FACULTAD FACULTAD DE INGENIER IA CIVIL
UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS
“Año de la Consolidación del Mar de Grau"
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIAS Y ARQUITECTURA CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA CIVIL TECNOLOGIA DE LOS MATERIALES
TRABAJO
:
“Ladrillos”
DOCENTE
:
ING: Magno Chaparro Salas
ALUMANOS
:
ROSI MAR CCOL!UE SURCO
"#$%$&'#$(
AND LOAI)A JORDAN
"#$*$%**$#
C+s,o - ./r0 "#$&
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS
FACULTAD FACULTAD DE INGENIER IA CIVIL
PRESENTACION ING. ING. MAGN MAGNO O CHAP CHAPARR ARRO O SALAS SALAS doce docent nte e de la asig asigna natu tura ra de TECNOLOGIA TECNOLOGIA E LOS MATERIALES! MATERIALES! de la carrera "ro#esional de ingenie ingenier$a r$a Ci%il! Ci%il! &ni%er &ni%ersid sidad ad Alas Alas Peruana eruanass 'lial 'lial Cusco Cusco.. Con la de(i de(ida da consi conside dera raci) ci)n n *ue *ue se +ere +erece ce le entr entreg ego o el sigui siguien ente te tra(a,o *ue tienen "or o(,eti%o a'an-ar nuestro conoci+iento a *ue es un tra(a,o de su+a i+"ortancia lo cual re*uiere nuestra carr carrer era a "ro# "ro#esi esion onal al "ara "ara e,er e,erci cicio cio de tal tal *ue *ue lle% lle%a a "or "or t$tu t$tulo lo LARILLOS. A(rigando *ue nuestro es+ero su"la cual*uier #alla! le "resenta+os el siguiente in#or+e .
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS
FACULTAD FACULTAD DE INGENIER IA CIVIL
AGRADECIMIENTO Al 'nali-ar este tra(a,o de in%estigaci)n *uere+os e0"resar nuestro agradeci+iento al ocente Ing. Magno Ca"arro Salas "or a(ernos "er+itido ad*uirir conoci+ientos (ásicos de in%estigaci)n *ue será 2til "ara nuestra %ida "ro#esional. El +ás sincero agradeci+iento a nuestros "adres! *ue durante todo este este tie+ tie+"o "o *ue *ue estu estu%i %ier eron on aco+ aco+"a "a3á 3ánd ndon onos os!! ilu+ ilu+in inán ándo dono noss guiándonos "ara llegar a nuestra +eta. A nuestra docente *ue con su dedicaci)n! "aciencia! es+ero "ro#esionalis+o nos %iene dirigiendo durante todo este traecto! con el o(,eti%o de ense3arnos e instruirnos "ara nuestro #uturo.
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS
FACULTAD FACULTAD DE INGENIER IA CIVIL
INDICE: PRESENTACION..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............................. .................. / AGRADECIMIENTO..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................................. ........................ 4 INDICE..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................. ....................... 5 INTRODUCCION.................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... ........ 6 RESUMEN..................... ................................ ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................... .................7 7 CAPITULO I.................... ............................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............................................. .................................... 8 HISTORIA.................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ....................................... ............................ 8 CAPITULO II..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................... ........................ 9 EL LADRILLO SEGÚN LA NORMA TECNICA PERUANA.......................................9 CAPITULO III..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................ ..................... 14 PROPIEDADES.................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............................. ................... 14 CAPITULO IV..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ............................... ..................... 18 CARACTERISTICAS DE LOS MATERIALES REFRECTARIOS..............................18 CAPITULO V..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................. ...................... 19 MATERIA PRIMA..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......................... ............... 19 CAPITULO VI..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ............................... ..................... /: PROCESO DE FABRICACION INDUSTRIAL Y ARTESANAL................................/: CAPITULO VII..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... ......... /; TIPOS.................... .............................. ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....................................... ............................. .... /; CAPITULO VIII..................... ................................ ...................... ..................... ..................... ................................................. ...................................... 4/ CLASIFICACION..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................................... .......................... 4/ CAPITULO IX..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............................... ..................... 4; CALIDAD DE LAS UNIDADES DE ALBAÑILERIA................................................4; CAPITULO X..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................ ...................... 51 DIMENSIONES.................... .............................. ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ........................................ ............................. 51 CAPITULO XI..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............................... ..................... 56 ESPECIFICACIONES TECNICAS.................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................................56 .......................56 CAPITULO XII..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... ......... 6: IMPACTO AMBIENTAL DE LA INDUSTRIA LADRILLERA...................................6: CONCLUCIONES. ..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ...................... ............................................. .................................. 6/ RECOMENDACIONES...................... ................................ ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................................... .......................... 64
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS
FACULTAD FACULTAD DE INGENIER IA CIVIL
INTRODUCCION El "resente tra(a,o de in%estigaci)n *ue lle%a "or t$tulo "ocas antiguas! seg2n la istoria! una "osici)n +u i+"ortante en el "roceso Constructi%o de edi'caci)n! +uros! los ta(i*ues! "a%i+entaci)n! entre otros. Esta "ie-a cerá+ica *ue si+(oli-a la %ida sedentaria ur(ana del o+(re! a2n tiene un auge +u grande en la construcci)n conte+"oránea! re"resentando una gran o"ortunidad de ingresos en %entas "ara las #á(ricas *ue se dedican a la "roducci)n industrial ?o artesanal. Teniendo Teniendo co+o o(,eti%o "rinci"al@ •
A"render a di#erenciar *ue ti"o de ladrillos se de(en utili-ar en la construcci)n.
