is% Is it something that Lies an+ is remote controlle+= I. that is the case, shoul+ the >AA also *an remote&controlle+ airplanes an+ helicopters that ho**yists ha)e Lo$n happily an+ relati)ely sa.ely .or many years= he +rone encounter that Senator >einstein cite+ in a Senate ommerce ommittee hearing as a reason to regulate commercial +rone Lights $as reporte+ly just a pin5 toy helicopter helicopter%% hen there is the practica*ility o. en.orcement% en.orcement% I. the the go)ernment shoul+ institute restrictions an+ an+ penalties, $ho $ho $ill en.orce en.orce them= ill the police *uy high&per.ormance +rones to shoot shoot +o$n illicit +rones= +rones= an $e scram*le the Air >orce to *lo$ a Loc5 o. Y300 ;ua+copters out o. the s5y= Shoul+ $e e;uip legions o. young chil+ren $ith air riLes= Proposing la$s $ithout realistic hope o. en.orcement +oes nothing to sol)e the pro*lems at
that +rones $ill *e common in our s5ies an+ that they $ill play an integral role in our economy an+ society han+% etHs :rst ac5no$le+ge
% e 5no$ that +rones are sa)ing money an+ impro)ing sa.ety on many types o. remote inspection such as that o.
+istant pipelines an+ tall *roa+cast to$ers% ocumentary :lmma5ers use +rones to get aerial shots that are not a-or+a*le $ith a regular plane or helicopter% As $ell, start&ups li5e Matternet are pioneering the use o. +rones to +eli)er critical me+ical supplies to remote parts o. the +e)eloping $orl+% rones coul+ *e use+ as long&haul cargo&+eli)ery )ehicles, allo$ing .or more e@cient point&to&point +eli)ery o. goo+s an+ materials% hen o. course, companies such
i. $e +onHt *an the +rones, $hat can $e +o to prepare .or them an+ $ea)e their capa*ilities into a *roa+er picture o. economic +e)elopment there nee+s to *e a core technology .rame$or5 .or collision a)oi+ance as ?oogle an+ Ama4on a re +e)eloping +rone +eli)ery ser)ices that pro)i+e $ithin&the&hour $ithin&the&hour +eli)ery o. or+ere+ goo+s&&$ithout putting any more tra@c onto the streets or car*on into the s5ies% So
= >irst,
% his is no small pro*lem% O)en the *est computer&)ision algorithms struggle to na)igate comple<
cityscapes% he )ehicles in ASAHs AEPA challenge $eighe+ thousan+s o. poun+s an+ carrie+ serious computational an+ sensor :repo$er% /et /et they coul+ *arely na)igate *arren $astelan+s $ithout Lipping themsel)es themsel)es o)er or running into a $all% So ho$ $ill a +rone the si4e o. a shoe*o< carry enough intelligence to a)oi+ hitting a *uil+ing, a person, a car, a po$er line or, $orst case, a commercial aircra.t= ItHs a $on+er.ul engineering challenge an+ $orth the .ocus o. some o. our *est min+s% Assuming $e ha)e collision&a)oi+ance systems in place, ho$ can $e *uil+ a system o. +istri*ute+ air&tra@c control .or +rones= It $oul+ o*)iously nee+ to *e computer&+ri)en an+ automatic, an+
to inclu+e sa.ety measures an+ emergency 5ill s$itches or other mechanisms to *ring +o$n a +rone that is mal.unctioning or poses a +anger% e $oul+ nee+ to plan .or speci:c air corri+ors in city areas that are +e+icate+ to +rones
e also nee+ to *uil+ pri)ate an+ commercial air&+e.ense air&+e.ense systems, just as the military is +e)eloping, to shiel+ our schools, homes, an+ *usinesses .rom +rone sur)eillance , $e nee+ to +e*ate $hat is socially accepta*le an+ to create legal .rame$or5s% an+ con:ne the +rones to those places% Again, this is a huge engineering challenge, *ut not one that is insurmounta*le%
or attac5% I $on+er $hether .orce :el+s such as $e sa$ on Star re5 may
*ecome a practical reality% 9eyon+ the technical issues
Shoul+ the cameras o. +eli)ery +rones *e recor+ing an+ sa)ing all )i+eo .ootage as they enter into the airspace o. a customerHs home= >or that matter, shoul+ +rones *e allo$e+ to
Ly o)er pri)ate property at all && or shoul+ they *e limite+ to pu*lic roa+s *et$een +roneports= Shoul+ $e ha)e the right to shoot +o$n unauthori4e+ +rones on our property= I. the Secon+ Amen+ment grants the right o. gun o$nership to in+i)i+uals .or sel.&+e.ense, sel.&+e.ense, then +oes it a llo$ them to Ly their o$n +e.ensi)e +rones= hese are issues $e nee+ to tac5le && an+ soon% he +rones are coming, $hether $e are rea+y or not%
$% re"ulation spillover only 'ay to stop bac+lash in ,sia and # "-":-9C CO&:C9 O C":"$" 21? (Atlantic ouncil o. ana+a, R&1D&201C, he Oconomy o. rones an+ their Proli.eration, Proli.eration, http"##natocouncil%ca#the&economy&o. http"##natocouncil%ca#the&economy&o.&+rones&an+&their &+rones&an+&their&proli.eration#' &proli.eration#' In their article article,, illiam an an+ Peter >inn, >inn, state that “More than 70 countries ha)e purchase+ sur)eillance +rones, an+ many ha)e starte+ in&country +e)elopment programs .or arme+ )ersions%! In recent years, hina has sho$n great interest in e&37 Joint Stri5e >ighter >ighter programme% All nations are, ho$e)er, e;ually pri)ilege+ to +e)elop an+ use +rones an+ the $% should not have the ri"ht to maintain a monopoly over the drone mar+et by coercive means&
Although the +rone mar5et is economically an+ strategically *ene:cial to many nations, the proli.eration o. this technology +oes ha)e some a+)erse e-ects% >or e
a+)antage is not accounte+ .or% .or% In response, Japan response, Japan has has state+ it $ill sen+ military o@cials to the 6S in or+er to stu+y 6AQ 6AQ technologies an+ recently the 6S has sent t$o glo*al ha$5 sur)eillance +rones to Japan in a statement that it is committe+ to Asian security% he proli.eration o. the 6AQ is highly alarming as it signals a greater mo)ement to$ar+s the proli.eration o. ro*otic $eapons, $hich raises ;uestions a*out the rules o. engagement% engagement% oel Shar5ey state+ Shar5ey state+ that “one o. the great inhi*itors o. $ar is the *o+y *ag count, *ut that is un+ermine+ *y the i+ea o. ris5less $ar!, he .urther e
Domestic drone policy "ets modeled – re"ulations li+e the plan are +ey
>arry 13 (om, policy analyst at enter .or International Policy, April 23, 2013, “EBOS BQOE GO GBMOA GB PBIIS, MBO/ A AU B> BQOESI?G GAQO SPAEUO EBO PEBI>OEAIB, A GA O A B! https"##$$$%ciponline%org#r https"##$$$ %ciponline%org#research#html#+rones&o)er esearch#html#+rones&o)er&the&homelan+ &the&homelan+'' rones are proli.erating at home an+ a*roa+% A ne$ high&tech realm is emerging, $here remotely controlle+ controlle+ an+ autonomous unmanne+ systems +o our *i++ing % 6nmanne+ Aerial Qehicles (6AQs' (6AQs' an+ 6nmanne+ Aerial Systems (6AS' commonly 5no$n as +rones are alrea+y
the military&in+ustrial comple< an+ the emergence o. the homelan+ security apparatus ha)e put *or+er +rones at the .ore.ront o. the intensi.ying pu*lic +e*ate a*out the proper role o. +rones +omestically% rones B)er the Gomelan+ .ocuses on the +eployment o. +rones *y the epartment o. $or5ing .or us in many $ays% his ne$ IP International Policy Eeport re)eals ho$
Gomelan+ Security (GS', $hich is +e)eloping a +rone Leet that it projects $ill *e capa*le o. ;uic5ly respon+ing to homelan+ security threats, national security threats an+ national emergencies across the entire nation% In a++ition, GS says that its +rone Leet is a)aila*le to assist local la$&en.orcement agencies% ue to a surge in 6%S% military contracting since 2001, the 6nite+ States is the $orl+ lea+er in +rone pro+uction an+ +eployment% Bther nations, especially hina, are also rapi+ly gaining a larger mar5et share o. the international +rone mar5et% he
6nite+
States, ho$e)er, $ill remain the +ominant +ri)er in +rone manu.acturing an+ +eployment .or at least another +eca+e% he central 6%S% role in +rone proli.eration proli.eration is the +irect result o. the Pentagons rapi+ly increasing e
processes& )ithout this necessary re"ulatory infrastructure at *oth the national an+ international le)els drone proliferation threatens to undermine constitutional "uarantees4 civil liberties and international la'& his policy report *egins *egins $ith a *rie. o)er)ie$ o. o. the +e)elopment +e)elopment an+ +eployment +eployment o. 6AQs, inclu+ing inclu+ing a summary o. the GS +rone program% he secon+ section +etails an+ critically e GBMOA SO6EI/ EBOS 6AQs are i+eal instruments .or $hat the military calls ISE (intelligence, sur)eillance an+ reconnaissance' missions% /et, $ith no nee+ .or an on*oar+ cre$ an+ $ith the capacity to ho)er unseen at high altitu+es .or long perio+s, +rones also ha)e many nonmilitary uses% hether +eploye+ in the air, on the groun+ or in the $ater, unmanne+ +rones are i+eally suite+ .or a *roa+ range o. scienti:c, *usiness, pu*lic&sa.ety an+ e)en humanitarian tas5s% hat is +ue to $hat are 5no$n as the “three s! capa*ilities ull (they can $or5 long hours, con+ucting repetiti)e tas5s', irty (+rones are imper)ious to to> Although the 6%S% military an+ intelligence sectors ha+ *een promoting +rone +e)elopment since the early 1FR0s,2 it $as the Israeli Air >orce in the late 1F80s that le+ the $ay in +rone technology an+ manu.acture% Go$e)er, a.ter the Persian ?ul. ar in 1FF1, the 6%S% intelligence apparatus an+ the 6%S% Air >orce *ecame the major +ri)ers in +rone +e)elopment an+ proli.eration%3 9ecause the intelligence *u+get is classi:e+, there are no har+ :gures pu*licly a)aila*le that ;uanti.y the intelligence communitys contri*utions to +rone +e)elopment in the 6nite+ States% It has *een cre+i*ly estimate+ that prior to 2000, such contri*utions ma+e up a*out C0[ o. total +rone research an+ +e)elopment (EZ' eorce *eing the other major source o. +e)elopment .un+s .or +rone research *y 6%S% military contractors%C In the early 1FF0s, as part o. a classi:e+ $eapons project, the 6%S% Air >orce an+ the IA un+er$rote an+ gui+e+ the +e)elopment an+ pro+uction o. $hat *ecame the Pre+ator 6AQ, the :rst $ar&:ghting +rones that $ere initially +eploye+ in ISE missions +uring the 9al5an $ars in 1FF7% ?eneral Atomics Aeronautical Systems (?A&SI', an a@liate o. pri)ately hel+, San iego& *ase+ company ?eneral Atomics, pro+uce+ the :rst Pre+ator 6AQs no$ 5no$n as Pre+ator A $ith research an+ +e)elopment .un+ing .rom Pentagon, the Air >orce an+ a highly secret intelligence organi4ation calle+ the ational Eeconnaissance Brgani4ation%7 he 1FF7 +eployment o. the unarme+ Pre+ator A *y the IA an+ Air >orce spar5e+ ne$ interest $ithin the 6%S% military an+ intelligence apparatus, resulting in at least YR00 million in ne$ EZ contracting .or +rones $ith ?eneral Atomics% Accor+ing to a 6%S% Air >orce stu+y, “he IAs 6AQ program that eorces high&tech +e)elopment an+ procurement procurement +i)isions too5 the :rst steps to$ar+ $eaponi4ing the Pre+ator% Pre+ator% his push le+ to the Air >orces “9ig Sa.ari! rapi+ high& tech ac;uisitions program, $hich pro)e+ instrumental in ha)ing an arme+ Pre+ator rea+y .or +eployment in 2000% he ne$ly $eaponi4e+ M\ Pre+ator&9 $as in action .rom the :rst +ay o. the in)asion o. A.ghanistan on Bcto*er 21, 2001, $hen a Gell:re missile $as :re+ .rom a remote operator sitting in an impro)ise+ comman+ an+ control center situate+ in the par5ing lot o. the IA hea+;uarters in angley, Qirginia%D he post&F#11 launch o. the “glo*al $ar on terrorism! opene+ the Loo+gates .or +rone EZ .un+ing an+ procurement *y the IA an+ all *ranches o. the 6%S% military, le+ *y the Air >orce% Starting in A.ghanistan, an+ later in Ira;, the Pre+ator transitione+ .rom an unmanne+ sur)eillance aircra.t to $hat ?eneral Atomics prou+ly calle+ a “Gunter&Uiller%! Since 200C, the IA an+ the Joint Special Bperations omman+, a co)ert unit o. the 6%S% military, ha)e routinely ma+e clan+estine stri5es in Pa5istan an+ more recently in /emen an+ Somalia% hese clan+estine stri5es increase+ +uring the :rst B*ama A+ministration an+ continue+ into the secon+ ami+ gro$ing cri ticism that +rone stri5es $ere unconstitutional an+ counterpro+ucti)e%F counterpro+ucti)e%F he rise o. the Pre+ators along $ith later +rone mo+els pro+uce+ *y ?eneral Atomics the Eeaper, ?uar+ian an+ A)enger A)enger +rones can *e attri*ute+ to aggressi)e mar5eting, inLuence&pe++ling an+ lo**ying initiati)es *y ?eneral Atomics an+ ?eneral Atomics Aeronautical Systems (?A&SI'% he selling o. the Pre+ator coul+ also count on the close personal ties .orge+ o)er +eca+es in the military&in+ustrial comple<, $hich resulte+ in 5ey EZ grants .rom the military an+ intelligence sectors% Another important .actor in the Pre+ators increasing popularity has *een ?eneral Atomics $illingness to a+apt mo+els to meet )arying +eman+s .rom B, GS an+ the intelligence community .or +i-erent arme+ an+ unarme+ )ariants% Also $or5ing in ?eneral Atomics .a)or is its ongoing commitment to curry .a)or in ongress $ith su*stantial campaign contri*utions an+ special .a)ors% Spea5ing at the ita+el on ecem*er 11, 2001, Presi+ent ?eorge % 9ush un+erscore+ the Pre+ators central role in 6%S% glo*al counterterrorism missions" “9e.ore the $ar, the Pre+ator ha+ s5eptics *ecause it +i+ not :t the ol+ $ays% o$ it is clear the military +oes not ha)e enough unmanne+ unmanne+ )ehicles%!10 At the time, there $as $i+esprea+ pu*lic, me+ia an+ congressional enthusiasm .or 6AQs $here suspecte+ terrorists terrorists $ere purporte+ly 5ille+ $ith surgical precision $hile 6AQ pilots sat i n .ront o. )i+eo screens out o. harms $ay +rin5ing co-ee% ittle $as 5no$n then a*out the high&acci+ent rates .or the 6AQs or the shoc5ing collateral +amage .rom their targete+ stri5es% or $as it $ell 5no$n that the Pre+ators $ere *eing pilote+ .rom comman+ an+ control centers at the IA an+ at reech Air >orce 9ase in e)a+a% PEOABES AI?G B GO 9BEOE In the late&1FF0s, a*out the same time that the 6%S% 9or+er Patrol starte+ contracting .or groun+&*ase+ electronic electronic sur)eillance, the agency also *egan planning to integrate +rone sur)eillance into groun+&*ase+ electronic sur)eillance systems% It is also $hen it *egan the practice o. entering into sole&source contracts $ith high&tech :rms%11 he 9or+er Patrols gran+ high&tech high&tech plan $as to integrate +rone ISE operations $ith its planne+ Integrate+ Sur)eillance Intelligence System (ISIS'%12 he plan, al*eit ne)er +etaile+ in the project proposal, $as to integrate geospatial images .rom yet& to&*e ac;uire+ 9or+er Patrol 6AQs into an ela*orate comman+, control an+ communications systems manage+ *y the 9or+er Patrol an agency not 5no$n .or its high&le)el technical or management s5ills%13 Soon a.ter the IA an+ the 6%S% Air >orce *egan Loo+ing ?eneral Atomics $ith procurement contracts .or arme+ Pre+ators in 2001, +isarme+ Pre+ator 6AQs $ere summone+ .or *or+er security +uty% In 2003, the 9or+er Patrol $ith .un+ing not .rom the ustoms an+ 9or+er Protection (9P' *u+get *ut rather .rom the Gomelan+ Securitys ne$ly create+ Science an+ echnology echnology irectorate *egan testing small, relati)ely ineorce major general% uring his tenure in the Air >orce, Uostelni5 super)ise+ $eapons ac;uisitions an+ $as one o. the lea+ing players in encouraging ?eneral Atomics to ;uic5ly e;uip the Pre+ator $ith *om*s or mi ssiles%1C he more eleet 9y early 2013, 9P ha+ a Leet o. se)en Pre+ator +rones an+ three ?uar+ians +rones, all statione+ at military *ases% $o $o ?uar+ians Pre+ators Pre+ators mo+i:e+ .or marine marine sur)eillance are *ase+ at the a)al a)al Air Station in orpus orpus hristi, eorce Station in >lori+a% >our o. the se)en Pre+ators are statione+ at i**y Army Air:el+, part o. >ort Guachuca near the Meor5s Air >orce 9ase in orth a5ota% he tenth Pre+ator +rone $ill also *e *ase+ at ape ana)eral% Accor+ing to the 9P Strategic Air an+ Marine Plan o. 2010, BAM inten+s to +eploy a Leet o. 2C ?uar+ians an+ Pre+ators% Pre+ators% In 200D, as part o. its ac;uisition strategy, 9P planne+ to ha)e the 2C&+rone Leet rea+y *y 201R, *oasting that BAM $oul+ then *e capa*le o. +eploying +rones any$here any$here in national airspace in three hours or less%1R In late 2012, 9P signe+ a major ne$ :)e&+rone contract $ith ?eneral Atomics% he YCC3%1 mil lion :)e&year contract inclu+es Y238%8 million .or the prospecti)e purchase o. up to 1C a++itional Pre+ators an+ Pre+ator )ariations, an+ Y207%C million .or operational costs an+ maintenance *y ?eneral Atomics cre$s%18 his ne$ contract $as signe+, +espite increasing *u+get restrictions, a series o. critical reports *y the ongressional Eesearch Ser)ice (ES', ?o)ernment Accounta*ility B@ce an+ the GS B@ce o. Inspector ?eneral, an+ continuing technical .ailures an+ poor results% Bnly Bne Source 9P insists that ?eneral Atomics Aeronautical Systems is the only “responsi*le source! .or its +rone nee+s an+ that no other suppliers or ser)icers can satis.y agency re;uirements .or these Y1D&20 million +rones% Accor+ing to 9Ps justi:cation .or sole&source contracting, 6%S% national security $oul+ *e put at ris5 i. GS s$i tche+ +rone contractors% In a o)em*er 1, 2012 statement title+ “Justi:cation .or Bther than >ull an+ Bpen ompetition,! GS conten+s that “he Pre+ator&9#?uar+ian Pre+ator&9#?uar+ian 6AS com*ination is unmatche+ *y any other 6AS a)aila*le% o o procure an alternati)e systemVor support support ser)icesV$oul+ +etrimentally +etrimentally impact national national security,! most nota*ly nota*ly +ue to “+ecrease+ “+ecrease+ inter+ictions o. contra*an+ (e%g%, (e%g%, illegal narcotics, un+ocumente+ immigrants'%! >urthermore, >urthermore, 9P claime+, “he ? A&ASI M\&F 6AS pro)i+es the *est )alue to BAMs +ocumente+ an+ appro)e+ operational operational re;uirements an+ programmatic constraints% ith 3D[ o. planne+ systems on&online, M\& F operations are mature, $ell&un+erstoo+, an+ a critical component o. GSs +aily Gomelan+ Security campaign%! hen as5e+ *y this author .or in.ormation +ocumenting speci:c +ata, comparati)e stu+ies, cost&*ene:t e)aluations, recor+ o. the achie)ements o. the +rone program, or threat assessment to support such conclusions, 9P simply respon+e+" 9P +eploys an+ operates the 6AS only a.ter care.ul eollo$ing Presi+ent 9ushs +eclaration o. a “glo*al $ar on terrorism,! the hite Gouse *ecame +irectly in)ol)e+ in eour years ago, the 6S (then 5no$n as the Gouse 6nmanne+ Aerial Qehicle aucus' $as .orme+ *y a small group o. congressional representati)es representati)es mainly Eepu*licans an+ mostly hailing .rom +istricts $ith +rone in+ustries or *ases% 9y late 2012, the Gouse caucus ha+ R0 mem*ers an+ ha+ change+ its name to
