Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias U.B.A.
Elementos de Estadística Estadística Analítica
Área Bioestadística Bioestadística 2013
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PR OBABILIDAD P(A)= P(A) =
cantidad de casos favorables cantidad de casos posibles
1) TEOREMA DE LA SUMA DE PROBABILIDADES
P(A
B)= B) = P(A) P(A) + P(B) P(B) - P(A
B)
2) PROBABILIDAD CONDICIONAL P(A/B)= P(A/B) =
P(A
B)
P(B)
3) TEOREMA DEL PRODUCTO DE PROBABILIDADES P(A
B) = P(A/B).P(B ) = P(B/A).P(A )
4) ESPERANZA MATEMATICA Sea x una variable aleatoria con función de probabilidad p(x) o f(x):
1)E 1)E(X)= (X)= x i. p( x i ) si x es v. a. disc discre reta ta +
2)E( 2)E(X)= X)=
x.f( x.f(x) x).d .dx x si x es v. a. conti ontinu nua a -
5) DISTRIBUCION DE PROBABILIDAD A) DISTRIBUCIONES DISCRETAS:
A.1) DISTRIBUCION DE BERNOULLI x
p(x) =
p (1 - p )
1-x
para x = 0 y x = 1 ; 0
0 para otros valores de x
donde: E(X) = p ; V(X) = p(1-p)
A.2) DISTRIBUCION D ISTRIBUCION BINOMIAL BINOMIAL n p(x)= p(x) =
x
x
p (1 - p )
n-x
para x = 0, 0,1,..., n ; 0
0 para otros valores de x
donde:
r
P(X
r)= Bi(r, Bi(r, p,n)= p,n) = 0
n x
x
n-x
p (1- p )
E(X) E(X) = np ; V(X) V(X) = np(1- p)
p
1
p
1
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A.3) DISTRIBUCION DE POISSON x
e . para para x = 0,1,... 0,1,... ; > 0 p(x) p(x) = x! 0 para otros valores de x
donde:
r
P(X
e . x!
r)= r) = Po(r, Po(r, ,n) = 0
E(X) =
x
; V( V(X) =
La constante es considerada la tasa media de ocurrencia de los sucesos por unidad de tiempo o espacio.
B) DISTRIBUCIONES CONTINUAS : B.1) DISTRIBUCION NORMAL 2
f x (x, , Condiciones:
x
1
)= 2
(- ;+ ) ; E(X) E(X) =
e
2
-
2
1 2
2
(- ;+ ) ;
x
>0
2
; V(X) V(X) =
La función de distribución de probabilidad acumulada se define como: x
F(X)=
f(y).dy f(y).dy -
B.2) DISTRIBUCION NORMAL ESTANDARIZADA Sea la variable aleatoria:
con función de densidad:
Z =
(X -
) 1
f(z)= f(z) =
Z 2
e
2
2
para
-
Z
+
recibe el nombre de Distribución Normal Estandarizada o N(0;1), donde: E(Z) = 0
;
V(Z) = 1
La función de distribución de probabilidad acumulada está definida por: z
F(Z
z) =
f(Z).dZ f(Z).dZ -
Nota : f(-z)= f(z)
(-z)= (-z) = 1 - (z)
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B.3) DISTRIBUCION JI CUADRADO n
2
xi
Sea la variable aleatoria: V
n
i
i
i
i
1 con función de densidad: f
x
2
2
x
2
z i
x
1
2
2
e
para x
0
2
0
para x
0
recibe el nombre de función de densidad Ji cuadrado . Donde la letra representa el número de términos independientes y recibe el nombre de grados de libertad y: E(V) =
;
V(V) = 2
B.4) DISTRIBUCION t DE STUDENT Sea la variable aleatoria: t
Z V
1 f
1
2
t
2
t
1
2
2 recibe el nombre de función de densidad t de Student con
E(t) = 0 t
para
>1
V(t)= V(t) =
-2
grados de libertad, donde:
para
>2
;1;1-
f(t).dt = 1 -
= F( t
;1-
) = P( t
t ;1- )
-
B.5) DISTRIBUCION F DE SNEDECOR U
Sea la variable aleatoria: F =
2
donde U ~
1
V
1
2
y V ~
2
2
g(F) =
( 1
1+
/2
2) / 2 2
/2
1
.
1 2
/2
.