As$ ta+(i>n se tra(a,ara los siguientes o(,eti%os es"ec$'cos@ •
Conocer el uso de esta "ie-a en la construcci)n.
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS
FACULTAD FACULTAD DE INGENIER IA CIVIL
RESUMEN El ladrillo es una "ie-a cerá+ica *ue si+(oli-a la %ida sedentaria ur(a ur(ana na!! es el +ás +ás anti antigu guo o de los los +ate +ateri rial ales es de la cons constr truc ucci ci)n )n e+"leado "or el o+(re! siendo esta la unidad de al(a3iler$a #a(ricada de arcilla +oldeada! e0truida o "rensada en #or+a de "ris+a regular *ue+ *ue+ad ada a o coci cocida da en un or orna. na. En sus sus "ro" "ro"ie ieda dade dess +ecá +ecáni nica cass so(resale su resistencia! resistencia a la co+"resi)n! a(sorci)n! en las #$sicas sus di+ensiones %ar$an seg2n su uso a "ared Bing Bong 19 ;0140/5! etc.D o teco Pastelero 40/40/4! etc.D! su #or+a ortogonal su co+"osici)n *u$+ica es caol$n +ás cuar-o #eldes"ato 9./SiO/! /.9/Al /.9/Al/O4 /O4!! :.77Ca :.77CaO! O! :.45B/ :.45B/OD OD.. Se caract caracteri eri-an -an "or sus +ateri +ateriale aless re#ractarios seg2n su contenido de alu+inio! s$lice caol$n. La +ateria "ri+a (ásica+ente es la arcilla! el agua! algunos aditi%os es"eciales. En el "roceso de #a(ricaci)n industrial se tienen las eta"as de +olienda! #or+ado de ladrillos! secado de +odo natural! secado rá"ido! cocci)n el artesanal de #or+a si+ilar la e0tracci)n! +escla! "roceso de corte! secado al +edio a+(iente! orneado! en#riado! esti(a al+acena+iento de los ladrillos. Estos ladrillos se di%iden ti"os seg2n su unidad de al(a3iler$a s)lida! ueca! al%eolar! tu(ular! a"ila(le! "astelero. Se clasi'can seg2n la NTP en clases I! II! III! IF! F! lo*ue P lo*ue NP seg2 seg2n n su #a(r #a(ric ican ante te de acue acuerrdo a la cocc cocci) i)n n de ado( ado(es es!! sant santos os!! esca'lados! recocos! "intones! "ardos! "orteros "or la "osici)n de los uecos tanto %erticales! %erticales! co+o ori-ontales. ori-ontales. Para %eri'car la calidad calidad del ladrillo tendrá *ue "asar "or un +uestreo! luego la ace"taci)n del +is+o! "ara lo cual se lle%a ensaos corres"ondientes. Sus usos +ás co+unes son las edi'caciones! la "a%i+entaci)n! es"ecial+ente las +urallas +urallas los ta(i*ues. ta(i*ues. Los +uros de ladrillos ladrillos "ueden ser si+"les o de relleno! ar+ada! re#or-ada o con'nada cuo a"are,o "ueden ser de soga! ca(e-a! "andereta o sardinal.
