Una pràctica en perill d'extinció: els rellotges de sol com a mesura del temps

SNH QUÁMWOMH CN QCUOBB G'C\WONMOÝ; CB] UCBB@WIC] GC ]@B M@J H JC]SUH GCB WCJQ]

Wut`r; Joqucb F`nt Ghth g'cntrcih; 83/85/86

Hut`rh; Jcrotxcbb Jcrotxcbb Ihrroih Ihrroih o \oriu 5n Ehtxobbcrht

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Vubb gcgomhr hqucst trcehbb trcehbb h t`tcs hqucbbcs hqucbbcs pcrs`ncs quc hbiunh vcihgh s'lhn scntot csmbhvcs csmbhvcs gc bcs l`rcs, jonuts o sci`ns quc f`rjcn hoxõ quc n`shbtrcs hn`jcncj "tcjps". N` èbogcu quc cb tcjps p`t hrroehr h scr unh m`sh jcrhvcbb`sh.

HIUHÀJCNW] Vubb g`nhr bcs irámocs h t`tcs hqucbbcs pcrs`ncs pcrs`ncs quc lhn fct p`ssoebc p`ssoebc bh rchbotzhmoý g'hqucst g'hqucst trcehbb. Cn projcr bb`m hbs jcus phrcs, pcr hkughr-jc h scr m`nsthnt cn cb sciuojcnt gohro g'hqucst trcehbb, o pcr hnojhr-jc o rcm`bzhr-jc cn t`t j`jcnt. Vubb g`nhr bcs irámocs hb jcu tut`r gc rcmcrmh, Joqucb F`nt, pcr iuohr-jc iuohr-jc cn hqucst m`jpbcx pr`mïs pr`mïs g'onvcstoihmoý o hprcncnthtic. Whjeï vubb hirhor hb jcu `nmbc, prcscnt cn t`t j`jcnt gurhnt bh m`nstrummoý gcb jcu pr`po rcbb`tic gc ]`b. Qcr ûbtoj, vubb hirhor ájpbohjcnt h Nhso Vobá, jcjerc gc bh ]`moctht Mhthbhnh gc In`jõnomh, pcr b'hkugh quc j'lh pr`p`rmo`nht pr`p`rmo`nht rcs`bcnt t`ts cbs jcus guetcs.















ÊNGC\ ONWU@GSMMOÝ ............................................................................................................................. 5 8. M@NMCQWC] QUCVO] .............................................................................................................. 7 8.8 H]WU@N@JOH..................................................................................................................... 7 8.5. CB ]@B O BH WCUUH. J@VOJCNW .............................................................................. 7 8.= JCUOGOHN] O QHUHB¹BCB]. B'C]FCUH MCBC]WC ................................................. 3 8.7 B@NIOWSG O BHWOWSG ................................................................................................... 9 5. CB ]@B O BH GSUHMOÝ GCB] GOC]. ................................................................................. < =. CB ]@B O CB] UCBB@WIC] GC ]@B. LO]WÕUOH GCB] UCBB@WIC] GC ]@B. 83 7. WOQS] O FSNMO@NHJCNW GC GOVCU]@] UCBB@WIC] GC ]@B ....................... 8< 3. WUCEHBB GC MHJQ .............................................................................................................. 8? 8? 3.8 M@B¹BHE@UHMOÝ H BH M@N]WUSMMOÝ G'SN UCBB@WIC GC ]@B HNHBCJÁWOM.......................................................................................................................... 8? 3.5 M@N]WUSMMOÝ QUÕQOH G'SN UCBB@WIC GC ]@B GÊWQOM ......................... 56 3.= SNH USWH WSUÊ]WOMH QCB] UCBB@WIC] GC ]@B GC MHWHBSN_H ...... =1 6. M@NMBS]O@N] ....................................................................................................................... == 9. EOEBO@IUHFOH O YCEIUHFOH ......................................................................................... =7 9.8. EOEBO@IUHFOH ................................................................................................................ =7 9.5. YCEIUHFOH ..................................................................................................................... =7 HNNC\@].............................................................. HNNC\@].......................................................................................................... .........................................................................=6 .............................=6 HNNC\ O; B'CXSHMÝ B'CXSHMÝ GCB WCJQ]. IUÁFOMH IUÁFOMH O WHSBH..........................................=6 WHSBH..........................................=6 HNNC\ OO; UCQUC]CNWHMOÝ UCQUC]CNWHMOÝ GC B'HNHBCJH........................................................ B'HNHBCJH.......................................................... =< HNNC\ OOO; CB ]@B ]@B O CB] UCBB@WIC] GC ]@B. LO]WÕUOH GCB] GCB] UCBB@WIC] GC ]@B (HJQBOHMOÝ)............................................................ (HJQBOHMOÝ)..................................................................................=? ......................=? HNNC\ OV; WOQS] WOQS] O FSNMO@NHJCNW FSNMO@NHJCNW GC GOVCU]@] UCBB@WIC] UCBB@WIC] GC ]@B ]@B (HJQBOHMOÝ)............................................................. (HJQBOHMOÝ)......................................................................................................... .................................................................7= .....................7= HNNC\ V; F@W@] F@W@] GC B'C\QCUOÌNMOH B'C\QCUOÌNMOH GC BH M@N]WUSMMOÝ M@N]WUSMMOÝ G'SN UCBB@WIC GC ]@B H EHUMCB@NH........................................................... EHUMCB@NH................................................................................38 .....................38 HNNC\ VO; F@W@] F@W@] GC BH M@N]WUSMMOÝ M@N]WUSMMOÝ QUÕQOH QUÕQOH G'SN UCBB@WIC UCBB@WIC GC ]@B GÊQWOM.................................... .....................................................36















ONWU@GSMMOÝ Hmtuhbjcnt, quhn phrbcj gcb tcrjc "tcjps", gc sciuogh b'hss`mocj h bcs l`rcs, jonuts ` sci`ns quc cns jhrmh cb n`strc rcbb`tic h gofcrcnts gosp`sotous. Sn tcjps unovcrshb, quc govogcox cb goh cn vont-o-quhtrc l`rcs oiuhbs. Qcrõ hqucst m`nmcptc n` scjprc lh cstht m`jprìs hoxê. Sn tcjps cnrcrc, quhn cbs rcbb`tics jcmánoms n` cxostocn, bh icnt utobotzhvh un hbtrc èkcmtc quc jcsurhvh un tcjps gcsoiuhb, gctcrjonht pcb rcm`rrciut quc hphrcntjcnt fh cb ]`b gurhnt cb goh. Hqucsts èkcmtcs, sýn cbs hn`jcnhts rcbb`tics gc ]`b.