F
1/2
1 1+ 2
1+
1
/2
para F > 0
F
2
recibe el nombre de función de densidad F de Snedecor con donde:
1
y
2
grados de libertad,
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1) MEDIDAS DE POSICION
A.- MEDIA ARITMETICA ARITMETICA ( x ) x i n
* Para n valores observados no agrupados: x =
* Cuando los n valores están ordenados en una tabla de frecuencias:
x =
x 'i f i n
xi hi
B.- MEDIANA (Me) Dados n valores ordenados de menor a mayor o de mayor a menor, se define como Me:
Si n es impar: Me es la observación de la posición (n+1)/2 (PosMe)
Si n es par: Me es la media aritmética de las observaciones que correspondan a los 2 valores centrales.
Cuando la variable es cuantitativa continua y los datos están agrupados en una tabla de frecuencias:
Me x = L i + c
PosMe - F (i-1) f i
Donde: Li: Límite inferior del intervalo mediana. c: Amplitud del intervalo. F(i-1): Frecuencia acumulada del intervalo anterior al intervalo mediana. f i: Frecuencia absoluta del intervalo mediana.
C.- MODO (Md (Md o Mo) Para variables cuantitativas discretas, el modo es el valor de la variable de mayor frecuencia frecuencia simple. Cuando la variable es cuantitativa continua y los datos están agrupados en una tabla de frecuencias: 1
Mo = L i + c 1
+
2
Donde: 1
f (Max) f (ant)
2
f (Max) f (post)
Li: Límite inferior del intervalo Modal. c: Amplitud del intervalo Modal. f (post) (post): Frecuencia absoluta del intervalo posterior al intervalo Modal. f (ant) (ant): Frecuencia absoluta del intervalo anterior al intervalo Modal. f (Max) (Max): Frecuencia absoluta del intervalo Modal.
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Cuando los n valores están ordenados en una tabla de frecuencias:
1
2 x
s =
n -1
2
( xi f i ) x f n 2 i i
B.- DESVIO ESTANDAR (s x) 2
s x = sx
C.- COEFICIENTE DE VARIACION (C.V.) C.V. x % =
s x x
100
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ESTADISTICOS MAS EMPLEADOS A) NORMAL ESTANDAR
x -
Z =
Z =
/ n p - p ˆ
N (0;1)
p(1 - p)/n ˆ
Z =
~ N(0;1)
ˆ
p - p ˆ
N (0;1)
p(1 - p)/n
(x1 - x2 ) - ( μ 1 - μ2 )
Z =
2 1
2 2
~ N (0;1) (0;1)
( σ /n1 )+(σ /n2 ) Z =
( p 1 - p 2 ) - ( p 1 - p 2 ) ˆ
ˆ
1
p(1 - p) ˆ
ˆ
n1
+
N (0;1)
p = ˆ
1
x 1 + x 2 x x ; p 1 = 1 ; p 2 = 2 n1 + n 2 n1 n2 ˆ
ˆ
n2
p1
p2
ˆ
Z
ˆ
( p1
p1 (1 p1 )
p2 (1 p2 )
n1
n2
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ
x t= s x
B) t DE STUDENT
p2 )
N (0,1)
ˆ
~ t (n-1) n
t
x1 sa
x2 1
1
n1
2
1
n2
~ t n1
n2 2
2 a
s =
2 (n1 - 1) s x1 + (n2 - 1)s 2x2
n1
n2
2
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C) JI CUADRADO 2
2
k
( o i - e i )
= i=1
f 2
c
=
2 n 1
2 (k-1)
; donde ei = n.pi y k = N clases
2 2 (f -1)(c-1) -1)(c-1)
e ij
D) F DE SNEDECOR
2
~
2
ei
( o ij - e ij )
i=1 j=1
=
(n-1)s x2
; donde f = N filas y c = N columnas
2
s / F = 12 s 2 /
2 1 2 2
~ F (n1 -1); -1);((n2 -1) -1)
E) CORRECCIÓN DE TAMAÑO DE MUESTRA PARA POBLACIONES FINITAS N = Tamaño Tamaño de la población ; n0= tamaño de muestra hallado; nf = tamaño de muestra corregido
n f 1
n0 n0 N
F) PRUEBA DE WILCOXON DE RANGOS SIGNADOS T+ = sumando sumando los rangos correspondientes a las diferencias Positivas:
T
d
N (E(T), V(T))
N
n(n 4
1) n(n ;
1)(2n
1)
24
G) PRUEBA DE MANN WHITNEY n
T