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FACULTAD FACULTAD DE INGENIER IA CIVIL
UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS
CAPITULO I HISTORIA En el mn!".
El Ladrillo es un "ie-a cerá+ica *ue si+(oli-a la %ida sedentaria ur(ana el deseo de integrarse la es"eran-a de a'ncarse. Es el +ás antiguo antiguo de los +ateriales +ateriales de la construcci) construcci)n n e+"leado e+"leado "or el o+(re. Su descu(ri+iento +odi'co genero ca+(io en la sociedad *ue lo "rodu,o. El o+(re lo #a(rico "ara salir de la cue%a! le%antar la ciudad e i+"o i+"one nerr el conc conce" e"to to de lo ur( ur(ano ano i+"u i+"uls lsan and do las ant antigu iguan ci%ili-aciones de Meso"ota+ia Palestina! donde a"enas se dis"on$a se +ade +adera ra "ied "iedra ras. s. Los cons constr truc ucto torres su+e su+eri rios os (a(i (a(ilo loni nios os le%ant le%antar aron on -igura -igurats! ts! "alaci "alacios os ciudad ciudades es a+ural a+urallad ladas as con ladrill ladrillos os secad secados os al sol! sol! *ue *ue recu( ecu(r$ r$an an con con otro otross ladr ladril illo loss +ás +ás resist esisten ente tess cocidos en orno. En sus 2lti+os a3os los "ersas usaron el ladrillo igual *ue *ue los los cin cino os! *ue *ue le% le%ant antaron aron la gran gran +ura +urall lla. a. Los ro+an o+ano os construeron con ladrillos! arcos de +edio "unto con ellos edi'cios de grandes di+ensiones co+o te+"los! arcos de triun#o! an'teatros acue acuedu duct ctos os.. En el curs curso o de la edad edad +edia edia el i+"e i+"eri rio o i-a i-ant ntin ino! o! ere erede dero ro de los los sa(er sa(eres es ro+a ro+ano noss el occi occide dent nte e crist cristian iano! o! con con el Ro+ánico el G)tico del norte de Italia! los Pa$ses a,os Ale+ania! as$ as$ co+o co+o en cual cual*u *uie ierr otr otro luga lugarr dond donde e esca escase sera ra la "ied "iedra ra!! los los constr construct uctor ores es utiliutili-ar aron on el ladrill ladrillo o "or sus cualid cualidade adess #uncio #uncional nales es decorati%as.
En Am#$%&'. El ladrill illo era conocid cido "or los ind$genas a+ericanos de las ci%ili-aciones "reis"ánicas *ue en regiones secas! construeron casa de ado(es secados al sol. Las grandes "irá+ides de los Ol+ecas! +aas otros "ue(los #ueron le%antadas con ladrillos re%estidos de
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FACULTAD FACULTAD DE INGENIER IA CIVIL
UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS
En li+a! la "ri+era o(ra en la *ue se utili-ado ladrillos en "ro"orci)n a"recia(le a sido en la Penitenciaria! en la cual se e,ecutaron +u cerca de 1:!::: ::: +4 de "aredes de ladril rillos de di+ensiones /601107.6c+.
CAPITULO II EL LADRILLO SEGÚN LA NORMA TECNICA PERUAN PERUANA A ). NORMAS A CONSULT CONSULTAR. ITINTEC 441.:19 @ Ele+ento de arcilla cocida. Ladrillos de arcilla usados en al(a3iler$a. M>todos de ensaos. ITINTEC 441.:1; @ Ele+ento de arcilla cocida. Ladrillos de arcilla usados en al(a3iler$a. Muestreo rece"ci)n. INTI INTINT NTEC EC 9/1. 9/1.:: ::4 4 @ Sist Siste+ e+a a inte interrnaci nacion onal al de unid unidad ades es reco+endaciones "ara uso de sus +2lti"los algunas otras unidades.
*. OB OB+E +ETI TIVO VOS. S. "resente te nor+a nor+a esta(l esta(lece ece las de'nici de'nicione ones! s! clasi'c clasi'caci acione ones! s! *.) La "resen condiciones generales re*uisitos *ue de(e cu+"lir el ladrillo de arcilla! usado en al(a3iler$a.