encompass all unmanne+ systems $ hether aerial, marine or groun+&*ase+%20 groun+&*ase+%20 his *ipartisan caucus, together $ith its allies in the +rone in+ustry, has *een promoting 6AQ use at home an+ a*roa+ through +rone .airs on apitol Gill, ne$ legislation an+ +rone&.a)ore+ *u+gets% 6S aims to “e+ucate mem*ers o. ongress an+ the pu*lic on the strategic, tactical, an+ scienti:c )alue o. unmanne+ systems acti)ely support .urther +e)elopment an+ ac;uisition o. more systems, an+ to more e-ecti)ely engage the ci)il ian a)iation community on unmanne+ system use an+ sa.ety%!21 In late 2012, the caucus comprise+ a collection o. *or+er ha$5s, immigration har+liners an+ lea+ing congressional )oices .or the military contracting in+ustry% he t$o caucus co& chairs, Go$ar+ “9uc5! McUeon, E&ali.ornia, an+ Genry uellar, &ee+eral A)iation A+ministration A+ministration an+ epartment o. e.ense to ensure the more rapi+ integration o. 6AQs i nto the national airspace, an+ increasing annual B an+ GS *u+gets .or +rone EZ an+ procurements% o o accelerate +rone ac;uisitions an+ +eployment at home, ongress has an illustrati)e trac5 recor+ o. legislati)e measures (see accompanying *o<'% ongressional support .or the +e)elopment an+ procurement o. Pre+ators +ates *ac5 to 1FFR, an+ is reLecte+ in the +e.ense an+ intelligence authori4ation acts% An Air >orce&sponsore+ >orce&sponsore+ stu+y o. the Pre+ators rise charte+ the increases man+ate+ *y the Gouse Arme+ Ser)ice an+ the Gouse Intelligence committees o)er the Pre+ator *u+get re;uests ma+e *y the A ir >orce in its *u+gets re;uests% 9et$een 1FFR an+ 200R (en+ing +ate o. stu+y', “ongress has recommen+e+ an increase, o)er an+ a*o)e 6SA> re;uests, in the Pre+ator *u+get .or nearly 10 years in a ro$% his has resulte+ in a sum total increase o. o)er a hal. a *illion +ollars o)er the years%!22 Association o. 6nmanne+ Qehicle Systems 6S cosponsors the annual +rone .ete $ith the Association o. 6nmanne+ Qehicle Systems International International (A6QSI', an in+ustry group that *rings together the lea+ing +rone manu.acturers an+ uni)ersities $ith 6AQ research projects% A6QSI represents the interests in the ealler, the 9P o@cial $ho +irecte+ the 6AQ program at BAM, j oine+ the A6QSI 23&mem*er *oar+&o.&+irectors in August 2011, a month *e.ore the association hoste+ a technology .air in the .oyer o. the Eay*urn Gouse B@ce 9uil+ing% BAM participate+ in the .air% >aller resigne+ .rom the unpai+ position on o)% 23, 2011 a.ter the os Angeles imes ;uerie+ GS a*out >allers unpai+ position in the in+ustry association% >aller is currently su*ject o. a GS internal ethics&)iolation in)estigation%27 in)estigation%27 ontracts, contri*utions, earmar5s an+ .a)ors Bnce a relati)ely insigni:cant part o. the military&in+ustrial comple<, the 6AQ +e)elopment an+ manu.acturing sector is currently e/2013 B *u+get inclu+es Y7%D *illion .or 6AQs, $hich +oes not inclu+e +rone spen+ing *y the intelligence community, GS or other .e+eral entities% he Pentagon says that its “high&priority! commitment to eigure 1' >ran5 % Pace, the +irector o. ?eneral Atomics Aeronautical Systems, contri*ute+ to t$o can+i+ates 9uc5 McUeon an+ Jerry e$is +uring the 2012 electoral campaign% (See >igure 2' ho $ere the top recipients o. the ?eneral Atomics campaign contri*utions in the 2012 cycle= >our o. the top :)e recipients $ere not surprising 9uc5 McUeon, Jerry e$is, uncan Gunter an+ 9rian 9il*ray gi)en their recor+ o. support .or 6AQs, an+ their position among the most inLuential +rone caucus mem*ers% (See >igure 3' he relationship that has *een consoli+ating *et$een ?eneral Atomics an+ the 6%S% Air >orce since the early 1FF0s has *een me+iate+ an+ .acilitate+ in ongress *y inLuential congressional representati)es, representati)es, le+ *y southern ali.ornian Eepu*lican Eepu*lican Eep% Jerry e$is, a mem*er o. the Gouse Appropriations e.ense ommittee an+ )ice&chairman o. the Gouse Permanent Select ommittee on Intelligence% e$is, a .a)ore+ recipient o. ?eneral Atomics campaign contri*utions, use+ his appropriations inLuence to ensure that the Air >orce gaine+ .ull control o. the 6AQ program *y 1FFD% e$is, a prominent mem*er o. the “rone aucus,! has recei)e+ at least Y10,000 e)ery t$o years in campaign contri*utions .rom ?eneral Atomics political action committee YD0,000 since 1FFD, accor+ing to BpenSecrets%org% BpenSecrets%org% uring the 2012 campaign cycle, ?eneral Atomics $as the congressmans top campaign +onor%32 he top ran5ing recipient o. ?eneral Atomics campaign contri*utions is not a 6S mem*er% Senator iane >einsteins (&ali.%' contri*utions .rom ?eneral Atomics easily place+ her at the top o. the li st% >einstein, $ho chairs the po$er.ul Senate Intelligence ommittee, $as also .a)ore+ in campaign contri*utions contri*utions *y in+en 9lue, the presi+ent o. ?eneral Atomics% (See >igure C' Senator >einstein has *een a highly consistent supporter o. the intelligence community an+ military *u+gets% Ger .ailure to oppose the clan+estine +rone stri5es or+ere+ *y the hite Gouse an+ IA ha)e spar5e+ $i+esprea+ criticism *y those $ho argue the stri 5es are unconstitutional, illegal un+er international la$ an+ counterpro+ucti)e as a counterterrorism tactic%33 In 2012, ?eneral Atomics $as >einsteins thir+ largest campaign contri*utor, $hile other lea+ing contri*utors $ere the military contractors ?eneral ynamics (.rom $hich ?eneral Atomics emerge+', 9AO Systems an+ orthrup ?rumman%3C >einsteins connections to ?eneral Atomics eeinstein, has ser)e+ as a pai+ lo**yist .or ?eneral Atomics, *oth $or5ing +irectly .or the :rm (in 2011' an+ as a ?eneral Atomics lo**yist employe+ *y apitol Solutions (200F & present', one o. the lea+ing lo**ying :rms contracte+ *y ?eneral Atomics%37 An+ +i+ you 5no$ that in+en 9lue plans to marry Eetire+ Eear A+m% Eonne >roman= >e$ others 5ne$ a*out the engagement o. this high&society San iego couple until Senator >einstein announce+ the planne+ marriage at a mi+&o)em*er 2012 meeting o. the +o$nto$n San iego *usiness community ne$s that ;uic5ly appeare+ in the Society pages o. the San iego 6nion& ri*une% ri*une% here has has *een no eeinstein >einstein *ro5e this high&society high&society ne$s, *ut the the announcement announcement certainly +i+ point point to the senators senators li5ely personal connections connections to 9lue an+ >roman ($ho $as hire+ *y ?eneral Atomics as senior )ice&presi+ent in ecem*er 2008 an+ has si nce le.t the :rm'%3R ampaign contri*utions an+ personal connections create goo+$ill an+ .acilitate contracts% ?eneral Atomics also counts on the results pro+uce+ *y a stea+y stream o. lo**ying +ollars $hich ha)e risen +ramatically since 2003, an+ *een a)eraging Y2%7 million annually since 2007% In 2012, ?eneral Atomics spent Y2,C80,000 lo**ying ongress%38 ongressional earmar5s $ere critical to the rise o. the Pre+ator, *oth its earlier unarme+ )ersion as $ell as the later “Gunter&Uiller%! “Gunter&Uiller%! he late senator aniel U% Inouye, the Ga$aii emocrat $ho chaire+ the Senate Appropriations ommittee, tol+ the e$ /or5 imes that i. the the Gouse *an on commercial commercial earmar5s that $as intro+uce+ intro+uce+ in 2010 2010 ha+ *een in in e-ect earlier, T$e $oul+ $oul+ not ha)e the the Pre+ator to+ay to+ay% % ens o. millions o. +ollars in congressional earmar5s in the 1FF0s $ent to ?eneral Atomics an+ other military contractors .or the early +e)elopment o. $hat *ecame the Pre+ator program, reporte+ the e$ /or5 imes%3D Inouye Inouye $as a source o. a num*er num*er o. these multimillion multimillion earmar5s .or ?eneral Atomics, Atomics, $hose large campaign campaign contri*utions to the inLuential Ga$aii senator senator .rom 1FFD to 2012 (Y7000 in this last campaign' coul+ *e regar+e+ as than5&you notes since Inouye .ace+ insigni:cant political opposition% 9esi+es campaign contri*utions, ?eneral Atomics routinely han+s out .a)ors to congressional representati)es thought li5ely to support +rone proli.eration% A 200R report *y the enter .or Pu*lic Integrity i+enti:e+ Jerry e$is as one o. t$o congressional mem*ers an+ more than :)e +o4en congressional sta-ers $ho tra)ele+ o)erseas courtesy o. ?eneral Atomics% he centers report, he Top Top ?un o. ra)el, o*ser)e+ this “little&5no$n ali.ornia +e.ense contractor hasK .ar outspent its in+ustry competitors on tra)el .or more than :)e years an+ in 2007 lan+e+ promises o. *illions o. +ollars in .e+eral *usiness%! Most o. this *usiness $as in the .orm o. +rone +e)elopment an+ procurement procurement *y the Pentagon an+ GS% \uestione+ a*out this pattern o. corporate&sponsore+ trips, homas assi+y, .oun+er o. ?eneral Atomics Aeronautical Systems, sai+, “ItsK use.ul an+ )ery help.ul, in .act, $hen you go +o$n an+ tal5 to the go)ernment o@cials to ha)e congressional people go along an+ +iscuss the capa*ilities o. the planeK $ith them,! A .ollo$&up in)estigation *y the San iego 6nion&ri*une 6nion&ri*une reporte+, “Most o. that $as spent on o)erseas tra)el relate+ to the unmanne+ Pre+ator spy plane ma+e *y ?eneral Atomics Aeronautical Systems, an a@liate+ company%!3F company%!3F oo5ing +esperately .or o)ersight In practice, theres more *oosterism than e-ecti)e o)ersight in the Gouse Gomelan+ Security ommittee an+ its Su*committee on 9or+er an+ Maritime Security, $hich o)ersees GSs rush to +eploy +rones to 5eep the homelan+ secure% he same hol+s true true .or most o. the more more than one hun+re+ other other congressional committees committees that purporte+ly purporte+ly o)ersee the GS GS an+ its *u+get%C0 *u+get%C0 Since GSs GSs creation, ongress ongress has routinely appro)e+ annual an+ supplementary supplementary *u+gets .or *or+er s ecurity that ha)e *een higher than those re;ueste+ *y the presi+ent an+ GS% 6S mem*er an+ chair o. the Gouse 9or+er an+ Maritime Security su*committee, Eepresentati)e an+ice Miller, E&Michigan, is e-usi)e an+ uncon+itional in her support o. +rones% Miller +escri*e+ her personal con)iction that +rones are the ans$er to *or+er insecurity at the July 17, 2010 su*committee hearing on 6AQs%C1 “/ou 5no$, my hus*an+ $as a :ghter pilot in Qietnam theater, so.rom another generation, *ut I tol+ him, I sai+, Tear, the glory +ays o. the :ghter joc5s are o)er%! “he 6AQs, the 6nmanne+ 6nmanne+ Aerial Qehicles are coming,! continue+ Miller, “an+ no$ you see our military siting in a cu*icle sometimes in e)a+a, +rin5ing a Star*uc5s, running these things in theater an+ *eing incre+i*ly, incre+i*ly incre+i*ly success.ul%! he uncritical +rone *oosterism in ongress $as un+erscore+ in a ashington ashington Post article on the use o. +rones .or *or+er security% security% In his trips to testi.y on apitol Gill, Uostelni5 sai+ he ha+ ne)er *een challenge+ in ongress a*out the appropriate use o. homelan+ security +rones% “Instea+, the ;uestion is" Thy cant $e ha)e more o. them in my +istrict=! remar5e+ the BAM chie.%C2 Since 200C, the GSs 6AQ program has +ra$n mounting concern an+ criticism .rom the go)ernments o$n o)ersight an+ research agencies, inclu+ing the ongressional Eesearch Ser)ice, the ?o)ernment Accounta*ility Accounta*ility B@ce an+ the GSs o$n B@ce o. Inspector ?eneral%C3 hese go)ernment entities ha)e repeate+ly raise+ ;uestions a*out the cost&e@ciency, strategic .ocus an+ per.ormance o. the homelan+ security +rones% /et, /et, rather than su*jecting GS o@cials to sharp ;uestioning, the congressional committees o)erseeing homelan+ security an+ *or+er security operations ha)e, .or the most part, rea+ily an+ o.ten enthusiastically accepte+ the )ali+ity o. un+ocumente+ assertions *y testi.ying 9P o@cials% he Gouse Su*committee on 9or+er an+ Maritime Security has *een especially notorious .or its lac5 o. critical o)ersight% As part o. the *u+getary an+ o)ersight process, the Gouse an+ Senate committees that o)ersee GS ha)e not insiste+ that 9P un+erta5e cost&*ene:t e)aluations, institute per.ormance measures, implement comparati)e e)aluations o. its high&tech *or+er security initiati)es, or +ocument ho$ its 6AQ program respon+s to realistic threat assessments% Instea+ o. pro)i+ing proper o)ersight an+ ensuring that 9P#BAMs +rone program is accounta*le an+ transparent, congressional congressional mem*ers .rom *oth parties seem more intent on *oosting +rone purchases an+ +rone +eployment% As 9P $as a*out to *egin its :rst +rone +eployments in 2007 as part o. the Bperation Sa.eguar+ pilot project, the ongressional Eesearch Ser)ice o*ser)e+" “ongress $ill li5ely con+uct o)ersight o. Bperation Sa.eguar+ *e.ore consi+ering $i+er implementation o. this technology%! 6n.ortunately, 6n.ortunately, ongress ne)er re)ie$e+ the results o. Bperation Sa.eguar+ pilot project, an+ 9P +ecline+ re;uests *y this $riter to release the report o. this 6AQ pilot project%CC ongress has *een +elin;uent in its o)ersight +uties% In a++ition to the go)ernmental research an+ monitoring institutions, it has *een mainly the nongo)ernmental sector inclu+ing the American i)il i*erties 6nion, Olectronic >rontier >oun+ation, enter .or onstitutional Eights, an+ the enter .or International Policy that has alerte+ the pu*lic a*out the lac5 o. transparency an+ accounta*ility in the GS +rone program an+ the a*sence o. responsi*le go)ernance o)er the +omestic an+ international proli.eration o. 6AQs% In Septem*er 2012, the Senate .orme+ its o$n *ipartisan +rone caucus, the Senate 6nmanne+ Aerial Systems aucus, co& chaire+ *y Jim Inho.e (E& B5la%' an+ Joe Manchin (&%Qa%'% (&%Qa%'% “his caucus $ill help +e)elop an+ +irect responsi*le policy to *est ser)e the interests o. 6%S% national +e.ense an+ emergency response, an+ $or5 to a++ress any concerns .rom senators, sta- an+ their constituents,! sai+ Inho.e%C7 It is still too early to ascertain i. the Senates +rone caucus $ill . ollo$ its counterpart in the Gouse in almost eor its part, A6QSI, the +rone in+ustry association, gushe+ in its ;uic5ly o-ere+ commen+ation% “I $oul+ li5e to commen+ Senators Inho.e an+ Manchin .or their lea+ership an+ commitment in esta*lishing the caucus, $hich $ill ena*le A6QSI to $or5 $ith the Senate an+ sta5ehol+ers on the important issues that .ace the unmanne+ systems community as the e