ri ; siendo r i los rangos de una de las muestras i 1
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ANALISIS DE REGRESION a) Estimación de la ecuación de la regresión yi = a + bxi ˆ
a.1) Estimación de xi - x yi - y
b=
xi - x
2
ecuac ecuación ión de regres regresión ión estima estimada da
y xi
xi yi -
yi
n 2 ( xi ) 2 xi n
=
=
n. xi yi -( - ( xi )( )( yi ) n. xi2 - ( xi )
2
a = y - bx
a.2) Estimación de 1 s = n-2 2 e
2 b
V b = s = ˆ
2
σ
yi
2 i
y -
2
-b
n n.se2
n
xi2 -
xi
2
xi
2 i
2
x -
2
n se2
=
xi
2 i
x -
2
n
b) Estimación por intervalo de confianza b.1) Para t=
b2 b
s
~ t (n-2)
b.2) Para E(Yi) Dados n pares de valores (x i; yi), se estiman los parámetros del modelo: Y i =
+b
2
1
+
(x0 - x )
2
+ xi + ei
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d) Coeficiente de determinación (R²)
2 R =
b
2
(xi - x ) x ) yi
y
b
2
2
2
2
x i n
2 i
x -
=
y i
2 i
y -
2
n
e) Intervalo de predicción
Yn ˆ
1
tn
2;
s2 1
2
1
xn
n
n
x
1
xi
x
2
2
i 1
ó
a + bxn
1
t ( nn- 2) 2) ;( ;(1 -
/ 2) 2)
s
2 e
1 + n
1
(x n 2 i
1
x -
- x )
(
2
xi ) n
2
f) Análisis de varianza en Regresión Lineal Simple Fuentes de Variación Debida a la Regresión
G.L.
1
Suma de Cuadrados
b2
xi2
xi n
2
Cuadrados Medios
SC REG
SCREG
GL REG
1
F
CM REG CM RES
~ F GL
REG ;GLRES
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ANALISIS DE VAR IANZA – DISEÑO COMPLETAMENTE ALEATOR IZADO Fuentes de Variación
G.L.
Modelo o Tratamiento
Suma de Cuadrados
ni yi
y..
k 1
i 1 k
Error
2 i
ni 1 * s
n-k
2 s P
i 1
TOTAL
SC ERROR n k
n-1
2 P
s
n1 1 * s12 ...
nk 1 * sk 2
n1 ... nk k
Prueba de Kruskal Wallis H
12 N ( N 1)
Donde: N es el total de observaciones Ri . es el rango total de la muestra i Bajo Ho H
2 I 1
F
SC TRAT
2
k
k-1
Cuadrados Medios
I i
Ri. ² 1 ni
3( N 1)
CM TRAT CM ERROR
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ANALISIS DE COR R RE LACION a) Estimació Estimación n del coeficien coeficiente te de correlaci correlación( ón( ):
ˆ
=r=
x1i - x1 x1i - x1
x 2i - x2
2
x1i
x1i x2i -
x2 i - x 2
2
= x12i -
x1i n
x2i n
2
x22i -
x2 i
2
n
b) Docimasia de hipótesis Para
= 0 :
t H 0 =
r (n - 2) 2) 2
(1 - r )
~ t (n-2)
NOTA: Para los fines prácticos el valor del Coeficiente de Determinación ( R2) coincide numéricamente con:
2 2 R = r
c) Coeficiente de correlación de Spearman 6
d 2
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Elementos de Estadística – Estadística Analítica Distribución Binomial r n x n− x P( X ≤ r ) = p (1 − p ) 0 x
∑
p n
x
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
2
0
0,9025
0,8100
0,7225
0,6400
0,5625
0,4900
0,4225
0,3600
0,3025
0,2500
1
0,9975
0,9900
0,9775
0,9600
0,9375
0,9100
0,8775
0,8400
0,7975
0,7500
0
0,8574
0,7290
0,6141
0,5120
0,4219
0,3430
0,2746
0,2160
0,1664
0,1250
1 2
0,9928 0,9999
0,9720 0,9990
0,9393 0,9966
0,8960 0,9920
0,8438 0,9844
0,7840 0,9730
0,7183 0,9571
0,6480 0,9360
0,5748 0,9089
0,5000 0,8750
0
0,8145
0,6561
0,5220
0,4096
0,3164
0,2401
0,1785
0,1296
0,0915
0,0625
1 2 3
0,9860 0,9995
0,9477 0,9963
0,8905 0,9880
0,8192 0,9728
0,7383 0,9492
0,6517 0,9163
0,5630 0,8735
0,4752 0,8208
0,3910 0,7585
0,3125 0,6875
1,0000
0,9999
0,9995
0,9984
0,9961
0,9919
0,9850
0,9744
0,9590
0,9375
0
0,7738
0,5905
0,4437
0,3277
0,2373
0,1681
0,1160
