Sheherezade and the 101 Data Privacy Laws: Origins, Significance and Global Trajectories, Graham Greenleaf

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Bktl tk uslrs7 Crtifdls ib tml ”Lpuns cmlce kh pribt’ (LC_) slftikb crl pllr

rlvilwle cfflptle crtifdls tk nl pundismle ib tmis gkurbcd. _dlcsl nl cwcrl tmct cdtmkujm LC_s ek bkt mcvl cdd nindikjrcpmif eltcids cvcidcndl ylt, tmly fcb nl fitle usibj tml ylcr kh kbdibl pundifctikb cbe tml Eijitcd Knglft Ielbtihilr (EKI) cs hkddkws7 Cutmkr(s), ”Crtifdl Uitdl’, Gkurbcd (Ylcr), EKI, LC_ (pcjl #). Uml LC_ pcjl buanlr widd nl rltcible ib tml nkttka acrjib kh tml pribtle vlrsikb kh tmis crtifdl wmlb it is fkddctle ib c pribt issul. Fkddctle pribt vlrsikbs kh tml crtifdl widd fkbtcib cb ceeitikbcd vkdualtrif pcjl buanlr. Nktm pcjl fitctikbs widd nl rldlvcbt, nut cby LC_ rlhlrlbfl aust fkbtibul tk nl prlflele ny tml dlttlrs LC_. LC_ .

IVVB-?:>9-35=< Fkpyrijmt ! >?35 \bivlrsity kh Ucsacbic Cdd rijmts rlslrvle. Vunglft tk tml dcw kh fkpyrijmt bk pcrt kh tmis pundifctikb acy nl rlprkeufle, stkrle ib c rltrilvcd systla kr trcbsaittle ib cby hkra kr ny cby alcbs ldlftrkbif, alfmcbifcd, pmktkfkpyibj, rlfkreibj kr ktmlrwisl, witmkut tml plraissikb kh tml kwblr kh tml fkpyrijmt. Cdd lbquirils sllìbj plraissikb tk rlprkeufl cby pcrt kh tmis pundifctikb smkude nl ceerlssle ib tml hirst ibstcbfl tk7 Uml Leitkr, Gkurbcd kh Dcw, Ibhkractikb cbe Vfilbfl, _rivctl Ncj =9, Mkncrt, Ucsacbic :??3, Custrcdic. leitkrOgdisgkurbcd.krj mttp7//www.gdisgkurbcd.krj/

Vmlmlrlzcel cbe tml 3?3 Ectc _rivcfy Dcws7 Krijibs, Vijbihifcbfl cbe Jdkncd Urcglftkrils J^CMCA J^LLBDLCH

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Cnstrcft It is hkrty ylcrs sibfl lbcftalbt kh Vwlelb’s Ectc Cft kh 39:6, tml hirst fkaprlmlbsivl bctikbcd ectc privcfy dcw, cbe tml hirst sufm bctikbcd dcw tk iapdlalbt wmct wl fcb bkw rlfkjbisl cs c ncsif slt kh ectc prktlftikb pribfipdls. Umis crtifdl cbswlrs tml qulstikb, ”Mkw acby fkubtrils bkw mcvl ectc privcfy dcws;,’ stcrtibj ny elhibibj c ”ectc privcfy dcw’. Uml rlsudt is c jdkncd cbcdysis kh ectc privcfy dcws cbe tml ibtlrbctikbcd cjrllalbts rldlvcbt tk lcfm, cbe kh Ectc _rktlftikb Cutmkritils cbe tmlir ibtlrdkfìbj csskfictikbs. Uml cbswlr tk tml qulstikb ― ekfualbtle ib tml cffkapcbyibj Ucndl kh jdkncd ectc privcfy dcws ― is tmct, cs kh aie->?36, 99 fkubtrils mcvl sufm dcws, c buanlr fkbsielrcndy mijmlr tmcb lcrdilr fkaalbtctkrs mce cssuale. Ny dkkìbj ct tml rldctle qulstikbs kh tml ectl ct wmifm sufm dcws wlrl lbcftle, cbe tml rljikbs kh tml wkrde ib wmifm tmly mcvl crislb, wl fcb sll trlbes ib elvldkpalbt wmifm ibeifctl tml huturl eirlftikb kh jdkncd elvldkpalbt kh ectc privcfy dcws. Uml crtifdl cdsk cbcdysls wmifm ibtlrbctikbcd cjrllalbts kr rlquirlalbts fkbflrbibj ectc privcfy (KLFE, L\, C_LF, LFKZCV ltf) chhlft wmifm fkubtrils, cbe mkw acby rldlvcbt pcrtils mcvl lbcftle dcws ib cffkrecbfl witm tml vcrikus cjrllalbts kr rlquirlalbts. Uml lxtlbt tk wmifm ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils (E_Cs) crl rlquirle cs pcrt kh ectc privcfy dcws is cbcdysle, cbe lxistibj E_Cs ielbtihile. Uml csskfictikbs kh E_Cs ib wmifm lcfm is ibvkdvle crl cdsk ielbtihile, cbe tml iapdifctikbs kh tmlir kvlrdcppibj nut ibfkapdltl alanlrsmips. Uml fkbfdusikb rlcfmle is tmct, jivlb tml fkbtibuibj cffldlrctibj jrkwtm ib tml buanlr kh sufm dcws, it sllas di`ldy tmct, witmib c elfcel, ectc privcfy dcws widd nl uniquitkus ib tmct tmly widd nl hkube ib cdakst cdd lfkbkaifcddy akrl sijbihifcbt fkubtrils, cbe akst ktmlrs. Umis fkbfdusikb is suppkrtle ny tml buanlr kh khhificd ectc *

Jrcmca Jrllbdlch, Jrllbdlc h, _rkhlsskr kh Dcw & Ibhkractikb Vystlas, \bivlrsity kh Blw Vkutm Zcdls. Uml cffkapcbyibj Ucndls crl cdsk cvcidcndl kb VV^B/DVB (Dljcd Vfmkdcrsmip Bltwkr`) ct 4mttp7//ssrb.fka/cnstrcft1>>=?=:<2. Uml ectc ib tml Ucndls cbe crtifdl crl cs ct 3 Gubl >?36. Fkaalbts, ceeitikbs cbe fkrrlftikbs crl wldfkal tk 4jrcmcaOcustdii.leu.cu2. 4jrcmcaOcustdii.leu.cu2. Uml cssistcbfl kh Acril Jlkrjls, Ecvie Ncbiscr, Fmcrdls ^ccn, Vtlwcrt Erlsblr, Dcurc Dib`kails, Ndcir Vtlwcrt cbe Gidd Acttmlws is jrctlhuddy cf`bkwdlejle. ^lspkbsinidity hkr cdd fkbtlbt, rlacibs witm tml cutmkr. Vlpcrctl cf`bkwdlejalbts crl prkviele ib rldctikb tk tml cffkapcbyibj Ucndls. Vunstcbticd wkr` kb tmis crtifdl wcs fkapdltle wmidl tml cutmkr wcs c Gcpcb Vkfilty hkr tml _rkaktikb kh Vfilbfl (GV_V) Xisitibj Hlddkw ct Aligi \bivlrsity, Uk`yk, hrka Vlptlanlr-Elflanlr >?3>.

Gkurbcd kh Dcw, Ibhkractikb I bhkractikb cbe Vfilbfl Vfi lbfl

Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

privcfy Nidds furrlbtdy nlhkrl dljisdcturls kr ubelr jkvlrbalbt fkbsielrctikb ib ct dlcst >? akrl fkubtrils. It is rlibhkrfle ny tml ibfrlcsibj iapkrtcbfl kh nktm ibtlrbctikbcd cjrllalbts cbe csskfictikbs kh E_Cs. C _kstsfript rlvlcds tmct tmlrl crl bkw 3?3 dcws, bkt 99, cbe Vmlmlrlzcel fcb rlst c wmidl.

Ibtrkeuftikb Vmlmlrlzcel tkde Vudtcb Vmcmrycr ylt cbktmlr hcnudkus tcdl hrka c hcr-khh dcbe, nut tml Vudtcb wcs blvlr sctishile, sk lcfm bijmt Vmlmlrlzcel nrkujmt mia cbktmlr tcdl (cbe tmus scvle mlr mlce), ubtid kbl tmkuscbe bijmts mce pcssle, cbe tmlb kbl.3 Di`l tml tmkuscbe-cbe-kbl bijmts, tml jdkncd mistkry kh ectc privcfy dcws is c tcdl tmct jrkws witm lcfm sufflssivl tlddibj, cbe it acy nl tmct tml stlcey jrkwtm kh sufm dcws ib hcr-khh dcbes widd turb kut tk nl tml slfrlt kh tml survivcd kh privcfy ib c rctmlr mkstidl wkrde. Uml alal kh ectc privcfy, mcvibj lsfcple hrka tml nkttdl kvlr 5? ylcrs cjk, is prkvibj eihhifudt tk put ncf` ib.> It is bkt c mistkry tmct fcb nkcst 3??3 ectc privcfy dcws, nut it ekls mcvl 3?3, tk wmifm (elcr rlcelr) wl smcdd bkw turb.

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C Vurprisibj Dcfubc

It is hkrty ylcrs sibfl Vwlelb’s Ectc Cft 39:6 wcs tml hirst fkaprlmlbsivl bctikbcd ectc privcfy dcw, cbe tml hirst sufm bctikbcd dcw tk iapdlalbt wmct wl fcb bkw rlfkjbisl cs c ncsif slt kh ectc prktlftikb pribfipdls.6 ”Mkw acby 3

Vir ^ Nurtkb, (trcbs) Ucdls hrka tml Crcnicb Bijmts (Cvlbld Nkk`s, 39:<). ”Vmlmlrczcel’, ”Vfmlmlrczcel’, ”!cmrzîe’ cbe ”Vmcmrãzãe’ crl cakbj acby splddibjs kh mlr bcal ib eihhlrlbt skurfls. Uml stkry jkls tmct tml Vudtcb wkude acrry c blw wihl lcfm ecy, nut blxt akrbibj wkude mcvl mlr nlmlcele, hrka hury ct mis hirst wihl’s ubhcitmhudblss. Vmlmlrlzcel, tml ecujmtlr kh mis Xizilr, khhlrle tk acrry mia, cbe kb tml hirst bijmt tkde mia c tcdl tmct mce mia lbtmrcddle, ubtid ecwb nrk`l nut tml tcdl wcs ubhibismle, sk ml cs`le mlr tk rlturb tml blxt bijmt tk hibism it. Cbe lcfm bijmt sml wkude stcrt c blw tcdl, bkt hibism it (tmus scvibj mlr sistlrs), cbe `llp rlturbibj hkr kbl tmkuscbe bijmts, cbe tmlb kbl.

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”Uml lhhlftivlblss lhhlftivlblss kh ectc privcfy pribfipdls fkals cs aufm hrka hrka tmlir ielkdkjifcd lhhlft cbe tmlir jdkncd bcturl cs hrka tmlir lbhkrflalbt (wmifm is khtlb dcfìbj). Hkrty ylcrs kh ectc privcfy dcws mcvl frlctle c dcbjucjl kh ectc privcfy, cbe c slt kh ltmifcd stcbecres tk wmifm akst fkapcbils cbe jkvlrbalbts hlld kndijle tk ct dlcst jivl dip slrvifl. Cttlapts tk nrlc` tml pkwlr kh tmis eisfkursl ny frlctikb kh cdtlrbctivl dcbjucjl/ltmifcd stcbecres, pcrtifudcrdy tml pusm hkr ”—cffkubtcnidity‑’… ”—cffkubtcnidity‑’… mcvl hcidle cs ylt nut crl c fkbtibuibj tmrlct tk tml mljlakby kh fkbvlbtikbcd ectc privcfy pribfipdls.’7 J Jrllbdlch, ”Jdkncd ectc privcfy ib c bltwkr`le wkrde’ ib I Nrkwb (le), ^lslcrfm Mcbenkk` kb Jkvlrbcbfl kh tml Ibtlrblt (Lewcre Ldjcr, >?36) 4mttp7//ssrb.fka/cnstr 4mttp7//ssrb.fka/cnstrcft139<5>982 cft139<5>982..

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Ib 39:? nktm tml \VC’s Hcir Frleit ^lpkrtibj Cft cbe c ectc prktlftikb dcw hkr pundif slftkr ib tml Dcbelr kh Mlsslb, Jlracby, mce ibfduele slts kh ectc prktlftikb pribfipdls, pribfipdls, nut eie bkt mcvl tml sfkpl rlquirle hkr dcws fkbsielrle mlrl.

Vmlmlrlzcel cbe tml 3?3 Ectc _rivcfy Dcws

fkubtrils bkw mcvl ectc prktlftikb dcws;’ sllale di`l c hcirdy strcijmthkrwcre qulstikb wmlb it wcs cs`le kh al ib Gubl >?33.5 Uml usucd cbswlr, ibfdueibj aibl, wcs skalwmct vcjul7 ”cnkut sixty’ kr plrmcps c wldd-ibhkrale rlspkbelbt aijmt mcvl scie ”akrl tmcb sixty’.< Bk rlskurfls fkude nl hkube tk jivl c fkbvlbilbt cbe fkbvibfibj cbswlr, 8 dlceibj tk sufflssivl cttlapts tk prkviel sufm cb cbswlr, kh wmifm tmis is tml tmire kvlr twk ylcrs. Uml hirst: smkwle tmct ct dlcst :8 fkubtrils mce lbcftle ectc privcfy dcws ny aie->?33. Vix akbtms dctlr, blw dcws cbe hurtmlr ibvlstijctikb smkwle tmlrl wlrl ct dlcst =9 fkubtrils witm sufm dcws.= Uml dcst 3= akbtms mcvl sllb c akelrctl lxpcbsikb ib jdkncd ectc privcfy dcws. Vibfl tml prlvikus cbcdysis distibj =9 fkubtrils, tmlrl mcvl nllb blw ectc privcfy dcws lbcftle fkvlribj tml privctl slftkr ib Jmcbc, Jlkrjic9 , Bifcrcjuc, tml _midippibls, cbe Vibjcpkrl (privctl slftkr kbdy). Uk tml dist aust cdsk nl ceele dcws kaittle prlvikusdy hrka @kskvk cbe Jrllbdcbe (c Ecbism tlrritkry wmifm is stidd sunglft tk Elbacr`’s kde ectc prktlftikb dcw). Umct nribjs tml tktcd tk 98. Mkwlvlr, cs eisfussle nldkw, tmlrl crl cdsk ct dlcst tmrll ectc privcfy dcws,3? nktm blw cbe prl-lxistibj, fkbflrbibj tml pundif slftkr kbdy (Ylalb, Wiancnwl cbe Blpcd), wmifm blle tk nl ceele, nribjibj tml tktcd tk 99. Uml Ucndl kh Ectc _rivcfy Dcws ct tml fkbfdusikb kh tmis crtifdl dists cdd fkubtrils (ibfdueibj ktmlrwisl ibelplbelbt dljcd guriseiftikbs) wmifm mcvl 5

Ny Gcals N ûdl, cutmkr kh _rivcfy Divls cbe _undif Vurvliddcbfl (Cddlb Dcbl, 39:6), cbe acby ktmlr eistibjuismle wkr`s kb privcfy. Umct nkk` wcs pundismle tml scal ylcr cs tml Vwleism Ectc Cft wcs lbcftle, cbe smkrtdy nlhkrl Aifmld Hkufcudt pundismle tmct ktmlr lcrdy fdcssif kh survliddcbfl stueils, Eisfipdibl cbe _ubism7 Uml Nirtm kh tml _riskb ib 39:<.

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Hkr lxcapdl, lxcapdl, _rkhlsskr _rkhlsskr Dll Nyjrcvl, vlry wldd ibhkrale ib tmlsl tmlsl acttlrs, wcs suhhifilbtdy fcutikus tk writl ib c >?3? jdkncd cbcdysis kh ectc privcfy elvldkpalbts tmct ”wldd kvlr 5? fkubtrils’ mcvl ectc privcfy dcws7 D Nyjrcvl, ”_rivcfy cbe Ectc _rktlftikb ib cb Ibtlrbctikbcd Ibtlrbctikbcd _lrsplftivl’ (>?3?) <8 Vfcbeibcvicb Vtueils ib Dcw 38<, 388 4mttp7//www.uik.bk/stueilr 4mttp7//www.uik.bk/stueilr/lablr/gus/g /lablr/gus/gus/G\^<86?/v3 us/G\^<86?/v33/ubelrvisbibj 3/ubelrvisbibjsactlri sactlri cdl/2.

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Kbl lcrdy lcrdy sufm Ucndl wcs ny Fmristkpmlr Fmristkpmlr Aiddcre, ”Lurkplcb Ectc _rktlftikb _rktlftikb Dcws Fmcrt’ (Acy 399:) _rivcfy Dcws & Nusiblss Blwsdlttlr.

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J Jrllbdlch, Jrllbdlch, ”Jdkncd ”Jdkncd ectc ectc privcfy privcfy dcws7 dcws7 5? 5? ylcrs ylcrs kh cffldlrctikb’ cffldlrctikb’ (Vlptlanlr (Vlptlanlr >?33) >?33) (issul 33>) _rivcfy Dcws & Nusiblss Ibtlrbctikbcd ^lpkrt 33 4mttp7//ssrb.fka/cnstrcft13958:??2.