three years $ith the Gouse 6nmanne+ Systems aucus,! the A6QSI eAA an+ other .e+eral entities% >AA an+ in+ustry projections a*out the num*er o. 6AQs (17,000 *y 2020, 30,000 *y 2030' that may *e using national airspace the same space use+ *y all commercial an+ pri)ate aircra.t ha)e spar5e+ a surge o. ne$ congressional acti)ism, $ith se)eral ne$ *ills intro+uce+ *y non&+rone non&+rone caucus mem*ers in the ne$ ongress that respon+ to the ne$ .ears a*out +rone proli.eration% /et /et there is no one committee in the Gouse or the Senate that has assume+ the responsi*ility .or
there is no .e+eral agency or congressional committee that is pro)i+ing o)ersight o)er +rone proli.eration proli.eration $hether in regar+ to 6%S% +rone e
At this point,
relate+ pri)acy concerns, or 6AQ use *y pri)ate or pu*lic :rms an+ agencies% ?eral+ illingham, top o@cial o. the
hen as5e+ $hich part o. the .e+eral go)ernment $as responsi*le .or regulating +rone proli.eration in the interest o. pu*lic sa.ety an+ ci)il rights, the ?AB +irector sai+, “At “At *est, $e can say its un5no$n at this point%!C8 III% EBSSBQOE EBOS Gomelan+ security +rones are e
“centers o. ee+eral Omergency Management Agency (>OMA' program esta*lishe+ to assist communities $ith counterterrorism projects that pro)i+es grants to ena*le police an+ sheri-s +epartments to launch their o$n +rone programs% In 2011, a GS 6ASI grant o. Y27D,000 ena*le+ the Montgomery ounty Sheri-s B@ce in ee+eral#State#ocal “>e+eral#State#ocal missions%! Accor+ing to 9P" BAM pro)i+es in)estigati)e air an+ marine support to Immigration an+ ustoms On.orcement, as $ell as other .e+eral, state, local, an+ international la$ en.orcement agencies%73 Inci+ents in)ol)ing 9P +rones in local la$ en.orcement operations ha)e sur.ace+ in me+ia reports, *ut 9P has thus .ar not release+ a recor+ o. its support .or local an+ state police, +espite repeate+ re;uests *y me+ia an+
GS an+ 9P#BAM in particular ha)e .aile+ to +e:ne the legal an+ constitutional limits o. its +rone operations% Eather than .ollo$ing strict gui+elines a*out the scope o. its mission an+ the range o. homelan+ security +rones, Uostelni5 argue+ *e.ore the association o. military contractors that “9P operations areK shaping the 6AS policy +e*ate! in the 6nite+ 6 nite+ States% Accor+ing to Uostelni5, the 9Ps +rones are “on the lea+ing e+ge in homelan+ security%! security%! his cutting e+ge role o. the 9P#BAM +rones not only e
pri)acy an+ ci)il rights an+ $ithout more regulations in place $ill accelerate the transition to $hat critics call a “sur)eillance society%! society%! Also $orth pu*lic attention an+ congressional re)ie$ is the increasing inter.ace *et$een *or+er +rones an+ national security an+ military missions% he pre)alence o. military jargon use+ use+ *y 9P o@cials such such as “+e.ense in +epth! an+ an+ “situational a$areness! points to at least a rhetorical o)erlapping o. *or+er control an+ military strategy% strategy% Another sign o. the increasing coinci+ence *et$een 9P#BAM +rone program an+ the military is that the comman+ers an+ +eputies o. BAM are retire+ military o@cers% 9oth Major ?eneral Michael Uostelni5 an+ his successor Major ?eneral Ean+olph Alles, retire+ .rom 6%S% Marines, $ere highly place+ military comman+ers in)ol)e+ in +rone +e)elopment an+ procurement% Uostelni5 Uostelni5 $as in)ol)e+ in the +e)elopment o. the Pre+ator *y ?eneral Atomics since the mi+&1FF0s an+ $as an early proponent o. pro)i+ing Air >orce .un+ing to $eaponi4e the Pre+ator% Pre+ator% As comman+er o. the Marine orps ar:ghting a*oratory, Alles $as a lea+ing proponent o. ha)ing each military *ranch $or5 $ith military contractors to +e)elop their o$n +rone *ree+s, inclu+ing near replicas o. the Pre+ator manu.acture+ .or the Army *y ?eneral Atomics%78 promoting an+ justi.ying the GS +rone program, Uostelni5 routinely allu+e+ to the national security potential o. +rones slate+ .or *or+er security +uty% +uty% Bn se)eral occasions Uostelni5 pointe+ to the seamless interopera*ility $ith B 6AQ .orces% At a moments notice, Uostelni5 sai+ that BAM coul+ *e “GBPe+! meaning a hange in Bperational omman+ .rom GS to B%7D GS has not release+ operational +ata a*out 9P#BAM +rone operations% here.ore, the eorce South (JIA>&South' (JIA>&South' *ase+ at the na)al station in Uey est, >lori+a%7F JIA>&South is a su*or+inate comman+ to the 6nite+ States Southern omman+ (6SSB6GBM', $hose geographical pur)ie$ inclu+es the ari**ean, entral America an+ South America% In mi+&2012, 9P#BAM participate+ in a JIA>&South colla*orati)e )enture calle+ “Bperation ari**ean >ocus! that in)ol)e+ Light o)er the ari**ean Sea an+ nations in the region $ith the ominican Eepu*lic acting as the regional host .or the ?uar+ian operations, $hich 9P#BAM consi+ers a “prototype .or .uture transit 4one 6AS +eployments%! 9P says that BAM +rones ha)e not *een +eploye+ $ithin Me
6AQ 6AQ program o. 9Ps 9Ps B@ce o. Air an+ an+ Marine is not top secret there are no secret ops, no targete+ 5illings, no “signature! stri5es against suspecte+ terrorists, no clan+estine *ases li5e the IA an+ 6%S% military 6AQ operations operations o)erseas% hile h ile the 6AQ program un+er GS isnt classi:e+, in.ormation a*out the program is scarce shiel+e+ *y e)asi)e program o@cials, the classi:cation o. 5ey +ocuments, an+ the .ailure o. 9P#BAM to share in.ormation a*out the num*er, o*jecti)es an+ per.ormance o. its 6AQ operations % GS has also not
*een .orthcoming a*out its partnerships an+ share+ missions $ith local l a$ en.orcement, .oreign go)ernments an+ the 6%S% military an+ intell igence sectors% 9P has 5ept a tight li+ on its +rone program% B)er the past nine years, 9P has stea+ily erontier >oun+ation .or “recor+s an+ logs o. 9P +rone Lights con+ucte+ in conjunction $ith other agencies%!R7 It is unli5ely that the 9P#BAM program is in)ol)e+ in the type o. +rone stri5es that ha)e spar5e+ rage, in+ignation o)er ci)il rights )iolations, an+ counterattac5s *y nonstate terrorists% espite the lac5 o. transparency, it is highly unli5ely that 9P Pre+ators an+ ?uar+ians ha)e *een the tools o. “hunter&5iller! missions
the lac5 o. transparency an+ accounta*ility that characteri4es the homelan+ security +rone program is $orrisome
o. IA an+ military Pre+ators, Gunters an+ Eeapers% Still,
not least *ecause o. the commitments o. hun+re+s o. millions o. +ollars to these operations% At least se)eral hun+re+s o. millions o. +ollars ha)e *een spent *ase+ on procurement recor+s *ut $e +ont e)en 5no$ the entire :nancial commitment to homelan+ +rones *ecause GS has ne)er pro)i+e+ an accounting o. all procurement, maintenance, maintenance, sta@ng, +ata&processing an+ ser)ice contract ee+eral Omergency Management Agency (>OMA' an+ 6%S% iti4enship an+ Immigration Ser)ices ($hich process )isas an+ naturali4ation petitions' are eOMA', 9P is recei)ing a 2 percent increase, e)en as illegal immigration Lo$s ha)e plummete+ to historic lo$s% /et, /et, it is more than a *u+get concern% Shortly *e.ore retiring at the en+ o. 2012, Major ?eneral Uostelni5 asserte+ that the “Air “Air an+ Marine 6AS Bperations Eemain on the ea+ing O+ge! the title o. his Bcto*er presentation o. a military contractors association% Its not that the GS itsel. has
Uostelni5 Uostelni5 $as re.erring more to the $ay 9P#BAM is pushing the *or+er security en)elope% 6n+er the ne$ BAM o@ce esta*lishe+ un+er Uostelni5s lea+ership, these 6AS operations ha)e, h a)e, in Uostelni5s $or+s, +one much more than complement other mani.estations o. the lo$&tech an+ high&tech *or+er security *uil+up % Among other things, the unmanne+ systems, accor+ing to 9P, are" “Shaping the *ecome the lea+ing e+ge o. +rone technology% technology%
6AS policy +e*ate! “StrengtheningK the ational Security Eesponse apa*ility! Pro)i+ing “rapi+ contingency responses! to .e+eral, state, an+ local a gencies >unctioning >unctioning as the “lea+ing e+ge +eployment o. 6AS in the national airspace! an+ I ncreasing in)ol)ement in “ari**ean an+ .oreign +eployments%! ith the 6AQ program, as $ith other *or+er&security operations (in particular its many high&tech initiati)es', 9P has acte+ as i. e
Much li5e the military an+ the IA, 9P shiel+s itsel. *ehin+ its post&F#11 “security! mission% the transparency, accounta*ility an+ per.ormance e)aluations that apply to other .e+eral agencies%
6olice ,dv
$ndermines police relations Drones s+e' public perception of la' enforcement O@>ABG 215 (Jason om*erg, e+itor at OMag, C&F&17, “hy arming +rones is a )ery *a+ i+ea! http"##$$$%ecnmag%com#*logs#201 http"##$$$%ecnmag%com#*logs#2017#0C#$hy&arming&+omesti 7#0C#$hy&arming&+omestic&+rones&)ery c&+rones&)ery&*a+&i+ea' &*a+&i+ea' eploying +rones to per.orm the same .unctions as Lesh&an+&*loo+ police o@cers 5eeps the latter out o. harms $ay % An+ putting a +rone in jeopar+y is .ar less li5ely to result in anyones +eath a +rone is $orth less than a sel.&+e.ense as 4ealously as real&li.e humans (an+ the human li.e, so +rone operators $oul+nt employ sel.&+e.ense +rones pro*a*ly $oul+nt *e arme+ $ith lethal countermeasures, any$ay'% 9ut I cannot o)erstate ho$ serious a PE +isaster this coul+ *ecome% Im general )ery supporti)e o. our nations la$ en.orcement agencies, *ut I also un+erstan+ the PE campaign that gui+es the pu*lics perception o. the police % hether an in+i)i+ual o@cer $as justi:e+ or not is almost irrele)ant in the greater scheme o. things% hat matters is $hich narrati)e the pu*lic em*races% An+ $hat narrati)e can a soulless automaton shooting pepper spray possi*ly con)ey *ut .ear= I cant imagine any instance $here a +rone injuring protestors justi:e+ or not coul+ possi*ly *e seen .a)ora*ly% .a)ora*ly% Gas an unruly cro$+ s$itche+ .rom constitutionally protecte+ .ree speech to general mayhem= he *est $ay to garner sympathy .or their cause is to attac5 them $ith a Lying personi:cation o. .ear% Sure, using a +rone $oul+ ensure the inci+ent in ;uestion is :lme+, *ut the PE issues are har+ to +ismis s% Bh, an+ $ere consi+ering arming +omestic +rones here in the 6%S% hile the usual anti&+rone rhetoric .ocuses on the pri)acy an+ associate+ sur)eillance issues, at least one company, Qanguar+ e.ense In+ustries, $ants to arm +omestic +rones $ith *uc5shot, tear gas, grena+es, an+ less& lethal capa*ilities% he i+ea o. a +rone +rone patrolling Mainstreet, 6%S%A%, arme+ $ith anything more than a camera (or cla$s to grasp a pac5age' is terri.ying%
-ol.ency
/ongress /ongress key to effecti.e pri.acy restrictions
%cientific ,merican 13 (-cientific )#erican )#erican is a leading Cournal on -ciences, "1Q"1, “)s -py +rones /o#e to the %-%, =e
)lready the faa has per#itted a handful of law&enforce#ent agencies to operate drones on a short&ter# basis%
acco#panying those per#its (which, thankfully, preclude attaching any weapons to the drones' pri.acy of of citi$ens% *erhaps this should should not be surprising% The The faa is not not in the business business of pri.acy pri.acy protection% protection% 8ts pri#ary pri#ary concern is with the the safety of do#estic airspace% 9o
federal agency, in fact, can be held accountable if drones are not used responsibly and in a way that respects the 5ourth )#end#ent% )#end#ent% )s such, Con"ress should proactively enact la's that confine domestic drones to reasonable4 useful purposes& -e.eral sensible ideas were proposed during the last session of /ongress, including a bill that would ha.e outlawed drone spying without a warrant and instituted i#portant transparency and accountability accountability #easures for their use% ?ut that bill failed to #ake it out of a subco##ittee% The present /ongress #ust be #ore acti.e than its predecessor in heading off this clear and i#pending threat to personal pri.acy%
Con"ress should ta+e action on drone surveillance and current re"ulations and ideas fail en+ins 15 (?en, ni.ersity of >entucky /ollege of aw, January 2014, “=atching the =atch#en +rone *ri.acy and the 9eed for O.ersight!, http""law&apache%uky%edu"wordpre http""law&apache%uky%edu"wordpress"wp&content"u ss"wp&content"uploads"2014"01 ploads"2014"01"Q& "Q& Jenkins%pdf' This note argues that in order to safeguard )#ericans; pri.acy against go.ern#ent drone sur.eillance in an acti.ely growing field , /ongress should i#ple#ent legislation that pro.ides a fra#ework for protection while allowing for industry growth and inno.ation % )lthough se.eral bills are pending, it is uncertain if or when those bills will pass% =hile it would be a large step towards ensuring pri.acy protection fro# drone sur.eillance if the proposed bills pass, there is still roo# for i#pro.e#ent% E.en the #ost pro#ising bill, +)*T)',L fails to pro.ide a process for ongoing o.ersight of the +rone )ircraft *ri.acy and Transparency )ct of 201 ( +)*T)',L drone operators to ensure transparency and continued co#pliance with the )ct;s pri.acy protections% +)*T) and other pending legislation legislation should should be a#ended a#ended to charge charge a single single agency agency with responsibility responsibility for for drone pri.acy pri.acy o.ersight, o.ersight, including including audits to #ake sure drone operators co#ply with pri.acy regulations% Operators should be re6uired to sub#it ongoing reports of their data collection, retention, and
*roper legislati.e action would ensure that the constitutional constitutional right to pri.acy is not o.errun by rapidly growing technologies, di#inishing pri.acy nor#s, and heightened security interests% =ith proper pri.acy protections in place, society could be #ore recepti.e to increased use, de.elop#ent, and application of drones in daily life % *art 8 disposal procedures to the agency, and these reports should be gathered and sub#itted to /ongress annually%
of this 9ote pro.ides background on drones their nature, use, technology, and the current 5ourth )#end#ent Curisprudence rele.ant to such% *art 88 e7plains why drones present a uni6ue threat to pri.acy and addresses current shortfalls in 5ourth )#end#ent Curisprudence and in legislati.e efforts to address pri.acy concerns connected with their widespread use% *art 888 suggests a#end#ents to proposed legislation to address shortfalls therein, concluding that proper anticipatory action and ongoing o.ersight are necessary to ensure that police technology does not erode the #ini#u# e7pectations of pri.acy guaranteed by the 5ourth )#end#ent%
Con"ressional action K2 public perception about drones Blac+ 13
(J% Tyler, recei.ed a ?%)% in *olitical -cience fro# E#ory ni.ersity and a J%+%, cu# laude, fro# =ashington and ee ni.ersity, where he was a ead )rticles Editor of the =ashington and ee aw Be.iew, , 0"201, “O.er :our ead, nder the Badar )n E7a#ination of /hanging egislation, )ging /ase aw, and *ossible -olutions to the +o#estic *olice +rone *u$$le,! http""scholarlyco##ons%law http""scholarlyco##ons%law%wlu%edu"d %wlu%edu"do"search"G6auth o"search"G6authorPlna#eW)W22?lack orPlna#eW)W22?lackW22W20authorP W22W20authorPfna#e fna#e W)W22J%W22Ustart0Uconte7t20IQ0' ?efore courts e.er beco#e in.ol.ed, so#e solutions will likely originate fro# a nu#ber of federal, state, or local legislati.e bodies% These legislati.e #easures will beco#e an i#portant fi7 for 5ourth )#end#ent holes while aerial obser.ation Curisprudence catches up with changing
The thought of police drones carries with it a 20% -ee >yllo .% nited -tates, I %-% 2A, 1 (2001' (“)t the .ery core of the 5ourth )#end#ent stands the right of a #an to retreat into his own ho#e and there be free fro# unreasonable go.ern#ental intrusion%! (6uotations and citation o#itted''% 21% 8ndeed, so#e degree of pri.acy has sur.i.ed the inno.ations of wiretapping, aerial obser.ation, satellite obser.ation, and sense&enhancing technology% “Technology has produced #any and .aried #eans of obser.ation and sur.eillance% ?ut the fact that so#ething can be done does does not #ake #ake the doing of it constitutional%! constitutional%! -tate .% .% ?ryant, ?ryant, QI0 )%2d )%2d 4A, 4AQ (3t% (3t% 200L'% 1LL4 A0 =)-% =)-% U EE % BE3% BE3% 1L2Q (201' .isceral Orwellian i#plication of “?ig ?rother! intruding where it ought not%22 That fear #ust not be ignored, lest it be reali$ed% The eli#ination of drones ho.ering for e7tended periods of ti#e without a targeted purpose #ay substantially abate public fears of a constant sur.eillance% *eople #ay be #ore inclined to support drones if they are cast in the role of a lifesa.ing .ehicle%2