0,0778
0,0503
0,0313
1 2 3
0,9774
0,9185
0,8352
0,7373
0,6328
0,5282
0,4284
0,3370
0,2562
0,1875
0,9988
0,9914
0,9734
0,9421
0,8965
0,8369
0,7648
0,6826
0,5931
0,5000
1,0000
0,9995
0,9978
0,9933
0,9844
0,9692
0,9460
0,9130
0,8688
0,8125
4
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9997
0,9990
0,9976
0,9947
0,9898
0,9815
0,9688
0
0,7351
0,5314
0,3771
0,2621
0,1780
0,1176
0,0754
0,0467
0,0277
0,0156
1
0,9672
0,8857
0,7765
0,6554
0,5339
0,4202
0,3191
0,2333
0,1636
0,1094
2 3
0,9978 0,9999
0,9842 0,9987
0,9527 0,9941
0,9011 0,9830
0,8306 0,9624
0,7443 0,9295
0,6471 0,8826
0,5443 0,8208
0,4415 0,7447
0,3438 0,6563
4 5
1,0000
0,9999
0,9996
0,9984
0,9954
0,9891
0,9777
0,9590
0,9308
0,8906
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9998
0,9993
0,9982
0,9959
0,9917
0,9844
0
0,6983
0,4783
0,3206
0,2097
0,1335
0,0824
0,0490
0,0280
0,0152
0,0078
1 2
0,9556
0,8503
0,7166
0,5767
0,4449
0,3294
0,2338
0,1586
0,1024
0,0625
0,9962
0,9743
0,9262
0,8520
0,7564
0,6471
0,5323
0,4199
0,3164
0,2266
3 4
0,9998 1,0000
0,9973 0,9998
0,9879 0,9988
0,9667 0,9953
0,9294 0,9871
0,8740 0,9712
0,8002 0,9444
0,7102 0,9037
0,6083 0,8471
0,5000 0,7734
5 6
1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000
0,9999 1,0000
0,9996 1,0000
0,9987 0,9999
0,9962 0,9998
0,9910 0,9994
0,9812 0,9984
0,9643 0,9963
0,9375 0,9922
3
4
5
6
7
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Elementos de Estadística – Estadística Analítica Distribución Binomial (continuación) p n
x
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
11
0
0,5688
0,3138
0,1673
0,0859
0,0422
0,0198
0,0088
0,0036
0,0014
0,0005
1 2
0,8981 0,9848
0,6974 0,9104
0,4922 0,7788
0,3221 0,6174
0,1971 0,4552
0,1130 0,3127
0,0606 0,2001
0,0302 0,1189
0,0139 0,0652
0,0059 0,0327
3 4
0,9984 0,9999
0,9815 0,9972
0,9306 0,9841
0,8389 0,9496
0,7133 0,8854
0,5696 0,7897
0,4256 0,6683
0,2963 0,5328
0,1911 0,3971
0,1133 0,2744
5 6 7
1,0000
0,9997
0,9973
0,9883
0,9657
0,9218
0,8513
0,7535
0,6331
0,5000
1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000
0,9997 1,0000
0,9980 0,9998
0,9924 0,9988
0,9784 0,9957
0,9499 0,9878
0,9006 0,9707
0,8262 0,9390
0,7256 0,8867
8 9
1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000
0,9999 1,0000
0,9994 1,0000
0,9980 0,9998
0,9941 0,9993
0,9852 0,9978
0,9673 0,9941
10
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9998
0,9995
0
0,5404
0,2824
0,1422
0,0687
0,0317
0,0138
0,0057
0,0022
0,0008
0,0002
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0,8816
0,6590
0,4435
0,2749
0,1584
0,0850
0,0424
0,0196
0,0083
0,0032
0,9804
0,8891
0,7358
0,5583
0,3907
0,2528
0,1513
0,0834
0,0421
0,0193
0,9978
0,9744
0,9078
0,7946
0,6488
0,4925
0,3467
0,2253
0,1345
0,0730
0,9998
0,9957
0,9761
0,9274
0,8424
0,7237
0,5833
0,4382
0,3044
0,1938
1,0000
0,9995
0,9954
0,9806
0,9456
0,8822
0,7873
0,6652
0,5269
0,3872
1,0000
0,9999
0,9993
0,9961
0,9857
0,9614
0,9154
0,8418
0,7393
0,6128
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9994
0,9972
0,9905
0,9745
0,9427
0,8883
0,8062
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9996
0,9983
0,9944
0,9847
0,9644
0,9270
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9998
0,9992
0,9972
0,9921
0,9807