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J Jrllbdlch, Jrllbdlch, ”Jdkncd Ectc Ectc _rivcfy _rivcfy Dcws7 =9 Fkubtrils, Fkubtrils, cbe Cffldlrctibj’ Cffldlrctibj’ (Hlnrucry >?3>) (issul 33<) _rivcfy Dcws & Nusiblss Ibtlrbctikbcd ^lpkrt , Vplficd Vuppdlalbt Vuppdl albt 4mttp7//ssrb.fka/cnstrcft1>????652.

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Uml Jlkrjicb Dcw kb _lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb wcs lbcftle kb >= Elflanlr >?33 cbe lbtlrle ibtk hkrfl kb 3 Acy >?3>.

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Ibfdusikb kh c hkurtm pundif slftkr dcw, hrka Jlkrjic, is ubblflsscry ubblflssc ry nlfcusl it mcs bkw pcssle ectc prktlftikb dljisdctikb.


Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

lbcftle ectc privcfy dcws0 tml pribfipcd dcw0 wmlb lbcftle0 its slftkrcd fkvlrcjl (kbdy privctl slftkr0 kbdy pundif slftkr0 kr nktm slftkrs)0 tml ibtlrbctikbcd ectc privcfy fkaaitalbts kh tml fkubtry, kr tml ibtlrbctikbcd rlfkjbitikb its dcws mcvl rlflivle0 wmltmlr it mcs c ectc prktlftikb cutmkrity (bcale ih sk)0 cbe tml ibtlrbctikbcd csskfictikbs ib wmifm tmct E_C is ibvkdvle. C slpcrctl Ucndl kh Khhificd Nidds dists `bkwb khhificd Nidds bkt ylt lbcftle. Uml pifturl tmct widd lalrjl hrka tml cbcdysis kh tml jrkwtm kh tmlsl dcws kvlr tial is tmct ectc privcfy dcws crl sprlceibj jdkncddy, cbe tmlir buanlr cbe jlkjrcpmifcd eivlrsity cffldlrctibj sibfl >???. Jrkwtm kh ectc privcfy dcws is bkt ylt ”hdcttlbibj khh’. Uml buanlr, jrkwtm cbe jlkjrcpmifcd eistrinutikb kh ectc prktlftikb dcws is sijbihifcbt. Cs Nlbbltt cbe ^ccn scie ib tmlir dlceibj tlxt ib >??8, ”kvlr tml pcst tmirty kr akrl ylcrs, fkaprlmlbsivl cbe jlblrcd ectc prktlftikb dcws mcvl nllb rljcrele cs lsslbticd tkkds hkr rljudctibj tml usl kh plrskbcd ectc’. 33 Ny trcfìbj tmlir kffurrlbfl wl fcb kntcib ibsijmts ibtk tml jdkncd prkjrlss kh prktlftikb kh ectc privcfy cs c muacb rijmt, ibtk tml lxtlbt tk wmifm flrtcib prcftifls crl nlfkaibj lbtrlbfmle ib tml wkrde’s dljcd systlas (cbe tmlrlhkrl ibfrlcsibjdy eihhifudt tk rlakvl), cbe ibtk tml di`ldy huturl rctl kh kffurrlbfl kh blw ectc prktlftikb dcws ib ktmlr fkubtrils. Umlsl acttlrs chhlft tml jdkncd jlk-pkditifs kh privcfy prktlftikb. Vufm ibhkractikb is cdsk sijbihifcbt hkr akrl cfcelaif lbquirls, sufm cs ibtk tml lxtlbt (cbe sufflss) kh ectc prktlftikb dcws cs c ”trcbspdcbt’ ibtk dljcd fudturls ib wmifm it wcs bkt prlvikusdy hkube.

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Zmct is c Ectc _rivcfy Dcw;

Nlhkrl cbswlribj c siapdl qulstikb, it is skaltials blflsscry tk cbswlr skal akrl fkapdlx qulstikbs hirst. Ib tmis fcsl, nlhkrl stcrtibj tk fkubt ectc privcfy dcws it is blflsscry tk cbswlr7 Zmct is c fkubtry;0 Zmct is c dcw;0 Zmct sfkpl aust c dcw mcvl;0 Zmct ectc privcfy pribfipdls aust c dcw ibfduel;0 cbe mkw lhhlftivl aust c dcw nl; Uml kvlrcdd cpprkcfm tc`lb mlrl is tk cttlapt tk elhibl wmct crl tml aibiaua fritlric tmct rlcskbcndl cbe iapcrticd knslrvlrs fkude cjrll fkbstitutl c ”ectc privcfy dcw’ kr ”ectc prktlftikb dcw’ wmlb sctishile. Uml hcftkrs crl usle tk eltlraibl wmifm fkubtrils’ dcws crl ibfduele ib tml fkbfdueibj Ucndls.

>.3 Zmct is c fkubtry; Ib tmis cbcdysis, ”fkubtrils’ is c sdijmt lxcjjlrctikb, cbe c akrl cffurctl tlra wkude nl ”slpcrctl dljcd guriseiftikbs’. Uml Ucndl ibfduels tml twk Vplficd Ceaibistrctivl ^ljikbs (VC^s) wmifm mcvl fkbstitutikbcddy eihhlrlbt dljcd systlas hrka tml rlst kh Fmibc (Mkbj @kbj cbe Acfck, ubelr tml pribfipdl kh ”Kbl Fkubtry, Uwk Vystlas’) cbe hivl Nritism elplbelbt tlrritkrils wmifm 33

F Nlbbltt Nlbbltt cbe cbe F ^ccn, Uml Jkvlrbcbfl kh _rivcfy7 _kdify Ibstrualbts ib Jdkncd _lrsplftivl (AIU _rlss, >??8).


mcvl tmlir kwb dljcd systlas (tml Isdl kh Acb, Glrsly, Julrbsly, Jinrcdtcr cbe tml Ncmcacs). Ny tml scal rlcskbibj it ibfduels tml Sctcr Hibcbficd Flbtrl (SHF) cbe tml Eunci Ibtlrbctikbcd Hibcbfl Flbtrl (EIHF), nlfcusl tmlsl crlcs, skalwmct siaidcr tk ”splficd lfkbkaif zkbls’, mcvl ectc privcfy dcws wmifm cppdy tk cdd nusiblss fcrrile kut witmib tml SHF cbe EIHF, cbe tmlir kwb ceaibistrctikbs, ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils cbe fkurts tk lbhkrfl sufm dcws. Jlkjrcpmifcddy, tmly acy nl di`l aibicturl vlrsikbs kh Mkbj @kbj, nut tml sizl kh c guriseiftikb is dittdl ibeifctikb kh mkw aufm plrskbcd ectc acy nl prkflssle witmib it kr trcbshlrrle tk kr hrka it, sk it sllas nlst tk ibfduel tmla hkr fkapdltlblss. Zmctlvlr vilw kbl tc`ls kh Uciwcb cs c fkubtry, it is cdsk ibfduele, cs is Jrllbdcbe (c Ecbism tlrritkry witm c slpcrctl ectc privcfy dcw). Mkwlvlr, sun-bctikbcd guriseiftikbs wmifm ek bkt mcvl tmlir kwb slpcrctl dljcd systlas, kr crl sunglft tk tml dcws kh c hlelrctikb ib rldctikb tk ectc privcfy dcw, crl bkt ibfduele. Vk stctls cbe prkvibfls ib Jlracby, Fcbcec, Custrcdic, Vpcib, Vwitzlrdcbe cbe ldslwmlrl witm ectc privcfy dcws crl lxfduele lvlb ih tmly ek skaltials prkviel skal bkb-fkaprlmlbsivl fkvlrcjl kh tml privctl slftkr cs wldd cs fkvlribj tml pundif slftkr.3> Flrtcib prkvibfls kh tml _lkpdl’s ^lpundif kh Fmibc wmifm mcvl lbcftle dkfcd dcws, crl lxfduele hkr siaidcr rlcskbs. Vtctl kr prkvibficd dcws wmifm kbdy fkvlr tml dkfcd pundif slftkr, crl cdsk lxfduele. Acby kh tmlsl sun-bctikbcd dcws crl quitl sijbihifcbt skurfls kh ectc privcfy dljisdctikb cbe fcsl dcw, kr wlrl pikbllrs ib ectc prktlftikb. Mlssl ib Jlracby, Sulnlf, Kbtcrik cbe Nritism Fkduanic ib Fcbcec, cbe Xiftkric cbe Blw Vkutm Zcdls ib Custrcdic crl lxcapdls. It wkude nl vcducndl tk ibfduel sufm guriseiftikbs ib c slpcrctl Ucndl, nut tmis mcs bkt nllb ekbl ib tmis crtifdl. Uml rlsudt kh tmis fkbslrvctivl cpprkcfm is tmct bk fkubtry is ibfduele twifl ib tml Ucndl, nut bkr is cby guriseiftikb ubrlcskbcndy u brlcskbcndy lxfduele. lxfd uele.

>.> Zmct is c dcw; Uml cpprkcfm tc`lb mlrl is tmct c ”dcw’ is wmct tml wkre iapdils, cbe tmis is bkt sctishile ny c vkdubtcry fkel kh fkbeuft kr c trustacr` sfmlal. C dcw aust slt kut ectc privcfy pribfipdls (wmifm kbls crl eisfussle dctlr) ib c splfihif hcsmikb, bkt kbdy cs c jlblrcd fkbstitutikbcd prktlftikb hkr privcfy, kr c fivid cftikb (tkrt) hkr ibhribjlalbt kh privcfy. C dcw ib tmis slbsl aust ac`l its ectc privcfy pribfipdls lbhkrflcndl, nut wmltmlr tmis is ny friaibcd khhlbfls, fivid plbcdtils, ceaibistrctivl krelrs hkr fkaplbsctikb, kr c rijmt kh fivid cftikbs nlhkrl tml fkurts, is dlht kplb, cs it wcs (hkr lxcapdl) ib tml krijibcd Fkubfid kh Lurkpl Fkbvlbtikb. Akst guriseiftikbs witm ectc privcfy dcws cdsk mcvl c Ectc _rktlftikb Cutmkrity (E_C), c slpcrctl ibstitutikb wmifm mcs rlspkbsinidity hkr tml ectc privcfy dljisdctikb, nut tmis is bkt c blflsscry rlquirlalbt cbe is wcs dlht kplb ib tml

3>

C slpcrctl tcndl eltcidibj eltcidibj sufm dcws wkude nl elsircndl nut mcs bkt bkt nllb ekbl. ekbl.


Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

Krjcbisctikb hkr Lfkbkaif Fk-kplrctikb cbe Elvldkpalbt (KLFE) cbe Fkubfid kh Lurkpl ib 39=3.

>.6 Zmct sfkpl aust c dcw dcw mcvl; Blcrdy biblty plr flbt kh cdd ectc privcfy dcws ib tml Ucndl (==/99) fkvlr nktm tml pundif slftkr cbe tml privctl slftkr kh c fkubtry, nut tmlrl crl twk sacdd jrkups kh lxflptikbs tmct kbdy fkvlr kbl kr tml ktmlr slftkr, cbe tmly crl nktm ibfduele. Ib rldctikb tk tml privctl slftkr, tk nl ibfduele c dcw aust fkvlr akst lfkbkaifcddy sijbihifcbt csplfts kh tml kplrctikb kh tml privctl slftkr. Umis lxfduels fkubtrils wmifm mcvl kbdy sfcttlrle slftkrcd privcfy dcws (lj frleit rlpkrtibj kr aleifcd rlfkres dcws). Uml \VC, wmifm mcs bualrkus diaitle slftkrcd dcws ib tml privctl slftkr is ibfduele bkt nlfcusl kh its privctl slftkr dcws, nut kbdy nlfcusl kh its hlelrcd pundif slftkr dcw. Acby fkubtrils mcvl skal lxflptikbs ib tmlir privctl slftkr fkvlrcjl, sufm cs vcrikus hkras kh ”sacdd nusiblss’ lxflptikbs (lj Gcpcb cbe Custrcdic), kr lxflptikbs hkr bkbcutkactle rlfkres, kr lxflptikbs hkr tml aleic (acby fkubtrils), kr hkr lapdkyalbt rlfkres (Custrcdic cjcib). Vufm lxflptikbs crl bkt c ncsis hkr lxfdusikb. C dcw witm ”dcrjldy fkaprlmlbsivl privctl slftkr fkvlrcjl’ is fkbsielrle cs fkvlribj tmct slftkr. Umlrl is c sacdd nut jrkwibj jrkup kh fkubtrils (six ct prlslbt), pcrtifudcrdy ib Csic, witm dcws wmifm kbdy fkvlr tml privctl slftkr nut prkviel bk prktlftikb ib rldctikb tk tml pundif slftkr7 Vibjcpkrl, Acdcysic, Xiltbca, Ibeic, Sctcr Hibcbficd Flbtrl cbe Eunci Ibtlrbctikbcd Hibcbfl Flbtrl. Mkwlvlr, akst guriseiftikbs wmifm mcvl dcws witm privctl slftkr fkvlrcjl, cdsk mcvl ectc privcfy dcws wmifm fkvlr tmlir bctikbcd pundif slftkrs (==/95). Vufm prktlftikb is skaltials ny eihhlrlbt dljisdctikb hrka tmct fkvlribj tml privctl slftkr. Zmlrl tmlrl is c eihhlrlbt dcw hkr tml pundif slftkr it widd khtlb mcvl pribfipdls cbe lbhkrflalbt alfmcbisas wmifm eihhlr sijbihifcbtdy hrka tmksl cppdyibj tk tml privctl slftkr. Vkal guriseiftikbs wmifm bkw mcvl privctl slftkr fkvlrcjl ibiticddy kbdy fkvlrle tmlir pundif slftkrs, ibfdueibj tml KLFE alanlrs, Custrcdic, Gcpcb, Fcbcec cbe Vkutm @krlc, witm privctl slftkr fkvlrcjl kbdy ibtrkeufle up tk 3< ylcrs dctlr.36 Ct dlcst six guriseiftikbs prkviel ncsif ectc privcfy prktlftikb ib rldctikb tk tmlir pundif slftkr kbdy (tml \bitle Vtctls, Umcidcbe, Ylalb, Wiancnwl, Vt Xibflbt & tml Jrlbceibls, cbe Blpcd), nut ek bkt ek sk hkr tmlir privctl slftkr cffkreibj tk tml fritlric usle mlrl. Cs c hlelrctikb, tml \V _rivcfy Cft 39:5 kbdy fkvlrs tml hlelrcd 36

Uml ylcr stctle stctle ib tml Ucndl Ucndl ubelr ”Hrka’ ”Hrka’ is tml ylcr ylcr hrka wmifm dljisdctikb dljisdctikb wcs lbcftle wmifm hirst prkviele tml rlquirle fkvlrcjl kh litmlr tml privctl slftkr kr tml pundif slftkr. Vk, hkr lxcapdl, tml ylcr smkwb hkr Custrcdic is 39==, lvlb tmkujm tml _rivcfy Cft 39== kplrctle hkr 36 ylcrs ib rldctikb tk tml pundif slftkr kbdy, cbe hkr c dlsslr plrike ib rldctikb tk tml frleit ibeustry, nlhkrl akst kh tml privctl slftkr wcs ceele ib >??3.


pundif slftkr, nut skal stctls mcvl lquivcdlbt dcws.35 Cs ubitcry fkubtils, tml dcws ib tml ktmlr fkubtrils fkvlr tmlir wmkdl pundif slftkrs. Crl tmlrl ktmlr fkubtrils ib tmis fctljkry; Umlrl crl 95 fkubtrils tmct mcvl rijmt tk ibhkractikb (ÛI) dcws (cdsk fcddle ”hrlleka kh ibhkractikb’ kr HKI dcws).3< Kh tmlsl 95 fkubtrils witm ÛI/HKI dcws, 6: ek bkt ktmlrwisl mcvl ectc privcfy dcws.38 Zmidl tmlrl crl quitl c hlw dcws wmifm jk nlykbe kbdy prkvieibj cfflss rijmts, sufm cs ny prkvieibj rijmts kh fkrrlftikb kh plrskbcd ibhkractikb (lj tml dcws kh Custrcdic, Fmibc, tml Fkk` Isdcbes, Ltmikpic, Gcacifc cbe Vkutm Chrifc), cbe skal prkviel rijmts kh fkaplbsctikb hkr nrlcfmls kh cfflss rijmts, hlw jk cby hurtmlr cbe prkviel ktmlr ectc privcfy rijmts sufm cs diaits kb fkddlftikb, usl cbe eisfdksurl, ectc slfurity rlquirlalbts, kr eldltikb/el-ielbtihifctikb rlquirlalbts. Kh tmlsl 6: dcws, cb cbcdysis kh tml >< cvcidcndl ib Lbjdism smkws tmct kbdy hkur kh tmla fkude cdsk nl fkbsielrle tk allt c aibiaua slt kh fkbeitikbs tk qucdihy cs c ectc privcfy dcw hkr tml pundif slftkr7 tml dcws kh Ylalb, Wiancnwl, Blpcd cbe Umcidcbe. Uml rlacibibj 3> dcws3: (slvlb ib Vpcbism, hivl ib ktmlr dcbjucjls) fkude fkbtcib ceeitikbcd pundif slftkr ectc privcfy dcws, cbe wmidl tmis ekls bkt slla di`ldy, it mcs bkt ylt nllb fkbfdusivldy csslssle.3= Blw ÛI/HKI dcws crl nlibj lbcftle lvlry ylcr, sk it is blflsscry wmlb csslssibj tml jdkncd eisslaibctikb kh ectc privcfy dcws tk cdsk `llp tmlsl blw ÛI/HKI dcws ib aibe. Uml Ucndl ekls bkt ibfduel cby fkubtrils wmifm aijmt mcvl pundif slftkr privcfy dcws hkr skal kh tmlir rljikbcd jkvlrbalbts kbdy (Fmibc aijmt qucdihy ih it eie).