KS]WOFOMHMOÝ Bh mhush gc b'cbcmmoý g'hqucst tcjh ïs, pronmophbjcnt, cb irhn ontcrìs quc tonm cn bcs jhtcjátoqucs. Hb jhtcox tcjps, scjprc lhvoh cstht ontcrcsshgh cn b'hstr`n`joh, o m`j quc hqucsth moìnmoh n` s'cstugoh no h projároh, no h scmungároh, scjprc j'lhvocn qucght bcs ihncs gc gcsmèror hqucst jýn. B'cstugo gcbs rcbb`tics gc ]`b, f`rjh phrt gc bh moìnmoh gc b'Hstr`n`joh o hbl`rh, hqucsth moìnmoh cstá êntojhjcnt rcbhmo`nhgh hje bcs Jhtcjátoqucs. Qcr thnt, hqucsth vh scr bh pronmophb j`tovhmoý quc cj vh p`rthr h csm`bbor hqucst tcjh.

@EKCMWOS] 

Cseronhr bh rcbhmoý cxostcnt cntrc cb tcjps s`bhr jotká o cb tcjps s`bhr vcrthgcr.

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Ogcntofomhr cb phpcr quc tcncn cbs rcbb`tics gc ]`b hb bbhri gc bh lostõroh.

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Ogcntofomhr bcs mhrhmtcrêstoqucs pronmophbs gcbs rcbb`tics gc ]`b, o hprcngrc'n cb scu funmo`nhjcnt o bh scvh m`rrcmth bcmturh.

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@etcnor cbs m`ncoxcjcnts ncmcsshros pcr hm`nsciuor m`nstruor un rcbb`tic gc ]`b, o rchbotzhr-b`.



M`nìoxcr gofcrcnts topus gc rcbb`tics hmtuhbs gcb n`strc cnt`rn, quc t`t o bh scvh ojp`rtánmoh cn scibcs phsshts, hje bh tcmn`bìoh hmtuhb, cns phsscn gcshpcrmceuts.















JCW@G@B@IOH Cb jcu trcehbb m`nsth g'unh phrt tcõromh o unh phrt prámtomh. Qcr rchbotzhr bh phrt tcõromh, lc utobotzht utobotzht govcrscs páioncs g'ontcrnct g'ontcrnct o hbiuns bboercs, gcbs quhbs cn gcsthqucn g`s; Ucbb`tics gc ]`b. Lostõroh o b'hrt gc m`nstruor-b`s , , gc Joqucb Qhbhu, o Ucbb`tics gc ]`b gc Mhthbunyh. Sn phtroj`no pcr gcsmèror , csmrot pcr bh ]`moctht Mhthbhnh gc In`jõnomh.

Bh jcvh phrt prámtomh cs govogcox cn trcs phrts; cn bh projcrh phrt, cs j`strh unh hmtovotht `rihnotzhgh h Ehrmcb`nh `n k` vhoi phrtomophr. Hqucsth m`nsostoh cn bh m`nstrummoý g'un rcbb`tic gc ]`b hb Khrgê E`tánom. Cn bh sci`nh phrt, cxp`s` bh m`nstrummoý gcb jcu pr`po rcbb`tic gc ]`b, m`jeonhnt t`ts cbs m`ncoxcjcnts quc lc hgquorot cn bh phrt tcõromh. Qcr ûbtoj, pcr bh tcrmcrh phrt gc bh prámtomh lc hnht h f`tìrhfohr govcrs`s rcbb`tics muro`s`s gc m`jhrqucs pr`pcrcs.















8. M@NMCQWC] QUCVO] 8.8 H]WU@N@JOH B'hstr`n`joh ïs bh gosmopbonh quc trhmth b'`roicn, bh m`jp`somoý, b'cv`bumoý, bh gostánmoh o cb j`vojcnt gc t`ts cbs m`ss`s mcbcstcs o gc bh jhtìroh gospcrsh cn b'Snovcrs. Bh phrhubh H]WU@N@JOH pr`vï gcb ircm "hstr`n", quc soinofomh hstrc ` cstrcbbh, o "n`j`s", quc soinofomh bbco. Hqucsth gosmopbonh ïs cstugohgh gcs gc b‟hntoiuo tht, `n cbs lujhns hnhbotzhvcn cb mcb pcr shecr quhn p`gocn mubtovhr cbs gofcrcnts hbojcnts, pcr shecr quhn trèhrocn hnojhbs pcr mhéhr... cn gcfonotovh, b'Hstr`n`joh cbs pcrjctoh m`nìoxcr b'ìp`mh (cn b‟hmtuhbotht phrbcj g‟csthmo`ns, jcs`s...) cn bh quhb csthvcn vovont. H jïs, b‟hstr`n`joh thjeï crh ushgh pcr

