A Seminar-II Report on
“Internet of Things for Underground Drainage Monitoring System for Metropolitan Cities” By
Shubham Vinayak Thakare
The Shirpur Education Society’s Department of Computer Engineering R. C. Patel Institute of Technology Shirpur - 425405. Maharashtra State, India [2017-18]
A Seminar-II Report on
“Internet of Things for Underground Drainage Monitoring System for Metropolitan Cities” Submitted By Shubham Vinayak Thakare Guided By Prof. M. M. mhajan
The Shirpur Education Society’s Department of Computer Engineering R. C. Patel Institute of Technology Shirpur - 425405. Maharashtra State, India [2017-18]
The Shirpur Education Society’s
R. C. Patel Institute of Technology Shirpur, Dist. Dhule (M.S.) Department of Computer Engineering Maharashtra State, India
CERTIFICATE This is to certify that minor project entitled “Internet of Things for Underground Drainage Monitoring System for Metropolitan Cities” has been carried out by team: Shubham Vinayak Thakare of TE Computer Engineering class under the guidance of Prof. M. M. Mahajan during the academic year 2017-18.
Date: Place: Shirpur
Guide Prof. M. M. Mahajan
H.O.D. Prof. Nitin N. Patil
Seminar-IICoordinator Prof. P. S. Sanjekar
Principal Prof. Dr. J. B. Patil
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude towards the Department of Computer Engineering RCPIT,Shirpur that gave us an opportunty for presentation of our Project in their esteemed organization. It is a privilege for us have to been associated with Prof. M. M. Mahajan , our guide during project work.We have been greatly beneted by his valuable suggestion and ideas.It is with great pleasure that express our deep sense of gratitude to his for his valuable guidance, constant encouragement and patience throughout this work. We express our gratitude to Prof. Nitin N. Patil, [HOD Computer] for his constant encouragement, co-operation and support and also thankful to all people who have contributed in their own wa y in making this project succe ss. We take this opportunity to thank all the classmates for their company during the course work and for useful discussion we had with them. We would also like to thank our Principal Prof. Dr. J. B. Pa til , who presented us with such an opportunity to expand our horizons of knowledge prayed for us. Shubham Vinayak Thakare
Contents List of Figures
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1Introduction 1 1.1 Embedded Systems Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.1 Introduction of Embedded System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.2 History and Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.3 Real Time Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Application Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1 Consumer appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.2 Office automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.3 Medical electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.4 Computer networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.5 Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.6 Wireless technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.7 Insemination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.8 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.9 Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3 Overview of Embedded System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 9 2.1 Applications of Wireless Data Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2 Global System for Mobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3 GSM services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3 EXPLANATIONOFEACHBLOCK 14 3.1 Power Supply Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.2 microcontrollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.3 description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4 ARDUINO/GENUINOUNO 4.1 What’s on the board? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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5 THEARDUINOFAMILY 28 5.1 Arduino Uno (R3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 5.2 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 5.3 Working with Water Flow Sensors & Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
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5.4 How to use the Water Level Sensor – Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.5 Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 5.6 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6CONCLUSION 6.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY
34 34
35
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List of Figures 1.1 Architecture of Embedded System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2 Central processing Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1 Global System for Mobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
12
Design of Power Sypply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Internal working of Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Bridge Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Microcotroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 PIN Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.1 Arduino/Genuino UNO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
5.1 Arduino UNO(R3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 5.2 Flow of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5.3 Connection with Arduino kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
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ABSTRACT Internet of Things for Underground Drainage Monitoring System for Metropolitan Cities India has announced a project of making 100 smart cities. For making a smart city one needs to consider many parameters such as smart water, smart electricity, smart transportation etc. There will be a need of smart underground infrastructure which includes underground water pipelines, communication cables, gas pipelines, electric flow, etc. As most of the cities in India have adopted underground drainage system, it is very important that this system should work in proper manner to keep the city clean, safe and healthy. If they fail to maintain the drainage system the pure water may get contaminated with drainage water and can spread infectious diseases. So different kind of work has been done to detect, maintain and manage these underground systems. Also Leaks and bursts are an unavoidable aspect of water distribution systems management, and can account for significant water loss within a distribution network if left undetected for long periods. This paper presents the implementation and design functions for monitoring and managing underground drainage system with different approaches. It also gives description about Water wise system and detection method to detect leakage defects in sewer pipeline. Also some part of condition rating model for underground Infrastructure Sustainable Water Mains and Intelligent system for underground pipeline assessment, rehabilitation and management are explained.