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9997
0,9989
0,9968
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9998
12
13
0
0,5133
0,2542
0,1209
0,0550
0,0238
0,0097
0,0037
0,0013
0,0004
0,0001
1 2 3 4 5
0,8646 0,9755
0,6213 0,8661
0,3983 0,6920
0,2336 0,5017
0,1267 0,3326
0,0637 0,2025
0,0296 0,1132
0,0126 0,0579
0,0049 0,0269
0,0017 0,0112
0,9969
0,9658
0,8820
0,7473
0,5843
0,4206
0,2783
0,1686
0,0929
0,0461
0,9997
0,9935
0,9658
0,9009
0,7940
0,6543
0,5005
0,3530
0,2279
0,1334
1,0000
0,9991
0,9925
0,9700
0,9198
0,8346
0,7159
0,5744
0,4268
0,2905
6 7
1,0000 1,0000
0,9999 1,0000
0,9987 0,9998
0,9930 0,9988
0,9757 0,9944
0,9376 0,9818
0,8705 0,9538
0,7712 0,9023
0,6437 0,8212
0,5000 0,7095
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Elementos de Estadística – Estadística Analítica Distribución Dis tribución Binomial (continuación) p n
x
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
15
0
0,4633
0,2059
0,0874
0,0352
0,0134
0,0047
0,0016
0,0005
0,0001
0,0000
1
0,8290
0,5490
0,3186
0,1671
0,0802
0,0353
0,0142
0,0052
0,0017
0,0005
2
0,9638
0,8159
0,6042
0,3980
0,2361
0,1268
0,0617
0,0271
0,0107
0,0037
3
0,9945
0,9444
0,8227
0,6482
0,4613
0,2969
0,1727
0,0905
0,0424
0,0176
4
0,9994
0,9873
0,9383
0,8358
0,6865
0,5155
0,3519
0,2173
0,1204
0,0592
5
0,9999
0,9978
0,9832
0,9389
0,8516
0,7216
0,5643
0,4032
0,2608
0,1509
6
1,0000
0,9997
0,9964
0,9819
0,9434
0,8689
0,7548
0,6098
0,4522
0,3036
7
1,0000
1,0000
0,9994
0,9958
0,9827
0,9500
0,8868
0,7869
0,6535
0,5000
8
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9992
0,9958
0,9848
0,9578
0,9050
0,8182
0,6964
9
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9992
0,9963
0,9876
0,9662
0,9231
0,8491
10
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9993
0,9972
0,9907
0,9745
0,9408
11
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9995
0,9981
0,9937
0,9824
12
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9997
0,9989
0,9963
13
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9995
14
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0
0,4401
0,1853
0,0743
0,0281
0,0100
0,0033
0,0010
0,0003
0,0001
0,0000
1
0,8108
0,5147
0,2839
0,1407
0,0635
0,0261
0,0098
0,0033
0,0010
0,0003
2
0,9571
0,7892
0,5614
0,3518
0,1971
0,0994
0,0451
0,0183
0,0066
0,0021
3
0,9930
0,9316
0,7899
0,5981
0,4050
0,2459
0,1339
0,0651
0,0281
0,0106
4
0,9991
0,9830
0,9209
0,7982
0,6302
0,4499
0,2892
0,1666
0,0853
0,0384
5
0,9999
0,9967
0,9765
0,9183
0,8103
0,6598
0,4900
0,3288
0,1976
0,1051
6
1,0000
0,9995
0,9944
0,9733
0,9204
0,8247
0,6881
0,5272
0,3660
0,2272
7
1,0000
0,9999
0,9989
0,9930
0,9729
0,9256
0,8406
0,7161
0,5629
0,4018
8
1,0000
1,0000
0,9998
0,9985
0,9925
0,9743
0,9329
0,8577
0,7441
0,5982
9
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9998
0,9984
0,9929
0,9771
0,9417
0,8759
0,7728
10
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9997
0,9984
0,9938
0,9809
0,9514
0,8949
11
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9997
0,9987
0,9951
0,9851
0,9616
12
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9998
0,9991
0,9965
0,9894
13
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9994
0,9979
16