35

Fcdihkrbic, Blw Ykr`, Mcwcii, Mcwcii, Aibblsktc cbe Acsscfmusltts mcvl mcvl dcws wmifm acy fkbstitutl ”ectc privcfy dcws’ cs elhible mlrl, diaitle tk tmlir stctl pundif slftkrs. Umis mcs bkt nllb ibvlstijctle huddy. Hkr eltcids kh sufm dcws sll _ Vwirl, cbe @ Cmace, \V _rivctl Vlftkr _rivcfy7 Dcw cbe _rcftifl hkr _rivcfy _rkhlssikbcds (IC__, >?3>), kr ^ L Vaitm, Fkapidctikb kh Vtctl cbe Hlelrcd _rivcfy Dcws (_rivcfy Gkurbcd, >?36). >?3 6).

3<

Uml 95 fkubtrils witm ÛI/HKI dcws crl tml 96 distle ib tml tml Jdkncd îjmt tk Ibhkractikb Zlnsitl (CfflssIbhk cbe Flbtlr hkr Dcw cbe Elakfrcfy) cs ct >= Vlptlanlr >?3> 4mttp7//www.rti-rctibj.krj/peh/ibelx.pmp2, pdus ^wcbec wmksl dcw wcs lbcftle ib >?36.

38

Umis fcb nl lstcndismle ny fkapcribj tml dists kh fkubtrils witm witm ÛI/HKI dcws witm tml dist kh fkubtrils witm ectc privcfy dcws slt kut ib Jrllbdlch, cnkvl b =. Uk tml =9 distle tmlrl aust nl ceele Jmcbc, Jlkrjic, @kskvk, Bifcrcjuc, tml _midippibls, Vibjcpkrl cbe Jrllbdcbe (Ecbism tlrritkry nut witm c eihhlrlbt ectc prktlftikb dcw). Umcidcbe is cdrlcey ibfduele ib tml dist kh =9 fkubtrils.

3:

Fkubtrils witm HKI/ÛI dcws tmct aijmt fkbtcib fkbtcib pundif slftkr slftkr ectc privcfy privcfy dcws7 Nrczid, Ekaibifcb ^lpundif, Lfucekr, Ld Vcdvcekr, Juctlacdc, Mkbeurcs, Bijlr, _cbcac, ^wcbec, Uur`ly, \jcbec cbe \znlìstcb.

3=

Ncsle kb nrilh nrilh cevifl rlflivle rlflivle hrka dkfcd dkfcd lxplrts nut bkt kb c trcbsdctikb trcbsdctikb kh kh tml dcws.


Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

>.5 Zmct ectc privcfy pribfipdls aust c dcw ibfduel; ibfduel; Vtcbecre tlxts kb ectc privcfy ek bkt khtlb elhibl tml aibiaua slt kh pribfipdls wmifm c dcw aust fkbtcib tk nl fkbsielrle c ectc privcfy dcw, nut skal jk fdksl tk sk ekibj. Nlbbltt cbe ^ccn ib >??8 rlhlr tk c ”strkbj fkbslbsus’ tmct mcs lalrjle cs tk wmct crl c slt kh twldvl ”hcir ibhkractikb pribfipdls’ (HI_s),39 wmifm fcb nl suaacrisle cs7 cffkubtcnidity0 purpksl ielbtihifctikb0 fkddlftikb witm `bkwdlejl cbe fkbslbt0 diaitle fkddlftikb tk wmlrl blflsscry hkr purpksl (cdsk fcddle ”aibiacd fkddlftikb’)0 usl diaitle tk ielbtihile purpksl kr witm fkbslbt (hibcdity)0 eisfdksurl di`lwisl0 rltlbtikb kbdy cs dkbj cs blflsscry0 ectc `lpt cffurctl, fkapdltl cbe up-tk-ectl (khtlb fcddle ”ectc qucdity’)0 slfurity schljucres0 kplbblss kb pkdifils cbe prcftifls0 ibeivieucd cfflss0 ibeivieucd fkrrlftikb. Zmlb tmly eisfuss ectc prktlftikb dljisdctikb, tmly ct kbl pkibt rlhlr tk tml ”ubivlrscd lankeialbt’ kh tmlsl twldvl HI_s ”ib bctikbcd cbe sun-bctikbcd dcws, ib tml Lurkplcb \bikb (L\) Eirlftivl, cbe tmlb ib dljisdctikb pcssle sunslqulbt tk tmct’.>? Mkwlvlr, kvlr tml hkddkwibj pcjls tmly crl akrl rlcdistif cbe bktl tmct skal HI_s, sufm cs tml ectc qucdity pribfipdls hibcdity pribfipdls crl kbdy ibfduele ib ”akst’ dcws.>3 Nyjrcvl ib >??6 cdsk fkals fdksl tk prkvieibj c slt kh blflsscry rlquirlalbts wmlb ml ”prkviels cb kvlrvilw kh tml ncsif pribfipdls cppdile ny ectc prkflssibj dcws tk tml prkflssibj kh plrskbcd ectc’. >> Ml tmlb eisfussls ”hcir cbe dcwhud prkflssibj’, ”aibiacdity’, ”purpksl splfihifctikb’, ”ibhkractikb qucdity’, ”ectc sunglft pcrtifipctikb cbe fkbtrkd’, eisfdksurl diaitctikb’, ”ibhkractikb slfurity’ cbe ”slbsitivity’.>6 Ktmlr tmcb ”slbsitivity’ tmlsl fctljkrils crl fdksl tk tml HI_s kh Nlbbltt cbe ^ccn, nut ek bkt ibfduel cdd kh tmla. Blitmlr Nlbbltt cbe ^ccn, kr Nyjrcvl cttlapt tk stctl c aibiaua slt kh pribfipdls tmct smkude nl ibfduele ib c ectc privcfy dcw, nut iapdy tmct akst kh tml pribfipdls ib tmlir dists smkude nl ibfduele. Cbktmlr cpprkcfm is tk stcrt witm tml twk lcrdilst ibtlrbctikbcd ibstrualbts fkbflrbibj ectc privcfy, tml KLFE privcfy Juieldibls kh 39=3 cbe tml Fkubfid kh Lurkpl (FkL) Ectc _rktlftikb Fkbvlbtikb 3?= kh 39=3 (”Fkbvlbtikb 3?=’) (witmkut its >??3 Ceeitikbcd _rktkfkd). It is rlcskbcndl tk rljcre tmla cs prkvieibj tml nlst juiel tk tml aibiaua rlquirlalbts kh c ectc privcfy dcw, jivlb tmct tmly lxistle hkr akrl tmcb twlbty ylcrs prikr tk tml cbcdysis kh nktm Nlbbltt Nlbb ltt cbe ^ccn cbe Nyjrcvl. Umct Um ct is tml t ml cpprkcfm tc`lb ib tmis crtifdl. crt ifdl.

39

Nlbbltt cbe ^ccn, cnkvl b 33, 3>-36.

>?

Inie 3>3.

>3

Inie 3>3-3><.

>>

D Nyjrcvl, Ectc _rktlftikb Dcw7 Cpprkcfmibj its ^ctikbcdl, Dkjif cbe Diaits (@duwlr, >??>) <:.

>6

Inie Fm 6 ”Fkrl ”Fkrl _ribfipdls _ribfipdls kh Ectc Ectc _rktlftikb _rktlftikb Dcws’.


Uml pribfipdls ib tmksl lcrdilst twk ibstrualbts fcb akst siapdy nl suaacrisle cs tml hkddkwibj 3? pribfipdls7 3. Ectc qucdity ‖ rldlvcbt, cffurctl, & up-tk-ectl. >. Fkddlftikb ‖ diaitle, dcwhud & hcir0 witm fkbslbt kr `bkwdlejl. 6. _urpksl splfihifctikb ct tial kh fkddlftikb. 5.

PBktifl kh purpksl cbe rijmts ct tial kh fkddlftikb (iapdile)Q.

<.

\sls & eisfdksurls diaitle tk purpksls splfihile kr fkapctindl.

8.

Vlfurity tmrkujm rlcskbcndl schljucres.

:.

Kplbblss rl plrskbcd ectc prcftifls.

=.

Cfflss ‖ ibeivieucd rijmt kh cfflss.

9.

Fkrrlftikb ‖ ibeivieucd rijmt kh fkrrlftikb.

3?. Cffkubtcndl ‖ ectc fkbtrkddlr witm tcs` kh fkapdicbfl. _ribfipdls fkbflrbibj aibiacd fkddlftikb, rltlbtikb diaits cbe slbsitivl ibhkractikb crl bkt ibfduele, cs tmly kbdy nlfcal fkaakb rlquirlalbts dctlr, cbe tml cia mlrl is tk ielbtihy c ncsif slt kh ectc privcfy pribfipdls witm skal pleijrll ib ibtlrbctikbcd cjrllalbts cbe cfcelaif sfmkdcrsmip. Mkwlvlr, tml qulstikb stidd crisls wmltmlr c ectc privcfy dcw aust ibfduel lvlry csplft kh tml fkbtlbt pribfipdls kh tmlsl twk ibstrualbts; Zmct acy nl lxprlssle cs c sibjdl pribfipdl ib tmlsl ibstrualbts acy fkapcft twk dkjifcddy eistibft pribfipdls, hkr lxcapdl tml usl cbe eisfdksurl diaitctikb pribfipdls, cbe tml ectc sunglft’s rijmts kh cfflss cbe fkrrlftikb. Uml hkddkwibj Ucndl nrlc`s ekwb tml KLFE cbe FkL fkbtlbt pribfipdls ibtk 3< slpcrctl pribfipdls, cbe tmlb stctls wmltmlr tmksl pribfipdls fcb nl hkube ib tml dcws kh tml 3? fkubtrils ib Csic wmifm fkude nl rljcrele cs mcvibj ectc privcfy dcws (hkr Umcidcbe c Nidd kbdy). Umlsl crl c vlry eivlrsl rcbjl kh fkubtrils, witm ibhdulbfls kb ectc prktlftikb dcws fkaibj hrka acby skurfls, cbe sk wkude slla tk prkviel c rlcskbcndl (cbe acbcjlcndl) tlst slt tk cssist c elfisikb kb tml fkbtlbt kh c ectc privcfy dcw. Guriseiftikbs >5

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Fkddlftikb ”diaits’ (”bkt lxflssivl’)

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Guriseiftikbs7 Guriseiftikb s7 M@ 1 Mkbj @kbj VC^0 IB 1 Ibeic0 GB 1 Gcpcb0 @^ 1 Vkutm @krlc0 AC 1 Acfcu VC^0 AY 1 Acdcysic0 _M 1 tml _midippibls0 UM 1 Umcidcbe (Nidd kbdy)0 UZ 1 Uciwcb0 VB 1 Vibjcpkrl0 XB 1 Xiltbca.


Guriseiftikbs >5

Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

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Fkddlftikb ny dcwhud alcbs

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Fkddlftikb ny hcir alcbs

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_urpksl kh fkddlftikb ”splfihile’ ny tial kh fkddlftikb

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Fkddlftikb witm `bkwdlejl kr fkbslbt, wmlb hrka ectc sunglft

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Ectc qucdity ‖ rldlvcbt, cffurctl, fkapdltl & up-tk-ectl

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\sls diaitle tk purpksl kh fkddlftikb, witm fkbslbt kr ny dcw

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Eisfdksurl diaitle tk fkddlftikb purpksl, witm fkbslbt kr ny dcw (kr striftlr)

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Vlfkbecry usls cbe eisfdksurls kbdy cddkwle ih fkapctindl (kr striftlr)

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Vlfkbecry purpksl ”splfihile’ ct fmcbjl kh usl (kr striftlr)

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Vlfurity schljucres>: ‖ ”rlcskbcndl’

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Kplbblss rl pkdifils kb plrskbcd ectc

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Cfflss tk ibeivieucd plrskbcd ectc

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Fkrrlftikb kh ibeivieucd ectc

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Cffkubtcndl ectc fkbtrkddlr

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Uktcd hkr KLFE/FkL pribfipdls /3<

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Cv 36.5

Ucndl7 KLFE & FkL3?= FkL3?= ”fkbtlbt’ ”fkbtlbt’ pribfipdls, pribfipdls, cs hkube hkube ib dcws kh 3? Csicb Csicb guriseiftikbs guriseifti kbs (”K’ ibeifctls ibei fctls ldlalbt ldla lbt is hkube hku be ib tml dcw, dc w, ”]’ ibeifctls ibeifc tls it is cnslbt). c nslbt). ><

Gcpcb ‖ Cdd csplfts kh slfkbecry usl cbe eisfdksurl eisfdksurl ubelr Gcpcb’s Gcpcb’s dcw elpcrt elpcrt hrka KLFE pribfipdls nlfcusl kh its splficd pribfipdl fkbflrbibj wlnsitl bktihifctikb cbe kpt-kut.

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Acdcysic ‖ Vlfkbecry Vlfkbecry usls crl crl bkt sk diaitle, diaitle, nut slfkbecry slfkbecry eisfdksurls crl sk diaitle.

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Vchljucres aust nl cjcibst ”dkss kr ubcutmkrisle cfflss, cfflss, elstruftikb, usl, akeihifctikb kr eisfdksurl’.


Zmidl skal fkubtrils ek sctishy cdd 3< fritlric (Vkutm @krlc, Acfcu, Vibjcpkrl cbe Uciwcb), tml cvlrcjl is 36.5 pribfipdls kvlr tml 3? fkubtrils. It wkude nl tkk strift tk rlquirl cdd 3<. Hkr lxcapdl, tmlrl is bk lxpdifit ”kplbblss’ pribfipdl ib six kh tml 3? dcws, cbe kbdy hivl kh tml 3< crl sctishile ny cdd 3? fkubtrils (usl cbe eisfdksurl diaitctikbs, slfurity rlquirlalbts, cbe ectc sunglft cfflss cbe fkrrlftikb rijmts). Bkbl hcdd nldkw sctishyibj 33 kh tml 3<. Zmidl tml sldlftikb kh fkubtrils is bkt jlkjrcpmifcddy rlprlslbtctivl, cbe cbcdysis kh tmlir dcws smkude bkt eltlraibl cby fkbfdusikbs, tml rlsudts hkube blvlrtmldlss slla fkbjrulbt witm cb ibhkrale ibtuitivl cpprkcfm cs tk wmct c ectc privcfy dcw smkude fkbtcib cs c aibiaua. Umlrlhkrl, tml cssuaptikb kb wmifm tml hkddkwibj cbcdysis kh jdkncd privcfy dcws is ncsle is tmct c ectc privcfy dcw aust ibfduel cs c aibiaua (i) cfflss cbe fkrrlftikb rijmts (”ibeivieucd pcrtifipctikb’), (ii) skal ”hibcdity’ pribfipdls (diaits kb usl cbe eisfdksurl ncsle kb tml purpksl kh fkddlftikb), (iii) skal slfurity prktlftikbs0 cbe (iv) kvlrcdd, ct dlcst 33 kh tml 3< KLFE/FkL pribfipdls ielbtihile cnkvl. Cby sufm cbcdysis widd blflsscridy ibfduel skal sunglftivl guejalbts ct tml acrjib kh cfflptcnidity. Ib tml cnkvl lxcapdl, tml ibfdusikb kh nktm Ibeic cbe Xiltbca is ncsle kb jlblrkus ibtlrprltctikbs kh tmlir dcws (ib tml cnslbfl kh cby fcsls tk bljctivl sufm ibtlrprltctikbs). Uml Ibeicb dcw is rlpdltl witm canijuitils, ibfdueibj qulstikbs sufm cs wmltmlr cdd kr kbdy skal pribfipdls cppdy tk prktlft ectc sunglfts wmlb ectc is rlflivle hrka c tmire pcrty rctmlr tmcb hrka tml ectc sunglft. Ib rldctikb tk Xiltbca, tml pribfipdl kh sunglft cfflss is bkt lxpdifit cbe aust nl iapdile hrka tml rijmt kh fkrrlftikb ib wmct crl vlry smkrt stctlalbts kh slts kh ectc privcfy rijmts ib twk pilfls kh dljisdctikb. It is cdsk blflsscry tk fkbfduel tmct twk dcws, kbl elcdibj witm lfkaalrfl cbe kbl witm fkbsualr rijmts, lhhlftivldy fkvlr ”tml acgkrity kh privctl slftkr plrskbcd ectc’. Acby fkubtrils mcvl dcws fkvlribj pcrts kh tmlir privctl slftkr (lj frleit rlpkrtibj, l-fkaalrfl kr aleifcd rlfkres), kr rlquiribj tmlir privctl slftkrs tk fkapdy witm c pcrtifudcr ectc prktlftikb pribfipdl (lj csplfts kh ectc slfurity), nut tmlsl ek bkt allt tml fritlric hkr tmis stuey cbe tml Ucndl. ^lflbt lxcapdls crl hrka Ibekblsic cbe Uur`ly (nktm fkbflrbibj lfkaalrfl). Ktmlr lxcapdls crl tml acby slftkrcd privcfy dcws ib tml \VC wmifm elcd witm pcrts kh tml \V privctl slftkr.>= Bkr ek \V privctl slftkr

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Hkr eltcids eltcids kh sufm sufm dcws sll Vwirl cbe cbe Cmace, cnkvl b 350 Vaitm, cnkvl b 35.


Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

privcfy dcws allt tml fritlric lvlb ih cjjrljctle,>9 cbe pkssindy tmly fkude bkt ek sk hkr fkbstitutikbcd rlcskbs.6?

>.< Mkw lhhlftivl aust c dcw dcw nl; Umis cbcdysis kbdy fkbsielrs wmltmlr c ectc privcfy dcw lxists kb pcplr (il mcs nllb lbcftle) cbe is ib hkrfl. Uml csslssalbt kh mkw lhhlftivldy c dcw is lbhkrfle is mcdh kh tml tcs` kh cb L\ ”celqucfy’ csslssalbt, cbe ib lcfm ibstcbfl sufm cb csslssalbt tc`ls acby wll`s kh wkr`.63 Cpcrt hrka nlibj iapkssindl hkr 9= fkubtrils, tmct is bkt tml purpksl kh tmis cbcdysis. Zmidl lcfm rlcelr acy mcvl tmlir kwb dist kh fkubtrils wmifm tmly wkude susplft cs nlibj vlry prkncndy ct tml dkw lbe kh lbhkrflalbt lhhlftivlblss, elplbeibj kb wmct wl `bkw cnkut tmla. Ib hcft rldicndl ibhkractikb cnkut lbhkrflalbt kh akst ectc privcfy dcws is eihhifudt tk kntcib, cbe lvcductikb kh iapcft lxtrlaldy eihhifudt.6> Cdsk, tml hcft tmct sufm fkubtrils mcvl ectc privcfy dcws ib hkrfl dlcvls kplb tml pkssinidity tmct lbhkrflalbt crrcbjlalbts fcb fmcbjl vlry quif`dy tkwcre lhhlftivlblss. Dcws crl bkt rudle kut, tmlrlhkrl, hkr dcf` kh lvielbfl kh lhhlftivlblss. Umct is c eihhlrlbt lbquiry hrka tmis. Hibcddy, hkr tml purpksls kh tmis nrilh kvlrvilw, it is iapkrtcbt tk bktl tmct ”jrkwtm’ kr ”lxpcbsikb’ kh ectc privcfy dcws fcbbkt nl lquctle witm iaprkvlalbt ib privcfy prktlftikb. Vkal privcfy dcws crl siapdy bkt lbhkrfle. Vurvliddcbfl cftivitils ib nktm tml privctl cbe pundif slftkrs fcb cdsk jrkw ct tml scal tial cs dcws crl lbcftle cbe kplrctikbcd, cbe quitl khtlb ek wmlb ectc privcfy dcws crl c trcel-khh hkr, kr c nldctle rlspkbsl tk, akrl ibtlbsivl survliddcbfl. Csslssibj tml lhhlftivlblss kr vcdul kh ectc privcfy dcws is c hcr akrl fkapdlx tcs` tmcb is ubelrtc`lb ib tmis rldctivldy siapdl lxlrfisl.

>.8 Uml rlsudtibj jdkncd tcnudctikb Uk suaacrisl tml cnkvl eisfussikb, ib tmis crtifdl cbe tml cffkapcbyibj Ucndl, c fkubtry (ibfdueibj cby ibelplbelbt dljcd guriseiftikb) is fkbsielrle tk mcvl c ”ectc privcfy dcw’ ih it mcs kbl kr akrl dcws fkvlribj tml akst >9

Hkr eltcids sll F Mkkhbcjdl, Mkkhbcjdl, ”Fkubtry ”Fkubtry Vtueils N.3 ‖ \bitle \bitle Vtctls kh Calrifc’ Calrifc’ ib E @khh, (le), Fkapcrctivl stuey kb eihhlrlbt Cpprkcfmls tk blw privcfy fmcddlbjls, ib pcrtifudcr ib tml dijmt kh tlfmbkdkjifcd elvldkpalbts elvldkpa lbts (Lurkplcb Fkaaissikb, >?3?) ”8. Ectc prktlftikb pribfipdls’ 4mttp7//lf.lurkpc.lu/gusti 4mttp7//lf.lurkpc.lu/gustifl/pkdifils/pr fl/pkdifils/privcfy/ekfs/ ivcfy/ekfs/stueils/blw[privc stueils/blw[privcfy[fmcddl fy[fmcddl bjls/hibcd[rlpkrt[fkubtr bjls/hibcd[rlpkrt[fkubtry[rlpkrt[N3[ y[rlpkrt[N3[usc.peh2. usc.peh2.

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Vll J Jrllbdlch cbe B Zctlrs, Zctlrs, ”Kncac’s _rivcfy Hrcalwkr`7 Hrcalwkr`7 Cb Khhlr tk nl Dlht kb tml Ucndl’ (Kftknlr >?3>) (issul 339) _rivcfy Dcws & Nusiblss Ibtlrbctikbcd ^lpkrt 8-9, cbe rlhlrlbfls fitle tmlrlib 4mttp7//ssrb.fka/cnstrcft1 4mttp7//ssrb.fka/cnstrcft1>3=:>652. >3=:>652.

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Uml cutmkr mcs nllb ibvkdvle ib tml tml prlpcrctikb kh hivl lxplrt rlpkrts rlpkrts hkr sufm csslssalbts.

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Vll Nlbbltt cbe ^ccn, cnkvl b 33, 33, Fm 9 hkr c eisfussikb kh tml eihhifudtils. eihhifudtils.


iapkrtcbt pcrts kh its privctl slftkr, kr its bctikbcd pundif slftkr, kr nktm, cbe tmct dcw prkviels c slt kh ncsif ectc privcfy pribfipdls, tk c stcbecre ct dlcst cpprkxiactibj tml aibiaua prkviele hkr ny tml KLFE Juieldibls kr Fkubfid kh Lurkpl Fkbvlbtikb 3?= , pdus skal altmkes kh khhificddy-ncf`le lbhkrflalbt (il bkt kbdy sldh-rljudctikb). Uk cpprkxiactl tml KLFE/FkL stcbecres, c dcw aust prkviel ibeivieucd pcrtifipctikb, hibcdity, slfurity cbe ct dlcst 33 kh tml 3< pribfipdls kvlrcdd.

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Uml Jdkncd Eihhusikb kh Ectc _rivcfy Dcws Kvlr 5? Ylcrs

\sibj tmis elhibitikb kh c fkubtry witm c ectc privcfy dcw, tml cbblxle Ucndl kh Ectc _rivcfy Dcws cppdils tml elhibitikb tk eltlraibl tmct 99 fkubtrils furrlbtdy mcvl sufm dcws, cbe dists tmla cdpmcnltifcddy. Zmct fcb cbcdysis kh tmis Ucndl tldd us cnkut mkw tmlsl dcws mcvl elvldkple jdkncddy kvlr tml dcst 5? ylcrs sibfl Vwlelb wcs tml skdl bctikbcd lxplrialbt ib 39:6; Uml akst knvikus qulstikbs crl tk cs` ct wmct rctl tmis lxpcbsikb mcs kffurrle, cbe wmlrl mcs it kffurrle; Cbswlrs tk tmlsl qulstikbs widd lbcndl skal ibhkrale eisfussikb kh tml di`ldy rctl cbe dkfctikb kh huturl jdkncd jrkwtm ib ectc privcfy dcws, cbe its iapdifctikbs.

6.3 Fkubtrils witmkut ectc ectc privcfy dcws7 Mlceibj Mlceibj tkwcre c aibkrity C tcnudctikb kh fkubtrils witm ectc privcfy dcws rlquirls tml fkapdlalbt tk nl eltlraible7 eltlra ible7 mkw mk w acby fkubtrils mcvl bk sufm dcws; dcws ; Umlrl crl ct dlcst 3?9 fkubtrils witm bk dcws ylt lbcftle, tcìbj ibtk cffkubt \B alanlr stctls cbe c buanlr kh bkb-alanlr stctls.66 Ih tml >? furrlbt Nidds `bkwb crl tc`lb ibtk cffkubt (tml Umci Nidd is ijbkrle nlfcusl tmlrl is cdrlcey c pundif slftkr Cft), tmlrl crl =9 fkubtrils65 witm bk Cfts kr Nidds. Uml jdkncd eistrinutikb kh 66

Uml dist ib tml hkddkwibj hkktbktl ibfduels ibfduels \B knslrvlr knslrvlr stctls, c buanlr kh ktmlr ktmlr stctls tmct crl bkt \B alanlrs, cbe \@ tlrritkrils. Umlrl acy nl skal ktmlr tlrritkrils witm slpcrctl dljcd systlas bkt ibfduele.

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Fkubtrils witm bk Cfts kr Nidds7 Chjmcbistcb0 Cdjlric0 Ncmrcib0 Ncbjdcelsm0 Ncbjdcels m0 Nldcrus0 Nldizl0 Nlrauec***0 Nmutcb**0 Nkdivic0 Nktswcbc0 Nritism Xirjib Isdcbes***0 Nrubli Ecrusscdca0 Nurubei0 Fcankeic0 Fcalrkkb0 Flbtrcd Chrifcb ^lpundif0 Fmce0 Fmibc0 Fkakrks0 Fkbjk, ^lpundif0 Fkbjk Elakfrctif ^lpundif0 Func0 Eginkuti0 Lfucekr0 Ljypt0 Ld Vcdvcekr0 Lquctkricd Juiblc0 Lritrlc0 Ltmikpic0 Higi0 Jcanic0 Juctlacdc0 Juiblc0 Juiblc-Nisscu0 Juycbc0 Mciti0 Mkbeurcs0 Ibekblsic0 Ircb0 Ircq0 Gkrecb0 @czc`mstcb0 @irincti0 @krlc, Bkrtm0 @uwcit0 Dck _E^0 Dlncbkb, Dlsktmk0 Dinlric0 Dinyc0 Acdcwi0 Acdeivls0 Acrsmcdd Isdcbes0 Acuritcbic0 Aifrkblsic0 Akbjkdic0 Akzcaniqul0 Aycbacr0 Bcainic0 Bcuru0 Kacb0 _cìstcb0 _cdcu0 _cdlstibl*0 _cbcac0 _cpuc Blw Juiblc0 ^wcbec0 Vcakc0 Vck Ukal cbe _ribfipl0 Vcuei Crcnic0 Vilrrc Dlkbl0 Vkdkakb Isdcbes0 Vkacdic0 Vri Dcb`c0 Vuecb0 Vuribcal0 Vwczidcbe0 Vyric0 Ucgiìstcb0 Uiakr Dlstl0 Ukjk0 Ukbjc0 Uuràlbistcb0 Uuvcdu0 \jcbec0 \bitle Crcn Lairctls0 \znlìstcb0 Xcbuctu0 Xctifcb (Mkdy Vll)*0 Xlblzuldc0 Wcanic (* 1 \B knslrvlr stctls0 ** 1 Bkt \B alanlr0 *** 1 \@ tlrritkry). Umis dist is fkbstruftle ny stcrtibj witm cdd \B alanlr stctls cbe knslrvlrs, ceeibj `bkwb ibelplbelbt guriseiftikbs, cbe tmlb rlakvibj fkubtrils ,


Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

>?= fkubtrils is tmlrlhkrl7 =9 witm bk Cfts kr Nidds0 >? witm Nidds0 99 witm Cfts. It is fdlcr hrka tml dist kh fkubtrils witm Nidds tmct tml buanlrs fkude fmcbjl quitl skkb. Lbcftalbt kh six akrl Nidds widd put tml buanlr kh fkubtrils witm ectc privcfy dcws ib tml acgkrity. Umis is di`ldy tk kffur ib >?35. Kh fkursl, buanlrs kh fkubtrils witm dcws is bkt tml kbdy ibeifctkr kh sijbihifcbfl, cbe ktmlr alcsurls ncsle kb tml pkpudctikbs kr lfkbkaif sijbihifcbfl kh fkubtrils fkude nl usle.

6.> Jrkwtm ny elfcel Uml rctl kh lxpcbsikb mcs cvlrcjle cpprkxiactldy >.< dcws plr ylcr hkr 5? ylcrs, nut it mcs bkt nllb c diblcr jrkwtm. Uml buanlr kh blw ectc privcfy dcws jdkncddy, vilwle ny elfcel, mcs jrkwb cs hkddkws7 9 (39:?s), +3> (39=?s), +>? (399?s), +69 (>???s) cbe +39 (6.< ylcrs kh tml >?3?s), jivibj tml tktcd kh 99. Ib tml 39:?s, ectc privcfy dcws wlrl c wlstlrb Lurkplcb pmlbkalbkb (Custric, Elbacr`, Jrllbdcbe, Jlracby, Hrcbfl, Bkrwcy, Vwlelb, cbe Duxlankurj), ktmlr tmcb hkr tml \V pundif slftkr Cft. Uml pksitikb wcs siaidcr ib tml 39=?s (Hibdcbe, Ifldcbe, Irldcbe, tml Bltmlrdcbes, Vcb Acribk, tml \@, cbe tmrll tlrritkrils rldctle tk tml \@), witm Isrcld cs tml hirst bkbLurkplcb stctl ib 39=3, cbe Custrcdic, Fcbcec cbe Gcpcb prkvieibj ”pundif slftkr kbdy’ dljisdctikb. Cffldlrctikb fkaalbfle ib tml 399?s, cs akst rlacibibj wlstlrb Lurkplcb fkubtrils (L\ cbe LLC) lbcftle dcws (Nldjiua, Itcdy, Jrllfl, Akbcfk, _krtujcd, Vpcib, cbe Vwitzlrdcbe), witm elvldkpalbts ib _krtujcd cbe Vpcib ib fkbgubftikb witm elakfrctisctikb. Akrl sijbihifcbtdy, witm tml fkddcpsl kh tml Vkvilt \bikb acby hkralr ”lcstlrb ndkf’ fkubtrils lbcftle ectc privcfy dcws cs pcrt kh tmlir prktlftikb kh fivid dinlrtils (Cdncbic, Fzlfm ^lpundif, Mubjcry, _kdcbe, Vdkvcìc, cbe Vdkvlbic), cbe tml hirst lx-Vkvilt-rlpundifs (Czlrncigcb cbe Ditmucbic) eie di`lwisl. Uml sprlce kutsiel Lurkpl cdsk stcrtle, witm tml hirst dcws ib Dctib Calrifc (Fmidl) cbe tml hirst fkaprlmlbsivl dcws ib tml Csic-_cfihif (Mkbj @kbj, Blw Wlcdcbe cbe (witm diaitctikbs) Uciwcb, pdus Umcidcbe cbe Vkutm @krlc’s pundif slftkr dcws), cdsk khtlb rldctle tk ibfrlcsle elakfrctisctikb. Ib tml >???s tml cffldlrctikb fkbtibule, cbe ibfrlcsle ib cdakst cdd rljikbs kh tml wkrde. Akst striìbj wcs tml lxpcbsikb ib tml hkralr lcstlrb ndkf cbe Vkvilt rlpundif fkubtrils tml (Nksbic & Mlrzljkvibc, Nudjcric, Frkctic, Lstkbic, Dctvic, Acflekbic (HY^KA), Akdekvc, ^kacbic, Vlrnic cbe Akbtlbljrk, pdus ûssic itsldh, tmkujm bkt ib hkrfl ubtid >?33), pdus tml ceeitikb kh tml rlacibibj wlstlrb Lurkplcb fkubtrils (Cbekrrc, Fyprus, Jinrcdtcr, Dilfmtlbstlib cbe Acdtc). Kutsiel Lurkpl, lxpcbsikb cffldlrctle ib tml Csic-_cfihif (Acfck VC^, cbe Blpcd’s pundif slftkr, cbe privctl slftkr lxtlbsikbs kh lxistibj dcws ib Custrcdic, Vkutm @krlc, cbe Gcpcb), Dctib Calrifc (Crjlbtibc, Fkdkanic, _crcjucy cbe \rujucy), cbe tml Fcrinnlcb (Ncmcacs, Vt Xibflbt & Jrlbceibls). ^cpie elvldkpalbt tkk` pdcfl ib Chrifc witm Cfts kr Nidds. It is pkssindl tmct skal tlrritkricd guriseiftikbs witm ibelplbelbt dljcd systlas crl bkt ylt ibfduele.


witm blw dcws ib Uubisic cbe Akrkffk (Bkrtm Chrifc) cbe Nlbib, Nurìbc Hcsk, Fcpl Xlrel, Acuritius, Vlbljcd, Vlyfmlddls, cbe Wiancnwl’s pundif slftkr dcw (sun-Vcmcrcb Chrifc). Uml @yrjyz ^lpundif nlfcal tml hirst fkubtry ib Flbtrcd Csic tk dljisdctl ib >??=, cbe tml Eunci cbe Sctcr Hibcbficd Flbtrls ceele tml hirst dcws ib tml Aieedl Lcst. Uml ”bkujmtils’ (>???-?9) wcs tml hirst elfcel ib wmifm bkb-Lurkplcb lxpcbsikb kh dcws (>6) lxfllele tmct ib Lurkpl (38). Ib tml hirst tmrll cbe c mcdh ylcrs kh tmis elfcel 39 blw dcws mcvl nllb lbcftle. Cdd rlacibibj Lurkplcb fkubtrils lbcftle dcws (Hcrkl Isdcbes, Jlkrjic, @kskvk cbe \`rcibl), witm tml lxflptikb kh Uur`ly (cdsk tml kbdy rlacibibj KLFE lxflptikb) cbe tml twk bkb-alanlrs kh tml Fkubfid kh Lurkpl (Nldcrus cbe tml Xctifcb). Uml ûssicb dcw cdsk hibcddy fcal ibtk hkrfl. Kutsiel Lurkpl, cdakst cdd rljikbs mcvl cdrlcey smkwb fkbtibuibj lxpcbsikb. Lxpcbsikb kutsiel Lurkpl (3<) fkbtibuls tk kutstrip tmct witmib Lurkpl (6), cbe tmis widd kh blflssity fkbtibul cs tml fcpcfity hkr Lurkplcb lxpcbsikb is bkw dcrjldy lxmcustle. Jrkwtm fkals hrka cdd rljikbs7 Ibeic, tml _midippibls, Acdcysic, Xiltbca, cbe Vibjcpkrl (tml dcst tmrll kbdy privctl slftkr) (Csic)0 Fkstc îfc, Bifcrcjuc, Alxifk cbe _lru (Dctib Calrifc)0 Cbjkdc, Jcnkb, cbe Jmcbc, (Chrifc)0 Vt Dufic cbe Uribiece & Ukncjk, (Fcrinnlcb)0 cbe Ylalb (pundif slftkr) (Aieedl Lcst). Vk hcr, tml >?3?s crl tml akst ibtlbsivl plrike kh ectc prktlftikb elvldkpalbt ib tml 5?-ylcr mistkry kh tml hilde, cvlrcjibj akrl tmcb hivl blw dcws plr ylcr. Umlrl is cdsk c fkbtibuibj strlbjtmlbibj kh lxistibj dcw kutsiel Lurkpl ib tml >?3?s, cs mcs kffurrle ib Mkbj @kbj, Vkutm @krlc, Custrcdic, cbe Uciwcb, tk fkbsielr kbdy tml Csic-_cfihif.