Chapter 1 Introduction Underground drainage system is important component of urban infrastruct ure. It is considered to be city’s lifeline. Most management on underground draina ge is manual therefore it is not efficient to have clean and working underground system. Therefore, it is essential to develop a system which can handle underground drainag e without human intervention. Underground Drainage involves sewerage system, gas pipeline network, water pipeline and manholes. Different functions are described which are used for maintenance and monitoring underground drainage system. Underground manhole is one of the most efficient solutions to drainage .However putting manholes underground is very challenging. Also difficulties fromit the fact that these manhol e is hard to search once it is hide under thethe road surf ace. derived Therefore, is necessary to develop a set of mechanism which can be used to search, authenticate manhole in order to manage this problem. Closings of these manholes are covered by a manhole cover. Manhole cover is a flat plug which is designed to protect from unauthorized access. Also some people implements Underground Drain age and Manhole Monitoring System . This is a mo del which provides a system which is able to monitor the water level, atmospheric temperature. Also it can be used to find pressure inside a manhole and to check whether a manhole lid is open. Also this system can be used to monitors underground inst alled electri c power lines. Manhole explosion is one of the most dangerous and serious problems as these explosions releases of chemical and electrical energy inside a manhole. Manhole explosion events can be of three types mainly smoking events, fires and explosion due to sudden raise in pressure so they can monit or these manholes using sensor s. If such draina ge system gets block ed and water overflows it can be identified by sensor system[2]. Also if suppose that manhole lid is open it will immediately sense by the sensor in system, and that sensor sends information via transmitter which is located in that area to the corresponding managing station. But sometime this fails to solve these kinds of problems because it increases the number of sensors. It is not able to provide scalability. These are reasons for significant water loss. Therefore it is necessary to build a system which has the ability to detect and localize pipe burst and leaks.
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1.1
Embedded Systems Overview
1.1.1
Introduction of Embedded System
An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. A good example is the microwave oven. Almost every household has one, and tens of millions of them are used everyday, but very few people realize that a processor and software are involved in the preparation of their lunch or dinner. This is in direct con trast to the personal computer in the fam ily room. It too is comprised of computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk drives, for example). However, a personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function rather; it is able to do many differ ent things. Many people use the term gener al-purpose compute r to make this distin ction clear. As shipped , a general-purpose compu ter is a blank slate; the manufacturer does not know what the custo mer will do wish it. One customer may use it for a network file server another may use it exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it to write the next great American novel[3]. Frequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger system. For example, modern cars and other trucksmonitors contain many embedded embedded controls the anti-lock brakes, and controls the systems. vehicle’s One emissions, and asystem third displays information on the dashboard. In some cases, these embedded systems are connected by some sort of a communication network, but that is certainly not a requirement. At the possible risk of confusing you, it is important to point out that a general-purpose computer is itself made up of numerous embedded system s. For example, my computer consists of a keyboard, mouse, video card, modem, hard drive, floppy drive, and sound card-each of which is an embedde d system. Each of these devices contains a processor and softw are and is designed to perform a specific functi on. For exampl e, the modem is design ed to send and receive digital data ove r analog teleph one line. That’s it and all of the other devic es can be summarized in a single sentence as well[6]. If an embedded system is designed well, the existence of the processor and software could be completely unnot iced by the user of the devi ce. Such is the case for a microwave oven, VCR, or alarm clock. In some cases, it would even be possible to build an equivalent device that does not contain the processo r and software. This could be done by replacing the combination with a custom integrated circuit that performs the same functions in hardware. However, a lot of flexibility is lost when a design is hard-cooled in this way. It is mush easier, and cheaper, to change a few lines of software than to redesign a piece of custom hardware[3].
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1.1.2
History and Future
Given the definition of embedded systems earlier is this chapter; the first such systems could not possibly have appeared before 1971. That was the year Intel introduced the world’s first microprocessor. This chip, the 4004, was designed for use in a line of business calculators produced by the Japanese Company Busicom. In 1969, Busicom asked Intel to design a set of custom integrated circu its-one for each of their new calcul ator models. The 4004 was Intel’s response rather than design custom hardware for each calculator, Intel proposed a generalpurpose circui t that could be used throughout the entire line of calculators. Intel’s idea was that the software would give each calculator its unique set of features. The microcontroller was an overnight success, and its use increased steadily over the next decade. Early embedded applications included unmann ed space probes, computerized traffic lights, and aircraft flight control systems. In the 1980s, embedded systems quietly rode the waves of the microcomputer age and brought microprocessors into every part of our kitchens (bread machines, food processors, and microwave ovens), living ro oms (televisions, stereos, and remote controls), and workplaces (fax machines, pagers, laser printers, cash registers, and credit card readers). It seems inevitable hat the number of embedded systems will continue to increase rapidly. there promisingthat newcan embedded devices that have enormous market potential; lightAlready switches and are thermostats be central computer, intelligent air-bag systems that don’t inflate when children or small adults are present, pal-sized electronic organizers and personal digital assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, and dashboard navigation systems. Clearly, individuals who possess the skills and desire to design the next generation of embedded systems will be in demand for quite some time[5].