sotuhr-sc o p`gcr jùrc's pcbs `mchns `n n` lo lhvoh punts gc rcfcrìnmoh jïs cnbbá gcb mcb. Hoxê g`nms, bh m`jprcnsoý gc b'hstr`n`joh cs vh fcr csscnmohb pcr bh supcrvovìnmoh gc bcs pcrs`ncs hntoihjcnt, pcrõ4 quhn g'ojp`rthnt ïs hqucsth gosmopbonh hmtuhbjcnt0 h mtuhbjcnt0 Cn hqucsts ghrrcrs hnys b'hstr`n`joh lh hkught thnt cn b'cv`bumoý gc bh moìnmoh m`j cn b'cv`bumoý gc bh tcmn`bìoh. Sn cxcjpbc j`bt mbhr cn sýn cbs gosp`sotous gc b`mhbotzhmoý IQ]; Qcrquì cb IQ] puiuo gctcrjonhr bcs p`somo`ns cn bh Wcrrh hje prcmosoý, ncmcssoth m`nìoxcr bh p`somoý gc gofcrcnts èkcmtcs hstr`nõjoms m`j cbs quáshrs (topus g'èkcmtc mcbcstc mhrhmtcrotzht pcr scr b'èkcmtc mcbcstc quc cs trèh jïs bbuny cn b'unovcrs) o bcs ihbáxocs gosthnts, o hoxõ ïs p`ssoebc hvuo cn goh irámocs hbs hvcné`s quc bh moìnmoh lh fct cn b'hstr`n`joh.

8.5. CB ]@B O BH WCUUH. J@VOJCNW Gcs gc ecn pctots cns lhn cnscnyht quc h bh n`strh ihbáxoh lo lh gofcrcnts pbhnctcs, onmb`cnt cb n`strc, quc ïs bh Wcrrh, quc iorcn hb v`bthnt g'unh cstrcbbh hn`jcnhgh ]`b. Qcrõ, cb quc n` t`tl`j shp ïs quc cn rchbotht cb ]`b thjeï cs jù, o hqucst m`nkunt gc pbhnctcs cs jùcn hb v`bthnt g'hqucsth cstrcbbh f`rjhnt unh jcnh g'csporhb. H m`ntonuhmoý, s'cxp`sh hqucst j`vojcnt gcb ]`b.

















Cb ]`b tï g`s topus gc j`vojcnt; cb j`vojcnt hes`but o cb j`vojcnt hphrcnt. Xuhn phrbcj gcb j`vojcnt hes`but gcb ]`b, fcj rcfcrìnmoh hb j`vojcnt quc fh cb ]`b m`j h thb. Cb j`vojcnt hphrcnt gcb ]`b cn mhnvo, ïs cb quc hqucst fh rcspcmtc cb n`strc pbhncth. ]'hn`jcnh "hphrcnt" pcrquì n` ïs cb j`vojcnt rchb quc fh cb ]`b, soný cb quc n`shbtrcs vcocj gcs gc bh Wcrrh, kh quc pcr j`bt quc n`shbtrcs vcocj quc s'hbéh mhp hjunt gurhnt cb jhtê o s'hjhih hb bbhri gc bh thrgh, cn rchbotht cb ]`b n` pukh no ehoxh. Hqucst ûbtoj topus gc j`vojcnt, cb j`vojcnt hphrcnt, ïs cb quc cstá rcbhmo`nht hje bh jcgomoý gcb tcjps.

8.= JCUOGOHN] O QHUHB¹BCB]. B'C]FCUH MCBC]WC Hmtuhbjcnt, bh Wcrrh cstá govogogh ojhionárohjcnt ojhionárohjcnt pcr uncs bênocs pcrpcngomubhrs cntrc cbbcs; cbs jcrogohns o cbs phrhb¹bcbs. Cbs jcrogohns sýn uncs bênocs ojhionárocs quc govogcoxcn bh Wcrrh vcrtomhbjcnt. ]ýn scjomormujfcrìnmocs phrhb¹bcbcs cntrc cbbcs quc phsscn pcbs g`s p`bs tcrrcstrcs, o sýn onfonotcs; lo lh thnts jcrogohns m`j punts h bh Wcrrh. Cb jcrogoá quc cs prcn m`j h rcfcrìnmoh pcr jcsurcs h b'csfcrh tcrrcstrc ïs cb jcrogoá gc Irccnwoml 8.

















Cbs phrhb¹bcbs s`n mcrmbcs phrhb¹bcbs cntrc cbbs quc govogcoxcn bh Wcrrh l`rotz`nthbjcnt. Cb phrhb¹bcb jïs m`nciut ïs b'Cquhg`r, cb quhb govogcox bh Wcrrh cn g`s lcjosfcros; b'lcjosfcro n`rg o b'lcjosfcro sug. Hoxê jhtcox, lo lh hbtrcs phrhb¹bcbs ojp`rthnts m`j cb trõpom gc Mánmcr, cb trõpom gc Mhprom`rn, cb mcrmbc p`bhr Ártom, cb mcrmbc p`bhr Hntártom...

Ojhtic 5. Ucprcscnthmoý gcbs phrhb¹bcbs tcrrcstrcs cn cb ibèus tcrrhquo.

H phrt g'utobotzhr cbs j`ts jcrogoá o phrhb¹bcb quhn quhn phrbcj gc bh Wcrrh, thjeï s'utobotzcn pcr gcfonor b'csfcrh mcbcstc5. H m`ntonuhmoý, hmbhrorï hmbhrorï cbs m`nmcptcs gcbs cbcjcnts quc f`rjcn f`rjcn hqucsth csfcrh csfcrh . B'cox g'hqucsth csfcrh, ïs phrhb¹bcb h b'cox tcrrcstrc, o ïs hn`jcnht b'cox gcb jýn. M`j quc hqucsth csfcrh tï pcr mcntrc bh Wcrrh, b'cquhg`r mcbcstc scrá unh pr`b`nihmoý gc b'cquhg`r tcrrcstrc. Cbs jcrogohns mcbcstcs sýn, pcr thnt, bcs scjomormujfcrìnmocs quc vhn gcs gcb punt jïs hbt hb N`rg gc b'l`rotzý fons hb punt jïs hb ]ug g'hqucst, phsshnt pcb zcnot =. Cn bh ojhtic onfcro`r cs j`strh un cxcjpbc gc jcrogoá mcbcstc.

