6.6 Jlkjrcpmifcd lxpcbsikb Jlkjrcpmifcddy, 6< akrl tmcb mcdh (<6 plr flbt) kh ectc privcfy dcws crl stidd ib Lurkplcb fkubtrils (<>/9=), L\ alanlr stctls acìbj up dlss tmcb kbl tmire (>=/9=), lvlb witm tml lxpcbsikb kh tml L\ ibtk Lcstlrb Lurkpl. Umlrl crl ectc privcfy dcws ib cdd >= alanlr stctls kh tml Lurkplcb \bikb (fkubtibj Frkctic cs kh 3 Gudy >?36), cbe c hurtmlr >5 dcws ib ktmlr Lurkplcb fkubtrils kr guriseiftikbs (ibfdueibj tml LLC stctls). Kbdy c hlw Lurkplcb fkubtrils rlacib witmkut sufm dcws, (Nldcrus, tml Mkdy Vll/Xctifcb, cbe Uur`ly). Umlrl crl bibl dcws ib Dctib Calrifc. Ib tml Calrifcs, crl cdsk tml dcws ib Fcbcec cbe tml \VC, cbe hkur dcws ib tml Fcrinnlcb. Ib Csic tmlrl crl bkw 3> kh >: fkubtrils witm ectc privcfy dcws. Nktm Custrcdic cbe Blw Wlcdcbe mcvl ectc privcfy dcws, nut bk fkubtrils ib tml _cfihif Isdcbes ek sk (tml kbdy rljikb witm bk sufm dcws). Ib Bkrtm Chrifc cbe tml Aieedl Lcst, tmlrl crl six sufm dcws, cbe 3? ib Vun-Vcmcrcb Chrifc. Uml Hrlbfm-splcìbj Csskfictikb kh _lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb Cutmkritils (CHC_E_), cbe Hrcbfl’s FBID mcvl 6<

C rlflbt acp acp is ny E Ncbiscr, Ncbiscr, ”Bctikbcd ”Bctikbcd Fkaprlmlbsivl Fkaprlmlbsivl Ectc _rktlftikb/_ri _rktlftikb/_rivcfy vcfy Dcws cbe Nidds >?36 Acp’ (: Gudy >?36) 4mttp7//pcplrs.ssrb.fk 4mttp7//pcplrs.ssrb.fka/skd6/pcplrs. a/skd6/pcplrs.fha;cnstrcf fha;cnstrcft[ie139<35382. t[ie139<35382.


Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

nktm acel lhhkrts tk lbfkurcjl lxpcbsikb kh ectc privcfy ib Chrifcb hrcbfkpmkbl fkubtrils. Uml @yrjyz ^lpundif dcw is tml hirst ib Flbtrcd Csic, tmkujm Akbjkdic’s dcws cdsk fkal fdksl tk qucdihyibj. Uml jlkjrcpmifcd eistrinutikb kh tml 99 dcws ny rljikb is tmlrlhkrl7 L\ (>=)0 Ktmlr Lurkplcb (><)0 Csic (3>)0 Dctib Calrifc (9)0 (sun-Vcmcrcb) Chrifc (3?)0 Bkrtm Chrifc/Aieedl Lcst (8)0 Fcrinnlcb (5)0 Bkrtm Calrifc (>)0 Custrcdcsic (>)0 Flbtrcd Csic (3)0 _cfihif Isdcbes (?). Vk tmlrl crl 55 ectc privcfy dcws kutsiel Lurkpl, 5: plr flbt kh tml tktcd. Nlfcusl tmlrl is dittdl rkka hkr lxpcbsikb witmib Lurkpl, tml acgkrity kh tml wkrde’s ectc privcfy dcws widd skkb nl hrka kutsiel Lurkpl, prkncndy ny tml aieedl kh tmis elfcel.

6.5 Nidds hkr blw Cfts ‖ Zmlrl widd lxpcbsikb kffur blxt; Uml cbblxle Jdkncd Ucndl kh Ectc _rivcfy Nidds dists `bkwb khhificd Nidds hkr blw Cfts, nktm tmksl wmifm mcvl nllb ibtrkeufle ibtk dljisdcturls, cbe tmksl wmifm crl ubelr khhificd fkbsielrctikb ny jkvlrbalbts. Ibhkractikb is ibfduele cnkut tml furrlbt `bkwb stctl kh c Nidd. Furrlbtdy, tmlrl crl >3 sufm Nidds `bkwb, ncsle kb rldicndl skurfls. Cs smkwb ib tml Ucndl tmly crl priacridy hrka tml Fcrinnlcb (=) cbe Chrifc (=) 68 , pdus twk hrka Dctib Calrifc (Nrczid cbe tml Hcd`dcbe Isdcbes), cbe kbl lcfm hrka tml Aieedl Lcst (Sctcr, cs eistibft hrka tml Sctcr Hibcbficd Cutmkrity sun-rljikb), Lurkpl (Uur`ly) cbe Csic (Umci privctl slftkr). Hurtmlr rlslcrfm acy rlvlcd akrl Nidds ubelr fkbsielrctikb nut bkt ylt distle. Vkal Nidds crl lxfduele nlfcusl tmly mcvl bkt nllb lbcftle hkr c elfcel chtlr ibtrkeuftikb,6: cbe skal crl lxfduele nlfcusl tmly cpplcr tk mcvl nllb rlglftle ny dljisdcturls, bkt alrldy eldcyle.6= Uml Ucndl ekls bkt ibfduel Nidds hkr rlvisikbs kh lxistibj Cfts cdtmkujm tmlsl crl iapkrtcbt ib lxpcbeibj tml strlbjtm kh ectc privcfy dcws jdkncddy, cs lxlapdihile ny dljisdctikb ib tml pcst twk ylcrs ib Vkutm @krlc, Uciwcb cbe Mkbj @kbj.

68

Hrka Chrifc Chrifc tmly crl7 Ivkry Fkcst, @lbyc, Acecjcsfcr, Acecjcsfcr, Acdi, Bijlr, Bijlr, Bijlric, Bijlric, Vkutm Chrifc, Ucbzcbic. Hrka tml Fcrinnlcb tmly crl7 Cbtijuc & Ncrnuec0 Ncrnceks0 Fcyacb Isdcbe0 Ekaibifc0 Ekaibifcb ^lpundif0 Jrlbcec0 Gcacifc0 Vcibt @itts cbe Blvis.

6:

Umis ibfduels Xlblzuldc’s Xlblzuldc’s >??6 (kr lcrdilr) Nidd hkr hkr c Dcw kb Ectc _rktlftikb _rktlftikb cbe cbe Mcnlcs Ectc, wmifm mcs nllb nlhkrl tml Vfilbfl cbe Ulfmbkdkjy Fkaaittll kh tml Bctikbcd Csslandy nut mcs bkt nllb ibtrkeufle tk tml Bctikbcd Csslandy hkr hkracd eisfussikb (ibhkractikb prkviele ny Gkmb Uuf`lr Ncrnkzc cbe ^kn @lbijsnlrj).

6=

Umis ibfduels Lfucekr’s Lfucekr’s >?3? Nidd hkr hkr c Dly el _rktlffikb _rktlffikb c dc Ibtiaiece Ibtiaiece y c dks Ectks _lrskbcdls, wmifm wcs rlglftle cbe slt csiel ny c pdlbcry alltibj kh tml Bctikbcd Csslandy kb 5 Kftknlr >?3> (ibhkractikb (ibhkractikb prkviele ny ^kn @lbijsnlrj).


6.< _rleiftibj jrkwtm cbe uniquitkus ectc privcfy dcws Hkr kvlr twk elfcels tml rctl kh cekptikb kh blw ectc privcfy dcws plr ylcr mcs nllb stlceidy ibfrlcsibj, cbe tml rljikbs kh tml jdknl tmct mcvl sufm dcws mcs nllb stlceidy lxpcbeibj. Ih tml furrlbt rctl kh lxpcbsikb hkr >?3?-aie >?36 fkbtibuls ib c diblcr hcsmikb, ?3?s widd sll bk akrl ectc privcfy dcws tmcb tml >???s, tmlrl wkude nl 36? fkubtrils witm ectc privcfy dcws ny tml elfcel’s lbe, witm c dcrjl acgkrity kh tml dcws ny tmlb fkaibj hrka kutsiel Lurkpl.

Hijurl 37 Jrkwtm kh ectc prktlftikb dcws ny elfcel (tk Gubl >?36), witm prkglftikbs tk >?>? (diblcr 1 3690 cffldlrctibj ‖ 38?)

Lvlb cddkwibj hkr c hlw akrl dljcddy eistibft tlrritkrils tk nl ceele, tml tktcd buanlr kh guriseiftikbs jdkncddy is cnkut >3?. Ny tml lbe kh tmis elfcel, tml buanlr kh fkubtrils witm ectc privcfy dcws, cdd kh wmifm mcvl c strkbj ”hcaidy rlslandcbfl’ widd nl skalwmlrl nltwllb 36? cbe 38? kb tml lstiactls cnkvl, akrl di`ldy tkwcre tml mijmlr lbe. Ib ktmlr wkres, nltwllb 8> plr flbt cbe :8 plr flbt kh cdd guriseiftikbs jdkncddy widd mcvl ectc privcfy dcws ib kbdy slvlb ylcrs tial, cbe jdkncd jrkwtm fcb nl lxplftle tk fkbtibul nlykbe >?>?. Zmctlvlr fkubtry buanlrs cbe jrkwtm rctls crl usle, it sllas di`ldy tmct ct skal ylcr ib tml blxt elfcel tml buanlr kh fkubtrils witm ectc privcfy dcws widd rlcfm c ”tippibj pkibt’ ct wmifm it nlfkals ib tml ibtlrlsts kh cdd guriseiftikbs wismibj tk pcrtifipctl ib tml jdkncd lfkbkay tk mcvl sufm dcws. It is bkt ubrlcdistif tk tcd` kh ”jdkncd uniquity’ kh ectc privcfy dcws witmib

Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

Umlrl crl ktmlr wcys, pktlbticddy akrl uslhud, ny wmifm jdkncd lxpcbsikb kh ectc privcfy dcws fkude nl alcsurle, scy ny tml pkpudctikbs kh tml fkubtrils fkbflrble, kr ny tmlir JB_, kr JB_ plr mlce, kr ktmlr alcsurl kh lfkbkaif sijbihifcbfl. Umlsl fkude smkw eihhlrlbt trlbes, cbe wkude nl vcducndl, nut acy bkt nl blflsscry hkr tml purpksls kh tmis rlslcrfm. Ibsplftikb kh tml dist kh 339 fkubtrils ib tml twk Ucndls wmifm cdrlcey mcvl ectc privcfy dcws kr mcvl khhificd Nidds, ib fkapcriskb witm tml cnkvl-bktle dist kh =9 tmct ek bkt, ac`ls it knvikus tmct ectc privcfy dcws crl hkube ib cdakst cdd tml wkrde’s dcrjlr cbe akrl lfkbkaifcddy sijbihifcbt fkubtrils. Ih kbl cees Nrczid, Vkutm Chrifc, Bijlric kr @lbyc hrka tml dist kh fkubtrils witm khhificd Nidds, tml pifturl is lvlb akrl fdlcr. Uwk kh tml hlw lfkbkaifcddy mijmdy sijbihifcbt fkubtrils ib tml dist kh fkubtrils witm bk dcws kr Nidds crl Fmibc cbe Ibekblsic. Ibekblsic mcs, ib >?3>, lbcftle c ectc privcfy rljudctikb hkr l-fkaalrfl cbe is rlpkrtle tk nl erchtibj c fkaprlmlbsivl dcw. 69 Fmibc is lbcftibj c akscif kh ectc privcfy dcws ib lfkbkaifcddy sijbihifcbt slftkrs, nut fkude akvl tk c fkaprlmlbsivl ectc privcfy dcw.5? Ibeic mcs dljisdctle, tmkujm pkkrdy cbe ieiksybfrctifcddy, cbe tmlrl is fkbsielrcndl ibtlrbcd cbe lxtlrbcd prlssurl kb Ibeic tk lbcft akrl fkbvlbtikbcd fkaprlmlbsivl dljisdctikb. Vkutm Chrifc’s dljisdctikb mcs cdakst fkapdltle its pcsscjl, cbe Nrczid’s acy ek sk ib >?367 cbktmlr NÎF ib tml wcdd, wl fkude scy.

6.8 Lbkujm kb qucbtity! ‖ Zmct qucdity qucdity ek tmlsl tmlsl dcws mcvl; Cdtmkujm cb KLFE/FkL ”aibiaua stcbecre’ mcs nllb usle tk elhibl c ”ectc privcfy dcw’ (cbe ibfdusikb ib tml Ucndl), tmis smkude bkt dlce tk tml aistc`lb cssuaptikb tmct kbdy sufm c aibiaua stcbecre kh ectc prktlftikb is wmct is cfmilvle nl tml dcws hrka fkubtrils kutsiel Lurkpl.53 Cbcdysis kh 66/69 fkubtrils kutsiel Lurkpl witm ectc prktlftikb dcws cs ct Elflanlr >?3?,5> smkwle tmct ib rldctikb tk 3? pribfipdls tmct wlrl akrl strift tmcb tml KLFE/FkL ”ncsif pribfipdls’, tml 66 bkb-Lurkplcb dcws kb cvlrcjl lxminitle :/3? kh tmksl pribfipdls. Vkal kh tmlsl ceeitikbcd ”Lurkplcb’ pribfipdls kffurrle ib akrl tmcb :< plr flbt kh tml 66 fkubtrils csslssle, bcaldy 69

J Jrllbdlch cbe V ^kscei, ”Ibekblsic’s ”Ibekblsic’s ectc prktlftikb prktlftikb ^ljudctikb ^ljudctikb >?3>7 C nrilh fkel witm ectc nrlcfm bktihifctikb’ (>?36) (issul 3>>) _rivcfy Dcws & Nusiblss Ibtlrbctikbcd ^lpkrt >5->:.

5?

J Jrllbdlch cbe J Uicb, Uicb, ”Fmibc lxpcbes ectc prktlftikb prktlftikb tmrkujm blw >?36 >?36 juieldibls’ (>?36) (issul 3>>) _rivcfy Dcws & Nusiblss Ibtlrbctikbcd ^lpkrt 3, 5-80 J Jrllbdlch, ”Fmibc’s B_F Vtcbeibj Fkaaittll privcfy Elfisikb7 C sacdd stlp, bkt c jrlct dlcp hkrwcre’ (issul 3>3) _rivcfy Dcws & Nusiblss Ibtlrbctikbcd ^lpkrt 3, 5-8, Hlnrucry >?36.

53

Dcws ib Lurkplcb fkubtrils fkubtrils fcb nl cssuale tk lxminit jlblrcddy mijmlr mijmlr stcbecres, stcbecres, nlfcusl kh tml rlquirlal rl quirlalbts bts kh tml L\ Eirlftivl, Eirlft ivl, cbe tml Ceeitikbcd Ceeit ikbcd _rktkfkd _rktkf kd tk tml FkL Fkbvlbtikb.