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Elementos de Estadística – Estadística Analítica Distribución Binomial (continuación) p n
x
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
18
0 1 2 3
0,3972
0,1501
0,0536
0,0180
0,0056
0,0016
0,0004
0,0001
0,0000
0,0000
0,7735 0,9419
0,4503 0,7338
0,2241 0,4797
0,0991 0,2713
0,0395 0,1353
0,0142 0,0600
0,0046 0,0236
0,0013 0,0082
0,0003 0,0025
0,0001 0,0007
0,9891
0,9018
0,7202
0,5010
0,3057
0,1646
0,0783
0,0328
0,0120
0,0038
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
0,9985 0,9998
0,9718 0,9936
0,8794 0,9581
0,7164 0,8671
0,5187 0,7175
0,3327 0,5344
0,1886 0,3550
0,0942 0,2088
0,0411 0,1077
0,0154 0,0481
1,0000 1,0000
0,9988 0,9998
0,9882 0,9973
0,9487 0,9837
0,8610 0,9431
0,7217 0,8593
0,5491 0,7283
0,3743 0,5634
0,2258 0,3915
0,1189 0,2403
1,0000
1,0000
0,9995
0,9957
0,9807
0,9404
0,8609
0,7368
0,5778
0,4073
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9991
0,9946
0,9790
0,9403
0,8653
0,7473
0,5927
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9998
0,9988
0,9939
0,9788
0,9424
0,8720
0,7597
1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000
0,9998 1,0000
0,9986 0,9997
0,9938 0,9986
0,9797 0,9942
0,9463 0,9817
0,8811 0,9519
1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000
0,9997 1,0000
0,9987 0,9998
0,9951 0,9990
0,9846 0,9962
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9993
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0 1 2 3
0,3774
0,1351
0,0456
0,0144
0,0042
0,0011
0,0003
0,0001
0,0000
0,0000
0,7547
0,4203
0,1985
0,0829
0,0310
0,0104
0,0031
0,0008
0,0002
0,0000
0,9335 0,9868
0,7054 0,8850
0,4413 0,6841
0,2369 0,4551
0,1113 0,2631
0,0462 0,1332
0,0170 0,0591
0,0055 0,0230
0,0015 0,0077
0,0004 0,0022
4 5
0,9980 0,9998
0,9648 0,9914
0,8556 0,9463
0,6733 0,8369
0,4654 0,6678
0,2822 0,4739
0,1500 0,2968
0,0696 0,1629
0,0280 0,0777
0,0096 0,0318
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1,0000
0,9983
0,9837
0,9324
0,8251
0,6655
0,4812
0,3081
0,1727
0,0835
1,0000
0,9997
0,9959
0,9767
0,9225
0,8180
0,6656
0,4878
0,3169
0,1796
1,0000
1,0000
0,9992
0,9933
0,9713
0,9161
0,8145
0,6675
0,4940
0,3238
1,0000
1,0000
0,9999
0,9984
0,9911
0,9674
0,9125
0,8139
0,6710
0,5000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9997
0,9977
0,9895
0,9653
0,9115
0,8159
0,6762
1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000
0,9995 0,9999
0,9972 0,9994
0,9886 0,9969
0,9648 0,9884
0,9129 0,9658
0,8204 0,9165
19
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Elementos de Estadística – Estadística Analítica Distribución Normal Estándar P ( Z < zα ) = α Zα
0
0,01
0,02 0,02
0,03 0,03
-0,0
0,50000
0,49601
0,49202
0,48803
0,48405
0,48006
-0,1
0,46017
0,45620
0,45224
0,44828
0,44433
-0,2
0,42074
0,41683
0,41294
0,40905
-0,3
0,38209
0,37828
0,37448
-0,4
0,34458
0,34090
0,33724
-0,5
0,30854
0,30503
-0,6
0,27425
-0,7
0,04
0,05
0,06 0,06
0,07
0,08
0,09
0,47608
0,47210
0,46812
0,46414
0,44038
0,43644
0,43251
0,42858
0,42465
0,40517
0,40129
0,39743
0,39358
0,38974
0,38591
0,37070
0,36693
0,36317
0,35942
0,35569
0,35197
0,34827
0,33360
0,32997
0,32636
0,32276
0,31918
0,31561
0,31207
0,30153
0,29806
0,29460
0,29116
0,28774
0,28434
0,28096
0,27760