Qcr ûbtoj, cbs phrhb¹bcbs mcbcstcs, sýn mcrmbcs phrhb¹bcbs h b'cquhg`r mcbcstc quc, oiuhb quc cbs phrhb¹bcbs gc bh Wcrrh, govogcoxcn b'csfcrh mcbcstc l`rotz`nthbjcnt. l`rotz`nthbjcnt. Ïs ojp`rthnt shecr quc thn cbs phrhb¹bcbs o cbs jcrogohns gc bh Wcrrh m`j cbs mcbcstcs sýn onfonots, ïs h gor, cbs p`gcj trhéhr h mhgh punt `n cns trècj.

8.7 B@NIOWSG O BHWOWSG Hqucsth govosoý ojhionároh gc bh Wcrrh cn jcrogohns o phrhb¹bcbs cns lh pcrjìs p`gcr cxprcsshr cb punt cxhmtc `n cns trècj, mrchnt hoxê bcs m``rgcnhgcs icìráfoqucs. Hqucstcs, csthn f`rjhgcs pcr gucs jhinotugs; bh bhtotug o bh b`niotug. Qcr gcfonomoý, bh bhtotug ïs bh gostánmoh cntrc un punt quhbscv`b o b'Cquhg`r. Cs jcsurh cn irhus scxhicsojhbs, kh quc cs mhbmubh bh onmbonhmoý gcb punt cn qòcstoý fon s h b‟Cquhg`r, prcncnt m`j h punt gc rcfcrìnmoh cb mcntrc gc bh Wcrrh. Mhgh irhu, m`j quc phrbcj gc gostánmoh, m`rrcsp`n h unh gostánmoh m`nmrcth sèrc bh supcrfêmoc tcrrcstrc. Bh bhtotug hihfh vhb`rs g'cntrc ?1 irhus N`rg, o ?1 irhus ]ug rcspcmtc rcspcmtc b'Cquhg`r. Bh b`niotug, cn mhnvo, ïs bh gostánmoh cntrc quhbscv`b punt o cb Jcrogoá gc Irccnwoml. Whjeï cs jcsurh cn irhus scxhicsojhbs g‟unh jhncrh hnábìh h bh bhtotug, mhbmubhnt b‟ècrturh cntrc

cb punt `n cstoiucj o cb jcrogoá, jcsurht gcs gcb mcntrc gc bh Wcrrh, o hihfh vhb`rs g'cntrc 8<1 irhus Cst o 8<1 irhus @cst. H m`ntonuhmoý s'ob¹bustrcn s'ob¹bustrcn cbs m`nmcptcs gc b`niotug o bhtotug. bhtotug. Jcrogoá gc Irccnwoml

Jcrogoá gc Irccnwoml

















5. CB ]@B O BH GSUHMOÝ GCB] GCB] GOC]. Lo lh g`s topus gc tcjps; Cb projcr, ïs b'hn`jcnht tcjps s`bhr jotká, cb quhb govogcox cbs gocs cn vont-o-quhtrc l`rcs, o cns fh mrcurc quc t`ts cbs gocs gurcn cb jhtcox. Hqucsth jhncrh g'cntcngrc bh gurhmoý gcbs gocs cns ïs j`bt ûtob qu`togohnhjcnt. W`t o hoxê, hoxõ n` ïs gcb t`t mcrt, o lo lh unh sci`nh jhncrh g'cntcngrc cb tcjps rcprcscnthgh pcbs rcbb`tics gc ]`b, quc gýnh bb`m hb tcjps s`bhr vcrthgcr. Hqucst topus gc tcjps, cns j`strh quc cn rchbotht lo lh unh vhrohmoý gc bh gurhmoý gcbs gocs hb bbhri gc b'hny. Cb tcjps s`bhr vcrthgcr cs rcprcscnth prcncnt m`j h jcsurh cb fct quc quhn cb s`b mrcuh cb jcrogoá mcbcstc, gcfonot hntcro`rjcnt h b'hphrtht gc "m`nmcptcs prcvos", ïs joigoh, o quhn t`rnh h mrcuhr-b` t`rnh h scr joigoh. Hqucst trhnsmurs gcbs gocs vhroh gcpcncnt gc b'ìp`mh gc b'hny, bh p`somoý h bh Wcrrh... Qcrõ, quonh rcbhmoý tcncn cb tcjps s`bhr jotká o cb tcjps s`bhr vcrthgcr0 Q`gcj hrroehr h m`nìoxcr b'l`rh quc cns jhrmhroh cb n`strc rcbb`tic gc p`bscrh h phrtor gcb quc cns jhrquo un rcbb`tic gc ]`b0 Qcr hrroehr h m`nìoxcr b'l`rh quc hb n`strc phês cns jhrqucn cbs rcbb`tics gc p`bscrh h trhvïs g'un rcbb`tic gc ]`b, projcr lcj gc tcnor mbhrs trcs m`nmcptcs, quc gcsmrovoj h m`ntonuhmoý; L@UHUO ]@BHU; ïs b'l`rh b'l`rh quc cns g`ncn cbs rcbb`tics gc ]`b L@UHUO MOVOB; ïs b'l`rh quc cns g`nhrocn cbs n`strcs rcbb`tics gc p`bscrh so t`ts cbs phàs`s hnïssoj hje cbs jhtcox`s l`rhros. Qcr thnt sojpbcjcnt hqucst l`rhro ïs bh govosoý gcb goh cn vont-o-quhtrc l`rcs cxhmtcs. Bh gofcrìnmoh cntrc b'l`rhro s`bhr o b'l`rhro movob cns bh gýnh b'cquhmoý gcb tcjps, thb o m`j cxpbomhrï p`stcro`rjcnt.

