Re*uirin" a 'arrant le"itimizes :(%, courts – s*uo insufficient to solve Eoitein4 6atel 2!1= Flizabeth and :aiza4 co;directors of the Brennan Center for ustice7s .iberty and /ational %ecurity 6ro"ram4 2!1=4 )hat )ent )ron" )ith the :(%, Court httpGliti"ation&utahbar&or"assetsmaterials2!1=:ed%ymposium3cH)hatH)entH I2!)ron"H)ithHTheH:(%,HCourt&pdf under current la'4 the :(%, Court does not provide the chec+ on executive action that the :ourth ,mendment demands& (nterception of ,mericans7 communications "enerally re*uires the "overnment to obtain a 'arrant based on probable cause of criminal activity& )lthough so#e courts ha.e held
that a traditional warrant is not needed to collect foreign intelligence, they ha.e i#posed strict li#its on the scope of such sur.eillance and ha.e
The :(%, Court7s minimal minimal involvement invo lvement in overseein" pro"rammatic surveillance does not meet these constitutional standards% 5unda#ental changes are e#phasi$ed the i#portance of close Cudicial scrutiny in policing these li#its%
needed to fi7 these flaws% 5ollowing -nowden;s disclosures, se.eral bills were introduced to try to ensure that the court would hear the other side of the argu#ent, generally fro# so#e type of public ad.ocate% Other bills addressed the court;s secrecy by re6uiring the e7ecuti.e branch to declassify significant opinions or release su##aries% These proposals would #ake i#portant i#pro.e#ents, but they do not address the full range of constitutional deficiencies resulting fro# the changes in law and technology detailed in this report% The proble# with the 58-) /ourt is far broader than than a particular particular procedure procedure or rule% rule% The proble# proble# with the the 58-) /ourt is 58-)% 58-)% The report report proposes a set of key changes to 58-) to help
Con"ress should end pro"rammatic surveillance and re*uire the "overnment to obtain ?udicial approval 'henever it see+s to obtain communications or information involvin" ,mericans& This would resol.e #any constitutional concerns% Y Con"ress should shore up the ,rticle ((( soundness of the :(%, Court by ensurin" that the interests of those affected by surveillance are represented in court proceedin"s4 increasin" transparency4 and facilitatin" the ability of affected individuals to restore the court;s legiti#acy% Y
challen"e surveillance pro"rams in re"ular federal courts& =h)T =E9T =BO9D =8T TE 58-) /OBT Z I Y 5inally, /on"ress should address additional :ourth ,mendment concerns by ensurin" that the collection of information under the rubric of forei"n intelli"ence actually relates to our national security and does not constitute an end;run around the constitutional standards for criminal investi"ations& $nder today7s forei"n intelli"ence surveillance system4 the "overnment7s ability to collect information about ordinary ,mericans7 lives has increased exponentially 'hile ?udicial oversi"ht has been reduced to near;nothin"ness& /othin" less than a fundamental overhaul of the type proposed here is needed to restore the system to its constitutional moorin"s&
6lan solves for police flexibility – re*uirin" a 'arrant allo's for necessity 'hile preservin" 5th ammendment ri"hts Bryan J15 (Tho#as, J%+% and eefe and )aron ?lake, -enator olds ong 5illibuster to Oppose Oba#a;s +rone *olicy, =)-% =)-% *O-T,
should find a way to allow law enforce#ent to use this .aluable tool in all necessary circu#stances, while also taking into consideration 5ourth )#end#ent rights%20I To acco#plish this, /ongress should ai# to clarify how current principles of 5ourth )#end#ent )#end#ent Curisprudence apply apply to )3 )3s and add additional pri.acy protections that that account for their uni6ue uni6ue capabilities%20 5ollowing current 5ourth )#end#ent principles, stronger pri.acy protections should be applied to cri#inal and regulatory in.estigations and #ore liberal rules applied to non&in.asi.e uses, such as locating lost persons or assessing assessing da#ages fro# natural disasters disasters %20A -i#ilarly, /ongress should codify the 5ourth )#end#ent;s strong strong protection of the ho#e by re6uiring that a warrant be issued before the go.ern#ent can use )3&#ounted technologies 201% N5OOT9OTE ?ED89- -ee -tarks, supra note 11L, at 20QIQ (noting that so#e #e#bers of /ongress, local go.ern#ent officials, and )3 industry industry representati.es ha.e e7pressed concerns that an o.erregulation of pri.acy concerns #ay stifle the industry;s growth and pre.ent the go.ern#ent fro# fro# using )3s )3s for desirable purposes' Ti# )del#an, 5lurry 5lurry of R+rone; ?ills; ?ills; -hows /ongress as
in.estigations of indi.iduals without prior Cudicial appro.al%20Q astly, /ongressional action should also ai# to li#it unwanted in.asions of pri.acy by pri.ate citi$ens, which falls outside of the scope of the 5ourth )#end#ent%210
Con"ress must enact drone reform 0ye"unle 12 F,?o+e 0ye"unle4 0ye"unle finished first in the 2!12;2!13 /ational ,ssociation of Criminal Defense .a'yers7 F/,CD. Diversity Tas+ :orce ssay Competition4 Drones in the omelandG , 6otential 6rivacy 0bstruction $nder the :ourth ,mendment and The Common .a' Trespass Doctrine httpGscholarship&la'&educ"ivie'content&c"iLarticle<1=2MNcontext
)dditionally ,
/ongress should regulate the use of drones by law enforce#ent agencies by re6uiring warrants before using drones to to obtain infor#ation fro# indi.iduals % ?ecause of its sophistication and potential for har# , a drone aerial search should be prohibited, unless acco#panied by a warrant %2 M The 5)) should address the potential ra#ifications of putting drone technology into the hands of pri.ate co#panies, especially without instituting strict regulations regarding the use of drones% ike other electronic de.ices, drones #ight be .ulnerable to hackers who can penetrate firewalls and intercept personal data fro# pri.ate indi.iduals% 4I *otentially, drones can be susceptible to attacks by terrorists who hiCack the#%24 nregulated use of drones can potentially lead
8t is a point worth reiterating that the e7pansion of drones into the national airspace should not be per#itted before co#prehensi.e and widely disse#inated pri.acy guidelines are in place % 8f the 5)) does not institute such protections in its rule#aking, /ongress should pass legislation re6uiring the#% 8n June, Bepresentati.e )ustin -cott of Deorgia introduced to a .ariety of abuses by go.ern#ent agencies using drones to gain unfettered access into ho#es and businesses%
a ouse bill entitled, M*reser.ing 5reedo# 5ro# nwarranted -ur.eillance )ct of 2012,M which proposes necessary pri.acy safeguards in response to drones%24A One
such pri.acy #easure would prohibit law enforce#ent fro# using drones to collect e.idence against cri#inal suspects without a warrant% 24 The -enate .ersion of the bill, sponsored by -enator Band *aul of >entucky, would reinforce the warrant clause of the 5ourth )#end#ent by re6uiring the go.ern#ent to obtain a warrant to gather e.idence against a cri#inal suspect% 24Q -enator *aul proposed e7ceptions to the warrant re6uire#ent in regard to border patrol and in cases of i##inent
/ongress, should ensure that drone technology does not abridge the right to pri.acy% pri.acy% *ri.acy law is ill&e6uipped to properly address the burgeoning ad.ances in technology without strengthening strengthening e7isting law with a Mbalancing approach to aerial sur.eillance%M 2IK /ourts threats to life% The Cudiciary, working in tande# with
should allow Maerial sur.eillance of open fields, but #andatNe stricter scrutiny of sur.eillance o.er ho#es and curtilage %%% Nto enable courts to preser.e the the right to pri.acy where where e7pectations e7pectations are highest without without placing placing undue re&strictions re&strictions on on law enforce#ent%M enforce#ent%M
Con"ress must enact s'eepin" domestic drone le"islation %tepanovich 12 F,mie %tepanovich4 ,mie %tepanovich is $&%& 6olicy #ana"er at ,ccess& ,mie is an expert in domestic surveillance4 cybersecurity4 and privacy la'4 uly 1O4 2!124 $sin" $nmanned ,eiraial %ystems )ithin the omelandG %ecurity Eame; Chan"er& earin" Before the %ubcomittee on 0versi"ht4 (nvesti"ations4 and #ana"ement of the Committee on omeland %ecurity ouse of Representatives 0ne undred T'elfth Con"ress %econd %ession httpGfas&or"irpcon"ress2!12Hhruas;homeland&pdf /usto#s and ?order *rotection ?ureau, a +- co#ponent% Earlier this year in a for#al petition to the 5)), 5)), E*8/ urged the agency to conduct a rule#aking to i#ple#ent pri.acy rules for do#estic drones% E*8/;s petition was Coined by #ore than 100 other organi$ations, e7perts, and #e#bers of the public who also belie.ed that pri.acy rules are necessary before drones enter our do#estic skies in a #ore widespread way% The 5)) 5)) has not yet responded to E*8/;s re6uest for agency action, and this failure to act #eans that there is also no ad#inistrati.e fra#ework in place to regulate drones in our skies% )s has pre.iously been #entioned, #entioned, /?* currently currently operates 10 drones in the nited nited -tates% The The +- 8nspector Deneral recently recently assessed /?*;s practice in #aking #aking drones a.ailable by other 5ederal agencies, including the +epart#ent of +efense, the 5?8, the -ecret -er.ice, #any local law enforce#ent agencies, and others% Begarding pri.acy concerns, the 8nspector 8nspector Deneral said that a standardi$ed standardi$ed process was needed to re6uest /?* drones for non/?* non/?* purposes in order to pro.ide pro.ide transparency% To the e7tent that +- chooses to operate drones within the nited -tates, the agency #ust de.elop appropriate regulations to safeguard pri.acy% )s )s you ha.e indicated, /hair#an
to
address so#e of the pri.acy threats of drone % owe.er, we belie.e those efforts are not sufficient% There are se.eral si#ple steps that we belie.e can protect pri.acy as the us e of drones increases in our skies% 5irst, Con"ress should pass tar"eted le"islation& )n initial step would be the passage of /ongress#an )ustin -cott;s bill to li#it drone drone sur.eillance in the nited nited -tates in cases where a warrant has not been first obtained% owe.er, to fully address the in.asi.e nature of dr ones, new legislation #ust prohibit nonspecific untargeted drone sur.eillance, li#it the use of drone sur.eillance data collected, trans#itted, stored, or shared, and re6uire notice of drone sur.eillance operations and policies% policies% The law should also pro.ide for independent audits and o.ersight% -econd, /ongress should e7pressly re6uire 5ederal drone operators, including +- and its co#ponents, to i#ple#ent regulations subCect to public notice and co##ent that address the pri.acy i#plications of drone use% 5inally , 8 think /ongress should clarify the circu#stances under which drones purchased by /?* in pursuit of its #ission #ay be deployed for other purposes % The failure to #ake clear the circu#stances when 5ederal and -tate agencies #ay deploy drones for aerial sur .eillance has already raised significant concerns about the agency;s progra#s% Once again 8 thank you for the opportunity to testify today, and 8 will be pleased to answer your 6uestions
Con"ress must enact comprehensive drone reform lac+in" no' %tepanovich 12 F,mie %tepanovich4 ,mie %tepanovich is $&%& 6olicy #ana"er at ,ccess& ,mie is an expert in domestic surveillance4 cybersecurity4 and privacy la'4 uly 1O4 2!124 $sin" $nmanned ,eiraial %ystems )ithin the omelandG %ecurity Eame; Chan"er& earin" Before the %ubcomittee on 0versi"ht4 (nvesti"ations4 and #ana"ement of the Committee on omeland %ecurity ouse of Representatives 0ne undred T'elfth Con"ress %econd %ession httpGfas&or"irpcon"ress2!12Hhruas;homeland&pdf 83%
C0/ER%% C0/ER% % %0$.D %0$. D %T,B.(% %,:E$,RD% %,: E$,RD% BE)TE+ TO TE -E O5 +BO9E- There are se.eral strategies to pro.ide #eaningful pri.acy protections that address the increased use of drones in our do#estic skies%5irst, /ongress should pass targeted legislation, legislation, based on principles principles of transparency transparency and accountability% accountability% ) first step would be the consideration and passage of /ongress#an -cott;s bill to li#it the use of drone sur.eillance in cri#inal in.estigations without a warrant% -tate and local go.ern#ents ha.e also
+rone considered laws and regulations to further pre.ent abuses of drone technology%42 technology%42 These proposals would ser.e as a good basis for 5ederal legislation%+rone legislation should include Y se i#itations% X*rohibitions on on general sur.eillance that li#it drone sur.eillance sur.eillance to specific, enu#erated enu#erated circu#stances, such as in the case of cri#inal sur.eillance subCect to a warrant, a geographically&confined e#ergency, or for reasonable non&law enforce#ent use where pri.acy will not be substantially affected Y +ata Betention
i#itations% X*rohibitions on retaining retaining or sharing sur.eillance sur.eillance data collected by drones, with e#phasis on identifiable i#ages of indi.iduals Y Transparency% XBe6uiring notice of of drone sur.eillance operations operations to the e7tent possible possible while allowing law enforce#ent to conduct effecti.e in.estigations% 8n addition, re6uiring notice of all drone sur.eillance policies through the )d#inistrati.e )d#inistrati.e *rocedure )ct%
These three principles would help protect the pri.acy interests of indi.iduals% 8n addition, the law should pro.ide for accountability, including third&party audits and o.ersight for 5ederally&operated drones and a pri.ate right of action against pri.ate entities that .iolate statutory pri.acy rights% -econd, /ongress should act to e7pressly re6uire 5ederal agencies that choose to operate drones, such as +- and its co#ponents, to i#ple#ent regulations , subCect to public notice and co##ent, that address the pri.acy i#plications of drone use% Becently, in E*8/ .% +-, the +%/% /ircuit /ourt of )ppeals ruled that the +epart#ent of o#eland -ecurity .iolated the )d#inistrati.e *rocedure )ct when it chose to deploy body scanners as the pri#ary screening techni6ue in %-% airports without the opportunity for public co##ent%4 The /ourt obser.ed that there was RRno Custification for ha.ing f ailed to conduct a notice&and&co##ent rule#aking%;;44 rule#aking%;;44 =e belie.e belie.e that the public has a si#ilar right to co##ent on new sur.eillance techni6ues, such as un#anned aerial .ehicles, undertaken by 5ederal agencies within the nited -tates%
5inally, /ongress #ust clarify the circu#stances under which the drones purchased by the /?* in pursuit of its #ission #ay be deployed by other agencies for other purposes% The failure to #ake clear the circu#stances when 5ederal and -tate agencies #ay deploy drones for aerial sur.eillance has already raised significant concerns about the agency;s progra#%4I 3% /O9/-8O9The
increased use of drones to conduct sur.eillance in the nited -tates #ust be acco#panied by increased pri.acy protection s% =e recogni$e that drone technology has the potential to be used in positi.e ways% ways% 5or e7a#ple, drones #ay be be used to #onitor for en.iron#ental en.iron#ental abuse, pre.ent the the spread of forest fires, and assist in in the rescue of indi.iduals in dangerous situations%4 owe.er 4
the current state of the la' is insufficient to address the drone
sur.eillance threat%
E*8/ supports legislation ai#ed at strengthening safeguards related to the use of drones as sur.eillance tools and allowing for redress for drone operators who fail to c o#ply with the #andated standards of protection% =e also support co#pliance with the )d#inistrati.e )d#inistrati.e *rocedure )ct for the deploy#ent of drone technology and li#itations for 5ederal agencies and other organi$ations that initially obtain a drone for one purpose and then wish to e7pand that purpose% Thank you for the opportunity opportunity to testify testify today% 8 will will be pleased to answer answer your 6uestions%