,. DEFINI DEFINICIO CIONES NES.. ,.) M'-e$%' M'-e$%' P$%m'. P$%m'. 4.1.1 Arcilla.J Arcilla.J Es el agregado agregado +ineral terroso terroso o ">treo *ue contiene contiene esencial+ente silicatos de alu+inio idratados. La arcilla es "lástica cuando está su'ciente+ente "ul%eri-ada saturada!
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS
FACULTAD FACULTAD DE INGENIER IA CIVIL
,.* M'n M'n'&'&-$' $'.. 4./. 4./.1 1 Arte Artesa san nal.J al.J Es el ladr ladril illo lo #a( #a(rica ricado do con con "ro "rocedi cedi+ +ient iento o "red "redo+ o+in inan ante te+e +ent nte e +anu +anual al.. El a+as a+asad ado o o +old +oldea eado do es eco a +ano o con +a*uinaria ele+ental *ue en ciertos casos sos e0true! a (a,a "resi) si)n! la "asta sta de arcill illa. El "rocedi+iento de +olda,e e0ige *ue se use arena o agua "ara e%itar *ue la arcilla se adiera a los +oldes dando un aca( aca(ad ado o cara caract cter er$s $sti tico co al ladr ladril illo lo.. El ladr ladril illo lo "rod "roduc ucid ido o artesanal+ente se caracteri-a "or %ariaciones de unidad a unidad.
4./. 4././ / Indu Indust stri rial al.J .J Es el ladr ladril illo lo #a(r #a(ric icad ado o con con +a*u +a*uin inar aria iass *ue *ue a+asa! +oldea "rensa o e0true la "asta de arcilla. El ladr ladril illo lo "rod "roduci ucido do indu industr stria ial+ l+en ente te se carac caracte teri ri-a -a "or "or su uni#or+idad. ,., De/%0n De/%0n'&% '&%1n. 1n. Es la +anera elegida "ara deno+inar el ladrillo de acuerdo a sus caracter$sticas
4.4.1 4.4.1 El Ladrillo Ladrillo se designar designara a "or su ti"o %er 5.:D! 5.:D! "or su secci) secci)n n +aci-o! +aci-o! "er#orado o tu(ular tu(ular %er 4.5D "or sus di+ensiones di+ensiones %er 4.6D! largo 0 anco alto todos estos en c+D. ,.2 L'!$%ll". Es la unidad de al(a3iler$a #a(ricada de arcilla +oldeada! e0truida o
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS
FACULTAD FACULTAD DE INGENIER IA CIVIL
,.3 D%men/%"ne/ 4 5$e'/. 4.6.1 i+ensiones. i+ensiones.JJ i+ensiones i+ensiones reales reales *ue tiene el ladrillo. ladrillo. 4.6./ Largo.J Largo.J Es la +aor +aor di+ensi)n di+ensi)n de la su"er'cie su"er'cie de asiento asiento del ladrillo. 4.6.4 Anco.J Anco.J Es la +enor di+ensi)n di+ensi)n de de la su"er'cie su"er'cie de asiento asiento del ladrillo. 4.6.5 Alto.J Alto.J Es la di+ensi)n di+ensi)n "er"endicular "er"endicular a la su"er'cie su"er'cie de asiento del ladrillo. 4.6. 4.6.6 6 rea rea rut ruta. a.JJ Es el área área tota totall de la su"e su"er' r'ci cie e de asie asient nto! o! o(tenida de +ulti"licar su largo la rgo "or su anco. 4.6.7 rea Neta.J Neta.J Es el área área (ruta (ruta +enos el área área de los %ac$os %ac$os
2. CLASIF CLASIFICA ICACIO CION. N. El ladrillo se clasi'cara en cinco ti"os de acuerdo a sus "ro"iedades. 2.) T%6" I.7 Resistencia dura(ilidad +u (a,as. A"to "ara cons constr truc uccio cione ness de al(a al(a3i 3ile ler$ r$a a en cond condic icio ione ness de ser% ser%ici icio o con con e0igencias +$ni+as. esisten enci cia a dura dura(i (ili lida dad d (a,a (a,as. s. A"to A"to "ara "ara 2.* T%6" II.7 Resist constr struccion iones de al(a3ile iler$a en condiciones de ser%icio cio +oderadas. esistencia cia dura(i dura(ilid lidad ad +edia. +edia. A"to A"to "ara "ara 2., T%6" III.7 Resisten construcciones de al(a3iler$a de uso general. 2.2 T%6" IV.7Resist esisten enci cia a dura dura(i (ili lida dad d alta altas. s. A"to A"to "ara "ara construcciones de al(a3iler$a en condiciones de ser%icio rigurosas. 2.3 T%6" V.7 Resistencia dura(ilidad +u ala. A"to "ara con constru strucc ccio ione ness de al( al(a3il a3iler er$a $a en cond condic icio ion nes de ser% ser%ic icio ioss "articular+ente rigurosas.