Lo lh quhtrc m`rrcmmo`ns quc lcj gc tcnor cn m`jptc pcr rcbhmo`nhr b'l`rhro s`bhr, b'l`rhro movob o b'l`rhro `fomohb. Bh projcrh m`rrcmmoý cns scrvcox m`j h p`nt cntrc b'l`rhro s`bhr o b'l`rhro movob, jcntrc quc bcs trcs hbtrcs m`rrcmmo`ns cns scrvcoxcn pcr m`nìoxcr bh n`strh l`rh `fomohb, ïs h gor, bh gc mhgh phês. N@WH; bcs m`rrcmmo`ns quc h m`ntonuhmoý s‟cxpboqucn sýn bcs quc s'lhn gc fcr pcr phsshr g'l`rh s`bhr h l`rh `fomohb. Qcr fcr-l` hb rcvïs, s'lh gc sciuor cb jhtcox jìt`gc pcrõ h phrtor g'`pcrhmo`ns onvcrscs. Qcr cxcjpbc, so cn unh gc bcs m`rrcmmo`ns, pcr phsshr g'l`rh s`bhr h l`rh `fomohb s'lh gc sujhr, pcr phsshr g'l`rh `fomohb h s`bhr s'lhurá gc rcsthr.

QUOJCUH M@UUCMMOÝ; B'CXSHMOÝ GCB WCJQ] Hntcro`rjcnt lcj got quc quc b'l`rh s`bhr cns j`strh quc, cn cb scu j`vojcnt hphrcnt, cb ]`b h vcihgcs thrgh jïs ` jcnys h phsshr pcb jcrogoá mcbcstc gucs vcihgcs sciuogcs (cb quc jhrmhroh un goh cn tcjps s`bhr vcrthgcr). Hqucst fct tï pronmophbjcnt gucs mhuscs; Bh projcrh mhush bh trècj cn èscrvhr b'õreoth gc bh Wcrrh rcspcmtc cb ]`b. Xuhn l` fcj, vcocj quc cb n`strc pbhncth n` gcsmrou unh õreoth mormubhr, soný unh g'cb¹bêptomh. Cb ]`b cs trèh cn un gcbs f`mus g'hqucsth cb¹bopsc, o pcr thnt cn hbiuns jcs`s gc b'hny bh Wcrrh cs trèhrá h unh gostánmoh jïs pctoth gcb ]`b quc cn hbiuns hbtrcs. Hqucst fct cns p`rth h cxpbomhr cbs m`nmcptcs gc pcrolcbo o hfcbo. Cb pcrolcbo m`rrcsp`n h hpr`xojhghjcnt cb = gc icncr, o ïs cb punt `n bh gostánmoh cntrc bh Wcrrh o cb ]`b ïs jïs pctoth, o pcr thnt gcs gc bh Wcrrh cb j`vojcnt hphrcnt gcb ]`b huijcnth huijcnth gc vcb`motht. Qcr m`ntrh, quhn phrbcj g'hfcbo cns rcfcroj hb 7 gc Kubo`b hpr`xojhghjcnt. Cn hqucst mhs trècj cb punt `n bh Wcrrh cs trèh h bh gostánmoh jáxojh p`ssoebc gcb ]`b.



















]ci`ns bh sci`nh bbco gc Dcpbcr, cb rhgo vcmt`r quc uncox cb ]`b hje un pbhncth csm`jerh árccs oiuhbs cn tcjps oiuhbs. Hoxõ soinofomh quc m`j jïs h pr`p cstoiuo un pbhncth (cn hqucst mhs bh Wcrrh) gcb ]`b, jïs rápog lhurá gc rchbotzhr cb scu j`vojcnt gc trhnsbhmoý (hb v`bthnt gcb ]`b) pcr oiuhbhr b'árch quc rcm`rrc quhn hqucst cstá jïs bbuny gcb ]`b. Hoxê g`nms, bh Wcrrh cs jùrá j`bt jïs rápoghjcnt m`j jïs h pr`p cstoiuo gcb ]`b, o cn mhnvo cn bcs z`ncs `n hqucsth cstá jïs hbbunyhgh gcb ]`b, cs jùrá jïs bcnthjcnt. B'cnbbhé quc gcox` h m`ntonuhmoý cns j`strh gc jhncrh ontcrhmtovh m`j cs m`jpbcox hqucsth sci`nh bbco gc Dcpbcr; lttp;//www.jhtcsontcrhmtovcs.mht/ongcx.plp/fosomh/mhjp-irhvotht`ro/bbcos-gcdcpbcr/5<3-sci`nh-bbco-gc-dcpbc

Bh sci`nh mhush bh trècj cn bh onmbonhmoý gc 5=‟3» gcb pbh gc b'Cquhg`r gc bh Wcrrh rcspcmtc cb pbh gc b'cmbêptomh, quc ïs cb pbh ic`jìtrom quc m`ntï b'õreoth gc bh Wcrrh hb v`bthnt gcb ]`b, o quc cs vcu rcprcscntht h bh ojhtic sciòcnt;

















Cb fct gc quc bh Wcrrh cstoiuo onmbonhgh rcspcmtc bh scvh cmbêptomh fh quc hb bbhri gc b'hny n` lo lhio bcs jhtcoxcs l`rcs gc ]`b h t`t cb jýn. Qcr cxcjpbc, thb o m`j cstá j`strht h m`ntonuhmoý cn unh sojubhmoý, gurhnt cb s`bstomo 7 g'cstou, cb ]`b t`mh j`bt jïs h b'lcjosfcro N`rg quc hb ]ug, o hoxõ soinofomh quc cbs phàs`s h b'lcjosfcro ]ug tongrhn p`qucs l`rcs gc ]`b jcntrc quc h b'lcjosfcro n`rg cb ]`b fhrá quc toniucj j`btcs jïs l`rcs gc goh. Ojhtic <. ]ojubhmoý cn bh quhb cs vcu bh phrt `jerêv`bh gc bh Wcrrh gurhnt cb s`bstomo gc kuny (h b'lcjosfcro N`rg ïs cb s`bstomo g'cstou o h b'lcjosfcro sug ïs cb g'lovcrn). Mhb gcsthmhr quc hqucsth sojubhmoý ïs thn s`bs unh hpr`xojhmoý, kh quc j`strh cb ]`b hb mcntrc gc b'õreoth quc fh bh Wcrrh, quhn cn rchbotht cs trèh cn un gcbs f`mus g'hqucsth.