Con"ress must enact a 'arrant re*uirement on drones Kamins+i 2!13 F#ar"ot Kamins+i4 #ar"ot Kamins+i is the executive director of the (nformation %ociety 6ro?ect at Pale .a' %chool4 #ay 2!134 Drone :ederalismG Civilian Drones and the Thin"s They Carry httpGscholarship&la'&ber+eley&educ"ivie'content&c"iLarticle<1!!QNcontext
This argu#ent is conditioned on se.eral i#portant 6ualifications% 6ualifications% 5irst, Con"ress must le"islatively close the trap door that is the third;party or
the European nion;s +ata *rotection +irecti.e, which go.erns the wa y personal data is processed, #o.ed, and stored%4Q Third, this Essay does not intend to wrest safety or other basic a.iation licensing #atters fro# the 5ederal ).iation )d#inistration% )nd the 5ederal ).iation )d#inistration should use its licensing progra#s to sol.e perhaps the biggest pu$$le of drone regulation how to pro.ide notice or at least transparency to those being obser.ed so they can deter#ine whether they ha.e been subCected to a pri.acy .iolation% .iolation% nlike sur.eillance by ca#era phone or #ost for#s of //T3, //T3, drone drone sur.eillance will will often pro.ide no .isible notice to the watched party if the drone is high up in the sky%I0 sky%I0 )s Bepresentati.e Bepresentati.e Ed
Con"ress must restrict drone usa"e in some 'ays4 in order to protect 5 th amendment values Bucci et al& 12 F%teven Bucci4 6aul Rosenz'ei"4 Charles %timson4 %timson4 and ames Carafano4 Bucci is director of the ,llison Center for :orei"n 6olicy %tudies at The erita"e :oundation4 O2!124 Drones in $&%& ,irspaceG 6rinciples for Eovernance4 httpG'''&herita"e&or"researchreports2!12!Odrones;in;us; airspace;principles;for;"overnance Deneral *rinciples )ny guidelines #ust ensure appropriate protections of the freedo#s guaranteed to %-% citi$ens under the /onstitution% The general rule balancing security and freedo# is to be found, in large part, in the structure of )#erican constitutional constitutional go.ern#ent itself% itself% The protections protections codified in the ?ill ?ill of Bights are an additional firewall against any intrusions on liberty that would unra.el the checks in the /onstitution% The 5ourth )#end#ent;s )#end#ent;s prohibition against unlawful search and sei$ure is the right #ost directly i#plicated by unbounded and unrestrained use of do#estic drones% 9ow is the ti#e to return to first principles of indi.idual liberty in a free society and assess their interaction with technology and go.ernance in an age of do#estic drones% There are basic first principles that underlie any use of new technology and the e7isting constitutional li#itations that #ight apply to drones% )n assess#ent of these principles suggests suggests that there are -ubstantial -ubstantial liberty interests )cceptable )cceptable do#estic uses of of drone technology that should be per#itted and in fact fostered, such as the use of drones to search for sur.i.ors after a disaster and *rohibited uses of drone technology that raise significant 6uestions 6uestions of law and policy Xsuch as the deploy#ent deploy#ent of drones operated by the the #ilitary within %-% borders borders in a #anner that .iolates .iolates e7isting rules (such as *osse /o#itatus' on the use of #ilitary force do#estically% do#estically% ?eyond these uses, the challenge for the )d#inistration and /ongress is to define strict, appropriate i#ple#entation policies and o.ersight structures that can protect indi.idual liberties while allowing appropriate uses of do#estic drones with appropriate o.ersight%
:,, :,, cannot properly implement drone reform – a comprehensive frame'or+ frame'o r+ by other "overnmental bodies is +ey Bucci et al& 12 F%teven Bucci4 6aul Rosenz'ei"4 Charles %timson4 %timson4 and ames Carafano4 Bucci is director of the ,llison Center for :orei"n 6olicy %tudies at The erita"e :oundation4 O2!124 Drones in $&%& ,irspaceG 6rinciples for Eovernance4 httpG'''&herita"e&or"researchreports2!12!Odrones;in;us; airspace;principles;for;"overnance )s a practical #atter, the 5)) has e7pertise in and is the appropriate foru# for considering safety and technical 6uestions, but other go.ern#ental bodies ha.e e7pertise in and are better suited to address pri.acy and ci.il liberties liberties concerns% Di.en the the potentially wide range of uses uses for drones in %-% territory, territory, resol.ing air&traffic safety and security issues alone is inade6uate% =ashingto =ashington n needs a #ore co#prehensi.e and thoughtful fra#ework%
Restrictions on drone tech should be implemented to promote democracatic and privacy ideals Bucci et al& 12 F%teven Bucci4 6aul Rosenz'ei"4 Charles %timson4 %timson4 and ames Carafano4 Bucci is director of the ,llison Center for :orei"n 6olicy %tudies at The erita"e :oundation4 O2!124 Drones in $&%& ,irspaceG 6rinciples for Eovernance4 httpG'''&herita"e&or"researchreports2!12!Odrones;in;us; airspace;principles;for;"overnance 5unda#entally, these are 6uestions of law and policy% The issue is not whether the use of drones is technically feasible Ob.iously, Ob.iously, it is and will be increasingly so% 9or is it a 6uestion of legality
upon the ter#ination of hostilities% hostilities% *olicy#akers #ust be restrained in their actions )#ericans )#ericans #ight ha.e to li.e with their conse6uences for a long ti#e% 5ro# these general principles one can deri.e certain other, #ore concrete conclusions regarding the de.elop#ent and construction of any new technologyX principles that are directly directly rele.ant to the deploy#ent deploy#ent of drones do#estically do#estically 9o new syste# should alter alter or contra.ene e7isting legal restrictions on the go.ern#ent;s ability ability to access data about pri.ate indi.iduals% )ny new syste# should #irror and i#ple#ent e7isting legal li#itations on do#estic or foreign acti.ity, depending depending on its sphere of operation% -i#ilarly, no new syste# should alter or contra.ene e7isting operational syste# li#itations% +e.elop#ent of new technology is not a basis for authori$ing new go.ern#ent powers or new go.ern#ent capabilities% )ny such e7pansion should be Custified independently& 9o new syste# that #aterially #aterially affects citi$ens; citi$ens; pri.acy should be de.eloped de.eloped without specific authori$ation by the )#erican people;s representati.es representati.es in /ongress and without pro.isions for their o.ersight of the operation of the syste#% 5inally, 5inally, no new syste# should be i#ple#ented i #ple#ented without without the full panoply of protections against its abuse% )s Ja#es
Con"ress should curtail drone surveillance Rothfuss 15 (8an, Deorge
/ongress
should re6uire a warrant for Me7tended sur.eillance of a particular target % KL )s discussed earlier, the 5ourth )#end#ent would not necessarily re6uire a warrant in these situations% E.en so, such a re6uire#ent e7tending warrant protections #akes sense sense and will pro.ide pro.ide a .aluable check against law enforce#ent abuse of the new new technology% technology% /ongress should re6uire authori$ation fro# an independent official for generali$ed sur.eillance that collects personally identifiable infor#ation such as facial features and license plate nu#bers% Q This reco##endation would apply to situations where a warrant was not re6uired but personally identifiable infor#ation was still being gathered, such as sur.eillance at a public e.ent %
This reco##endation should be enacted as a safeguard of the publicKs pri.acy interests% To ade6uately protect pri.acy interests, /ongress should direct that the independent official, .ested with decision#aking power on applications for general sur.eillance, sur.eillance, be a neutral and detached #agistrate who is co#pletely separated fro# any law enforce#ent or intelligence agency % )s discussed in the pre.ious section , legislation should be crafted to #a7i#i$e the social utility fro# the do#estic use of drones % The legislation should be structured according to the three le.els of scrutiny proposed by -ong to ensure that the go.ern#ental interest in the sur.eillance outweighs the disutility or social cost that will result fro# the loss of pri.acy% A \ The neutral and detached #agistrate discussed abo.e could deter#ine when a sufficient go.ern#ent interest e7ists to warrant allowing generali$ed drone sur.eillance%
.e"islation must be enacted to curtail drone surveillance Rothfuss 15 (8an, Deorge
the current legal fra#ework does not ade6uately protect pri.acy fro# the widespread sur.eillance that will likely result fro# the unrestricted do#estic use of drones% Therefore, pro#pt legislati.e action is necessary to address the funda#ental pri.acy challenges presented by the use of drones% -uch legislation should allow for constructi.e use of drones within a fra#ework that contains restrictions to protect indi.idual pri.acy rights% =hile widespread general sur.eillance could #ake the nation safer fro# cri#e and terroris#, such e7tensi.e sur.eillance will ulti#ately that threatens to dra#atically alter the balance between these interests% )s discussed in this co##ent,
be inefficient% inefficient% The The sur.eillance sur.eillance that that could result result fro# the do#estic use of drones drones would detract detract fro# indi.idual indi.idual pri.acy pri.acy and cause indi.iduals indi.iduals to reduce producti.e acti.ities and in.est in counter#easures% -uch Mpri.acy disutilityM will outweigh the societal benefits unless do#estic drone sur.eillance is restricted% Therefore, N5OOT9OTE 1A1 )<% /838 8?EBT8E- 98O9, supra note 1I, at 1I% 1A2 Deiger, supra note 1% 1A id% 1A4 id% 20141 JOB9) O5 )=, E/O9O<8/- U *O8/: NE9+ 5OOT9OTE without
legislati.e action we #ay soon li.e in a world where Me.ery Me.er y ti#e we walk out of our front door we ha.e to look up and wonder whether so#e in.isible eye in the sky is #onitoring us% K AI
,T %*uo %olves % olves Drone re"ulation re"ulation is failin" and ne"ative impacts have a hi"h potential to be seen
@ichel 1? (Arthur Gollan+, co&+irector o. the enter .or the Stu+y o. the rone, August R 201C, “he rones ill Ga)e heir ay!, http"##$$$%usne$s%com#opinion#articles#201C http"##$$$%usne$s%com#opinion#articles#201C#0D#0R#the&+rone®ula #0D#0R#the&+rone®ulation&+e*ate& tion&+e*ate& nee+s&to&*e&*etter' In 2012, $hen small +rones, the 5in+ that $ eigh just a .e$ poun+s an+ carry a small o*ject (li5e a camera, or a
the i+ea o. a +rone&:lle+ airspace *egan shi.ting .rom sci&: .antasy to reality% reality% 9ut the passage to$ar+ integration $as set to *e tur*ulent% rones *urrito'' *ecame a-or+a*le, *urrito
$ere more commonly thought o. as the $eaponi4e+, ghostli5e military spy aircra.t that lur5e+ o)er Pa5istan, /emen /emen an+ Somalia, 5illing enemy militants an+, occasionally, ci)ilians an+ chil+ren% hile these +rones ha)e little in common $ith small +omestic +rones, the pu*lic $as spoo5e+% ?roups li5e the American i)il i*erties 6nion raise+ alarms% >earing .or pri)acy an+ sa.ety, la$ma5ers .rom ashington state to Qirginia rushe+ to propose legislation to limit or *an +rones, e)en )ery small ones% he >e+eral A)iation A+ministration stresse+, sternly, that commercial +rone use $oul+ *e a*solutely prohi*ite+ until 2017, $hen it $oul+ enact comprehensi)e an+ strict sa.ety regulations% he agency remin+e+ the pu*lic that pri)ate +rone users $ere su*ject to restrictions, too %
$o years later, the +rones are soaring, $hile the e-orts to limit their use ha)e stalle+ an+ the pu*lic +e*ate has gone into a tailspin% In June, a company calle+ S;ua+rone System starte+ aUic5starter aUic5starter campaign to .un+ a small multi&rotor +rone calle+ the GO]B`, $hich the company +escri*e+ as “an intelligent +rone that .ollo$s an+ :lms you autonomously,! per.ect .or ma5ing e
Its clear" he +rone is $inning% In state legislatures, +rone regulation regulation is one o. the .e$ issues that has h as enjoye+ *ipartisan support% In 2013, accor+ing to the A6, A6 , C3 states
goal%
+e*ate+ FR +rone *ills ho$e)er, all *ut eight o. these *ills +ie+ in session% his year, just .our out o. 3R states that consi+ere+ +rone legislation ha)e enacte+ any la$s% his is not enough to 5eep pace $ith +rone proli.eration%
An+
la$ma5ers in ashington ashington arent jumping to regulate the +rone% In .act, some ha)e caught +rone .e)er% ast month, emocratic Eep% Sean Patric5 Maloney o. e$ /or5 hire+ a photographer $ho use+ a +rone to capture (a+mitte+ly rather stunning' aerial )ie$s o. the congressmans $e++ing% Sen% Ean+ Paul, E&Uy%, E&Uy%, $ho :li*ustere+ ongress .or 13 hours in protest o. go)ernment +rone use, o$ns a toy +rone% hen he Le$ it on >o< e$s,, the loo5 on his .ace $as chil+li5e % e$s
O)en the >AA has *een toothless% esperate to pre)ent the mi+air meeting o. a +rone an+ a manne+ aircra.t, the agency has release+ a num*er o. policy statements inten+e+ to limit unsa.e +rone use% hese statements inclu+e the *an on commercial use% 9ut policy statements are not legally *in+ing% hey are recommen+ations, placehol+ers .or the real, legally en.orcea*le regulations that $ill come sometime a.ter 2017% hile pri)ate in+i)i+uals an+ companies o.ten respect .e+eral agency policy statements, in the case o. the >AA, +roners, eager to get air*orne, ha)e openly Launte+ them% he >AA has attempte+ to en.orce these policy statements through cease&an+&+esist letters an+, in one case, a Y10,000 :ne% 9ut these actions ha)e *een repeate+ly struc5 +o$n in court% he >AAs attempts at en.orcement ha)e there.ore only ser)e+ to highlight that it has its han+s tie+% Mean$hile,
the rules that actually are legal (li5e 5eeping 5eeping a$ay .rom airports' are easy to *rea5 an+ +i@cult to en.orce%
,T %*uo solves :,, :,, doesn7t solve privacy %cientific ,merican J13 (-cientific )#erican,
drones dron es also pose an
i##ense threat to pri.acy % The proliferation of s#all, ine7pensi.e aerial .ehicles with .ideo downlinks will dra#atically alter the cost& benefit ratio ratio of sur.eillance% sur.eillance% 9o longer will will law&enforce#ent law&enforce#ent agencies agencies need need to consider consider the e7pense e7pense and risk risk of operating operating a helicopter helicopter when when gathering e.idence% /onse6uently, law&enforce#ent agencies will ha.e a#ple opportunity and #oti.ation to deploy drones on open&ended sorties% 8t is not hard to i#agine blanket ca#paigns that sur.ey entire cities for backyard #ariCuana plants or e.en building code .iolations
%
*ri.acy *ri.ac y ad.ocates ad.ocate s rightly worry that drones, e6uipped with high&resolution .ideo ca#eras, infrared detectors and e.en e.e n facial&recognition acial&re cognition software, softwa re, will let snoops into real#s that ha.e long been considered pri.ate% The pri.acy threat does not Cust co#e fro# law enforce#ent, either% *apara$$i and pri.ate detecti.es will find drones Cust as easy to use as the cops% :our neighbor is not allowed go into your yard without your per#issionXwill he be able to keep a drone ho.ering Cust abo.e itG /ase law paints a ha$y picture of how drones could be e#ployed for sur.eillance% ) 1QLQ -upre#e /ourt decision ruled that police #ay use helicopters to peer into se#ipri.ate areasXsay, the backyard of a ho#eXwithout first obtaining a warrant% -uch speculati.e reconnaissance, howe.er, has been naturally li#ited by the costs of helicopter operations% =ill the sa#e law apply to un#anned drones, which are not si#ilarly constrainedG ) #ore recent case poses troubling 6uestions about access to the #ost sacrosanct spaces% 8n 2001 the -upre#e /ourt ruled that police could could not use ther#al&i#aging ther#al&i#aging technology technology to gather gather e.idence e.idence about about the goings&on goings&on hidden inside inside a residence residence without without first obtaining obtaining a warrant% The court reasoned that go.ern#ental use of “a de.ice that is not in general public use!Xa ther#al i#agerXconstitutes a search under the 5ourth )#end#ent and therefore re6uires a CudgeKs appro.al% :et if un#anned aerial .ehicles beco#e as pre.alent as #anufacturers hope, one
)lready the faa has per#itted per#itte d a handful of law&enforce#ent law&enforc e#ent agencies to operate dro drones nes on a short&ter# basis% The li#ited regulations regulatio ns acco#panying acco#panyin g those per#its (which, (which, thankfully, preclude attaching any weapons to the drones' are insufficient to protect the pri.acy of citi$ens % *erhaps this should could argue that drones are e7e#pt fro# that precedent%
