The Utilization of Bottom Ash as an Alternative Black Ink
A Science Investigatory Project (S.I.P) Presented to the Faculty of International School for Better Beginnings Lucena City
Proponents a!rielle Adriana "ivera #hara $ill %agan %agan &adeline 'leanor y Brent &atthe Lagaya *enry Loren+ "aco,a
A+aneth Avila "esearch Adviser
ABSTRACT
It is nearly i,possi!le today to i,agine ho orld ould have !een today ithout the invention of in- and the technology e are currently using. #he ,odern technology that e are using today has su!stantially changed the ay e co,,unicate. %e can send instant ,essages e can ,a-e calls and send e,ail fro, anyhere henever e ant. #hings eren/t that si,ple if e thin- a!out the past days of history hen the only ay of co,,unicating as either the face to face conversation or riting letters in in-.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Backro!n" of the St!"#
%riting has played one of the ,ost i,portant role in the creation of the ,odern orld. *u,ans are dependent in the ritings fro, the past and in- has ,ade the cognition of those events possi!le. Although the i,portance of in- usually goes unnoticed it has left a ,ar- on our every day use. It has developed a lot over the centuries and ,ade co,,unication possi!le. As early as the 01rd century BC the use of in- has !een traced already and it continues to !e accusto,ed up to no. In- is very i,portant to al,ost everyone since it could !e used fro, si,ple to co,ple2 ays. Its production has evolved fro, different ,ediu,s co,posed of solvents pig,ents dyes and other ,aterials. Botto, Ash refers to a non3co,!usti!le residue of co,!ustion in a furnace or incinerator. 4oadays !otto, ash can !e e2tracted cooled and conveyed. It ,ay !e used as different ra alternative ,aterial. #he effectivity of in- is usually ,easured in to aspects its color intensity adhesion. and life span of colors Color intensity refers to the !rightness or dullness of a color. Adhesion is the tendency of dissi,ilar particles or surfaces to cling to ane another. Life span of color refers to the length of ti,e it ill ta-e !efore a color fades. Printers are e2ternal hardare device responsi!le for ta-ing co ,puter data and generating a hard copy of that data. It is one of the ,ost used peripherals on co,puters. A cartridge is a co,ponent of an in-jet printer that contains the in- that is deposited on to paper during printing. Poer plants are industrial facility for the generation of electric
poer. In the Philippines coal generated ther,al poer plants are the ,ost co,,on hich produces !y3products such as fly ash and !otto, ash. Since the price of in- are very high at ti,es not everyone can afford. #his is a !ig pro!le, to ,any citi+ens since in- is used al,ost every day. In schools and offices people use in- to per,anently record data. iven that in- e,poers the daily lives of hu,ans the researchers ca,e up ith a possi!le solution to ,a-e a ay to produce in- ith a different co,ponent and help reduce the price of In-s ith this ,aterial. %ith this study the researchers could also ,a-e use of !otto, ashes that are co,,only just stoc-ed and placed in a particular place to !e -ept. #he study ill also help in reducing pollution since the ,aterial ill !e derived fro, astes of coal poer plants. #his ill !e used as an alternative source of in- and ill !e used for printing on in-jet printers.
Statement of the Pro$lem
#he study entitled %The Utilization of Bottom Ash as an Alternative Black Ink& generally ai,s to produce !lac- printer in- fro, !otto, ash.
Specifically this study ai,s to5 6. Co,pare the effectiveness of Botto, Ash as !lac- in- for printers in each setup of varied a,ount of ater and !otto, ash in ter,s of its color intensity adhesion and lifespan of colors. a. 07 ,L ater 78,L !otto, ash !. 78 ,L ater 78 ,L !otto, ash c. 78 ,L ater 07 ,L !otto, ash 0. &easure the co,pati!ility of Botto, Ash in- in in-jet printers in ter,s of5
A.
Printer9s condition and
!.
Cartridges
1. Find out the significant difference !eteen the effectiveness of Botto, Ash as !lac- printer for printers to the co,,ercial one in ter,s of5 a.