Hqucsth n'ïs b'cxpbomhmoý mocntêfomh. Vost gcs gc bh Wcrrh, pcrõ, scjebh quc soiuo cb ]`b cb quc fh cb rcm`rrciut, j`vcnt-sc hb v`bthnt gcb n`strc pbhncth, o pcr thnt, bcs pcrs`ncs vcocj m`j cb ]`b rchbotzh un j`vojcnt hphrcnt. Qcr hoxõ, cn b'ájeot gc bh jcsurh gcb tcjps, hqucsth onmbonhmoý s'htroeucox hb ]`b, ]`b, rcecnt cb n`j gc gcmbonhmoý s`bhr s`bhr 3. Ucsujont hqucsth sci`nh mhush, hqucsth gcmbonhmoý s`bhr ïs bh quc cns gýnh gcb mhnvo

















Qcr thnt, so v`bcj shecr b'l`rh movob h trhvïs gc b'l`rh s`bhr, cn hqucsth projcrh m`rrcmmoý cb quc s'lhurá gc fcr scrá sujhr (so cb ]`b vcrghgcr vh rcthrght rcspcmtc cb jotká) cbs jonuts gc gofcrìnmoh, ` rcsthr-lo (so cb ]`b vcrghgcr vh hvhnéht rcspcmtc cb jotká) hqucsts jonuts. Hrh, un m`p kh shecj phsshr gc b‟l`rh s`bhr h b‟l`rh movob, hncj h vcurc b cs m`rrcmmo`ns quc

mhb fcr pcr hrroehr h b‟l`rh `fomohb gc mhgh z`nh gcb pbhncth.

]CI@NH M@UUCMMOÝ; CB FS] L@UHUO Cn cb j`vojcnt hphrcnt gcb ]`b, h mhush gcb j`vojcnt gc r`thmoý gc bh Wcrrh, gocj quc hqucst surt pcr b'Cst o cs p`n pcr b'@cst. Hoxõ cns p`rth h bh m`nmbusoý gc quc m`j jïs h b'Cst hncj, jïs thrg scrá. H phrtor g'hqucst pbhntckhjcnt vcocj quc b'l`rh vhroh gcpcncnt gcb bb`m `n soiuos, o quc pcr thnt n` scrá bh jhtcoxh l`rh hquê quc h Csthts Snots pcr cxcjpbc. B'hny 8<<7, cn unh m`nvcnmoý ontcrnhmo`nhb h Yhslonit`n, t`ts cbs phàs`s vhn hm`rghr govogor bh Wcrrh cn gofcrcnts z`ncs l`rárocs, gcbojothgcs pcr jcrogohns. M`j h rcfcrìnmoh cs vh hihfhr cb Jcrogoá gc Irccnwoml, o h phrtor g'hqucst jcrogoá, cs vh govogor bh Wcrrh cn 57 phrts gc 83˛ mhghsmunh o hje un jcrogoá mcntrhb quc bcs govogoh cn gucs phrts oiuhbs, 9 ˛ =1' h

















WCUMCUH M@UUCMMOÝ; M@UUCMMOÝ; BC] C]WHMO@N] Hqucsth m`rrcmmoý ïs p`tscr bh jïs m`nciugh. Bh m`rrcmmoý csthmo`nhb fh rcfcrìnmoh hb fct quc gucs vcihgcs h b'hny, h jïs gc scthnth phàs`s s'hvhnmon ` cs rcthrgon unh l`rh cbs rcbb`tics. Hqucsth m`rrcmmoý pr`vï gc bh Qrojcrh Iucrrh Jungohb, quhn b'Ojpcro Hbcjhny vh hg`pthr pcr projcr m`p hqucsth ogch gcb mhnvo g'l`rh pcr csthbvohr mhreý. Sn hny gcsprïs, cb Ucinc Snot thjeï vh hpbomhr hqucst mhnvo g'l`rh. Mhp hbs hnys scthnth, j`bts phàs`s vhn t`rnhr h hihfhr hqucsth ogch o vhn utobotzhr-bh pcr csthbvohr cncrioh, kh quc csthvcn phtont b'hn`jcnhgh "mroso gcb pctr`bo". Csphnyh cn m`nmrct vh unor-sc h hqucst mhnvo g'l`rh b'hny 8?97. B'hny 8??6, Csphnyh phssh cb mhnvo g'l`rh h b'`mtuerc cn m`jptcs gcb sctcjerc, o pcr thnt gcs gc b'hny 8??6 fons h b'hmtuhbotht, h Csphnyh cs rchbotzcn g`s mhnvos g'l`rh; cb projcr cn b'ûbtoj goujcnic gc jhré, cn cb quhb s'hvhnéh cb rcbb`tic unh l`rh, o cb sci`n cn b'ûbtoj goujcnic g'`mtuerc, cn cb quhb cs rcthrgh unh l`rh. Hoxõ thjeï s'lh gc tcnor cn m`jptc h b'l`rh gc phsshr g'l`rh s`bhr h l`rh movob; gcs gc fonhbs gc jhré fons h fonhbs g'`mtuerc, s'lhurá gc sujhr unh l`rh h b'l`rh s`bhr o cn mhnvo cntrc n`vcjerc o jhré n` s'lhurá gc fcr mhp mhnvo cn hqucst ájeot, t`t hoxõ scnsc gcoxhr gc ehngh cb fct quc s'lhurá gc sujhr scjprc unh l`rh pcb tcjh gcbs fus`s l`rhros.

