not be surprising% The faa is not in the business of pri.acy protection% 8ts pri#ary concern is with the safety of do#estic airspace% 9o federal agency, in fact, can be held accountable if drones are not used responsibly and in a way that respects the 5ourth )#end#ent% )s such,
/ongress should proacti.ely proacti.el y enact laws that confine do#estic drones to reasonable, useful purposes% -e.eral sensible ideas were proposed during the last session of /ongress, including a bill that would ha.e outlawed drone spying without a warrant and instituted i#portant transparency and accountability #easures for their use% ?ut that bill failed to #ake it out of a subco##ittee% The present /ongress #ust be #ore acti.e than its predecessor predecessor in heading off off this clear and i#pending i#pending threat to personal personal pri.acy% pri.acy%
%chnier J13 (?ruce, contributing writer for The )tlantic and the chief technology officer of the co#puter&security co#puter&security fir# /o -yste#s, -epte#ber 11 201, “The 9-)&Befor# *arado7 -top +o#estic -pying, Det
5ro# the secret court rulings rulin gs that allow it collect data on all )#ericans to its syste#at syst e#atic ic sub.ersion sub.ersio n of the entire 8nternet as a s a sur.eillance platfor#, plat for#, the 9-) has has a#assed an a n enor#ous a#ount of power % There are two basic schools of thought about how this ca#e to pass% The first focuses on the #ost powerful go.ern#ent agencies in the country%
the agency;s power% ike J% Edgar oo.er, 9-) +irector >eith )le7ander has beco#e so powerful as to be abo.e the law% e is able to get away with what he does because neither political party && and nowhere near enough indi.idual law#akers && dare cross hi#% ongti#e 9-) watcher Ja#es ?a#ford recently 6uoted a /8) official “=e Cokingly referred to hi# as E#peror )le7ander && with good cause, because whate.er >eith wants, >eith gets%! *ossibly the best e.idence for this position is how well )le7ander has weathered the -nowden leaks% The 9-);s #ost inti#ate secrets are front&page headlines, week after week%
still waiting to co#e% )le7ander has ad#itted that he still doesn;t know what -nowden took with hi# and wouldn;t ha.e known about the leak at all had -nowden not gone public% e has no idea who else #ight ha.e stolen secrets before -nowden, or who such insiders #ight ha.e pro.ided the# to% )le7ander had no contingency plans in place to deal with this sort of security breach, and e.en now && four #onths after -nowden fled the country && still has no coherent response to all this% 5or an organi$ation that prides itself on secrecy and security, this is what failure looks like% 8t is a testa#ent to )le7ander;s )le7ander;s power power that that he still has a Cob% The second school of thought is that it;s the ad#inistrations; fault && not Cust the present one, one, but the #ost #ost recent se.eral% )ccording )ccording to this theory, theory, the 9-) is si#ply doing doing its Cob% 8f 8f there;s there;s a proble# proble# with the 9-);s 9-);s actions, actions, it;s because the the rules it;s it;s operating operating under are are bad% ike ike the #ilitary, #ilitary, the 9-) is #erely an instru#ent instru#ent of national national policy% policy% ?la#ing ?la#ing the 9-) for creating a sur.eillance state is co#parable to bla#ing the %-% #ilitary for the conduct of the 8ra6 war% )le7ander is perfor#ing the #ission gi.en to hi# as best he can, under the rules he has been gi.en, with the sort of $eal $eal you;d you;d e7pect fro# so#eone pro#oted into that position% )nd the 9-);s 9-);s power predated predated his his directorship% directorship% 5or#er 9-) +irector
)nd whene.er there;s a gray area, the 9-) interprets whate.er law there is to gi.e the# the #ost e7pansi.e author aut horit ity y% They si#ply run rings around the secret court that rules on these things%
possibilities possibilities that our laws si#ply don;t don;t co.er co.er clearly% clearly%
guess is that while they ha.e clearly broken the spirit of the law, it;ll be harder to de#onstrate that they broke the letter of the law% 8n football ter#s, the first school of thought says the 9-) is out of bounds% The second says the field is too big% 8 belie.e that both perspecti.es ha.e so#e
Begardless Begardle ss of how we got go t here, here , the 9-) can;t refor# itself% /hange cannot co#e fro# within it has to co#e fro# abo.e% 8t;s the Cob of go.ern#ent of /ongress, of the courts, and of the president% These are the people who ha.e the ability to in.estigate how things beca#e so bad, rein in the rogue agency, and establish new syste#s of transparency transparency,, o.ersight, and accountability%% )ny solution we de.ise will #ake the 9-) less efficient at its ea.esdropping Cob% ThatKs a accountability trade&off we should be willing to #ake , Cust as we accept reduced police efficiency caused by re6uiring warrants for searches and truth to the#, and that the real proble# co#es fro# their co#bination%
warning suspects that they ha.e the right to an attorney before answering police 6uestions% =e do this because we reali$e that a too&powerful police force force is itself a danger, danger, and we need to balance balance our need need for public public safety with our a.ersion a.ersion of a police police state% state% The sa#e sa#e reasoning reasoning needs to apply to the 9-)% =e want it to ea.esdrop on our ene#ies, but it needs to do so in a way that doesn;t tra#ple on the constitutional rights of )#ericans, or funda#entally Ceopardi$ funda#entally Ceopardi$ee their pri.acy pri.acy or security or security%% This #eans that so#eti#es the 9-) won;t get to ea.esdrop, Cust as the protections protections we put in place place to restrain restrain police police so#eti#es so#eti#es result in a cri#inal getting away% away% This is a trade&off trade&off we we need to #ake willingly willingly and openly, because o.erall we are safer that way% Once we do this, there needs to be a cultural change within the 9-)% ike at the 5?8 and /8) after
Our society can handle the occasional terrorist act we;re resilient, and && if we decided to act that way && indo#itable indo#itable%% ?ut a go.ern#ent agency that is abo.e the law %%% law %%% it;s hard to see how )#erica and its freedo#s can sur.i.e that%
past abuses, abuses, the 9-) needs new leadership leadership co##itt co##itted ed to changing changing its culture% culture% )nd )nd gi.ing up power%
Domestic drones inevitable but s*uo safe"ards are insufficient to solve privacy concerns – :,, insufficient to solve Koebler 21Q J)-O9 5ebruary 1A, 201I -taff writer for
5ederal ).iation )d#inistration has finally pro.ided a path forward forward for the legal use of drones in the nited -tates% The news dropped -unday #orning, #orning, so thereKs a good chance youK.e already heard a bit about the new proposed regulations% /o##ercial drones #ust stay within line of sight of the operator, #ust fly during daylight hours, #ust stay at speeds below 100 #iles per hour and altitudes of less than I00 feet, and #ust not fly ab o.e people who are unin.ol.ed with the flight%O.erall,
itKs a #aCor win for the co##ercial drone industry , especially considering that rules being floated and ru#ored o.er the last se.eral #onths were #uch #ore strictXone report suggested that drone operators would ha.e to be belicensed licensed pri.ate pilots in order to get their f oot in the door, in fact% +rone pilots 8 know are o.er&the&#oon o.er&the&#oon that the 5)) 5)) see#s to ha.e finally seen seen the light on this this technology, especially after years of legal legal battles and threats threats that ha.e co#e fro# the agency for businesses that ha.e operated in a legal grey ar ea% ereKs what we can take away and reasonably infer fro# the 5))Ks docu#ent =hat youKre looking at is probably the final rule +rone pilots and the drone industry are pretty ecstatic with what the 5)) has put out there% There are so#e sticking points E7perienced pilots want to fly o.er processions and people for photography purposes (a concert shot with drone footage, for instance'% ?ut, o.erall, fro# the industry side, people are happy with this% 8 wouldnKt e7pect a lot of pushback or co##ents asking the 5)) 5)) for e.en wider latitude to fly% 8 also wouldnKt e7pect a ton of pushback co#ing fro# those those wanting to li#it li#it drones% There
are pri.acy ad.ocates who fear ca#era&wielding ca #era&wielding drones will pro.e intrusi.e, and want want to keep the# grounded, grounded, and they ha.e a point% ?ut right now, thereKs so #uch #oney and #o#entu# pushing drones forward that it see#s likely pri.acy will be tackled by so#e other entity or at a later date % The only The only other real opposition drones ha.e had has co#e fro# crop dusting pilots, who argue that a drone;crop wrong, but that argu#ent argu#ent co#es fro# a fear of losing duster crash 'ould be catastrophic& TheyKre not wrong, but their Cobs #ore than anything else, and the agricultural pilot lobby si#ply isnKt a .ery strong .oice% +eli.ery drones are not dead One of the biggest #isconceptions going around right now is that )#a$onKs deli.ery drones are now +O)% 8tKs true that deli.ery drones arenKt going to be legal under this rule, but this is the first of #any drone regulations that will e.entually co#e out% The 5)) wasnKt ready to tackle flying outside the line of sight or with drones that drop things, which s ee#s pretty sensible% 5)) ad#inistrator ad#inistrator
researching deli.ery drones% -o, not yet, but to say that deli.ery drones are ne.er going to happen is shortsighted%
preli#inary infor#ation released today indicates that the proposed regulation will treat the recreational use of s#all un#anned aircraft separately fro# that of co##ercial use ,M it said% ni.ersity researchers are probably not pleased -chul#an;s last group of 5))&suing clients, howe.er, howe.er, a group of drone&using uni.ersities, can;t be happy about the ruling% MBesearch and de.elop#entM and Meducational and acade#ic usesM are classified as co##ercial uses of drones subCect to new regulations% -chul#an tweetedthat
pro.ision would be a Mhuge blowM to e7isting research progra#s% ni.ersities are clients of his, so 8 would e7pect that lawsuit to #o.e f orward%The 5)) has done e.erything slowly with drones% There will be a co##ent period of 0 days before days before the 5)) actually .otes on a final set of rules, and 8 wouldnKt be surprised if the process so#ehow drags for #onths before theyKre ulti#ately ulti#at ely finali$ed% The 5)) 5)) will also ha.e to beef up its air traffic control staffing (it re6uires drone operators to call control towers before flying anywhere re#otely near an airport' and its drone licensing and testing sites% This process isnKt o.er, not by a longshot% ?ut now, finally, there appears to be light at the end end of the tunnel%
,T 5th ,mmendment )3;s don;t .iolate 4 th a##end#ent Thompson 2!13 (Bichard, egislati.e )ttorney, )ttorney, )pril ,201I, “+rones in +o#estic -ur.eillance Operations 5ourth )#end#ent 8#plications and egislati.e Besponses! http""www%pennyhill http""www%pennyhill%co#"C#sfileseller"d %co#"C#sfileseller"docs"B42A01%pdf0 ocs"B42A01%pdf0 ?ased on e7isting case law, it is reasonable to assu#e that sur.eillance of an indi.idual while in his ho#e Xan area accorded the greatest 5ourth )#end#ent )#end#ent protectionXusing protectionXusing technology not not in general public use would be an unlawful search absent a search warrant % The -upre#e /ourt in >yllo was particularly concerned about law enforce#ent;s use of powerful e6uip#ent to peer inside an indi.idual;s ho#e% /urrently, )3s carry high&#egapi7el ca#eras and ther#al i#aging, and will soon ha.e the capacity to see through walls and ceilings%QL These technologies are not generally a.ailable to the public, and under current Curisprudence, their use by law enforce#ent would probably constitute a search co.ered by the 5ourth )#end#ent% )#end#ent% owe.er, the use of low& powered ca#eras ca#eras or other other unsophisticated unsophisticated technology technology to .iew people people and obCects obCects in plain plain .iew while while in their their ho#e #ight #ight not trigger trigger 5ourth )#end#ent protections% The rationale for this notion is that officers are not re6uired to a.ert their eyes when they see illegal acti.ity in plain .iew, especially when the subCect of the search has taken no affir#ati.e efforts to hide their acti.ity fro# public .iew%
-upre#e /ourt has recited on #any occasions that a person located in a ho#e;s curtilage is accorded si#ilar pri.acy protections as when inside the ho#e , the aerial sur.eillance cases arguably constitute an e7ception to this general principle % 8n the two aerial cases, Biley and /iraolo, the area sur.eilled was within close pro7i#ity of the ho#e, yet the police sur.eillance at altitudes of 400 and 1,000 feet were not considered a search% ?ased on the aerial sur.eillance cases, it #ay be reasonable to presu#e a warrant would not be re6uired (nor, perhaps, any suspicion, for that #atter' to conduct drone sur.eillance of #ost public places for for a relati.ely relati.ely short period period of ti#e% ti#e% The -upre#e -upre#e /ourt /ourt re#arked re#arked in /iraolo that the “5ourth )#end#en )#end#entt si#ply does does not re6uire re6uire the
the rarity of drone flights #ay distinguish their use fro# sur.eillance by the piloted aircraft used in the three aerial cases decided by the /ourt% )ll three of these cases were pre#ised on the fact that each aircraft was flying in na.igable airspace, and that these flights were not “sufficiently rare! to pro.ide a reasonable e7pectation of pri.acy in the area to be searched% To this point, Justice =hite re#arked in Biley that “there is nothing in the
police tra.eling tra.eling in the public airways at N1,000 N1,000 feet feet to obtain a warrant to obser.e what what is .isible to to the naked eye%!100 owe.er,
record or before us to suggest that helicopters flying at 400 feet are sufficiently rare in this country to lend substance to respondent;s clai# that he reasonably anticipated that his greenhouse would not be subCect to obser.ation fro# that altitude%!101 *resently, use of )3s in %-% airspace is considerably less co##on% The 5)) has issued only appro7i#ately 00 licenses for drone use in %-% airspace%102 The general public would
This rarity #ight factor into a re.iewing court;s deter#ination deter#ination of whether indi.iduals ha.e a legiti#ate e7pectation of pri.acy fro# .arious for#s of drone sur.eillance while in a public place% 10 The federal go.ern#ent;s authority to use un#anned aircraft is undoubtedly at its #a7i#u# near %-% borders% One of the federal go.ern#ent;s only affir#ati.e duties is to protect citi$ens fro# e7ternal e7ternal har#%104 This This includes securing the the borders% The /ourt has hesitated fro# interfering with the perfor#ance of this duty, and it would in all likelihood de#onstrate the sa#e deference when it co#es to the use of )3s %
lead to law enforce#ent physically apprehending a person who is seen engaging in suspected illegal acti.ity'% owe.er, the /ourt has shown so#e reticence about gi.ing law enforce#ent carte blanche search power at the border% Bo.ing .ehicle patrols and indiscri#inate searches in )l#eida&-anche$ .% nited -tates and nited -tates .% ?rignoni&*once were dee#ed unconstitutional%10I 8t is unclear whether this reticence would e7tend to drone sur.eillance along the border if it were to beco#e significantly widespread%
,2 T
,T – Drones << %urveillance Drones are used for surveillance
"C& ?12 (American i)il i*erties 6nion, Apr 12, 2017, “omestic rones,! https"##$$$%aclu%org#issues#pri)acy https"##$$$ %aclu%org#issues#pri)acy&technology#sur)eillance&technologi &technology#sur)eillance&technologies#+omestic& es#+omestic& +rones ' +rones '
U.S. law enforcement is greatly expanding its use of surveillance drones , and private actors are also seeking to use the technology for personal and commercial use.