1.1.3
Real Time Systems
One subcla ss of embedded is worthy of an introd uction at this poin t. As common ly defined, a real-time system is a computer syste m that has timing constr aints. In other words, a real-time system is partly specified in terms of its ability to make certain calculations or decisions in a timely manner. These important calculations are said to have deadlines for completion. And, for all practical purposes, a missed deadline is just as bad as a wrong answer[4]. The issue of what if a deadline is missed is a crucial one. For example, if the real-time system is part of an airplane’s flight control system, it is possible for the lives of the passengers and crew to be endangered by a single missed deadline. However, if instead the system is involved in satellite communication, the damage could be limited to a single corrupt data packet. The more sever e the conseq uences, the more likely it will be said that the deadline is ”hard” and thus, the system is a hard real-time system. Real-time systems at the other end of this discussion are said to have ”soft” deadlines[1]. All of the topics and examples presented in this book are applicable to the designers of real-t ime syste m who is more delight in his work. He must guaran tee relia ble operati on of 3
RCPIT, Shirpur the software and hardware under all the possible conditions and to the degree that human lives depend upon three system’s proper execution, engineering calculations and descriptive paperwork[7].
1.2
Application Areas
1.2.1
Consumer appliances
Nearly 99 per cent of the proce ssors man ufactured end up in embedded systems. The embedded system market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in very market segment- consumer electronics, office automation, industrial automation, biomedical engineering, wireless communication, data communication, telecommunications, transportation, military and so on.
At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital camera, digital diary, DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and air-conditioner, VCO player, video game consoles, video recorders etc. Today’s high-tech car has about 20 embedded systems for transmission control , engine spark control, air-conditi oning, navigation etc. Even wristwatches nowwebecoming ed general-purpose systems. The palmtops powerfulgames embedded systems using are which can carryembedd out many tasks suchare as playing and word processing[8].
1.2.2
Office automation
The office automation products using em embedded systems are copying machine, fax machine, key telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc. Industrial automation: Today a lot of industries use embedded systems for process control. These include pharmaceutical, cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity generation and transmission. The embedded systems for industrial use are designed to carry out specific tasks such as monitoring the temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc., and then take appropriate action based on the monitored levels to control other devic es or to send infor mation to a centralized monitoring station. In hazardous industrial environment, where human presence has to be avoided, robots are used, which are programmed to do specific jobs. The robots are now becoming very pow erful and carry out many interesting and complicated tasks such as hardware assembly[5].
1.2.3
Medical electronics
Almost every medic al equipment in the hospital is an embedded system. These equipments include diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring devices, X-ray scanners; equipment used in blood analysis, radiation, colonoscopy, endoscopy etc. Developments in medical electronics have paved way for more accurate diagnosis of diseases[2].
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1.2.4
Computer networking
Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay switches are embedded systems which implement the necessary data communication protocols. For example, a router interconnects two networks. The two networks may be running different protocol stacks. The router’s function is to obtain the data packets from incoming pores, analyze the packets and send them towards the destination after doing necessary protocol conversion. Most networking equipments, other than the end systems (desktop computers) we use to access the networks, are embedded systems.
1.2.5
Telecommunications
In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be categorized as subscriber terminals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key telephones, ISDN phones, terminal adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The network equipment includes multiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems etc. IP phone, IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc. are the latest embedd ed systems that prov ide very low-cost voice communication over the Internet[2].
1.2.6
Wireless technologies
Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many interesting applications using embedded sys tems. The mobile phon e is one of the marvels of the last decade of the 20th century. It is a very powerful embedded system that provides voice commu nication while we are on the move. The Personal Digital Assistants and the palmtops can now be used to access multimedia services over the Internet. Mobile communication infrastructure such as base station controllers, mobile switching centers are also powerful embedded systems[5].
1.2.7
Insemination
Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and engineering activities. The measur ing equipm ent we use in laboratories to measure parame ters such as weight, temperature, pressure, humidi ty, voltage, current etc. are all embedded systems . Test equipment such as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer, protocol analyzer, radio communication test set etc. are embedde d systems built around powe rful processors. Thank to miniaturization, the test and measuring equipment are now becoming portable facilitating easy testing and measurement in the field by field-personnel[7].