quhb cns trècj o phsshr-bh t`th h irhus, kh quc s`b scr g`nhgh hje irhus, jonuts o sci`ns. Qcr fcr hqucst ûbtoj phs, lcj tcnor cn m`jptc quc 8 irhu m`rrcsp`n h 61 jonuts, o 8 jonut sýn 61 sci`ns (kh quc cstcj cn sostcjh scxhicsojhb). M`j quc cb ]`b fh unh v`bth sèrc so jhtcox gc =61 irhus cn 57 l`rcs, soinofomh quc iorh 83 irhus mhgh l`rh, ` cb quc ïs cb jhtcox, 8 irhu mhgh 7 jonuts. Sn m`p tcnoj bh b`niotug phsshgh h irhus, o tcnont cn m`jptc hoxõ, cb sciòcnt phs ïs fcr un fhmt`r gc m`nvcrsoý pcr shecr quhnts jonuts m`rrcsp`ncn hbs irhus gc b`niotug quc tcnoj. 8 irhu --------- 7 jonuts x irhus------- 00 jonuts B'ûbtojh m`sh h tcnor cn m`jptc pcr hqucsth m`rrcmmoý ïs quc cbs jonuts quc ètoniucj, so cns trècj h b'@cst gcb Jcrogoá gc Irccnwoml cbs lhurcj gc sujhr gc b'l`rh s`bhr, o so cstcj h b'Cst g'hqucst cbs lhurcj gc rcsthr. Hje hqucst hphrtht, kh tcnoj bh ehsc pcr cntcngrc unh jomh jobb`r hqucst m`nmcptc hestrhmtc hn`jcnht "tcjps".



















=. CB ]@B O CB] UCBB@WIC] GC ]@B. LO]WÕUOH GCB] UCBB@WIC] GC ]@B Qcr cntcngrc cb m`s g'hqucst trcehbb, ïs ojp`rthnt quc onomohbjcnt gcfonoj cb mcntrc gcb n`strc cstugo; cb rcbb`tic gc ]`b. ]ci`ns bh gcfonomoý g`nhgh pcb gommo`nhro cn bênoh Cnmomb`pìgoh, cb rcbb`tic gc ]`b ïs un onstrujcnt gcstonht h jcsurh r cb phs gcb tcjps o h ongomhr cb m`jptc gc bcs l`rcs o g‟hbtrcs unothts gc tcjps. Hqucsth gcfonomoý, pcrõ, ïs thn s`bs un rcsuj g'un jýn quc n` cs p`t cnibèhr cn trcs bênocs. Cb jýn gcbs rcbb`tics gc ]`b, cstugoht h trhvïs gc bh in`jõnomh <, vh j`bt jïs cnbbá gc bh sojpbc jcsurh gcb tcjps. Cn b'ájeot jhtcrohb, t`t o bh irhn govcrsotht gc rcbb`tics gc ]`b quc lo lh, t`ts tcncn uncs

















Cbs projcrs l`jcs quc cs vhn m`jcnéhr h prc`muphr pcb tcjps vhn scr cbs l`jcs scgcnthros4 hqucsts vhn fcr bh govosoý gcb goh o bh not. Q`stcro`rjcnt, èscrvhnt bcs `jercs vhn p`gcr gctcrjonhr gctcrjonhr cb joigoh, j`jcnt j`jcnt cn quì bh bbhrihgh gc b'`jerh b'`jerh crh jênojh. Cn cbs scibcs p`stcro`rs, cbs l`jcs vhn g`nhr f`rjh hb quc scroh cb projcr rcbb`tic gc ]`b cbhe`rht. Irámocs h b'èscrvhmoý o hnáboso gcb j`vojcnt gc b'`jerh, vhn p`gcr fcr hbtrcs govoso`ns goòrncs, quc cbs pcrjctroh gctcrjonhr bcs csthmo`ns o m`nfcmmo`nhr cbs projcrs mhbcnghros. Cb rcbb`tic jïs hntom quc cs m`nscrvh pr`vï gc bh mubturh ciêpmoh, o m`nsostcox cn un rcbb`tic p`rtátob gc posshrrh vcrgh f`rjht pcr gucs pcmcs m`b¹b`mhgcs cn f`rjh gc W, m`nstruàt hpr`xojhghjcnt cb 8311 hM. Cn b'èrh Gc Hrmlotcmturh csmroth csmroth pcr Votruvo hpr`xojhghjcnt cb scibc O hM, trècj n`jerhts o cxpbomhts unh irhn quhntotht gc rcbb`tics gc ]`b, jhk`rotárohjcnt pr`voncnts gc Irìmoh o

