3. CONDICION CONDICIONES ES GENERALES GENERALES
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FACULTAD FACULTAD DE INGENIER IA CIVIL
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El ladr ladril illo lo no tend tendrá rá e0ces 0cesi% i%a a "or "orosid osidad ad!! ni tend tendrá rá 3.2 +ancas o %etas (lan*uecinas de origen salitroso s alitroso o de otro ti"o.
8. REQU REQUIS ISIT ITOS OS 8.) V'$%'&%1n !e !% !%men/%"ne/9 'l 'l'e"9 $e $e/%/-en&%' ' l' &"m6$en/%1n 4 !en/%!'!.7 El ladrillo ensaado +ediante los "rocedi+ientos descritos en la Nor+a ITINTEC 441.:19 Ele+ento de arcilla cocida. Ladrillos de arcilla usados en al(a3iler$a. M>todos de ensao! de(erá cu+"lir con las es"eci'caciones indicadas en la ta(la 1.
TABLA ): RESI STENCI A VARI ACI ON
DE LAALABEO
DI MENSI ON( 1) ( máx. en%)
TI PO
( 2) DENSI DAD ON ( ( máx. enCOMPRESI mí ni mo ( mí ni ma mm) g/ cm3 m3) daN/ cm2 m2)
NORMA MA
TECNI CA
I TI NTEC331. 018
Has t a Has t a Másde 10cm 15cm 15cm
I
ALA
NACI ONAL
en
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V
±3
±2
±1
2
180
1 , 7 0
Nota 1@ La %ariaci)n de la di+ensi)n se a"lica "ara todas cada una de las di+ensiones del ladril rillo está stá re#erid rida a las di+ensiones es"ec$'cas. Nota /@ El ala(eo se a"lica "ara conca%idad o con%e0idad.
8.* A/"$&%1n 4 &" &"e;&%en-e !e !e S' S'-$'&%1n.7 El ladrillo ensaado +ediante el "rocedi+iento descrito en la Nor+a ITINTEC 441.:19 441.:19 Ele+ento Ele+ento de Arcilla Arcilla cocida. Ladrillos de arcillas arcillas usados en al(a3ile iler$a. M>todos dos de ensaos! de(erá cu+"lir con las es"eci'caciones indicadas en la Ta(la /. TABLA *:
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FACULTAD FACULTAD DE INGENIER IA CIVIL
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Par a su per fic i es que no es t án en Cual qui e r c ont ac t odi r ec t oc on Ti po l l uv i ai nt ens a,t er r enooagua.
Ti posI I ,I I I ,I Vy V.
Ti p osI VyV.
Par as uper fi c i e s en c ont a ct od i r ec t o Ti posI I I ,I Vy c onl l uv i ai nt ens a, V.
Ti p osI VyV. Ni ngúnt i po.
t e r r e nooagu a.
TABLA ,:
CAPITULO III PROPIEDADES
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FISICAS J D%men/%"ne/: Largo! anco es"esor seg2n tolerancias de la NTP. J F"$m': Pla Planeidad de las cara aras! rectitud de las arista stas ortogonalidad de ángulos e0ternos! todas dentro de la tolerancia de la NTP. J E@"$e/&en&%': Mancas (lan*ui-cas o a+arillentas! se reca-an si "asa del /6 de su su"er'cie. J D%/0$e0'&%"ne/: No de(e des"renderse "or e#ecto de roce. No de(e +ancar el agua! tolera(le 4 *ue no cu+"le. J P'$-%!$': Má0i+o de 6 de ladrillos industriales 1:ladrillos artesanales. J S"n%!": e#ectuoso si se gol"e) so(re algo duro origina un sonido o"ado o a"agado. e(e ser de ti"o +etálico. J C"l"$ 4 Te-$': Por con%enio entre co+"rador #a(ricante se escoge el color de ladrillos! considerando de#ectuosos a los *ue no "resentan o+ogeneidad "or cocci)n dis"are,aD.