Color Intensity
!.
Adhesion and
c.
Life span of its colors
Sinificance of the St!"#
In every school offices shops and even so,e houses have printers. #his ,achine is one of the necessities of this generation. It serves as a printing ,edia that uses co,,ercially availa!le in- that co,es in various colors. Printer is ,ade use in various ays that helps us do our or- ,ore efficiently. It is idely used in printing different outputs of students records and reports in offices photos and ,ore. %ith the ide and clear function of printer it significance is high ithout a dou!t. Creating alternative !lac- printer in- out of coal ash specifically !otto, ash ill help in increasing the sources of in- orldide. Botto, ash is a!undant fro, coal poered ther,al poer plants. #hese ashes are usually left ithout use. #he producer as ell as the consu,er ill !enefit fro, this study. sing !otto, ash to ,a-e in- ill significantly ,ini,i+e the arsenic deposit in ash lagoons here it is stored. #hus it could help in reducing pollution that the !y3products fro, coal poer plants produce. Being a!le to create ne alternative in- ill also open ne livelihood opportunities. #his alternative in- ill also open opportunities to everyone since it is
cheaper and easier to ac:uire. *aving ne product ne jo!s and especially a healthier environ,ent can surely lead to a !etter socio3econo,ic status of the country.
Sco'e an" (imitations
#his study entitled %The Utilization of Bottom Ash as an Alternative Black Ink& generally ai,s to create an alternative printer in- fro, a !y3product of coal hich
is !otto, ash and deter,ine its effectivity in ter,s of color intensity adhesion and lifespan of colors. In addition this study ill !e conducted at Lucena City. #his study is li,ited in producing !lac- printer in- that is co,pati!le to in-jet printers as an alternative to those that are co,,ercially availa!le.
H#'othesis
*o5 #here is no significant difference !eteen the effectivity of the !otto, ash in- and the co,,ercial one in ter,s of color intensity adhesion and its color span. *o5 #here is no significant difference a,ong the effectiveness of Botto, Ash as !lac- in- for printers in each setup of varied a,ount of ater and !otto, ash in ter,s of its color intensity adhesion and lifespan of colors.
Definition of Terms
Adhesion is the action or process of adhering to a surface or o!ject Bottom Ash is a part of the non3co,!usti!le residue of co,!ustion in a furnace or
incinerator . Cartridge or in-jet cartridge is a co,ponent of an in-jet printer that contains the in- that
is deposited onto paper during printing. Coal is a variety of solid co,!usti!le sedi,entary organic roc-s for,ed fro,
vegetation that has !een consolidated !eteen other roc- strata and altered !y the co,!ined effects of pressure and heat over ,illions of years . Color Intensity refers to the purity of a hue and is also -non as Chro,a or Saturation. Global warming is une:uivocal continuing rise in the average te,perature of 'arth9s
cli,ate syste, . Ink is a colored fluid used for riting draing printing or duplicating. Lifespan of color refers to the length of ti,e it ill ta-e !efore a color fades. Power Plant is an industrial facility for the generation of electric poer. Printer is a device that accepts te2t and graphic output fro, a co,puter and transfers
infor,ation to paper.