1.2.8
Security
Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to protect our homes and offices ; and also the inform ation we transmit and store . Developing embed ded systems for security applications is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays. Security devices at homes, offices, airports etc. for authen tication and verification are embedde d systems. Encryption device s are nearl y 99 p er cent of the process ors that are manufactured end 5
RCPIT, Shirpur up in embedded systems. Embedded systems find appli cations in every indus trial segmentconsumer electronics, transportation, avionics, biomedical engineering, manufacturing, process control and industrial automation, data communication, telecommunication, defense, security etc. Used to encrypt the data/voice being transm itted on communication links such as telephone lines. Biometric systems using fingerprint and face recognition are now being extensivel y used for user authentication in banking application s as well as for access control in high security buildings.
1.2.9
Finance
Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for transactions using smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any Time Money) machines. Smart card, of the size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller and memory; and it interacts with the smart card reader! ATM machine and acts as an electronic wallet. Smart card technology has the capability of ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list goes on. It is no exaggeration to say that eyes wherever you go, you can see, or at least feel, the work of an embedded system!
1.3
Overview of Embedded System Architecture
Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing Unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The software residing on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’. The embedded system architecture can be represented as a layered architecture.
Figure 1.1: Architecture of Embedded System The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application software runs above 6
RCPIT, Shirpur the operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop computer. However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating system in every embedded system. For small appliances such as remote control units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating system and you can write only the software specific to that application. For applications involving complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating system. In such a case, you need to integrate the application software with the operati ng system and then trans fer thethe entire software on to thetomemory p. Once software is transferred to the memory chip, software will continue run for chi a long time the you don’t need to reload new software[7]. Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded system. As shown in Fig. the building blocks are : • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory) • Input Devices • Output devices • Communication interfaces • Application-specific circuitry
Figure 1.2: Central processing Unit 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following: microcontroller, microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-controller is a low-cost 7
RCPIT, Shirpur processor. Its main attrac tion is t2hat on the chip itself , there will be many other components such as memory, serial communication interface, analog-to digital converter etc. So, for small applications, a micro-controller is the best choice as the number of external components required will be very less. On the other hand, microprocessors are more powerful, but you need to use many external components with them. D5P is used mainly for applications in which signal processing is involved such as audio and video processing. 2. Memory The memory is categorized as Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM). The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whereas ROM retai ns the contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the ROM. When power is switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the program is program is executed. 3. Input devices Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited capability. There will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacti ng with the embedded system is no easy task. Many embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one key to give a specific command. A keypad may be used to input onl y the digits. Many embedded systems used in process control do not have any input device for user interaction; they take inputs from sensors or transducers 1’fnd produce electrical signals that are in turn fed to other systems. 4. Output devices The output device s of the embedd ed systems also have very limi ted capabi lity. Some embedded systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status of the system modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crysta l Display (LCD) may also be used to display some important parameters. 5. Communication interfaces The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may have to transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provi ded with one or a few communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial Bus (USB), IEEE 1394, Ethernet etc. 6. Application-specific circuitry Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat an embedded system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor to carry out the necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either through the 230 volts main supply or through a battery. The hardw are has to design in such a way that the power consumption is minimize. 8
Chapter 2 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATION In the world today, everything would be incredibly different if it were not for wireless communication devices. The fact that we can communicate with people in other parts of our own country and the world is amazin g and has led to lots of changes in human hist ory. There are various kinds of wireless communication tools and here we will look at a few different kinds as well as the benefits of having them. 1. Short Distances Sometimes wireless communication does not happen across thousands of miles but only across a few feet. For instan ce, if you have a television with a remote control, there is communication happening between the two. The remote control tells the television what to do and this information is transferred without the use of any wires. You could also use walkie talkies for this purpose. These are little devices that work like telepho nes except with different methods and will allow two people or a group of people to talk to each other from a small distance away, such as at a festival or celebration. 2. Benefits of Short Distance Wireless Communication Having these short distance devices allow s many things to happen. You do not have to get up to change the channel, for one thing. With walkie talkies you are able to communicate with a group of people, which means that need to workwithout togetherhaving such astopolice men or fire fighters or security guards canpeople do so who at special events take the time to dial a phone number. This can save time and sometimes lives. 3. Medium and Long Distances Anything that can connect to the internet is capable of going through medium or long distances. Many forms of wireless comm unication such as cell phones and laptop computers can send information from ten feet to thousands of miles because they can connect to the internet. Wireless communication of this form has changed the world dramatically. One of the most widely acknowledged benefits of long distance wireless communication is that people can perform their jobs at a distance. If they are trying to contact their boss or write a report, they can do so from almost any part of the globe without having to be physically present. This reduces trav el costs and the impact of travel on the environment. 9
RCPIT, Shirpur Another benefit of long distance wireless communication is that families can stay in touch with each oth er even if one of them is far away. It used to be that if someone was on a business trip, they would have to write a letter to communicate with their loved ones. Now they can communicate through video and show their family exactly where they are so that the family can connect about these experiences and maintain closer relationships with each other[3]. The types and forms of wireless communication are changing at a rapid pace include advances The benefits of these devices are to many and ever rangemore fromincreasing benefits that relate in to technology. our jobs to those that relate to our loving connection to our families. There is virtuall y no end to the amount that human kind can advance given the incredible leaps and bounds we are making with technology!