5>

J Jrllbdlch, ”Uml Ibhdulbfl Ibhdulbfl kh Lurkplcb Lurkplcb Ectc _rivcfy _rivcfy Vtcbecres Vtcbecres Kutsiel Lurkpl7 Lurkpl7 Iapdifctikbs hkr Jdkncdisctikb kh Fkbvlbtikb 3?=’ (>?3>) >(>) Ibtlrbctikbcd Ectc _rivcfy Dcw , 4mttp7//pcplrs.ssrb.fka/ 4mttp7//pc plrs.ssrb.fka/cnstrcft[ie cnstrcft[ie1398?>992. 1398?>992.


”nkrelr-fkbtrkd’ ectc lxpkrt rlstriftikbs (>=/66)0 ceeitikbcd prktlftikb hkr slbsitivl ectc (>=/66)0 eldltikb rlquirlalbts (>=/66)0 rlfkursl tk tml fkurts (>8/66)0 aibiaua fkddlftikb (>8/66)0 cbe splficdist ectc prktlftikb cjlbfils (>
5

Ibtlrbctikbcd Fkaaitalbts cbe ^lfkjbitikb

Ibtlrbctikbcd cjrllalbts fkbflrbibj ectc prktlftikb mcvl mce c fkbsielrcndl ibhdulbfl kb cekptikb kh ectc privcfy dcws hkr 6? ylcrs sibfl tml erchtibj kh nktm tml KLFE’s privcfy Juieldibls cbe tml Fkubfid kh Lurkpl Ectc _rktlftikb Fkbvlbtikb ct tml kutslt kh tml 39=?s. Vibfl tmlb, Elvldkpibj ib pcrt kut kh tml Fkubfid kh Lurkpl ectc prktlftikb Fkbvlbtikb, tml Lurkplcb \bikb’s ectc prktlftikb Eirlftivl kh 399< mcs nllb tml akst ibhdulbticd ibtlrbctikbcd ibstrualbt, tml Lfkbkaif Fkaaubity kh Zlst Chrifcb Vtctls (LFKZCV) Vuppdlalbtcry Cft kb ectc prktlftikb mcs spurrle ectc privcfy dcws ib Zlst Chrifc, cbe tml Csic-_cfihif Lfkbkaif Fkkplrctikb’s (C_LF) _rivcfy Hrcalwkr` mcs frlctle rljudcr kppkrtubitils hkr eisfussikb kh privcfy issuls cakbj skal Csic-_cfihif guriseiftikbs. Uk fkapdltl tmis jdkncd survly it is blflsscry tk dkk` ct plbltrctikb kh nktm ibtlrbctikbcd ibstrualbts elcdibj witm ectc privcfy, cbe ibtlrbctikbcd csskfictikbs kh ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils. Cbcdysis kh tml sunstcbfl cbe sijbihifcbfl kh tmlsl ibstrualbts cbe csskfictikbs is dcrjldy nlykbe tml sfkpl kh tmis crtifdl, wmifm cias akrl ct cbcdysis kh wmifm fkubtrils crl chhlftle ny tmla.

5.3 Uml L\ cbe ”celqucfy’ Cdd >= alanlr stctls kh tml Lurkplcb \bikb crl rlquirle tk mcvl ectc privcfy dcws wmifm iapdlalbt tml L\ ectc prktlftikb Eirlftivls, cbe cdd ek sk (sll tml Ucndl). Hkur ceeitikbcd fkubtrils mcvl cppdile tk gkib tml L\,56 cbe kbl kh tmlsl (Uur`ly) ekls bkt ylt mcvl c ectc privcfy dcw. Uml Lurkplcb Lfkbkaif Crlc (LLC) ibfduels tml Lurkplcb \bikb alanlr stctls pdus Ifldcbe, Bkrwcy cbe Dilfmtlbstlib, cdd kh wmifm mcvl ectc privcfy dcws fkbsistlbt witm tml Eirlftivl, rlsudtibj hrka tml LLC Urlcty. Vtlps tk elvldkp c ^ljudctikb tk rlpdcfl akst csplfts kh tml Eirlftivl, cbe ibfrlcsl tml dlvld kh prktlftikb, crl fkbtibuibj.

56

Hkralr Yujksdcv Yujksdcv ^lpundif kh Acflekbic (HYÎA)0 (HYÎA)0 Ifldcbe0 Ifldcbe0 Akbtlbljrk0 Akbtlbljrk0 Uur`ly. Frkctic”s alanlrsmip ectls hrka Gudy >?36.


Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

Fkubtrils kr guriseiftikbs kutsiel tml LLC fcb kntcib hrka tml Lurkplcb Fkaaissikb c elfisikb tmct tmlir dcws prkviel cb ”celquctl’ dlvld kh prktlftikb kh privcfy, tk lbcndl hrll hdkw kh plrskbcd ectc hrka L\ alanlr stctls tk krjcbisctikbs ib tmksl fkubtrils.55 Cs ylt, tml LF mcs kbdy acel sufm elfisikbs ib rldctikb tk twldvl guriseiftikbs cs c wmkdl, c aibkrity kh wmifm crl kh lfkbkaif kr pkditifcd sijbihifcbfl,5< tml akst rlflbt nlibj \rujucy cbe Blw Wlcdcbe.

5.> Fkubfid kh Lurkpl ectc prktlftikb prktlftikb Fkbvlbtikb 3?= Zitm tml rlflbt blw dcw ib Jlkrjic cbe rctihifctikb ny ûssic, hkrty-hivl kh tml hkrty-slvlb Fkubfid kh Lurkpl alanlr stctls mcvl bkw rctihile tml Fkubfid kh Lurkpl Fkbvlbtikb 3?= , cbe mcvl ectc privcfy dcws. Uur`ly mcs sijble nut bkt rctihile tml Fkbvlbtikb cbe is bkw tml kbdy Fkubfid kh Lurkpl alanlr stctl bkt tk mcvl lbcftle c ectc privcfy dcw, hkddkwibj rlflbt lbcftalbts ny Cralbic cbe Jlkrjic. Vcb Acribk mcs bkt sijble kr rctihile, nut ekls mcvl c dcw. Nldcrus is bkt c Fkubfid kh Lurkpl alanlr nlfcusl kh muacb rijmts fkbflrbs, cbe tml Xctifcb is bkt c alanlr nlfcusl it is bkt c elakfrcfy. Uml Ceeitikbcd _rktkfkd (”LUV 3=3’) tk tml Fkbvlbtikb cdsk rlquirls c fkaaitalbt tk ectc lxpkrt rlstriftikbs cbe tk cb ibelplbelbt ectc prktlftikb cutmkrity, cbe nribjs tml stcbecres kh tml Fkbvlbtikb up tk cpprkxiactldy tml scal dlvld cs tml Eirlftivl. Hkrty-tmrll alanlr stctls mcvl sijble tml Ceeitikbcd _rktkfkd (Jlkrjic kbdy ib Acy >?36), cbe 66 mcvl sunslqulbtdy rctihile it (pdus \rujucy). Uwldvl fkubtrils tmct mcvl rctihile tml Fkbvlbtikb (pdus tmrll tlrritkrils kb wmksl nlmcdh tml \@ cfflele tk tml Fkbvlbtikb ) mcvl bkt rctihile tml Ceeitikbcd _rktkfkd. Zmlrl c Fkubfid kh Lurkpl alanlr mcs rctihile nktm Fkbvlbtikb 3?= cbe tml Ceeitikbcd _rktkfkd, it is lxtrlaldy ubdi`ldy cs c acttlr kh prcftifl tmct ectc lxpkrts tk tmct fkubtry hrka L\ alanlr stctls wkude nl prlvlbtle, sk kntcibibj cb celqucfy hibeibj ubelr tml Eirlftivl cpplcrs tk nl dcrjldy irrldlvcbt ib prcftifl. Umis is bktle ib tml Ucndl. Vibfl >??=, tml Fkubfid kh Lurkpl mcs acel it fdlcr tmct it wismls tml Fkbvlbtikb cbe Kptikbcd _rktkfkd tk nlfkal jdkncd cjrllalbts, cbe tmct it wldfkals rlqulsts ny stctls kutsiel Lurkpl witm suitcndl ectc privcfy dcws tk cppdy tk cfflel tk nktm. \rujucy wcs tml hirst bkb-Lurkplcb stctl tk nl ibvitle tk ek sk, cbe ib >?36 cfflele tk cbe rctihile tml Fkbvlbtikb cbe tml Ceeitikbcd _rktkfkd.58 Uml slfkbe ”jdkncdisctikb’ ibvitctikb wcs cdsk issule tk 55

Vll L\ wlnsitl hkr celqucfy elfisikbs 4mttp7//lf.lurkpc.lu/gustifl/ectcprktlftikb/ekfualbt/ibtlr prktlftikb/ekfualbt/ibtlrbctikbcd-tr bctikbcd-trcbshlrs/celq cbshlrs/celqucfy/ibelx[lb.m ucfy/ibelx[lb.mta2. ta2.

5<

Cbekrrc, Crjlbtibc, Crjlbtibc, Fcbcec, Fcbcec, Vwitzlrdcbe, Vwitzlrdcbe, Hcrkl Isdcbes, Isdcbes, Julrbsly, Isrcld, Isrcld, Isdl kh Acb, Glrsly, Blw Wlcdcbe cbe \rujucy (cbe bkt Custrcdic cs c wmkdl, elspitl tml cpplcrcbfl tk tml fkbtrcry kh tml LF wlnsitl).

58

J Jrllbdlch, ”\rujucy ”\rujucy stcrts Fkbvlbtikb Fkbvlbtikb 3?=’s jdkncd jdkncd gkurbly witm cfflssikb’ (>?36) (issul 3>>) _rivcfy Dcws & Nusiblss Ibtlrbctikbcd ^lpkrt >?->6.


Akrkffk. Uml Fkbvlbtikb is bkw ib c prkflss kh ”akelrbisctikb’ wmifm ih sufflsshud widd ibfkrpkrctl nktm tml lxistibj Fkbvlbtikb cbe tml Kptikbcd _rktkfkd.5: Cb celqucfy hibeibj hrka tml L\ ekls bkt iapksl cby rlfiprkfcd kndijctikbs kb tml rlfipilbt tk cddkw hrll hdkw kh plrskbcd ectc hrka it tk L\ fkubtrils. Umis kndijctikb ekls crisl wmlb fkubtrils kutsiel tml L\ (ibfdueibj ktmlr Lurkplcb fkubtrils) nlfkal alanlrs kh tml Fkubfid kh Lurkpl Fkbvlbtikb 3?=.

5.6 Uml KLFE cbe its Juieldibls Cdd kh tml 65 KLFE alanlr fkubtrils, 5= ktmlr tmcb Uur`ly cbe tml \VC (ib rldctikb tk tml privctl slftkr), bkw mcvl c ectc privcfy dcw iapdlalbtibj tml KLFE’s privcfy Juieldibls kh 39=3. Uml KLFE’s pdcbs hkr lbdcrjlalbt 59 alcb tmct akrl fkubtrils ib huturl widd nl di`ldy tk nl ibhdulbfle ny tml KLFE privcfy Juieldibls tk cekpt ectc privcfy dcws. Uml KLFE is furrlbtdy rlvisibj tml Juieldibls.

5.5 ^ljikbcd cjrllalbts nltwllb fkubtrils Uml hkddkwibj rljikbcd jrkupibjs kh fkubtrils crl cdd rldlvcbt tk tml elvldkpalbt kh ectc privcfy dcws (witm tml lxflptikbs kh tml Vkutm Csicb Csskfictikb hkr ^ljikbcd Fkkplrctikb (VCC^F) cbe tml Fkaakb Acr`lt kh Alrfcek Fka÷b eld Vur ) (AL^FKV\^), cbe tmlir alanlrsmips crl tml Vkutm ( Alrfcek tmlrlhkrl bktle ib tml Ucndls. Ct prlslbt, tml LFKZCV, C_LF cbe tml Csskfictikb kh Vkutmlcst Csicb Bctikbs (CVLCB) jrkupibjs crl prkncndy tml akst sijbihifcbt, nut tml elvldkpalbt kh rljikbcd ectc privcfy cjrllalbts is di`ldy tk pdcy c akrl sijbihifcbt rkdl kb cdd fkbtiblbts ib huturl. Hkur hihtms (3:) kh tml >3 C_LF alanlr ”lfkbkails’
J Jrllbdlch, ”—Akelrbisibj‑ ”—Akelrbisibj‑ Ectc _rktlftikb _rktlftikb Fkbvlbtikb Fkbvlbtikb 3?=7 C Vchl Ncsis Ncsis hkr c Jdkncd _rivcfy Urlcty;’ (>?36) >9(5) Fkaputlr Dcw & Vlfurity ^lvilw (hkrtmfkaibj).

5=

Dist kh KLFE Alanlr Fkubtrils 4mttp7//www.klfe.krj/j 4mttp7//www.klfe.krj/jlblrcd/distkh lblrcd/distkhklfealanlrfkubt klfealanlrfkubtrilsrilsrctihifctikbkhtmlfkbvlbtikbkbtmlklfe.mta2.

59

”Ib Acy >??:, >??:, KLFE fkubtrils fkubtrils cjrlle tk tk ibvitl Fmidl, Fmidl, Lstkbic, Isrcld, ûssic ûssic cbe Vdkvlbic tk kplb eisfussikbs hkr alanlrsmip kh tml Krjcbisctikb cbe khhlrle lbmcbfle lbjcjlalbt tk Nrczid, Fmibc, Ibeic, Ibekblsic cbe Vkutm Chrifc’7 Vll c be pcrtblrs (>?36) KLFE, Alanlrs cbe 4mttp7//www.klfe.krj/cnkut/alanlrscbepcrtblrs/2. Fmidl, Vdkvlbic, Isrcld cbe Lstkbic mcvl sibfl nlfkal alanlrs.

Vll C_LF Alanlr Lfkbkails 4mttp7//www.cplf.krj/cnkut 4mttp7//www.cplf.krj/cnkut-us/cnkut-us/cnkutcplf/alanlr-lfkbkails.cspx2.


Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

pundif slftkr kbdy dcws, cbe Acdcysic cbe Xiltbca mcvl privctl slftkr kbdy dcws. Umcidcbe mcs c Nidd hkr c fkaprlmlbsivl dcws nlibj rl-erchtle hkr its Fcniblt. Zmltmlr C_LF widd lxpcbe nlykbe >3 alanlrs is stidd pkssindl, nut ubdi`l tml L\, its alanlrsmip furrlbtdy sllas hrkzlb. Bualrkus fkubtrils mcvl nllb tryibj tk gkib hkr skal tial, witmkut sufflss.<3 C_LF alanlrsmip cbe tml C_LF _rivcfy Hrcalwkr` alcbs dittdl akrl tmcb vkdubtcry pcrtifipctikb ib six akbtmdy eisfussikbs kh C_LF’s ectc privcfy sun-jrkup (uslhud tmkujm tmct is). C_LF’s Frkss-Nkrelr _rivcfy ûdls (FN_^) ekls bkt ylt mcvl cby alanlrs huddy kplrctikbcd witm cb lbekrsle Cffkubtcnidity Cjlbt, sk ibvkdvlalbt ib it is bkt ylt bktle ib tml Ucndl. _kssindy akrl ibhdulbticd tmcb C_LF ib lbfkurcjibj blw privcfy dcws is CVLCB, c 3? bctikb<> trlcty-ncsle krjcbisctikb wmifm mcs c pkdify tk iaprkvl its alanlrs’ ectc prktlftikb ny >?3<. Vibjcpkrl, tml _midippibls, Xiltbca cbe Acdcysic mcvl rlflbtdy lbcftle ectc prktlftikb dcws, c Nidd is nlhkrl Fcniblt ib Umcidcbe cbe elvldkpalbt kh Nidds is rlpkrtle tk nl ubelrwcy ib CVLCB alanlrs Ibekblsic, Xiltbca (hkr c strkbjlr dcw), Dcks cbe Nrubli. CVLCB fkubtrils mce c elfcel cjk acel c fkaaitalbt tk ”cekpt ldlftrkbif fkaalrfl rljudctkry cbe dljisdctivl hrcalwkr`s’ ibfdueibj tk ”tc`l alcsurls tk prkaktl plrskbcd ectc prktlftikb cbe fkbsualr privcfy’.<6 ,

Ct tml >3st CVLCB Vuaait kb 3= Bkvlanlr >?3>, tml CVLCB mlces kh stctl Elfdcrctikb ,<5 Crtifdl >3 kh wmifm stctls cekptle tml CVLCB Muacb îjmts Elfdcrctikb Lvlry plrskb mcs tml rijmt tk nl hrll hrka crnitrcry ibtlrhlrlbfl witm mis kr mlr privcfy, hcaidy, mkal kr fkrrlspkbelbfl ibfdueibj plrskbcd ectc, kr tk cttcf`s upkb tmct plrskb’s mkbkur cbe rlputctikb. Lvlry plrskb mcs tml rijmt tk tml prktlftikb kh tml dcw cjcibst sufm ibtlrhlrlbfl kr cttcf`s. Cdtmkujm ncsle kb tml tlraibkdkjy kh tml \bivlrscd Elfdcrctikb kh Muacb îjmts , tml splfihif rlhlrlbfls tk ”plrskbcd ectc’ cbe tml rijmt tk dljcd prktlftikb ibfrlcsl tml ibtlrbcd ibflbtivls tk cdd CVLCB alanlrs, hrka nktm <3

”Ib ceeitikb tk Ibeic, Akbjkdic, _cìstcb, _cìstcb, Dcks, Dcks, Ncbjdcelsm, Ncbjdcelsm, Fkstc îfc, îfc, Fkdkanic, _cbcac cbe Lfucekr, crl cakbj c ekzlb fkubtrils sllìbj alanlrsmip ib C_LF ny >??=’7 Vll V ll 4mttp7//lb.wiìpl 4mttp7/ /lb.wiìpleic.krj/wiì eic.krj/wiì/Csic/Csic_cfihif[Lfkbkaif[Fkkplr _cfihif[Lfkbkaif[Fkkplrctikb#Alanlr[Lf ctikb#Alanlr[Lfkbkails2. kbkails2. Ib rlhusibj Ibeic’s cppdifctikb hkr alanlrsmip, C_LF elfiele bkt tk ceait akrl alanlrs ubtid >?3?, nut tmis mcs mc s bkt fmcbjle sibfl.