#ore ev
@itnic; >ussell >ussell 215 215 (Drew Mitnick, Jack Bussell Access, Access is an international human rights organi4ation, 11: 11:02am 02am | 15 February 2015, “aming the s5ies" B*ama memo loo5s at commercial +rones, restricts go)ernment use,! https"##$$$%accessno$ https"##$$$%accessno$%org#*log#201 %org#*log#2017#02#17#taming&the&s5ies&o*ama&memo&loo5s& 7#02#17#taming&the&s5ies&o*ama&memo&loo5s& at&commercial&+rones&restricts&go)ernment' rones also increase the opportunities .or go)ernments to con+uct :rst&han+ sur)eillance o. users electronic communications *y intercepting signals an+ in.ormation% B@cial +ocuments +emonstrate that go)ernment agencies are alrea+y e9I *elie)es *elie)es it it can use Stingrays $ithout a $arrant any time the +e)ice is +eploye+ in pu*lic, a practice $hich $oul+ *e limite+ *y the ?eolocational Pri)acy an+ Sur)eillance Act Act,, $hich $as recently re&intro+uce+ *y Senator y+en an+ Eepresentati)e ha-et4% on)ersely, also t his year, Eepresentati)e Michael Mcaul is pushing legislation that $oul+ increase the use o. +rones on the 6%S% *or+ers, potentially collecting a large amount o. +igital +ata% he potential .or +rones to )iolate in+i)i+ual rights s upports the nee+ .or legislation an+ regulations .or go)ernment uses o. +rones as $ell as commercial )ehicles%
,2 C6
,2 Consult ?ustice department ustice Department supports supports privacy frame and use is hi"h ,6 =22 ()ssociated *ress,
,T %tates C6 %tate la's 'ill be too restrictive – +ills the industry Eruber 1= (Bobert, litigation associate at Dreenberg Traurig, *, “/O<
,T 'ait and see cp Too late and cp is unenforceable – federal re"ulations are +ey Eruber 1= (Bobert, litigation associate at Dreenberg Traurig, *, “/O<
,T %tates %tates insufficient to solve the aff – la' enforcement circumvents circumvents %chla" 13 (/hris, J%+% candidate, ni.ersity of *ittsburgh -chool of aw,
5ederal refor# key and per# sol.es Kamins+i 2!13 F#ar"ot Kamins+i4 #ar"ot Kamins+i is the executive director of the (nformation %ociety 6ro?ect at Pale .a' %chool4 #ay 2!134 Drone :ederalismG Civilian Drones and the Thin"s They Carry httpGscholarship&la'&ber+eley&educ"ivie'content&c"iLarticle<1!!QNcontext
, federal4 or mixed state and federal4 approach to la' enforcement drone use ma+es perfect sense& ) federal law go.erning law enforce#ent drone use would follow in the well&trodXalbeit, outdatedX footsteps of the Electronic /o##unications *ri.acy )ct (E/*)'%44 ike E/*), E/*), federal legislation on law enforce#ent drone use could establish a statutory core to be shared by the states, or a statutory floor, per#itting state de.iation de.iation towards #ore #ore protection% )dditionally )dditionally,, because E/*) E/*) already establishes a fa#iliar fra#ework for warrants and court orders go.erning law enforce#ent sur.eillance, a federal law enforce#ent drone statute need not wait on e7tensi.e state e7peri#entation% The updates need not be drone&specific, and could co.er location tracking, .ideo sur.eillance, or use of bio#etric identification, or other new technologies, if these are the concerns raised by drone sur.eillance%
0ver;restrictive patch'or+ state re"ulations destroy drone competitiveness – causes the mar+et to shift overseas – no' is +ey Eruber 1= (Bobert, litigation associate at Dreenberg Traurig, *, “/O<%&based co#pany )scenta, which #anufactures solar& powered aircraft that can stay aloft at high altitudes for years at a ti#e% 5acebook;s goalG *ro.iding 8nternet access in areas where traditional connections are i#practical or i#possible%14 E.en though co##ercial )- flight is still largely prohibited in the nited -tates, the battle o.er drone regulation has already begun, fi7ated largely on i#agined har#s to people;s pri.acy%1I pri.acy%1I )nd the pri.acy ad.ocates are winning #ore than twenty states ha.e passed laws restricting )- operations%1
indi.idual pri.acy interests% )s )s one person put it, “corn doesn;t #ind if you watch it%!2A -econd, e.en if a particular co##ercial drone;s drone;s i#ages i#ages could be processed and and linked to indi.iduals; indi.iduals; identities, what would would Custify the cost of such such directed #onitoringG #onitoringG +e#ographic infor#ation infor#ation #ay be .aluable, but our our phones and 8nternet acti.ity paint a cheaper and #ore accurate picture of consu#er acti.itiesXwhere indi.iduals go, where they shop, and what they buy% NA The global #arket for )- is growing fast%2L )t the #o#ent, the best a.ailable )- technology belongs to the nited -tates and 8srael% 2Q +e.eloped for #ilitary purposes, this technology ne.ertheless has #assi.e e7port potential for ci.il and co##ercial uses% owe.er, the nited -tates; #onopoly on )- technology #ay already be eroding% 8n 201 8srael surpassed the %-% as the chief e7porter of )- technologyXalthough 8srael re#ains second to the %-% in production%0 =hat accounts for this discrepancyG ) regulatory regulatory barrier the co#panies that de.elop our #ilitary drones are restricted fro# #arketing their technology elsewhere%1 /hina and other countries are now entering the ring%2 ?y co#peting in the global #arket, the %-% can reali$e all the benefits of a #ulti&billion dollar industry once the 5)) opens opens up the national airspaceXwhich it is poised to begin doing soonX but only if the %-% a.oids establishing establishing a draconian regulatory fra#ework for co##ercial )-%
,T xecutive Comission C6 Destroys separation of po'ers
Kaag 15 (John, associate professor of philosophy at the ni.ersity of ISA courts are their recent e
alternati)e propose+ propose+ *y the B*ama a+ministration a+ministration $hat the Presi+ent calle+ “an in+epen+ent o)ersight *oar+ in the e
ithout ma5ing signi:cant compromises to national security, $e, the people, coul+ ha)e an in.orme+ +e*ate not only a*out the status st atus o. American terror suspects a*roa+, *ut also a*out the +eeper political an+ military rationale .or targeting .oreign nationals in accor+ $ith international la$% la$% hat e
,T :(%, C6 Doesn7t solve the aff – :(%, court7s special needs doctrine allo's for unlimited surveilliance Kaa" 1= (John, associate professor of philosophy at the ni.ersity of
>ISA courts are )ery $eir+% $eir+% Bur legal system is *ase+ on an a+)ersarial
mo+el% In other $or+s, courts are places to +ispute charges an+ impartial parties a ju+ge an+ jury ma5e a +ecision a*out the case% he >ISA courts arent li5e li5e this% At At all% >ISA re;uests are are not +ispute+% Bnly a )ery, )ery small percentage o. >ISA re;uests h a)e *een +enie+ o)er the courts 30 year history% history% Most are appro)e+ as a matter o. course % Sarah Ureps one of the more disturbin" aspects of the :(%, courts are their recent expansion of the special needs doctrine4 'hich allo's the "overnment to carry out surveillance 'ithout detailed 'arrants in order to address an overridin" public dan"er%! e are concerne+ an+ I ha)e argue+ that
that this sort o. go)ernance, $hen applie+ to the issue o. +rones, might pro)i+e strategists an+ policy ma5ers $ith a type o. carte *lanche o)er the targete+ 5illing program % he alternati)e propose+ *y the B*ama a+ministration $hat the Presi+ent calle+ “an in+epen+ent o)ersight *oar+ in the e
,T %tates C6 6erm sovles best – federal baseline is a prere*uisite prere*uisite to effective state policy %chla" 13 (/hris, J%+% candidate, ni.ersity of *ittsburgh -chool of aw,
+rone technology is an e7citing and 6uickly e.ol.ing technology that has created a #odern tool capable of a .ariety of positi.e applications% applications% ike #any other technologies de.eloped in the twentieth and twenty& first centuries, drones ha.e #any positi.es and #any negati.es associated with their use% Therefore, proacti.e steps should should be taken by both the egislature and the the Judiciary to ensure indi.idual indi.idual pri.acy rights are not eroded with the incorporation of this new technology into our daily li.es% The best way to ensure that our reasonable e7pectation of pri.acy is #aintained is for /ongress to enact a baseline consu#er protection law that #anages both go.ern#ental and pri.ate party use of drones in national airspace% 5ollowing the de.elop#ent of a baseline federal law, states could further protect indi.idual rights by adding state specific legislation to the baseline protection%
,T %tudy cp Doesn7t solve the aff &/* the s6uo &lack of resources #eans cant sol.e indi.idual pri.acy or rights
%chla" 13 (/hris, J%+% candidate, ni.ersity of *ittsburgh -chool of aw,
) final proposal has been to allow allow for studies by +OT +OT and 5)) 5)) , as part of the initiati.e of the 5))
Con"ress – ,T ,T %tates C6
,T xecutive C6 C6 destroys %06 – con"ress is +ey )illiams 2!15 (Byan =illia#s, )ssoc% *rofessor =estern -tate /ollege of aw, )ugust 2014, “The Boad
when )#ericans try to challenge E7ecuti.e power, i##inence #eans i##inence, as they #ust ha.e a “certainly i#pending inCury! in order to ha.e standing %214 owe.er , when the E7ecuti.e wants to kill )#ericans, i##inence does not #ean i##inence, and as long as so#e har# #ay happen so#eti#e in the futureXthat is sufficient%21I This double standard is proble#atic, especially if one wants to #aintain any type of de#ocracy and separation of powers in )#erica% =hene.er there are different rules for different people, where the people in control of the #ilitary gi.e different definitions of the e7act sa#e word, that nation no longer rese#bles a land of the people% /ongress is supposed to #ake the laws and the Judiciary defines the#, not the E7ecuti.e doing all of the abo.e sua sponte% har# or a Rcertainly i#pending; inCury%!21 Thus,
,T )arrants 6(C :o lin; to the :>
Bule 8 e#bodies the desire of both federal and state legislatures to e7clude certain situations fro# the burden of a warrant re6uire#ent re6uire#ent %22L /o##on e7a#& ples of non&law enforce#ent operations include, but are not li#ited to, land sur.eying ,22Q weather and cli#ate obser.ation and scientific research ,20 wild& life #anage#ent and protection , 2 1 and search and rescue #issions % 22 8n addi& tion to Bule lKs e7e#ption of non&law enforce#ent enforce#ent uses of drones, Bule 8 also e7e#pts situations where a high risk of terrorist attack or i##inent danger to life or property e7ists% This specific pro.ision finds its inspiration in 3irginiaKs warrant e7ception that allows drone use for responses to )#ber )lerts,2 -e& nior )lerts,24 and search&and&rescue #issions%M2I =hile the 5ourth )#end& #ent co.ers all go.ern#ent intrusions of pri.acy, go.ern#ent go.ern#ent acti.ity that does not in.ol.e cri#inal in.estigation tends to in.ol.e Ma less hostile intrusion than the typical police#anKs search for the fruits and instru#entalities instru#entalities of cri#e%M2
/o lin+ – exceptions are predictable and solve the lin+
Bather than address the rele.ant pri.acy concerns surrounding drones, /ongress has instead focused on rapidly integrating drones into do#estic airspace%KMQ 9onetheless, indi.idual #e#bers of /ongress ha.e raised their concerns with do& #estic drone use, and so#e ha.e gone so far as to introduce legislation to restrict the
*aulKs proposed bill, the *reser.ing 5reedo# fro# nwarrant& ed -ur.eillance )ct of 201, would re6uire a warrant for #ost situations in which drones are used Mto gather e.idence or other infor#ation pertaining to cri#inal conduct or conduct in .iolation of a statute or go.ern#entKs ability to use drones as sur.eillance platfor#s%1 0 -enator Band
regulation%MK 1E7cep& tions to the blanket warrant re6uire#ent would include border patrol #issions, pre.ention of terrorist terrorist attacks, and circu#stances circu#stances in which police ha.e ha.e reasona& ble suspicion suspicion that an i##inent danger to life is at hand and are thus re6uired to take i##ediate action%
,2 K
:rame'or+ Debates about drones are important – public understandin" is lo' – debates are +ey -0E. 1= (9ate 3ogel, egislati.e /ounsel at the 9ew :ork /i.il iberties nion , 5ebruary 11, 201I “+rones at o#e The +ebate O.er n#anned )ircraft )ircraft in -tate egislature! http""www%albanygo.ern#entlawre.iew%org")rticles"3ol0LP1"L%1%204&9%W203ogel%pdf' *ri.acy ad.ocates are apparently generally unsuccessful at con.incing law#akers to li#it the sur.eillance infrastructure% The )/ found that in 201, “Nonly fi.e states ha.e laws on the books go.erning license plate readers%!2 There are #any factors that #ay li#it the success of pri.acy ad.ocates% *ublic debate about whether sur.eillance is appropriate or whether there should be new li#its to protect pri.acy tends to only happen occasionally, occasionally, and only after the infrastructure has been in place for so#e ti#e% 24 -o#eti#es this happens because the public does not e.en learn of a new sur.eillance techni6ue until it is a wellestablished wellestablished practice %2I E.en when there is e.idence that a particular kind of sur.eillance is happening, decision #akersX Cudges, for e7a#pleX#ay not wish to take action unless there are inCuries in fact%2 This, notwithstanding the fact that the history of sur.eillance techni6ues, fro# writs of assistance to electronic
=ith e.ery new sur.eillance technology, technology, there are in.ariably econo#ic argu#ents supporting go.ern#ents; and co#panies; use of the technology% +rones and )*Bs create re.enue and Cobs, according to supporters%2L The congressional co##ittee that reported #aCor 2011 federal legislation on un#anned aircraft declared that the un#anned wiretaps,2A pro.ides strong e.idence that sur.eillance tools are highly likely to be abused without clear li#its and consistent o.ersight%
aircraft industry would create “2,000 high&paying Cobs in the nited -tates%!2Q ) resolution fro# ouisiana, -/B 124, was e.en #ore opti#istic, esti#ating that “once the 5ederal ).iation )d#inistration establishes guidelines for co##ercial use, the drone industry e7pects #ore
There are also often industry groups that e#erge to lobby for go.ern#ents to use the technology technologies #ake “law abiding citi$ens! safer and only threaten the “bad guys%!2 E.ery pri.acy ad.ocate has heard so#eoneX and probably #any peopleXsay, “8 don;t really care what they;re watching% 8;.e got nothing to hide%! than one hundred thousand Cobs to be created and nearly half a billion in ta7 re.enue to be generated by 202IN%!0
Drones are +ey to civil "overnment and commercial sector R:$%% 1=
()bigail Behfuss, pre.ious Editor for )lbany Do.ern#ent aw Be.iew")ssistant )lbany +istrict )ttorney , 5ebruary , 201I “The +o#estic se of +rones and the 5ourth )#ende#ent! )#ende#ent! http""www%albanygo.ern#entlawre.iew%org")rticles"3ol0LP1"L%1%1&Behfuss%pdf' 8n addition to their resourcefulness along the border, )3s ha.e pro.en to be si#ilarly ad.antageous in a .ariety of other peaceful conte7ts% 5or e7a#ple, )3s )3s ha.e ci.il go.ern#ent applications that include e#ergency response, law enforce#ent sur.eillance, search and rescue, forest fire #onitoring, co##unications relay, relay, flood #apping, high altitude i#aging, i #aging, traffic #onitoring, hu#anitarian aid, land use #apping, and che#ical and petroleu# spill #onitoring% On the scientific front, )3 )3 applications applications include natural ha$ards research and #onitoring, en.iron#ental #onitoring #onitoring and #apping, in&situ at#ospheric #onitoring, hyperspectral i#aging, sea ice flow obser.ations, plu#e dispersion and tracking, soil #oisture i#aging, and aerosol source deter#inations% 8n the co##ercial sector, )3 )3s are used in areas such as crop #onitoring, co##unications relay, and utility inspection
,2 D,
#exico D, – Drones suc+ Drones fail at the border – D% audit
*arrington 17 Oli4a*eth, January 1, 2017, Au+it" GS rone Program Ine-ecti)e at 9or+er Security, http"##.ree*eacon%co http"##.ree*eacon%com#issues#au+it&+hs&+rone&program&ine-ec m#issues#au+it&+hs&+rone&program&ine-ecti)e&at& ti)e&at& *or+er&security# *or+er&security# Oli4a*eth Garrington is a sta- $riter .or the ashington >ree 9eacon% Oli4a*eth gra+uate+ .rom emple 6ni)ersity in 2010% Prior to joining the >ree 9eacon, she $or5e+ as a sta- $riter .or Se$s%com% ustom an+ 9or+er Protections (9P' +rone program program is ine-ecti)e an+ sur)eys less than 200 miles o. the south$est *or+er, accor+ing to an au+it *y the epartment o. Gomelan+ Securitys (GS' B@ce o. Inspector ?eneral %he program operates 10 Pre+ator 9 +rones at a cost o. more than Y12,000 .or e)ery hour a +rone spen+s in the air, .un+ing $hich coul+ *e put to *etter use else$here, accor+ing to the BI?%he program costs Y10,000 more per Light hour than $hat GS claims, accor+ing to the BI?% “e estimate that, in :scal year 2013, it cost at least YR2%7 million to operate the program, or a*out Y12,277 per LightK hour,! the au+it sai+% “he B@ce o. Air an+ Marines calculation o. Y2,CRD per Li ght hour +oes not inclu+e operating costs, such as the costs o. pilots, e;uipment, an+ o)erhea+%! “ Although
9Ps 6nmanne+ Aircra.t System program contri*utes to *or+er security, a.ter D years, 9P cannot pro)e that the program is e-ecti)e *ecause it has not +e)elope+ per.ormance measures meas ures,! ,! the au+it, release+ on hristmas O)e, sai+% “he program has also not achie)e+ the e
*or+er D0 percent less than $hat 9P originally imagine+ o. “.our 1R hour unmanne+ aircra.t patrols e)ery +ay o. the year, or 23,2FR total Light hours%! In reality, +rones $ere only in the air .or 7,102 Light hours in 2013% he 9P *lame+ the lac5 o. +rone Lights on *u+get constraints% he go)ernment has alrea+y spent Y3R0 million on the program since 2007, an+ GS hopes to a++ 1C more +rones at a cost o. YCC3 million% Go$e)er, the BI? sai+ the agency has not pro)e+ the program +eser)es to *e ela%, ?ran+ >or5s, %%, an+ Sierra Qista, Ari4% rones $ere also responsi*le .or only 1%D percent o. apprehensions in the ucson, Ari4% region, an+ a mere 0%8 percent in the Eio ?ran+e Qalley% “Accor+ing
to *or+er patrol agents an+ intelligence personnel in Ari4ona, 6S9P pro*a*ly $oul+ ha)e +etecte+ the people using groun+&*ase+ assets, $ithout the assistance o. unmanne+ aircra.t,! the au+it sai+%
Terrorism Te rrorism D, – .in+ turn $nre"ulated drones ris+s terror attac+s
D9"SA:9OB 1? (John, onresi+ent Senior >ello$ , he 9roo5ings Institution Pro.essor, Olectrical Ongineering, April C, 2012, 6A, 6 A, Panel" “GO BMI? PEBI>OEAIB PEBI>OEAIB B> BMOSI EBOS" GA I 9O GO IMPA B PEIQA /, SA>O/ A AIBA SO6EI/=! http"##$$$ http"##$$$%*roo5ings%e+u##me+ia %*roo5ings%e+u##me+ia#e)ents#2012#C#0C& #e)ents#2012#C#0C& +omestic&+rones#20120C0C+omestic+rones%p+. ' he last area is national security%
It $oul+ *e nai)e to +eny that su@ciently large unmanne+ aircra.t +onHt create some ne$ ris5s % It $oul+ ma5e no sense at all .or a terrorist to attac5 a shopping center or an o@ce *uil+ing using a +rone% As $e sa$ in B5lahoma ity in 1FF7, a car or truc 5 :lle+ $ith e
sensiti)e go)ernm ent an+ military .acilities are a +i-erent story *ecause o. their access restrictions% At these .acilitie s +rones coul+ *e .ar har+er to +etect an+ stop than a car, truc5 or small passenger&*earing plant %
$oul+ *e .ar easier an+ more +ea+ly% +ea+ly% Go$e)er,
An unclassi:e+ 2007 report issue+ *y the .e+erally .un+e+ Institute .or e.ense A nalyses e
report stat e+, an+ IHm ;uoting here, A small team coul+ launch a 6AQ .rom .rom hi+ing $ith a relati)ely small launch .ootprint an+ ma5e their escape *e.ore impact% he impact% he report also state+ state+ that, here $oul+ $oul+ *e little +anger o. o. +etection an+ transportation, launch or escape% An+ that $ith a precision&gui+e+ 6AQ there is a high pro*a*ility o. succes s.ul e