Gcsprïs gc bh gcmhgìnmoh gc b'Ojpcro U`já, lhurcj g'cspcrhr fons h bh mubturh árhe pcr trèhr vcrothebcs hvcné`s cn b'ájeot g'hstr`n`joh, jhtcjátomh o tìmnomh gcbs rcbb`tics gc ]`b. Cntrc bcs scvcs hp`rthmo`ns, trècj trècj uncs jobb`rcs cn bh pcrfcmmoý gc b'hstr`bheo ?. Hb bbhri gcbs scibcs \VO o \VOO, b'hrt gc fcr rcbb`tics rcbb`tics gc ]`b, hn`jcnht in`jõnomh, in`jõnomh, s'unê hje b'csmbht gc bh tìmnomh m`nstrumt`rh, o hoxõ vh pcrjctrc jobb`rhr j`bt bh tìmnomh gcbs rcbb`tics gc ]`b. Cs vhn m`nstruor irhns rcbb`tics sotuhts cn csibïsocs o phbhus, o hqucsts crcn vost`s m`j un èkcmtc jostcroýs o gofêmob gc m`nstruor. H jotkhn scibc \VO, vhn m`jcnéhr h hphrìoxcr cbs projcrs rcbb`tics jcmánoms, pcrõ h mhush gc bh scvh p`mh prcmosoý o cb scu hbt prcu, n` vh hfcmthr h b'ûs gcbs rcbb`tics gc ]`b. Hje cb pr`mïs gc bh Ob¹bustrhmoý, bh tìmnomh gcbs rcbb`tics gc ]`b cs vh p`pubhrotzhr, o vh hphrìoxcr pcr projcrh vcihgh b'`fomo gc quhgrhntcr . W`t o hoxê, cn hqucst jhtcox scibc (]\VOOO), cbs rcbb`tics jcmánoms vhn jobb`rhr bh scvh tìmnomh, phsshnt h scr jïs prcmos`s o

















7. WOQS] O FSNMO@NHJCNW GC GOVCU]@] UCBB@WIC] GC ]@B Cbs rcbb`tics gc ]`b tcncn unh cstrumturh sojobhr, thb o m`j kh lc cxpbomht, pcrõ mhgh rcbb`tic gc ]`b ïs un jýn. Qcr hoxõ, quhn phrbcj g'un rcbb`tic gc ]`b, mhb m`nmrcthr gc quon topus gc rcbb`tic gc s`b cs trhmth kh quc n` t`ts funmo`ncn gc bh jhtcoxh jhncrh. ]ci`ns unh mbhssofomhmoý fcth pcr Qhquoth Vcmonh U`jcr`, hut`rh gcb ebì Ucb`kcs gc ]`b 88, p`gcj gofcrcnmohr cbs rcbb`tics gc s`b gcpcncnt gcb bb`m `n cs vubiuon ueomhr. Gons hqucsth mbhssofomhmoý, trècj rcbb`tics p`rtátobs, rcbb`tics gc khrgê o rcbb`tics gc phrct. 85

UCBB@WIC GC QH]W@U

















3. WUCEHBB GC MHJQ 3.8 M@B¹BHE@UHMOÝ H BH M@N]WUSMMOÝ G'SN UCBB@WIC GC ]@B HNHBCJÁWOM Cn hqucst projcr hphrtht, cxpbomhrï b'cxpcroìnmoh quc vhoi vourc hnhnt h hkughr h m`nstruor un rcbb`tic gc ]`b hnhbcjátom hb Khrgê E`tánom gc Ehrmcb`nh. B‟hnhbcjátom ïs un gcbs rcbb`tics gc ]`b jïs `roionhbs, kh quc n` ncmcssoth un inõj`n jhtcrohb4 cb inõj`n s`j bcs pcrs`ncs. Cb projcr quc cns vh cxpbomhr cn Nhso vh scr quc cbs rcbb`tics hnhbcjátoms tcnocn j`bth scjebhnéh hje cbs rcbb`tics cquht`rohbs4 so cns lo foxcj, sýn unh pr`kcmmoý vcrtomhb gcbs rcbb`tics cquht`rohbs; pcr unh ehngh, so hihfcj bh mormujfcrìnmoh gcbs rcbb`tics cquht`rohbs o bh m`b¹b`qucj vcrtomhb hb tcrrh, hqucsth cs m`nvcrtorá cn unh cb¹bopsc. H bh vcihgh, so hihfcj bh govosoý l`rároh gcbs rcbb`tics cquht`rohbs, cn bh quhb bcs l`rcs cs jhrqucn mhgh 83 irhus, o bcs pr`kcmtcj vcrtomhbjcnt, tongrcj bcs jhrqucs l`rárocs gcb n`strc rcbb`tic hnhbcjátom.



















Ojhtic 81. M`b¹b`mhmoý gcb trhnsp`rthg`r g'hnibcs sèrc bh jcrogohnh.

















Hqucsts hnibcs, hbbhrihnt bcs bênocs m`rrcsp`ncnts, m`rrcsp`ncnts, cns g`nhrocn pcu hb goeuox g'un trohnibc rcmthnibc. Cn cb sciòcnt phs, vcurcj gc quì cns vh scrvor hqucst trohnibc.

































]O]Ì QH]; H phrt gc b'cb¹bopsc, crh ncmcsshro goeuoxhr thjeï unh mormujfcrìnmoh. Hb sciòcnt phs cxpbomhrï gc quì cns vh scrvor. Hqucst m`p, vhoi prcngrc k` bh onomohtovh, trhéhnt p`m h p`m bh mormujfcrìnmoh. mormujfcrìnmoh. Cb rhgo quc vhoi utobotzhr vh scr bh bh b`niotug g'un gcbs scjocox`s jhk`rs jhk`rs gc bh cb¹bopsc, ïs h gor, g`s jctrcs.

















Ojhtic 89. Ogcntofomhmoý gc bcs jhrqucs l`rárocs cn bh pr`kcmmoý gcb rcbb`tic cquht`rohb fcth sèrc bh



















Snh mhrhmtcrêstomh icncrhb quc tcncn cbs rcbb`tics gc ]`b ïs quc, cn bh jhk`roh g'cbbs, cb scu

















3.5 M@N]WUSMMOÝ QUÕQOH G'SN UCBB@WIC GC ]@B GÊWQOM

















Whb o m`j bh gcfonomoý gc rcbb`tic gêptom hsscnyhbh, hqucst cs mhrhmtcrotzh pcrquì cb inõj`n

















Cn cb n`strc mhs,    o   , pcr thnt;

















                    













































































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