2.1
Applications of Wireless Data Communications
Wireless data communications are an essential componen t of mobile computing. The various available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range and performance, and in some circumstances, users must be able to employ multiple connection types and switch between them. To simplify the experience for the user, connection manager software can be used, or a mobile VPN deployed to handle the multiple connections as a secure, single virtual network. Supporting technologies include: 1. Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network that enabl es portable computing devi ces to connect easily to the inter net. Standardized as IEEE 802.11a,b,g,n, Wi-Fi approaches speeds of some types of wired Ether net. Wi-Fi has become the de facto stand ard for access in private homes, within offices, and at public hotspots. Some businesses charge customers a monthly fee for service, while others have begun offering it for free in an effort to increase the sales of their goods. 2. Cellular data service offers cov erage within a range of 10-15 miles from the nearest cellsite . Speeds have increased as technologies have evolved, from earlier technologies such as GSM,CDMA and GPRS, to3G networks such as W-CDMA,EDGE or CDMA2000 3. Mobile Satellite Communications may be used where other wireless connections are unavailable, such as in largely rural areas or remote locations Satellite Communication are especially important for transportation, aviation, maritime and military.
2.2
Global System for Mobile
It is a globally accepted stand ard for digital cellu lar communication. GSM is the name of standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900MHZ[5]. Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various systems have been developed without the benefit of standardized specification. This presented many problems directly related to compatibility, especially with the development of digital radio technology. The GSM standard is intended to address these problems.
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GSM-Introduction • Architecture • Technical Specifications •
Frame Structure
• Channels • Security
• Characteristics and features • Applications
Definition Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation. GSM-History • Developed by Group Special Mobile (founded 1982) which was an initiative
of CEPT (Conference of European Post and Telecommunication) • Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system • Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special
mobile group under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards Institute ) • Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990 • Under ETSI, GSM is named as “Global System for Mobile communication
“ • Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135 Coun-
tries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America) • More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscribers in
India.
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Figure 2.1: Global System for Mobile
2.3
GSM services
1. Tele-services 2. Bearer or Data Services 3. Supplementary services 1. Tele-services • Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mo-
bile phones • Offered services • Mobile telephony • Emergency calling
2. Bearer or Data Services • Include various data services for information transfer between GSM
and other networks like PSTN, ISDN etc at rates from 300 to 9600 bps • Short Message Service (SMS) 12
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• up to 160 character alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mo-
bile terminal • Unified Messaging Services(UMS) • Group 3 fax • Voice mailbox • Electronic mail
3. Supplementary services
all related services • Call Waiting- Notification of an incoming call while on the handset • Call Hold- Put a caller on hold to take another call • Call Barring- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls • Call Forwarding- Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by the
user • Caller line identification presentation • Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls together • CLIP – CLIR – Caller line identification restriction • CUG – Closed user group
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Chapter 3 EXPLANATION OF EACH BLOCK 3.1
Power Supply Design
Figure 3.1: Design of Power Sypply
The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage[6].
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Transformer Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required level.
Rectifier The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
Figure 3.2: Internal working of Power Supply
The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes conn ected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge. For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL. For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 15
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and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same dire ction as in the previous half cycl e. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
Figure 3.3: Bridge Rectifier
Filter Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage. Voltage regulator As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to 16
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be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. The L78xx series of three-terminal positive regulators is available in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and several fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regula tion. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents[8].
3.2
microcontrollers
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems products. Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single chip. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are critical. The Intel 8052 is Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a vast range of enhanced devices with 8052-compatible processor cores that are manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon Technologies and Maxim Integrated Products. 8052 is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time. Data larger than 8 bits has to b e broken into 8-bit pieces to be processed by the CPU. 8052 is available in different memory types such as UV-EPROM, Flash and NV-RAM. The present project is implemented on Keil uVision. In order to program the devi ce, proload tool has been used to burn the program onto the microcontroller. The features, pin description of the microcontroller and the software tools used are discussed in the following sections. FEATURES R Products • Compatible with MCS-51
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Figure 3.4: Microcotroller
• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory • Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles • 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range • Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz • Three-level Program Memory Lock • 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM • 32 Programmable I/O Lines • Three 16-bit Timer/Counters • Eight Interrupt Sources • Full Duplex UART Serial Channel • Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes • Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode • Watchdog Timer • Dual Data Pointer • Power-off Flag 18
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3.3
description
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industrystandard 80C51 instruction set andin-system pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset[1].