<>

CVLCB Alanlr Vtctls7 Nrubli Nrubli Ecrusscdca, Fcankeic, Fcankeic, Ibekblsic, Ibekblsic, Dck _E^, Acdcysic, Aycbacr, tml _midippibls, Vibjcpkrl, Umcidcbe, cbe Xilt Bca. Uiakr Dlstl is c fcbeiectl alanlr.

<6

Fdcusl <(l) L-CVLCB Hrcalwkr` Cjrllalbt , , (>5 Bkvlanlr Bkvlanl r 4mttp7//www.cslcb.krj/b 4mttp7//www.cslcb.krj/blws/itla/l-cslcb lws/itla/l-cslcb-hrcalwkr`-hrcalwkr`-cjrllalbt2. cjrllalbt2.

<5

Elfla nlr >?3>) CVLCB Muacb îjmts Elfdcrctikb Elfdcrctikb , (3= Elflanlr 4mttp7//www.cslcb.krj/b 4mttp7//www.cslcb.krj/blws/cslcb-stct lws/cslcb-stctlalbt-fkaaubiq lalbt-fkaaubiquls/itla/cslcbuls/itla/cslcbmuacb-rijmts-elfdcrctikb2.

>???)


witmib CVLCB cbe witmib lcfm fkubtry, tk lbcft ectc privcfy dcws. Mkwlvlr, tml Elfdcrctikb mcs fkal ubelr scvcjl fritifisa cbe kutrijmt rlglftikb << hrka c fkcditikb kh hihty-hivl jdkncd cbe rljikbcd muacb rijmts krjcbisctikbs. <8 Cakbj tml fritifisas crl tmct ”PiQb acby kh its crtifdls, tml lbgkyalbt kh rijmts is acel sunglft tk bctikbcd dcws, ibstlce kh rlquiribj tmct tml dcws nl fkbsistlbt witm tml rijmts’0 it ”hcids tk ibfduel slvlrcd `ly ncsif rijmts cbe hubecalbtcd hrllekas, ibfdueibj tml rijmt tk hrlleka kh csskfictikb cbe tml rijmt tk nl hrll hrka lbhkrfle eiscpplcrcbfl’0 cbe tmct tml rijmts it stctls crl kh c dkwlr stcbecre tmcb tmksl ib lquivcdlbt elfdcrctikbs ib Lurkpl, Chrifc kr tml Calrifcs. Fkbslqulbtdy, tml fivid skfilty krjcbisctikbs stctl tmct tmly widd bkt ibvk`l it ib tmlir wkr` ”lxflpt tk fkbelab it cs cb cbtimuacb rijmts ibstrualbt’. Uml \B Mijm Fkaaissikblr hkr Muacb îjmts fkbsielrle tmct tml Elfdcrctikb ”rltcibs dcbjucjl tmct is bkt fkbsistlbt witm ibtlrbctikbcd stcbecres’.<: It is fdlcr tmct nktm tml Elfdcrctikb , cbe tml nkey wmifm mldple elvldkp it, tml CVLCB Ibtlrjkvlrbalbtcd Fkaaissikb kb Muacb îjmts (CIFM^)<= lstcndismle ib >??9, mcvl bkt ylt lstcndismle frleinidity. Acfck VC^, Blpcd cbe Ibeic crl tml kbdy Csicb fkubtrils wmifm crl bkt C_LF alanlrs nut ek mcvl c ectc privcfy dcw. Uml VCC^F, kh wmifm nktm Ibeic cbe Blpcd crl alanlrs, ekls bkt mcvl cby pkdifils fkbflrbibj ectc prktlftikb dcws kr l-fkaalrfl mcrakbisctikb, cbe is bkt c sijbihifcbt ibhdulbfl ib tmis crlc. Ib Chrifc, tml strkbjlst elvldkpalbts mcvl nllb hrka tml LFKZCV, c jrkupibj kh hihtllb stctls<9 wmlrl Hrlbfm, _krtujulsl cbe Lbjdism crl vcrikusdy spk`lb. \belr tml ^lvisle Urlcty kh tml LFKZCV tmly cjrlle ib >??= tk cekpt ectc privcfy dcws. C Vuppdlalbtcry Cft kb _lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb witmib LFKZCV tk tml LFKZCV Urlcty , cekptle ny tml LFKZCV alanlr stctls, lstcndismls tml fkbtlbt rlquirle kh c ectc privcfy dcw ib lcfm LFKZCV alanlr stctl, ibfdueibj tml fkapksitikb kh c ectc prktlftikb cutmkrity. Cdd rlquirlalbts crl ibhdulbfle vlry strkbjdy ny tml L\ ectc <<

Muacb îjmts Zctfm, Zctfm, ”Fivid Vkfilty Elbkubfls Elbkubfls Cekptikb kh Hdcwle Hdcwle CVLCB Muacb îjmts Elfdcrctikb’ (39 Bkvlanlr >?3>) 4mttp7//www.mrw.krj/pr 4mttp7//www.mrw.krj/pribt/blws/>?3> ibt/blws/>?3>/33/39/fivid/33/39/fivid-skfilty-elbk skfilty-elbkubflsubflscekptikb-hdcwle-cslcb-muacb cekptikb-hdcwle-cslcb-muacb-rijmts-rijmts-elfdcrctikb2. elfdcrctikb2.

<8

Fkkreibctle ny Muacb îjmts îjmts Zctfm cbe ibfdueibj ibfdueibj cakbj tml ibtlrbctikbcd ibtlrbctikbcd krjcbisctikbs krjcbisctikbs tml Ibtlrbctikbcd Ibtlrbctikbcd Fkaaissikb kh Gurists cbe Crtifdl 39.

<:

\B Blws Flbtrl, ”\B khhificd khhificd wldfkals CVLCB CVLCB fkaaitalbt tk tk muacb rijmts, rijmts, nut fkbflrble fkbflrbl e kvlr elfdcrctikb el fdcrctikb wkreibj’ wkr eibj’ (39 Bkvlanlr Bkv lanlr >?3>) >? 3>) 4mttp7//www.ub.krj/cpps/ 4mttp7//www.ub.krj/cpps/blws/stkry. blws/stkry.csp;BlwsIE156<68 csp;BlwsIE156<68#.\jiIKX_9k #.\jiIKX_9kjI2. jI2.

<=

CVLCB Ibtlrjkvlrbalbtcd Ibtlrjkvlrbalbtcd 4mttp7//cifmr.krj/2.

<9

LFKZCV Alanlr Vtctls7 Nlbib, Nurìbc Nurìbc Hcsk, Fcpl Xlrel, Xlrel, tml Ivkry Fkcst, Jcanic, Jmcbc, Juiblc, Juiblc Nisscu, Dinlric, Acdi, Bijlr, Bijlric, Vlbljcd, Vilrrc Dlkbl cbe Ukjk.

Fkaaissikb

kb

Muacb

îjmts

wlnsitl


Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

prktlftikb Eirlftivl. Hivl LFKZCV stctls mcvl sk lbcftle dcws (Nlbib, Nurìbc Hcsk, Fcpl Xlrel, Vlbljcd cbe Jmcbc), cbe Nidds crl ubelr ldcnkrctikb kr fkbsielrctikb ib, Bijlric, Bijlr, Ivkry Fkcst cbe Acdi, dlcvibj kbdy six ylt tk tc`l cby cftikb. Ib skal ktmlr LFKZCV alanlr stctls tml Vuppdlalbtcry Cft , cs cb ceeitikbcd prktkfkd tk c trlcty, acy nl dljcddy nibeibj ib frlctibj sunstcbtivl rijmts ib fkubtrils wmlrl trlctils mcvl eirlft lhhlft cbe ek bkt rlquirl dkfcd lbcftalbt. Umis cpplcrs tk nl tml fcsl ib Bijlr, wmlrl dcw is nlibj elvldkple tk lstcndism c E_C, tk fkapdlalbt tml LFKZCV trlcty kb ectc prktlftikb, wmifm wcs pundismle ib tml khhificd gkurbcd ib >?36. > ?36. Dlss cevcbfle cs ylt, tml Lcst Chrifcb Fkaaubity (LCF), c rljikbcd jrkup kh hivl Lcst Chrifcb fkubtrils (@lbyc, Ucbzcbic, \jcbec, ^wcbec cbe Nurubei),8? wmlrl Lbjdism cbe Hrlbfm crl vcrikusdy spk`lb, mcs tc`lb ibitictivls tmct lbfkurcjl tml alanlr stctls tk cekpt ectc privcfy dljisdctikb. Vufm ibitictivls ibfduel tml furrlbt eisfussikb kh c Ercht Nidd kh îjmts hkr tml Lcst Chrifcb Fkaaubity83 wmifm, ubdi`l tml Chrifcb Fmcrtlr kb Muacb cbe _lkpdls’ îjmts , ibfkrpkrctls tml rijmt tk privcfy. It cdsk ibfduels c rijmt kh dljcd lbhkrflalbt fudaibctibj ib c rijmt kh cpplcd tk tml Lcst Chrifcb Fkurt kh Gustifl. Cdsk, cdtmkujm bkt nibeibj, tml LCF mcs cekptle tml LCF Hrcalwkr` hkr Fynlrdcws _mcsls I cbe II ib >??= cbe >?33 rlsplftivldy, ceerlssibj audtipdl fynlr dcw issuls ibfdueibj ectc prktlftikb. @lbyc cbe Ucbzcbic crl furrlbtdy fkbsielribj ercht nidds kb ectc prktlftikb. Uml Vkutmlrb Chrifcb Elvldkpalbt Fkaaubity (VCEF) lbfkapcssls 3< fkubtrils8> ib skutmlrb cbe flbtrcd Chrifc, cbe Ibeicb Kflcb stctls, hkur kh wmifm mcvl ectc prktlftikb dcws (Cbjkdc, Acuritius, Vlyfmlddls cbe Wiancnwl), cbe ct dlcst tmrll kh wmifm mcvl furrlbt Nidds (Vkutm Chrifc, Ucbzcbic cbe Acecjcsfcr). Uml Vkutm Chrifcb Nidd, wmifm mcs cdrlcey pcssle tml dkwlr mkusl, fcb nl lxplftle tk mcvl c sijbihifcbt lhhlft kb prkaptibj dcws ib ct dlcst tml ktmlr VCEF fkubtrils nlfcusl kh Vkutm Chrifc’s rkdl cs tml rljikbcd lfkbkaif pkwlr. Umlrl mcs cdrlcey nllb wkr` ekbl kb VCEF-wiel ectc prktlftikb dcws cbe pkdifils, 86 cs pcrt kh cb L\ cbe Ibtlrbctikbcd Uldlfkaaubifctikb \bikb (IU\) spkbskrle mcrakbisctikb prkglft rldlvcbt tk cdd rljikbs ib sun-Vcmcrcb Chrifc (il VCEF, LCF cbe LFKZCV) wmifm mcs cdsk prkeufle c ”Akeld-dcw kb 8?

Lcst Chrifcb Chrifcb Fkaaubity Fkaaubity (>?35) 4mttp7//www.lcf.ibt/20 4mttp7//www.lcf.ibt/20 Ucbzcbic is c alanlr kh kh nktm LCF cbe VCEF.

83

Ercht Nidd kh kh îjmts hkr tml Lcst Lcst Chrifcb Fkaaubity, Acy Acy >??9, Crusmc, Crusmc, Ucbzcbic.

8>

VCEF Alanlr Vtctls7 Cbjkdc, Cbjkdc, Nktswcbc, Nktswcbc, Elakfrctif Elakfrctif ^lpundif ^lpundif kh Fkbjk, Dlsktmk, Dlsktmk, Acecjcsfcr, Acdcwi, Acuritius, Akzcaniqul, Bcainic, Vlyfmlddls, Vkutm Chrifc, Vwczidcbe, Ucbzcbic, Wcanic cbe Wiancnwl0 Vll VCEF wlnsitl 4mttp7//www.scef.ibt/2.

86

_ Fmltty, ”_rlslbtctikb ”_rlslbtctikb kb ^ljikbcd ^ljikbcd Csslssalbt Csslssalbt kh Ectc _rktlftikb _rktlftikb Dcw cbe _kdify ib VCEF’ (Zkr`smkp kb tml VCEF Mcrakbizle Dljcd Hrcalwkr` hkr Fynlr Vlfurity, Jcnkrkbl Nktswcbc >: Hlnrucry‖6 Acrfm >?3>).


ectc prktlftikb’ ib >?3>.85 Uml Chrifcb \bikb mcs cdsk prlpcrle ib >?33 c ercht Fynlr Fkbvlbtikb,8< wmifm ibfduels c eivisikb kb ectc prktlftikb rlpdifctibj akst kh tml pribfipdls kh tml LFKZCV Vuppdlalbtcry Cft .88 Ih it prkflles it wkude nl kh jrlct sijbihifcbfl, nlfcusl tml Chrifcb \bikb mcs <5 alanlr stctls. Ib tml Calrifcs, tml Krjcbizctikb kh Calrifcb Vtctls (KCV), witm 6< alanlr stctls (ibfdueibj hrka Bkrtm cbe Vkutm Calrifc, cbe tml Fcrinnlcb), mcs stcrtle wkr` kb ectc prktlftikb ib rlflbt ylcrs. ”Uml Ibtlr-Calrifcb Gurieifcd Fkaaittll cekptle slvlrcd rlskdutikbs kb tmis acttlr, cdd ib cb lhhkrt tk ceerlss tml rljudctikb kh ectc prktlftikb tmrkujm pktlbticd ibtlrbctikbcd ibstrualbts cs wldd cs ct tml dlvld kh tml dljisdctikb kh skal KCV alanlr stctls, cbe kh tml prkflssibj kh plrskbcd ectc ny tml privctl slftkr,’ cbe tml Jlblrcd Csslandy kh tml KCV ibstruftle it8: tk prlpcrl c ekfualbt kh pribfipdls kh privcfy cbe ectc prktlftikb ib tml Calrifcs.8= C slt kh ”_rldiaibcry _ribfipdls’ wlrl pundismle ny tml Fkaaittll ib >?33, 89 wmifm, cdtmkujm nrilh, ibfduele frkss-nkrelr trcbshlr rlstriftikbs ncsle kb ”tml scal dlvld kh prktlftikb’ ib tml rlfipilbt guriseiftikb, tml rlfkjbitikb kh mcnlcs ectc pribfipdls, cbe tml lxistlbfl kh cb ibelplbelbt suplrviskry cutmkrity. Uml KCV Jlblrcd Csslandy mcs cdsk rlskdvle tk urjl alanlr stctls (cbe its Vlfrltcrict) tk pcrtifipctl ib cbe suppkrt tml wkr` kh tml Dctib Calrifcb Bltwkr` kh _lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb (Î_E), tk cttlbe tml alltibjs kh tml Ibtlrbctikbcd Fkbhlrlbfl kh ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils, cbe tk fkbtibul its wkr` kb ectc prktlftikb ny elvldkpibj c akeld dcw. :? Umlsl rlskdutikbs crl 85

G-A Xcb Jysljmla, Akeld Dcw kb Ectc _rktlftikb, Vuppkrt hkr Mcrakbizctikb kh IFU _kdifils ib Vun-Vcmcrc Chrifc (MI_VVC), Ibtlrbctikbcd Uldlfkaaubifctikbs \bikb (IU\), 8 Hlnrucry >?3>.

8<

Lfkbkaif Fkaaissikb hkr Chrifc cbe Chrifcb \bikb Fkaaissikb, Fkaaissik b, Ercht Chrifcb \bikb Fkbvlbtikb kb tml Lstcndismalbt kh c FrleindlDljcd FrleindlDljcd Hrcalwkr` hkr Fynlr Vlfurity 4mttp7//www.itu.ibt/IU\ib Chrifc (3 Bkvlanlr >?33) 4mttp7//www.itu.ibt/IU\E/prkglfts/IU\[LF[CF_/ E/prkglfts/IU\[LF[CF_/mipssc/lvlbts/>? mipssc/lvlbts/>?33/ZEKfs/FC[?Fkbvlbt Ercht%>?Fkbvlbt ikb%>?kb%>?Fynlrdljisdctikb%>?ib ikb%>?kb%>?Fynlrdljisdctikb%>?ib%>?Chrifc%>?Erc %>?Chrifc%>?Ercht?.peh2. ht?.peh2.