/o lin+ $ /o lin+ uni*ueness – debates about drones and privacy hi"h no' ,#(.T0/ %6CT,T0R 13 (a#ilton -pectator , (-O92010 Wd_dbnIhU)9S4>-O920102024414I 2024414I The 5?8 uses drones in do#estic sur.eillance operations in a M.ery, .ery #ini#al way,M way,M director Bobert
re#arks about the 5?8Ks use of drones & and the regular use of the .ehicles by other law enforce#ent agencies & co#e as law#akers and ci.il liberties groups are raising concerns about the reach of the go.ern#ent in the wake of the disclosure of two highly classified 9ational -ecurity )gency sur.eillance progra#s % eaks by eaks by for#er intelligence contractor contractor Edward -nowden to the =ashington *ost and ?ritainKs Duardian newspaper un.eiled sur.eillance progra#s that sweeps up telephone call data fro# #illions of %-% citi$ens as well as 8nternet traffic that the Oba#a ad#inistration says in.ol.es foreigners based outside the %-% %-% suspected of plotting plotting terrorist attacks% The The re.elations about about the sur.eillance progra#s ha.e reignited a political debate that has repeatedly flared since the -ept% 11, 2001, attacks on the %-% about the balance between between ci.il ci.il liberties liberties and protection protection fro# terroris# % aw#akers and ci.il liberties groups ha.e raised concerns about the i#pact on pri.acy of drones used by federal law enforce#ent agencies% The o#eland -ecurity +epart#ent regularly deploys drones to o.ersee the southern border%
/$ – 0bama 0 means he7s already received bac+lash )hitloc+ 2!15 (/raig, co.ers pentagon and national security& =ashington =ashington *ost, 2 -epte#ber 2014, “=hite ouse *lans to Be6uire 5ederal 5ederal )gencies to pro.ide details about drones! https""www%washington https""www%washingtonpost%co#"world"n post%co#"world"national&security ational&security"white&house&plans "white&house&plans&to&re6uire&federal&agencies &to&re6uire&federal&agencies&& to&pro.ide&details&about&drones' The =hite ouse is preparing a directi.e that would re6uire federal agencies to publicly disclose for the first ti#e where they fly drones in the nited -tates and what they do with the torrents of data collected fro# aerial sur.eillance% The presidential executive order 'ould force the 6enta"on4 the ustice Department4 the Department of omeland %ecurity and other a"encies to reveal more details about the size and surveillance capabilities of the of their ir "ro'in "ro 'in" " dron dronee fleets fl eets @ @ information that until no' has ha s been lar"ely +ept under 'raps& The #andate would apply only to federal drone flights in %-% airspace% O.erseas #ilitary and intelligence operations would not be co.ered% *resident Oba#a has yet to sign the e7ecuti.e order, but officials said that drafts ha.e been distributed to federal agencies and that the process is in its final stages% “)n interagency re.iew of the issue is underway,! said 9ed *rice, a =hite ouse spokes#an% spokes#an% e declined declined to co##ent further% further% *ri.acy ad.ocates ad.ocates said said the #easure #easure was long long o.erdue% ittle ittle is known known about the scope of the federal go.ern#ent;s do#estic drone operations and sur.eillance policies%
counsel for the )#erican /i.il iberties nion% “?ut we ha.en;t had all in one place a clear picture of how this technology is being used% 9or is
#ost affected by the executive order 'ould be the 6enta"on4 'hich conducts drone trainin" missions in most states4 and omeland omel and %ecurity %ecu rity 4 'hich flies surveillance drones alon" the nation7s borders round;the;cloc+& (t 'ould also cover other a"encies 'ith little;+no'n drone pro"rams4 includin" /,%,4 the (nterior Department and the Commerce Department&
policies 6uickly 6uickly enough enough to keep up with rapid rapid ad.ances ad.ances in drone technology technology%% “5ederal “5ederal use of drones drones has gone way up, but it;s it;s hard hard to docu#ent docu#ent how #uch,! said Jennifer ynch, a lawyer with the Electronic 5rontier 5oundation, a -an 5rancisco&based group that has sued the 5ederal
/ongress has struggled to unco.er the e7tent to which the federal go.ern#ent uses drones as a sur.eillance tool in %-% airspace% 8n
officials hoped to pro.ide an interi# response ne7t week and a full .ersion “in the co#ing #onths%! +epart#ent of Justice officials ha.e also been reluctant reluctant to answer answer 6ueries 6ueries fro# law#akers law#akers about their drone operations% operations% The 5?8 first first disclosed its use of s#all, s#all, unar#ed unar#ed sur.eillance sur.eillance drones to /ongress in June 201 and subse6uently re.ealed that it had been flying the# since 200% The Justice +epart#ent inspector general reported last fall that the 5?8 had not de.eloped new pri.acy guidelines for its drone sur.eillance and was relying instead on old rules for collecting i#agery fro# regular aircraft% -ince then, Justice officials ha.e said they are re.iewing their drone sur.eillance policies but ha.e not disclosed any results% )n 5?8 spokes#an did not respond to a re6uest for co##ent% The 5?8 has resisted other atte#pts to di.ulge details about the si$e of its drone fleet and its sur.eillance practices% /iti$ens for Besponsibility and Ethics in =ashington (/BE=', a nonprofit group that pushes for transparency transparency in go.ern#ent, go.ern#ent, sued the 5?8 last year under the 5reedo# of 8nfor#ation )ct for records on its drone progra#% )lthough the 5?8 has turned o.er thousands of pages of docu#ents, #any ha.e been redacted or pro.ide only li#ited insights% “They;.e been dragging their feet fro# the outset, and it;s been enor#ously frustrating,! said )nne =eis#ann, /BE=;s chief counsel% “8 don;t know if it;s because they
they;.e been operating without any clear guidance or if they Cust don;t like to talk about it%! )nother section of 0bama7s draft executive order 'ould instruct the Commerce Department to help develop devel op voluntary volu ntary privacy "uidelines for private;sector pri vate;sector drone fli"hts% The intent is to shape nonbinding industry don;t want to e7pose the fact that
standards for co##ercial sur.eillance instead of i#posing new regulations by law% The e7ecuti.e order is an atte#pt to cope with a proCected surge in drone flights in the nited -tates% 5or years, the 5)) has enforced a de facto ban on co##ercial drone flights% The 5)) per#its go.ern#ent agencies to fly drones only under tightly controlled circu#stances% nder a 2012 law passed by /ongress, howe.er, the 5)) is de.eloping rules that will gradually open the skies to drones of all kinds% The drone industry, which lobbied /ongress to pass the law, predicts HL2 billion in econo#ic benefits and 100,000 new Cobs by 202I% On Thursday, the 5)) appro.ed re6uests fro# si7 ollywood fil##akers to fly s#all ca#era&e6uipped drones on #o.ie sets, the first ti#e businesses will be allowed to operate such aircraft in populated areas% )bout 40 co#panies, including )#a$on%co#, ha.e filed si#ilar re6uests with the 5))% )#a$on;s chief e7ecuti.e, Jeffrey *% ?e$os, owns The =ashington *ost% 5ederal law#akers ha.e introduced se.eral bills in recent years to regulate the use of drones by law enforce#ent agencies and strengthen pri.acy protections, protections, but but none has passed% 9o
depart#ent flies #ore #ore drones than the *entagon, *entagon, which has about 10,000 of the aircraft in its in.entory, in.entory, fro# four£ =asps to the 1I&ton Dlobal awk% =hile #any are deployed o.erseas, Defense Department documents sho' that the military is ma+in" plans to base drones at 155 sites in the $nited %tates& 6enta"on officials have said they soon expect to fly more drones in civilian airspace in the $nited %tates than in military;only zones& The +epart#ent of o#eland -ecurity also conducts e7tensi.e sur.eillance with unar#ed drones% 8ts /usto#s and ?order *rotection ser.ice has nine large *redator ? #odels, which account for about three&6uarters of all drone flight hours reported by federal ci.ilian agencies% /usto#s and ?order *rotection drones patrol a 2I&#ile&wide corridor along the nation;s northern and southern borders, as well as o.er the /aribbean -ea and Dulf of
#ore ev Barac+ 2!1= F0bama4 6resident 6resident of the $nited %tates4 1= :ebruary 2!1=4 6romotin" conomic Competitiveness )hile %afe"uardin" 6rivacy4 Civil Ri"hts4 and Civil .iberties in https""www%whitehou %whitehouse%go."the&press& se%go."the&press& Domestic $s of $nmanned ,ircraft %ystems https""www office"201I"02"1I"presidential&#e#or office"201I"02" 1I"presidential&#e#orandu#&pro#oting&econo#i andu#&pro#oting&econo#ic&co#petiti.ene c&co#petiti.eness& ss& while&safegua& *residential
the 5ederal Do.ern#ent Do.ern#e nt will take steps to ensure that the integration takes into account not only our
econo#ic co#petiti.eness and public safety, but also the pri.acy, ci.il rights, and ci.il liberties
concerns
these syste#s #ay raise% ?y the authority .ested in #e as *resident by the /onstitution and the laws of the nited -tates of )#erica, and in order to establish transparent principles that go.ern the 5ederal Do.ern#entKs use of )- in the 9)-, and to pro#ote the responsible use of this technology in the pri.ate and co##ercial sectors, it is hereby ordered as follows
-ection 1% )- *olicies and *rocedures for
5ederal Do.ern#ent se % The 5ederal Do.ern#ent currently operates )- in the nited -tates for se.eral purposes, including to #anage 5ederal lands, #onitor wildfires, conduct scientific research, #onitor our borders, support law enforce#ent, and effecti.ely train our #ilitary% )s with infor#ation collected by the 5ederal Do.ern#ent using any technology, where )- is the platfor# for collection, infor#ation #ust be collected, used, retained, and disse#inated consistent with the /onstitution, 5ederal law, and other applicable regulations and policies%
,"encies ,"enci es must 4 for example4 examp le4 comply 'ith the 6rivacy ,ct of 1OQ5 F= $&%&C& ==2 a
Fthe 96rivacy ,ct94 'hich 4 amon" other thin"s4 thi n"s4 restricts the collection and dissemination of individuals8 information that is maintained in systems of records4 includin" personally identifiable information F6((4 and permits individuals to see+ access to and amendment of records& (a' *ri.acy *rotections% *articularly in light of the di.erse potential uses of )- in the 9)-, e7pected ad.ance#ents in )- technologies, and the anticipated increase in )- use in the future,
the 5ederal Do.ern#ent shall take steps to ensure that pri.acy
protections and policies policies relati.e to ))- continue to keep pace with with these de.elop#ents% de.elop#ents% )ccordingly )ccordingly,, agencies shall, prior to deploy#ent of new )- technology and at least e.ery years, e7a#ine their e7isting )- policies and procedures relating to the collection, use, retention, and disse#ination of infor#ation obtained by )-, to ensure that pri.acy, ci.il rights, and ci.il liberties are protected% )gencies
shall update their policies and procedures, or issue new policies and procedures, as necessary% 8n addition to re6uiring co#pliance with the *ri.acy )ct in applicable circu#stances, agencies that collect infor#ation through )- in the 9)- shall ensure that their policies and procedures with respect to s uch infor#ation incorporate the follo wing re6uire#ents (i'
/ollection and se% )gencies shall only collect
infor#ation using )-, or use )-&collected infor#ation, to the e7tent that such collection or use is consistent with and rele.ant to an authori$ed purpose% (ii'
Betention% 8nfor#ation collected using )- that #ay contain *88 shall not be retained for #ore than 1L0 days
unless retention of the infor#ation is deter#ined to be necessary to an authori$ed #ission of the retaining agency, is #aintained in a syste# of records co.ered by the *ri.acy )ct, or is re6uired to be retained for a longer period by any other applicable law or regulation% (iii'
+isse#ination% )-&collected infor#ation that is not #aintained in a syste# of records co.ered by the *ri.acy )ct shall not be disse#inated outside of the agency unless disse#ination is re6uired by law, or fulfills an authori$ed purpose and co#plies with agency re6uire#ents% (b'
/i.il Bights and /i.il iberties *rotections% To protect ci.il rights and ci.il liberties, a"encies shallG (i'
ensure that policies are in place to prohibit the collection4 use4 retention4 or dissemination of data in any manner that 'ould violate the :irst ,mendment or in any manner that 'ould discriminate a"ainst persons based upon their ethnicity4 race4 "ender4 national ori"in4 reli"ion4 sexual orientation4 or "ender identity 4 in violation violati on of la'> Fii ensure that $,% activities activiti es are performed in a manner consistent 'ith the Constitution and applicable la's4 xecutive 0rders4 and other 6residential directives> and Fiii ensure that ade*uate procedures are in place to receive4 investi"ate4 and address4 as appropriate4 privacy4 civil ri"hts4 and civil liberties complaints& (c' )ccountability% To pro.ide for effecti.e o.ersight, agencies shall (i' ensure that o.ersight procedures for agenciesK )- use, including audits or assess#ents, co#ply with e7isting agency policies and regulations (ii' .erify the e7istence of rules of conduct and training for 5ederal Do.ern#ent personnel and contractors who work on )- progra#s, and procedures for reporting suspected cases of #isuse or abuse of )- technologies (iii' establish policies and procedures, or confir# that policies and procedures are in place, that pro.ide #eaningful o.ersight of indi.iduals who ha.e access to sensiti.e infor#ation (including any *88' collected using )- (i.' ensure that any data&sharing agree#ents or policies, data use policies, and record #anage#ent policies applicable to )- confor# to applicable laws, regulations, and policies (.' establish policies and procedures, or confir# that policies and procedures are in place, to authori$e the use of )- in response to a re6uest for )- assistance in support of 5ederal, -tate, local, tribal, or territorial go.ern#ent operations and (.i' re6uire that -tate, local, tribal, and territorial go.ern#ent recipients of 5ederal grant funding for the purchase or use of )- for their own operations ha.e in place policies and procedures to safeguard indi.idualsK pri.acy, ci.il rights, and ci.il liberties prior to e7pending such funds% (d'
Transparency % To promote
transparency about their $,% activities 'ithin the /,%4 a"encies that use $,% shall , while not re.ealing infor#ation that could reasonably be e7pected to co#pro#ise law enforce#ent or national security (i'
pro.ide notice to the the public
regarding regardin g where the agencyKs )- are authori$ed authori$e d to operate in the 9)- (ii' keep the public infor#ed about the agencyKs )- progra# as well as changes that would significantly affect pri.acy, pri.acy, ci.il rights, or ci.il liberties libertie s and (iii' #ake a.ailable a.aila ble to the public, on an annual basis, basi s, a general su##ary su##a ry of the agencyKs )- operations during the pre.ious fiscal year, to include a brief description of types or categories of #issions flown, and the nu#ber of ti#es the agency pro.ided assistance to other agencies, or to -tate, local, tribal, or territorial go.ern#ents% (e' Beports % =ithin 1L0 days of the date of this #e#orandu#, agencies shall pro.ide the *resident with a status report on the i#ple#entation of this section% =ithin 1 year of the date of this #e#orandu#, agencies shall publish infor#ation on how to access their publicly a.ailable policies and procedures i#ple#enting this section%
-ec% 2%
stakeholder Engage#ent *rocess % 8n addition to the 5ederal uses of )- described in section 1 of this #e#orandu#, the co#bination of greater operational fle7ibility, lower capital re6uire#ents, and lower operating costs could allow )- to be a transfor#ati.e technology in
the co##ercial and pri.ate sectors for fields as di.erse as urban infrastructure #anage#ent, far#ing, and disaster response% )lthough these opportunities will enhance )#erican econo#ic co#petiti.eness, our 9ation #ust be #indful of the potential i#plications for pri.acy, ci.il rights, and ci.il liberties% The 5ederal Do.ern#ent is co##itted to pro#oting the responsible use of this technology in a way that does not di#inish rights and freedo#s% (a' There is hereby established a #ulti&stakeholder engage#ent process to de.elop and co##unicate best practices for pri.acy, accountability, and transparency issues regarding co##ercial and pri.ate )- use in the 9 )-% The process will include stakeholders fro# the pri.ate sector% (b' =ithin Q0 days of the date of this #e#orandu#, the +epart#ent of /o##erce, through the 9ational Teleco##unications Teleco##unications and 8nfor#ation )d#inistration, and in consultation with other interested agencies, will initiate this #ulti& stakeholder engage#ent process to de.elop a fra#ework regarding pri.acy, accountability, and transparency for co##ercial and pri.ate )use% 5or this process, co##ercial and pri.ate use includes the use of )- for co##ercial purposes as ci.il aircraft, e.en if the use would 6ualify a )- as a public aircraft under 4Q %-%/% 40102(a'(41' and 4012I% The process shall not focus on law enforce#ent or other nonco##ercial go.ern#ental use% -ec% %
+efinitions% )s used in this #e#orandu# (a ' M)genciesM #eans e7ecuti.e
depart#ents and agencies of the 5ederal Do.ern#ent that conduct )- operations in the 9)- % (b' M5ederal
Do.ern#ent useM #eans operations in which agencies operate )- in the 9)-% 5ederal Do.ern#ent
use includes agency )- operations on behalf of another agency or on behalf of a -tate, local, tribal, or territorial go.ern#ent, or when a nongo.ern#ental entity operates )- on behalf of an agency% (c' M 9ational
)irspace )irspace -yste#M #eans the co##on co##on network
of %-% airspace air na.igation facilities, facilities, e6uip#ent, and ser.ices airports or landing areas aeronautical charts, infor#ation, and ser.ices related rules, regulations, and procedures technical infor#ation and #anpower and #aterial%
8ncluded in this definition are syste# co#ponents shared Cointly by the +epart#ents of +efense,
Transportation, and o#eland -ecurity% (d'
Mn#anned )ircraft )ircraft -yste#M #eans an un#anned aircraft (an ( an aircraft
that is operated without direct hu#an inter.ention fro# within or on the aircraft' and associated ele#ents (including co##unication links and co#ponents that control the un#anned aircraft' that are re6uired for the pilot or syste# operator in co##and to operate safely and efficiently in the 9)-% (e'
M*ersonally identifiable infor#ationM refers to infor#ation
that can be used to distinguish or trace an indi.idualKs identity, identity, either alone or when co#bined with other personal or identifying identifying infor#ation that that is linked or linkable linkable to a specific indi.idual, indi.idual, as set forth in Office of
-ec% 4% Deneral *ro.isions% (a' This #e#orandu# co#ple#ents and is not intended to supersede e7isting laws and policies for
)- operations in the 9)-, including the 9ational -trategy for ).iation -ecurity and its supporting plans, the 5))
This memorandum shall be implemented consistent 'ith applicable la' 4 and
sub?ect to the availability of appropriations& (c' 9othing in this #e#orandu# shall be construed to i#pair or otherwise affect (i' the authority granted by law to an e7ecuti.e depart#ent, agency, or the head thereof or (ii' the functions of the +irector of the Office of
#exicoBorder racism adv
