CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE Geoseq eoseque uest strration ation of CO CO2: What hat are the the Issues and Opportunities in Australia? Dr John J ohn Ka Kaldi ldi
Chief Scientist CO2CRC
Geosequestration of CO2: What are Issues and Opportunities in Australia? Professor John G. Kaldi Chief Scientist Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) Australian School of Petroleum University of Adelaide, Australia
CO2CRC Participants
Supporting participants: Australian Greenhouse Office | Australian National University | | CANSYD | Meiji University | The Process Group | University of Queensland |
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Outline of Presentation • Energy, Economics & GHG Emissions: (it’s all about coal) • Geosequestration: Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) • Capture & Storage Economics • Basic Science Underpinning Geosequestration • World Geosequestration Projects • The Australian Scene • Opportunities in a Carbon Constrained World • Summary / Conclusions
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Source: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 2000
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42 GJ
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Projected World Energy Supplies Greenhouse Gas Generation Remains Significant Hydroelectric 100
80 Billion Barrels of Oil 60 Equivalent Per Year (GBOE) 40
Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Hydrogen
100 BILLION BARRELS
World Energy Demand Coal
Nuclear Electric
Natural Gas
Crude Oil
20
NGL
1900 © CO2CRC
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
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2020
2040
2060
2080
N e w T e c h n o l o g i e s F D o e s c s r i l e F a u s e i n l g s
2100 AAPG 8/97
WORLD FOSSIL FUEL RESERVES 2005 Source: BP 2006
Gas 20%
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Oil
Coal
21%
59%
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Australia's Major Commodity Exports ($A Billion) Coal Oil & petrol Iron ore Gold Alumina Beef & veal 2005-06s 2004-05
Aluminium Nickel Wheat LNG Copper Wool Wine Dairy prods Iron & steel
0
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5
10
15
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20
25
30
The “other” cost of energy
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World CO2 Emissions
Global emissions predicted to increase by 50% by 2030, with main growth from developing countries © CO2CRC
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China’s Emergence as Emissions Leader
China 2006
China 1990
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Australia’s carbon dioxide emissions total 366 MT, of which 69% is sequesterable
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Australia’s potentially sequesterable carbon dioxide emissions are dominated by the electricity sector
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Australia’s carbon dioxide emissions from the electricity sector are mainly produced from black and brown coal
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CO2 Emissions From Electricity Generators: (Tonnes/MWhr): Brown Coal: 1.2 Black Coal: 0.8 Gas (CH4):
0.4
Loy Yang A Loy Yang B Hazelwood Port Augusta © CO2CRC
= 2200 MW = 1000 MW = 1500 MW = 520 MW
= 23 MT CO2 /yr = 10.5 MT CO2 /yr = 16 MT CO2 /yr = 5.3 MT CO2 /yr
Public Perception • Climate change / global warming is real - is happening now (geological time too abstract) - caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions - GHG from anthropogenic activities - fossil fuel industry is main contributor - “something” can be / must be done • Lawmakers responsive to public sentiments • Industry positioning for carbon constrained world
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Geosequestration of Carbon Dioxide (a simple solution)
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Geosequestration: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
CO2 is captured and separated at source e.g.
LNG or gas processing plant
Coal-fired power station
Mineral processing plant
CO2 is compressed to supercritical state and transported to storage site CO2 is then injected into target geological formation CO2 migrates away from injection point and its movement is monitored. CO2 is permanently trapped
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Structural, hydrodynamic, mineralogic or solution CCS – The Emerging Industry Sydney, 29 – 30 Oct., 2007
Geosequestration: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
Reservoir Engineering & Geoscience Input
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C R C 2 O C ©
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Post Combustion Capture Post-combustion refers to capturing CO2 from a flue gas after a fuel has been combusted in air.
Power N2 CO2
Air Fuel
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Pre-Combustion Capture Pre-combustion refers to a process where a hydrocarbon fuel is gasified and water-gas shifted to form a mixture of hydrogen and CO2 and the CO2 is captured from the synthesis gas before it is combusted. Power CO2 syngas
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Water Gas Shift
CO2 + H2
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H2
Oxyfuel Capture Conventional power station boilers burn pulverised coal in air, which is made up of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases. Waste gases from this process consist mainly of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, which are normally released into the atmosphere. The oxyfuel process involves replacing air with a mix of oxygen and recirculated waste gases, creating a an exhaust mixture of highly concentrated CO 2 and water vapor.
Power H2 O O2 + N2 + CO2
CO2
Coal
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