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Pin Diagram
Figure 3.5: PIN Diagram
1. VCC Supply voltage. 2. GND Ground. 3. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL input s. When 1s are written to p ort 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs 20
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the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification. 4. Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1tooutput canare sink/source four inputs. pullups When 1s arecan written Port 1 buffers pins, they pulled high byTTL the internal and be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. 5. Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2tooutput canare sink/source four inputs. pullups When 1s arecan written Port 2 buffers pins, they pulled high byTTL the internal and be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pullups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification[2]. 6. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. 21
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7. RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG ) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. 8. PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. 9. EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. 10. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. 11. XTAL2 22
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Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven, as shown in the below figure. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed[3].
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Chapter 4 ARDUINO/GENUINO UNO Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with your UNO without worring too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again. ”Uno” means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards. Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller) a piece of software, (Integrated Development Environment) that runsand on your computer, usedortoIDE write and upload computer code to the physical board. The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with electronics, and for good reason. Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does not need a separate piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load new code onto the board – you can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package 24
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4.1
What’s on the board?
There are many varieties of Arduino boards (explained on the next page) that can be used for different purposes. Some boards look a bit different from the one below, but most Arduinos have the majority of these components in common:
Power (USB / Barrel Jack)
Figure 4.1: Arduino/Genuino UNO
Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. The Arduino UNO can be powered from a USB cable coming from your computer or a wall power supply (like this) that is terminated in a barrel jack. In the picture above the USB connection is labeled (1) and the barrel jack is labeled (2). The USB connection is also how you will load code onto your Arduino board. More on how to program with Arduino can be found in our Installing and Programming Arduino tutorial. NOTE: Do NOT use a power supply greater than 20 Volts as you will overpower (and thereby destroy) your Arduino. The recommended voltage for most Arduino models is between 6 and 12 Volts[3].
Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF) The pins on your Arduino are the places where you connect wires to construct a circuit (probably in conjuction with a breadboard and some wire. They usually have black plastic ‘headers’ that allow you to just plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino has several different kinds of pins, each of which is labeled on the board and used for different functions. 25
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• GND (3): Short for ‘Ground’. There are several GND pins on the Arduino,
any of which can be used to ground your circuit. • 5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As you might guess, the 5V pin supp lies 5 volts of
power, and the 3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple components used with the Arduino run happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts. • Analog (6): The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 through A5
on the UNO) are Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor (like a temperature sensor) and convert it into a digital value that we can read. • Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13
on the UNO). These pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and digital output (like powering an LED). • PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde ( ) next to some of the digital
pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital pins, but can also be used for something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM). We have a tutorial on PWM, but for now, think of these pins as being able to simulate analog output (like fading an LED in and out). • AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can lea ve
this pin alone. It is sometimes used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.
Reset Button Just like the srcinal Nintendo, the Arduino has a reset button (10). Pushing it will temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and restart any code that is loaded on the This can be very useful your code doesn’thowever, repeat, but you want to Arduino. test it multiple times. Unlike theif srcinal Nintendo blowing on the Arduino doesn’t usually fix any problems.
Power LED Indicator Just beneath and to the right of the word “UNO” on your circuit board, there’s a tiny LED next to the word ‘ON’ (11). This LED should light up whenever you plug your Arduino into a power source. If this light doesn’t turn on, there’s a good chance something is wrong. Time to re-check your circuit!
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TX RX LEDs TX is short for transmit, RX is short for receive. These markings appear quite a bit in electronics to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. In our case, there are two places on the Arduino UNO where TX and RX appear – once by digital pins 0 and 1, and a second time next to the TX and RX indicator LEDs (12). These LEDs will give us some nice visual indications whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting data (like when we’re loading a new program onto the board).
Main IC The black thing with all the metal legs is an IC, or Integrated Circuit (13). Think of it as the brains of our Arduino. The main IC on the Arduino is slightly different from board type to board type, but is usually from the ATmega line of IC’s from the ATMEL company. This can b e important, as you may need to know the IC type (along with your board type) before loading up a new program from the Arduino software. This information can usually be found in writing on the top side of the IC. If you want to know more about the difference between various IC’s, reading the datasheets is often a good idea[4].
Voltage Regulator The voltage regulator (14) is not actually something you can (or should) interact with on the Arduino. But it is potentially useful to know that it is there and what it’s for. The voltage regulator does exactly what it says – it controls the amount of voltage that is let into the Arduino board. Think of it as a kind of gatekeeper; it will turn away an extra voltage that might harm the circuit. Of course, it has its limits, so don’t hook up your Arduino to anything greater than 20 volts.