CHAPTER II RE)IE* O+ RE(ATED (ITERATURE AND STUDIES
Po,er 'lant
A poer station is an industrial facility for the generation of electric poer . &ost poer stations in the orld !urn fossil fuels such as coal oil and natural gas to generate electricity. ;thers use nuclear poer !ut there is an increasing use of cleaner renea!le sources such as solar ind ave and hydroelectric.Coal plants are the nation9s top source of car!on dio2ide (C;0) e,issions the pri,ary cause of glo!al ar,ing. A typical 788 ,egaatt coal plant !urns 6.< ,illion tons of coal each year. Coal pollutes hen it is ,ined transported to the poer plant stored and !urned. Al,ost all coal plants operating today use =pulveri+ed coal> technology hich involves grinding the coal !urning it to ,a-e stea, and running the stea, through a tur!ine to generate electricity. ;f the ,any environ,ental and pu!lic health ris-s associated ith coal the ,ost serious in ter,s of its universal and potentially irreversi!le conse:uences is glo!al ar,ing. Coal3fired poer plants are the largest single source of car!on dio2ide e,issions in the nited States e,itting as ,uch as all ,odes o f transportation co,!ined in 088?. (B. @ennedy 088?) Coal
Coal is a co,!usti!le !lac- or !ronish3!lac- sedi,entary roc- usually occurring in roc- strata in layers or veins called coal !eds or coal sea,s. #hroughout history coal has !een used as an energy resource pri,arily !urned for the It is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity orldide as ell as one of the largest orldide
anthropogenic sources of car!on dio2idereleases.production of electricity andor heat and is also used for industrial purposes such as refining ,etals. (&. Blander 0866) Bottom ash
Botto, ash is part of the non3co,!usti!le residue of co,!ustion in a furnace or incinerator . #he portion of the ash that escapes up the chi,ney or stac- is hoever referred to as fly ash. 4oadays !otto, ash can !e e2tracted cooled and conveyed using dry ash technology fro, various co,panies. ry ash handling has ,any !enefits. %hen left dry the ash can !e used to ,a-e concrete and other useful ,aterials. Botto, ash ,ay !e used as ra alternative ,aterial replacing earth or sand or aggregates for e2a,ple in road construction and in ce,ent -ilns . A noticea!le other use is as groing ,ediu, in horticulture. A pioneer use of !otto, ash as in the production of concrete !loc-s used to construct ,any high3rise flats in London in the 6D8s. (@.Crillesen et al. 0881) Ink
'arly in-s can !e traced !ac- to the 01rd century BC. 'arly in-s ere utili+ed fro, natural plants ani,als and ,ineral in-s !ased on such ,aterials as graphite that ere ground ith ater and applied ith in- !rushes. #he !est in-s for draing or painting on paper or sil- are produced fro, the resin of the pine tree. India in- as first invented in China.#he traditional Chinese ,ethod of ,a-ing the in- as to grind a ,i2ture of hide glue car!on !lac- la,p!lac- and !one !lac- pig,ent ith a pestle and ,ortar then pouring it into a cera,ic dish here it could dry. #he practice of riting ith in- and a sharp pointed needle as co,,on in early South India. In- is used for draing or riting ith a pen !rush or :uill. #hic-er in-s in paste for, are used e2tensively in letterpress and lithographic printing.#oday pen in- is produced folloing a si,ilar for,ula no as it as then5 a color3rich su!stance is
suspended ith sta!ili+ers in a li:uid that a pen can push across paper. Innovations in che,istry since have added variety to in-/s che,ical co,position. In- can !e o!tained fro, alternative ,aterials such as charcoal. #he a,ount of used engine oil affects the intensity of color and as ell as the :uality of the end product. #he less used engine oil is applied the less intense the color ill get. Charcoal a light !lac- residue consisting of car!on and any re,aining ash can !e used to create an alternative hite!oard ,ar-er in- as the latter can !e classified as car!on in-s. (Castillo F. 0861) Printer
#he orld/s first co,puter printer as a 6th3century ,echanically driven apparatus invented !y Charles Ba!!age hich used a series of ,etal rods ith characters printed on the, and stuc- a roll of paper against the rods to print the characters. #he de,and for higher speed led to the develop,ent of ne syste,s specifically for co,puter use. A,ong the syste,s idely used through the 6E8s ere daisy heel syste,s si,ilar to typeriters line printers that produced si,ilar output !ut at ,uch higher speed and dot ,atri2 syste,s that could ,i2 te2t and graphics !ut produced relatively lo3:uality output. By the 0888s high3:uality printers of this sort had fallen under the 688 price point and !eca,e co,,onplace. ($. L. Ga!le 4ove,!er 6?) #he four printer :ualities of ,ost interest to ,ost users are color resolution speed and ,e,ory. #he choice of print technology has a great effect on the cost of the printer and cost of operation speed :uality and per,anence of docu,ents and noise. A second aspect of printer technology that is often forgotten is resistance to alteration is li:uid in- . It is ,uch i,portant to consider the :uality of an in- since this ill ,ar- the docu,ents into the paper. (H. Herhaeghe 088?)