0,27093
0,26763
0,26435
0,26109
0,25785
0,25463
0,25143
0,24825
0,24510
0,24196
0,23885
0,23576
0,23270
0,22965
0,22663
0,22363
0,22065
0,21770
0,21476
-0,8
0,21186
0,20897
0,20611
0,20327
0,20045
0,19766
0,19489
0,19215
0,18943
0,18673
-0,9
0,18406
0,18141
0,17879
0,17619
0,17361
0,17106
0,16853
0,16602
0,16354
0,16109
-1,0
0,15866
0,15625
0,15386
0,15151
0,14917
0,14686
0,14457
0,14231
0,14007
0,13786
-1,1
0,13567
0,13350
0,13136
0,12924
0,12714
0,12507
0,12302
0,12100
0,11900
0,11702
-1,2
0,11507
0,11314
0,11123
0,10935
0,10749
0,10565
0,10383
0,10204
0,10027
0,09853
-1,3
0,09680
0,09510
0,09342
0,09176
0,09012
0,08851
0,08692
0,08534
0,08379
0,08226
-1,4
0,08076
0,07927
0,07780
0,07636
0,07493
0,07353
0,07215
0,07078
0,06944
0,06811
-1,5
0,06681
0,06552
0,06426
0,06301
0,06178
0,06057
0,05938
0,05821
0,05705
0,05592
-1,6
0,05480
0,05370
0,05262
0,05155
0,05050
0,04947
0,04846
0,04746
0,04648
0,04551
-1,7
0,04457
0,04363
0,04272
0,04182
0,04093
0,04006
0,03920
0,03836
0,03754
0,03673
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Elementos de Estadística – Estadística Analítica Distribución Normal Estándar (continuación) P ( Z < z1−α ) = 1 − α Z1-α
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,0
0,50000
0,50399
0,50798
0,51197
0,51595
0,1
0,53983
0,54380
0,54776
0,55172
0,2
0,57926
0,58317
0,58706
0,3
0,61791
0,62172
0,4
0,65542
0,65910
0,5
0,69146
0,6
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08 0,08
0,09
0,51994
0,52392
0,52790
0,53188
0,53586
0,55567
0,55962
0,56356
0,56749
0,57142
0,57535
0,59095
0,59483
0,59871
0,60257
0,60642
0,61026
0,61409
0,62552
0,62930
0,63307
0,63683
0,64058
0,64431
0,64803
0,65173
0,66276
0,66640
0,67003
0,67364
0,67724
0,68082
0,68439
0,68793
0,69497
0,69847
0,70194
0,70540
0,70884
0,71226
0,71566
0,71904
0,72240
0,72575
0,72907
0,73237
0,73565
0,73891
0,74215
0,74537
0,74857
0,75175
0,75490
0,7
0,75804
0,76115
0,76424
0,76730
0,77035
0,77337
0,77637
0,77935
0,78230
0,78524
0,8
0,78814
0,79103
0,79389
0,79673
0,79955
0,80234
0,80511
0,80785
0,81057
0,81327
0,9
0,81594
0,81859
0,82121
0,82381
0,82639
0,82894
0,83147
0,83398
0,83646
0,83891
1,0
0,84134
0,84375
0,84614
0,84849
0,85083
0,85314
0,85543
0,85769
0,85993
0,86214
1,1
0,86433
0,86650
0,86864
0,87076
0,87286
0,87493
0,87698
0,87900
0,88100
0,88298
1,2
0,88493
0,88686
0,88877
0,89065
0,89251
0,89435
0,89617
0,89796
0,89973
0,90147
1,3
0,90320
0,90490
0,90658
0,90824
0,90988
0,91149
0,91308
0,91466
0,91621
0,91774
1,4
0,91924
0,92073
0,92220
0,92364
0,92507
0,92647
0,92785
0,92922
0,93056
0,93189
1,5
0,93319
0,93448
0,93574
0,93699
0,93822
0,93943
0,94062
0,94179
0,94295
0,94408
1,6
0,94520
0,94630
0,94738
0,94845
0,94950
0,95053
0,95154
0,95254
0,95352
0,95449
1,7
0,95543
0,95637
0,95728
0,95818
0,95907
0,95994
0,96080
0,96164
0,96246
0,96327
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Elementos de Estadística – Estadística Analítica Distribución t de Student P ( t n < t n ;1−α ) = 1 − α
1-α n
0,600
0,700
0,800
0,900
0,950
0,975
0,990
0,995
0,999
0,9995
1
0,325
0,727
1,376
3,078
6,314
12,706
31,821
63,656
318,289
636,578
2
0,289
0,617
1,061
1,886
2,920
4,303
6,965 6, 965
9,925 9,92 5
22,328
31,600