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Chapter 5 THE ARDUINO FAMILY Arduino makes several different boards, each with different capabilities. In addition, part of being open source hardware means that others can modify and produce derivatives of Arduino boards that provide even more form factors and functionality. If you’re not sure which one is right for your project, check this guide for some helpful hints. Here are a few options that are well-suited to someone new to the world of Arduino.
5.1
Arduino Uno (R3)
The Uno is a great choice for your first Ardui no. It’s got everything you need to get started, and nothing you don’t. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a USB connection, a power jack, a reset button and more. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
Submersible pump A submersible pump (or sub pump, electric submersible pump (ESP)) is a device which has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be pumped. The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump cavitation, a problem associated with a high elevation difference between pump and the fluid surface. Submersible pumps push fluid to the surface as opposed to jet pumps having to pull fluids. Submersibles are more efficient than jet pumps[5].
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Figure 5.1: Arduino UNO(R3)
5.2
Features
• Compact, Easy to Install • High Sealing Performance • High Quality Hall Effect Sensor • RoHS Compliant
5.3
Working with Water Flow Sensors & Arduino
Effective water management involves supplying water according to the real requirement, and thus measuring water is very essential step in water management systems. There are many water flow measurement techniques as well as different types of water flow meters used to measure the volume of water flow in pipelines but these all are too costly. This article describes ideas for design and development of low cost automatic water flow meters, with the help of readily-available and low-cost water flow sensors. Accurate flow measurement is an essential step both in the terms of qualitative and economic points of view. Flow meters have proven excellent devices for measuring water flow, and now it is very easy to build a water management system using the renowned water flow sensor YF-S201.This sensor sits in line 29
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with the water line and contains a pinwheel sensor to measure how much water has moved through it. There is an integrated magnetic Hall-Effect sensor that outputs an electrical pulse with every revolution. The YFS201 Hall Effect Water Flow Sensor” comes with three wires: Red/VCC (5-24V DC Input), Black/GND (0V) and Yellow/OUT (Pulse Output). By counting the pulses from the output of the sensor, we can easily calculate the water flow rate (in litre/hour – L/hr) using a suitable conversion formula[6].
Figure 5.2: Flow of Sensors
Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids, including slurries, granular materials, and powders that exhibit an upper free surface. Substances that flow become essentially horizontal in their containers (or other physical boundaries) because of gravity whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to a peak. The substance to be measured can be inside a container or can be in its natural form (e.g., a river or a lake). The level measurement can be either continuous or point values. Continuous level sensors measure level within a specified range and determine the exact amount of substance in a certain place, while point-level sensors only indicate whether the substance is above or below the sensing point. Generally the latter detect levels that are excessively high or low. There are many physical and application variables that affect the selection of the optimal level monitoring method for industrial and commercial processes. The selection criteria include the physical: phase (liquid, solid or slurry), temperature, pressure or vacuum, chemistry, 30
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dielectric constant of medium, density (specific gravity) of medium, agitation (action), acoustical or electrical noise, vibration, mechanical shock, tank or bin size and shape. Also important are the application constraints: price, accuracy, appearance, response rate, ease of calibration or programming, physical size and mounting of the instrument, monitoring or control of continuous or discrete (point) levels. In short, level sensors are one of the very important sensors and play very important role in variety of consumer/ industrial applications. As with other type of sensors, level sensors are available or can be designed using variety of sensing principles. Selection of an appropriate type of sensor suiting to the application requirement is very important.