QUIMICAS J La arcill arcilla a es roca! roca! roca roca $gne $gnea a desco+" desco+"ues uesta ta *ue *ue se a #or+ #or+ado ado (a,o (a,o el calor la "resi)n tre+endos de la acci)n %olcánica! +ás tarde des"u>s e0"uestas a centurias de inter"erie. La arcilla tiene su
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CAPITULO IV CARACTERISTICAS DE LOS MATERIALES REFRECTARIOS En los ladrillos re#ractarios! e0isten r+ica! "ero "or ser "oroso el +aterial no resiste "eso. Estos dos a su %e- se clasi'can en
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CAPITULO V MATERIA PRIMA LA ARCILLA COMO MATERIA PRIMA. La consti stituci)n de las arcilla llas se e0"li "lica consid siderando las circunstancias de su #or+aci)n. A PH adecuado! el sol de s$lice! Si OHD/ #or+ado "or el ata*ue de rocas #eldes"ática! "ole+i-ar$a seg2n el "roceso de escrito al tratar de la #or+aci)n del gel de silicio. PROPIEDADES DE LAS ARCILLAS.
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F'/e !e De/&"m6"/%&%1n: Ter+ina acia los ;84 B "or la eli+inaci)n del agua de constituci)n.
F'/e !e Re'&&%1n: Hasta los 1584 B reacciona la s$lice la al2+ina "ara dar silli+atoria en reacci)n e0ot>r+ica. F'/e !e F/%1n: Se inicia acia los 1884 B des"rendiendo de las i+"ure-as. Cuando las a! #unden las "ri+eras #or+an %idrios *ue disuel%en +ullita! es"esándose.
AGUA COMO MATERIA PRIMA. El agua constitue un recurso #unda+ental "ara el sector industrial! as$ co+o "ara el desarrollo de las acti%idades agro"ecuarias! do+>sticas +uni +unici" ci"al ales es.. En "rin "rinci" ci"io io!! las las e0ist e0isten enci cias as de agua agua en el Plan Planet eta a "arecen ili+itadas. Sin e+(argo! de los cerca de 1.5 0 1: D+4 de agua e0istente en la tierra! +ás de un ;8 corres"onde a agua salada en
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CAPITULO VI PROCESO DE FABRICACION INDUSTRIAL Y ARTESANAL PROCESO DE FABRICACION INDUSTRIAL.
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+asa "asa a la e0trusi)n saliendo "or la +atri- o +olde con el "er' "er'll del del ladr ladril illo lo.. Pasa asa a una una cort cortad ador ora a tall tallan ando do a la +edi +edida da
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS
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lugares donde se %an a "roducir los ladrillos. Los +ateriales se "re"aran "re%ia+ente desde un d$a antes de "re"arar la +asa o+og>nea.
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS
FACULTAD FACULTAD DE INGENIER IA CIVIL
Me/&l':
Se "rocede a reali-ar una +escla de tres +ateriales arena! (arro tierra #>rtilD "re%io cernido! "ara e%itar "iedras "e*ue3as gru+os los cuales llegan a lasti+ar a la "ersona *ue está tra(a,ando en es"ecial es indesea(le "or *ue se "roducen "e*ue3as 'suras en los ladrillos. A la +escla de la tierra se le agrega agua e0tra$do de un "o-o o +or$a de tres +etros de "ro#undidad! dos o tres ocasiones todo esto en un es"acio al cual lla+an ca,ete! de(ido a las
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS
FACULTAD FACULTAD DE INGENIER IA CIVIL
Se&'!" 'l me!%" 'm%en-e:
Este consiste en e0"oner los ta(i*ues los cuales a #ueron retirados de los +oldes! estos son ordenados en #or+a lineal "ara *uedar e0"uestos tanto al sol co+o al %iento. Se agru"an los ladrillos en #or #or+a line lineal al!! lo *ue *ue se cono conoce ce "o"u "o"ula larr+ent +ente e co+o co+o
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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS
SEGÚN UNIDADES DE ALBAÑILERIA.
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