#he present study ill !e si,ilar to that of =In- ,ade fro, #ea (Camellis sinensis) > in the folloing aspects. Both studies consider creating a alternative in- out of cheap ,aterials. #he difference if that the present study uses an e2peri,ental varia!le of !otto, ash. #he related study included in the study =Feasi!ility of Charcoal as a Blac- In-> is also si,ilar to the present study in a sense that !oth study o!serves ho co,!usti!le ,aterials as an alternative in-. Both studies also see- to reduce e2cess pollution fro, city astes. #his gave the researcher the idea of using another varia!le that can !e ,ade into an alternative in-. #he study =Production of !ron in- out of ,elina ar!orea fruit> helped the present study in !roadening its scope of significance. #he past study uses a natural plant to create a pen in- as co,pared to the present study hich ai,s to create an in- that can !e used in printers. #he study entitled =Fly ash as an Additive to Concrete> used varia!les that ere ta-en fro, poer plant e2hausts. Both the past and the present studies also ai, to reduce pollution through recycling these ashes.
CHAPTER III -ETHODO(O./ -aterials an" -etho"s
#he e2peri,ent in the =tili+ation of Botto, Ash as an Alternative Blac- In-> involves three parts of ,ethods. First is the gathering of ,aterials. #he researchers re:uired the folloing ,aterials in conducting their e2peri,entation5 !otto, ash ater paper cups ,easuring cup and a spoon. Second is the actual procedure in ,a-ing the Blac- In- out of the prepared ,aterials. #o create the ,i2ture the researchers first pulveri+ed the !otto, ash until it is refined into pieces. 4e2t the researchers ,easured the !otto, ash and ater using the ,easuring cups and put it in a container. #he ,i2ture as then ,i2ed until it has a s,ooth te2ture. ;nce the solution as ,i2ed up the researchers transferred the product in an e,pty cartridge using a ,edicine dropper. #he results ere o!served and recorded. #o test the differences the researchers created different ,i2tures that varies in the ,easure,ents of the ,ain ,aterials. #hird is the testing and the co,parison of the different ,i2tures.
&aterials
Botto, Ash
lass Container
&easuring ':uip,ent
%ater
Treatments an" .eneral Proce"!re
#he researchers prepared to treat,ents to test the ,ost effective !lac- inalternative fro, !otto, ash. #he treat,ents vary in the a,ount of ater and !otto, ash co,!ination. 'ach treat,ents has three (1) setups each. #he first treat,ent co,poses of 78,L ater and 07,. #he second treat,ent has 78 ,L ater and 07 ,L !otto, ash. #he third treat,ent is a ,i2ture of 78 ,L ater and 78 ,L !otto, ash. For the fourth treat,ent the researchers ill co,pare the in- to the co,,ercially availa!le one. #he end product ill !e co,pared in ter,s of its color intensity adhesion and lifespan of color. #he treat,ents ill !e ran-ed ith one (6) as the highest and four (<) as the loest.
CHAPTER I) RESU(TS AND DISCUSSIONS
#he researchers o!served the o!tained in- fro, the !otto, ash according to its color intensity adhesion and the lifespan of colors. Ta$le 0 Treatment A B C D
Color Intensit# 1 3 0 2
A"hesion 1 3 2 0
(ifes'an of Colors 2 3 1 0
#reat,ent A as ran-ed third in color intensity third in adhesion and second in lifespan of colors. #reat,ent B as ran-ed fourth in color intensity fourth in adhesion and fourth in lifespan of colors #reat,ent C as first in color intensity second in adhesion and third in lifespan of colors. #reat,ent is the controlled varia!le or the co,,ercially availa!le in-. It as ran-ed second in color intensity adhesion and lifespan of colors.
Procedures