5.4
How to use th e Water Level Sensor – Arduino
This module is designed mainly for the DIY hobbyist and provide them a lowcost and easy-to-use water level detection scheme. The sensor that I will use for this tutorial can measure water level up to 40mm (4cm). This is an analog sensor and the data that we will read will be values from 0 to 1024. In this project, we will build a liquid level sensor circuit with an arduino. This circuit will be able to tell us roughly how much of the sensor is covered by liquid. Liquid level sensors are used for all types of applications. They are extensively used within automobiles, which rely on a substantial amount of different fluids in order to operate to check for how much gas in the car, windshield washer fluid, oil levles. Basically, they are used whenever we want to measure the level of any type of fluid of a system. Thus, they are extremely valuable to be able to learn and manipulate and build circuits with. The liquid level sensor we will use is an analog sensor, meaning it outputs an analog voltage in proportion to the amount of liquid the sensor is exposed to. We just connect the analog pin, represented by an S, to an analog pin on the arduino board to read the anal og value. As you can see from the above image, the sensor has a series of parallel wires across the b oard. These wires are what sense the liquid level that the board is exposed to. If the board has water or another fluid covering all the wire, then it will output a maximum analog value reading. Since analog values read by an arduino range from 0 (lowest reading) to 1023 (highest reading), a board completely submerged with a liquid will have a reading of 1023 by an arduino. If the board is halfway covered, a reading of about 512 will be read by the arduino. If the board is 1/4 covered by a liquid, then the arduino will read abou t 256. And if no liqu id is on it at all, then a near 31
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0 reading should be obtained[8]. With our liquid level sensor and an arduino, there are a number of options of what we can do. We can use the sensor, simply, to read and output the analog value obtained. Or we can create a type of alarm indicator status system. For example, we can have a green LED light up when the sensor is completely full (submerged to the top with fluid), indicating that it’s full. We can have a red LED light up when the sensor’s liquid level falls below 1/4 level, like how car dashboard LED indicators tell us when our gas tank goes b elow E (empty). So with a microcontroller like the arduino, there are basically limitless options of how we can incorporate the liquid level sensor. In this circuit, we will build now, we will just do the most basic circuit and simply read and output the analog value read by the arduino.
Components Needed • Arduino • Liquid Level Sensor
The liquid level sensor we will use is built by China Harbin Okumatsu Robot Technology Co and its product item is RB-02S048. This part can easily be obtained on ebay for most of the time unde r $2 including shipping. It’s very inexpensive. The sensor operates on 5V and needs less than 20mA for operating power current, which means the arduino can easily provide this (so no external power is needed to power it). The liquid level sensor has 3 pins. It’s very basic. The pinout is shown below[7]. 2 of the pins are for power, 1 connecting to the +5V of the arduino and the other connecting to the ground termi nal of the arduino. The other pin, with an S, is the signal pin. This is the pin that outputs the analog voltage signal in proportion to the amount of the sensor which is covered with liquid. This pin connects to an analog pin on the arduino board to be read.
5.5
Advantage
• Prevents Water Accumulation • Reduces Soil Erosion • Provide cleanliness in city
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Figure 5.3: Connection with Arduino kit
5.6
Application
• It can be used in future smart city • It can useful for industries to monitor their drainage outlet toxicity of fluid. • Emergency flood control.
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Chapter 6 CONCLUSION 6.1
Conclusion
Underground maintenance is challenging problem. Different system are proposed for the maintenance out of which some systems like manhole identification, underground drainage maintenance system and water distribution system are explained. This paper proposes different methods for monitoring and managing underground drainage system with different approaches. It explains various applications like Underground Drainage and Manhole Monitoring System, manhole identification and also for water distribution and monitoring system. In this study, the design of special purpose RFID tags, affixed with a metal surface, long distance reading, and reduces the interference characteristics of water, known as Ground Tag. Also described Water WiSe an integrated platform combining a real-time wireless sensor network with intelligent analytics and modeling tools to better aid water distribution system operation and management with ANN model which is robust and can be used to predict the condition rating of water mains and ANN model is robust and can be used to predict the condition rating of water mains.
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Bibliography [1] Allen Y. Chang, Chang-Sung Yu,Sheng-Chi Lin,Yin-Yih Chang, pei-Chi Ho,” Search, Identification and Positioning of the Underground Manhole with RFID”ISBN: 978-0-7695-3769-6 ,pp: 1899-1903 [2] http://www.thomasathomas.com/Metal detectors work.h tm [3] MandeepKaur, ManjeetSandhu, Neeraj Mohan and Parvinder S. Sandhu “ RFID Technology Principles, Advantages, Limitations & Its Applications” International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol.3, No.1, February, 2011 1793-8163 [4] Christoph Jechlitschek, “A survey paper on quency Identification (RFID) Trends”Available ˜ http://www1.cse.wustl.edu/jain/cse574- 06/index.html
Radio Freonline at:
[5] Joe Purtell “Mapping the Underground infrastructure: Leveraging GPS Technology to locate and identify problems” North American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT) No-Dig Show 2010 Chicago, Illinois May 2-7, 2010 [6] Muragesh SK and Santhosha Rao “Automated Internet of Things for Underground Drainage and Manhole Monitoring System for Metropolitan Cities” International Journal of Information & Computation Technology. ISSN 0974-2239 Volume4, Number12 (2014), pp.1211- 1220 at http://www.Irphouse.com [7] Whittle, A. J., M. Allen, A. Preis, and M. Iqbal. ”Sensor Networks for Monitoring and Control of Water Distribution Systems.” 6th International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure (SHMII 2013), Hong Kong, December 9-11, 2013 [8] R. R. Dighade, M. S. Kadu, A.M.Pande International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297) 35