3
0,277
0,584
0,978
1,638
2,353
3,182
4,541 4, 541
5,841 5,84 1
10,214
12,924
4
0,271
0,569
0,941
1,533
2,132
2,776
3,747
4,604
7,173
8,610
5
0,267
0,559
0,920
1,476
2,015
2,571
3,365
4,032
5,894
6,869
6
0,265
0,553
0,906
1,440
1,943
2,447
3,143
3,707
5,208
5,959
7
0,263
0,549
0,896
1,415
1,895
2,365
2,998
3,499
4,785
5,408
8
0,262
0,546
0,889
1,397
1,860
2,306
2,896
3,355
4,501
5,041
9
0,261
0,543
0,883
1,383
1,833
2,262
2,821
3,250
4,297
4,781
10
0,260
0,542
0,879
1,372
1,812
2,228
2,764
3,169
4,144
4,587
11
0,260
0,540
0,876
1,363
1,796
2,201
2,718
3,106
4,025
4,437
12
0,259
0,539
0,873
1,356
1,782
2,179
2,681
3,055
3,930
4,318
13
0,259
0,538
0,870
1,350
1,771
2,160
2,650
3,012
3,852
4,221
14
0,258
0,537
0,868
1,345
1,761
2,145
2,624
2,977
3,787
4,140
15
0,258
0,536
0,866
1,341
1,753
2,131
2,602
2,947
3,733
4,073
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Elementos de Estadística – Estadística Analítica Distribución χ2 (chi cuadrado) P ( χ n < χ n; p ) = p 2
2
p n 0,005 0,010 0, 010 1 0,00004 0,00016 2 0,0100 0,0201 3 0,0717 0,1148 4 0,2070 0,2971 5 0,4118 0,5543 6 0,6757 0,8721 7 0,9893 1,239 1,344 1,647 8 1,735 2,088 9 2,558 10 2,156 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
0,025
0,050
0,100 0,250 0, 250 0,500 0, 500 0,750 0,900 0,950 0,975 0,990 0,995 0,999
0,00098 0,00393 0,01579 0,10153 0,45494 1,323
2,706
3,841
5,024
6,635
7,879
10,827
0,0506
0,1026
0,2107
0,5754
1,386
2,773
4,605
5,991
7,378
9,210
10,597 13,815
0,2158
0,3518
0,5844
1,213
2,366
4,108
6,251
7,815
9,348
11,345 12,838 16,266
0,4844
0,7107
1,064
1,923
3,357
5,385
7,779
9,488
11,143 13,277 14,860 18,466
0,8312
1,145
1,610
2,675
4,351
6,626
9,236
11,070 12,832 15,086 16,750 20,515
1,2373
1,635
2,204
3,455
5,348
7,841
10,645 12,592 14,449 16,812 18,548 22,457
1,690
2,167
2,833
4,255
6,346
9,037
12,017 14,067 16,013 18,475 20,278 24,321
2,180
2,733
3,490
5,071
7,344
10,219 13,362 15,507 17,535 20,090 21,955 26,124
2,700
3,325
4,168
5,899
8,343
11,389 14,684 16,919 19,023 21,666 23,589 27,877
3,247
3,940
4,865
6,737
9,342
12,549 15,987 18,307 20,483 23,209 25,188 29,588
2,603
3,053
3,816
4,575
5,578
7,584
10,341 13,701 17,275 19,675 21,920 24,725 26,757 31,264
3,074
3,571
4,404
5,226
6,304
8,438
11,340 14,845 18,549 21,026 23,337 26,217 28,300 32,909
3,565
4,107
5,009
5,892
7,041
9,299
12,340 15,984 19,812 22,362 24,736 27,688 29,819 34,527
4,075
4,660
5,629
6,571
7,790
10,165
13,339 17,117 21,064 23,685 26,119 29,141 31,319 36,124
4,601
5,229
6,262
7,261
8,547
11,037
14,339 18,245 22,307 24,996 27,488 30,578 32,801 37,698
5,142
5,812
6,908
7,962
9,312
11,912
15,338 19,369 23,542 26,296 28,845 32,000 34,267 39,252
5,697
6,408
7,564
8,672
10,085
12,792
16,338 20,489 24,769 27,587 30,191 33,409 35,718 40,791
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Elementos de Estadística – Estadística Analítica
Distribución r de Spearman
(
P rS > r S n
n ;α
)≤
α
α
n
0,001
0,005
0,010
0,025
0,050
0,100
4
---
---
---
---
0,8000
0,8000
5
---
---
0,9000
0,9000
0,8000
0,7000
6
---
0,9429
0,8857
0,8286
0,7714
0,6000
7
0,9643
0,8929
0,8571
0,7450
0,6786
0,5357
8
0,9286
0,8571
0,8095
0,7143
0,6190
0,5000
9
0,9000
0,8167
0,7667
0,6833
0,5833
0,4667