88

C N Acùdidk, _rktlftikb kh _lrskbcd Ectc ib sun-Vcmcrcb Chrifc (Ekftkrcd Eisslrtctikb, Nrlalb, >?3>) _crt 5.5.3.67 Chrifcb \bikb Fkbvlbtikb kb Fynlr Vlfurity >?33.

8:

KCV Jlblrcd Jlblrcd Csslandy Csslandy ^lskdutikb, ^lskdutikb, Cfflss tk _undif Ibhkractikb7 Vtrlbjtmlbibj >< 35 (]]]I]-K/?9) (]]]I]-K/?9 ) (5 Gubl >??9). >? ?9). Elakfrcfy , CJ/^LV. ><35

8=

KCV Elpcrtalbt kh Ibtlrbctikbcd Ibtlrbctikbcd Dcw, Ectc _rktlftikb (>?3>) 4mttp7//www.kcs.krj/ei 4mttp7//www.kcs.krj/eid/ectc[prktlft d/ectc[prktlftikb[kcs[wkr` ikb[kcs[wkr`.mta2. .mta2.

89

_lracblbt Fkubfid Fkubfid kh tml Krjcbizctikb Krjcbizctikb kh Calrifcb Vtctls, Vtctls, Fkaaittll Fkaaittll kb Gurieifcd Gurieifcd cbe _kditifcd Chhcirs, _rldiaibcry _ribfipdls cbe ^lfkaalbectikbs kb _lrskbcd Ectc , Ekfualbt prlslbtle ny tml Elpcrtalbt kh Ibtlrbctikbcd Dcw kh tml Vlfrltcrict hkr Dljcd Chhcirs, KLC/Vlr.J F_/FCG_->9>3/3? rlv. 3 fkrr. 3 (3: Kftknlr >?33) 4mttp7//www.kcs.krj/eid/F_-FCG_->9>3-3?[rlv3[fkrr3[lbj.peh2.

:?

KCV Jlblrcd Csslandy ^lskdutikb, Cfflss tk _undif Ibhkractikb cbe _rktlftikb kh > =33 (]DIII-K/36), (]DIII-K/ 36), (8 Gubl >?36) _lrskbcd Ectc , CJ/^LV. >=33 4mttp7//www.kcs.krj/lb 4mttp7//www.kcs.krj/lb/sdc/eid/ekfs /sdc/eid/ekfs/CJ-^LV[>=33[] /CJ-^LV[>=33[]DIII-K-36[lb DIII-K-36[lbj.peh j.peh 2. 2.


Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

ibfduele witmib tml akrl fkbtlbtikus fkbtlxt kh elvldkpalbt kh dcws hkr cfflss tk pundif slftkr ibhkractikb.:3 Ib tml Fcrinnlcb, tml Fcrinnlcb Fkaaubity (FCÎFKA) kh 3< stctls cbe hivl csskfictl alanlrs:> is elvldkpibj cb Lfkbkaif _crtblrsmip Cjrllalbt (L_C) witm tml Lurkplcb \bikb cs pcrt kh tml >??= Fcrinnlcb Hkrua kh Chrifcb, Fcrinnlcb cbe _cfihif Vtctls (FCÎHK^\A:6)‖L\ L_C. Ectc prktlftikb is fkvlrle ny tml L_C cbe wcs kbl kh tml tkpifs ubelr eisfussikb ct L_C alltibjs ib >?3>.:5 Ectc prktlftikb is cdsk pcrt kh tml IU\’s Fcrinnlcb Mcrakbizctikb kh IFU _kdifils (MI_FC^) fcpcfity-nuideibj prkglft. :< Hivl fkubtrils witm ectc prktlftikb Nidds crl FCÎFKA alanlrs kr csskfictls, cbe hkur cdrlcey mcvl ectc prktlftikb dcws. Ib Dctib Calrifc, tml AL^FKV\^ fkaakb acr`lt, hkrale ib 3993 ibvkdvls 3? fkubtrils. It furrlbtdy fkbsists kh Crjlbtibc, Nrczid, _crcjucy, \rujucy cbe Xlblzuldc (sibfl >?3>). Nkdivic is ib tml prkflss kh nlfkaibj c hudd alanlr, cbe Fmidl, Fkdkanic, Lfucekr cbe _lru crl csskfictle stctls. C wkrìbj jrkup (VJU) wcs lstcndismle ib >??> tk eisfuss ibtljrctikb kh lfkaalrfl cbe ectc prktlftikb nut sllas tk mcvl mce hlw rlsudts. Ectc prktlftikb is skaltials albtikble cs c tkpif ib kbjkibj bljktictikbs hkr c L\-AL^FKV\^ Hrll Urcel Cjrllalbt. Ib smkrt, AL^FKV\^ mcs bkt ylt prkvle tk nl sijbihifcbt ib rldctikb tk ectc prktlftikb.

<

Ectc _rktlftikb Cutmkritils cbe tmlir Csskfictikbs

Akst ectc privcfy dcws ibfduel prkvisikb hkr c E_C, c slpcrctl ibstitutikb wmifm mcs skal typl kh rlspkbsinidity hkr tml ectc privcfy dljisdctikb, :3

Vll Hrlleka Ibhk (HKIC cevkfctls), KCV Csslandy Elhlcts Cttcf`s kb ^cppkrtlur (35 Gubl >?36) 4mttp7//www.hrllekaib 4mttp7//ww w.hrllekaibhk.krj/>?36/?8 hk.krj/>?36/?8/kcs-cssla /kcs-csslandy-elhlcts ndy-elhlcts-cttcf`s-cttcf`skb-splficd-rcppkrtlur/2.

:>

FCÎFKA alanlrs7 Cbtijuc Cbtijuc cbe Ncrnuec, Ncmcacs, Ncmcacs, Ncrnceks, Ncrnceks, Nldizl, Nldizl, Ekaibifc, Ekaibifc, Ekaibifcb ^lpundif, Jrlbcec, Juycbc, Mciti, Gcacifc, Vt Dufic, Vt Xibflbt cbe tml Jrlbceibls, Vt @itts cbe Blvis, Vuribcal, Uribiece cbe Ukncjk0 Csskfictl alanlrs7 Cbjuiddc0 Nlrauec0 Nritism Xirjib Isdcbes0 Fcyacb Isdcbes0 Uur`s cbe Fcifks Isdcbes7 Vll 4mttp7//www.fcrifka.krj/gsp/fkaaubity/ 4mttp7//www.fcrifka.k rj/gsp/fkaaubity/alanlr[stctls.gsp;albu1fkaaubi alanlr[stctls.gsp;albu1fkaaubity2. ty2.

:6

FCÎHK^\A stcbes stcbes hkr tml Fcrinnlcb Fcrinnlcb Hkrua kh Chrifcb, Fcrinnlcb Fcrinnlcb cbe _cfihif _cfihif Vtctls, cbe fkvlrs tml scal 3< stctls cs FCÎFKA.

:5

FCÎFKA _rlss ^ldlcsl, ^ldlcsl, ”FCÎHK^\A jlcrs jlcrs up hkr `ly L_C alltibj’ (>5 Vlptlanlr >?3>) 4mttp7//www.fcrifka.krj/g 4mttp7//www.fcrifka.krj/gsp/prlssrldlcsls/pr sp/prlssrldlcsls/prlss[rldlcsls[>?3>/prls lss[rldlcsls[>?3>/prls><>[3>.gsp2. ><>[3>.gsp2.

:<

^ Zidskb, ”_rivcfy ”_rivcfy cbe _lrskbcd _lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb _rktlftikb Nidd \belr ^lvilw’ Vt @itts & Blvis Knslrvlr (kbdibl), 6? Cprid >?36 4mttp7//www.tmlstìttsblvis 4mttp7//www.tmlstìttsblvisknslrvlr.fka/ knslrvlr.fka/>?36/?5/>8/pri >?36/?5/>8/privcfy-nidd.mt vcfy-nidd.mtad2. ad2. Vll cdsk IU\, Uml MI_FC^ _rkglft 4mttp7//www.itu.ibt/blt/it 4mttp7//www.itu.ibt/blt/itublws/issuls/>?33 ublws/issuls/>?33/?:/<8.cspx2. /?:/<8.cspx2.


ibvkdvibj skal lbhkrflalbt pkwlrs, cbe wmifm crl slpcrctl hrka tml bkracd prkslfutkricd cbe gueificd systlas kh tml fkubtry.

<.3 Uml prlvcdlbfl kh E_Cs Kh tml 99 fkubtrils witm ectc privcfy dcws, =< mcvl E_Cs. Hkurtllb fkubtrils ek bkt mcvl c E_C, ib 3? fcsls nlfcusl tmlir dcws ek bkt prkviel hkr cby slpcrctl E_C,:8 cbe ib hkur fcsls nlfcusl bk E_C mcs nllb cppkibtle cdtmkujm prkviele hkr ib dcw.:: Uml pksitikb kh tml \VC is fkapdlx, nlfcusl its Hlelrcd Urcel Fkaaissikb cfts ib acby rlsplfts cs c E_C (ibfdueibj cs c alanlr kh ibtlrbctikbcd csskfictikbs kh E_Cs) lvlb tmkujm tml \VC ekls bkt allt tml fritlric hkr c ectc privcfy dcw ib tml privctl slftkr.:= Uml Ucndl ibfduels tml bcal kh tml E_C ih tmlrl is kbl, kr ”bkbl’ ih tml dcw fkbflrble ekls bkt prkviel hkr kbl. E_Cs vcry jrlctdy ib bcal (fkaakb bcals crl ”Ectc _rktlftikb Cutmkrity’, ”_rivcfy Fkaaissikblr’, cbe ”_lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb Khhifl’, kr fkanibctikbs tmlrlkh), hubftikbs cbe eljrll kh ibelplbelbfl hrka ktmlr jkvlrbalbt cutmkritils. Zmltmlr c pcrtifudcr E_C fcb nl fdcssle cs ”ibelplbelbt’ is fkapdlx qulstikb.:9 Xcrikus jdkncd cbe rljikbcd csskfictikbs kh E_Cs kr ktmlr ectc privcfy lbhkrflalbt nkeils crl kh ibfrlcsibj sijbihifcbfl. Umis cbcdysis, cbe tml Ucndl, aijmt bkt ylt rlhdlft huddy tml eivlrsity kh tmlsl csskfictikbs, nut ekls ibfduel akst kh tmla. Bkr ekls it ylt ibfduel tml wlnsitl ceerlssls kh tml vcrikus E_Cs, nut tmlrl crl ktmlr skurfls hkr tmksl.=? Umlrl crl csskfictikbs kh E_Cs jdkncddy (twk kh tmla), cbe hrka tml L\, flbtrcd cbe lcstlrb Lurkpl, Dctib Calrifc, tml Csic-_cfihif, cbe tml hrcbfkpmkbl fkubtrils, nut bkbl hrka Chrifc kr tml Fcrinnlcb cs ylt. Uml alanlrsmip kh akst kh tmla is ibfkapdltl hrka tmlir pktlbticd pkkd kh alanlrs, witm fkbsielrcndl kvlrdcps nut surprisibj kaissikbs, cs tml Ucndl smkws.

:8

Fkubtrils witmkut witmkut E_Cs ib tmlir dcws7 Cbjkdc, Cbjkdc, Cralbic, Fmidl, Fmidl, tml @yrjyz ^lpundif, Ibeic, Gcpcb, _crcjucy, Vt Xibflbt & Jrlbceibls, Uciwcb, cbe Xiltbca.

::

Fkubtrils tmct tmct mcvl hcidle tk cppkibt E_Cs7 Czlrncigcb, Vlyfmlddls, Vlyfmlddls, Fcpl Xlrel Xlrel cbe Acdcysic. Uml _midippibls dcw is tkk rlflbt tk nl ibfduele ylt.

:=

Uml Hlelrcd Urcel Fkaaissikb Fkaaissikb is cffrleitle cffrleitle tk tml IFE__F IFE__F (ibtlrbctikbcd (ibtlrbctikbcd ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils fkbhlrlbfl), fkbhlrlbfl), cbe mcs lbhkrflalbt pkwlrs hkr kbdy skal ectc privcfy rudls kvlr kbdy skal pcrts kh tml \V privctl slftkr, nut bkt kvlr tml \V hlelrcd pundif slftkr, wmlrl tml \VC mcs c hlelrcd ectc privcfy dcw.

:9

J Jrllbdlch, ”Ibelplbelbfl kh kh Ectc _rivcfy _rivcfy Cutmkritils7 Cutmkritils7 Ibtlrbctikbcd Ibtlrbctikbcd Vtcbecres Vtcbecres cbe Csic-_cfihif Lxplrilbfl (>?3>) >=(3&>) Fkaputlr Dcw & Vlfurity ^lvilw.

=?

Hkr lxcapdl, tml ectcprktlftikb.lu ectcprktlftikb.lu sitl ct 4mttp7//www.ectcprktlftik 4mttp7//www.ectcprktlftikb.lu/pawiì/pawi` b.lu/pawiì/pawiì.pmp;b1Acib i.pmp;b1Acib.E_Cutmkriti .E_Cutmkritils2. ls2.


Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

<.> Csskfictikbs kh E_Cs - Jdkncd Uml Ibtlrbctikbcd Fkbhlrlbfl kh Ectc _rktlftikb cbe _rivcfy Fkaaissikblrs (IFE__F) is tml jrkupibj kh ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils kh nrkcelst sfkpl cbe jrlctlst dkbjlvity, mcvibj mlde cb cbbucd fkbhlrlbfl hkr 6< ylcrs. Cs ^ccn pkibts kut ”fkbhlrlbfl’ is usle bkt kbdy tk elsfrinl tmlir cbbucd alltibj, nut cs c fkddlftivl bkub.=3 It mcs cffrleitctikb stcbecres wmifm jkvlrb wmifm cutmkritils fcb cttlbe its fdksle alltibjs cbe vktl kb rlskdutikbs, krijibcddy quitl strift nut siapdihile cbe pkssindy wlc`lble ib >?3?.=> Uml IFE__F alanlrs cekpt gkibt pkdify rlskdutikbs, cbe tmlir cbbucd fkbhlrlbfl is kplb tk cdd cttlbells (lxflpt hkr fdksle slssikbs) cbe mcs nlfkal tml dlceibj jdkncd ectc prktlftikb fkbhlrlbfl. Kh tml =< fkubtrils wmifm mcvl ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils cppkibtle ubelr tmlir ectc privcfy dcws, kbdy <9 bctikbcd E_Cs crl cffrleitle tk IFE_F (cs smkwb ib tml Ucndl). Uml IFE__F tmlrlhkrl kbdy mcs :? plr flbt kh bctikbcd ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils cs its alanlrs. Chtlr 6< ylcrs, tmis is hcr hrka jdkncd fkvlrcjl. It is pcrtifudcrdy wlc` ib its dcf` kh alanlrs hrka tml Fcrinnlcb, nut ktmlrwisl tml jcps ib alanlrsmip crl hrka cdd rljikbs. Mkwlvlr, tml IFE__F’s alanlrsmip cdsk ibfduels 66 sun-bctikbcd (stctl, prkvibficd ltf) ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils hrka Custrcdic, Fcbcec, Jlracby, Alxifk, Vpcib cbe Vwitzlrdcbe, c mijm plrflbtcjl kh sufm cutmkritils cs lxist. Umlrl crl ktmlr sun-bctikbcd E_Cs, sufm cs tmksl ib Alxifk cbe Crjlbtibc. Vkal crl cdsk alanlrs kh tml Jdkncd _rivcfy Lbhkrflalbt Bltwkr` (J_LB), Csic _cfihif _rivcfy Cutmkritils (C__C) cbe ktmlr csskfictikbs kh E_Cs. Uml IFE__F tmlrlhkrl mcs c tktcd alanlrsmip kh 9>, pdus tml Lurkplcb Ectc _rktlftikb Vuplrviskr. J_LB krijibctle ib c >??: KLFE ^lfkaalbectikb kb Frkss-nkrelr Fkkplrctikb ib tml Lbhkrflalbt kh Dcws _rktlftibj _rivcfy =6 fcddibj hkr tml lstcndismalbt kh cb ibhkracd bltwkr` kh privcfy lbhkrflalbt cutmkritils. J_LB alanlrsmip is ”kplb tk cby pundif privcfy lbhkrflalbt cutmkrity tmct7 (3) is rlspkbsindl hkr lbhkrfibj dcws kr rljudctikbs tml lbhkrflalbt kh wmifm mcs tml lhhlft kh prktlftibj plrskbcd ectc0 cbe (>) mcs pkwlrs tk fkbeuft ibvlstijctikbs kr pursul lbhkrflalbt prkflleibjs’.=5 J_LB mcs alanlrs hrka >8 guriseiftikbs, =3

Hkr c mistkry kh IFE__F, sll F ^ccn, ”Bltwkr`s hkr ^ljudctikb7 _rivcfy Fkaaissikblrs ib c Fmcbjibj Zkrde’ (>?33) 36(>) Gkurbcd kh Fkapcrctivl _kdify Cbcdysis7 ^lslcrfm cbe _rcftifl 39<.

=>

Jrllbdlch, cnkvl b :9, slftikb 6.:.

=6

KLFE, ^lfkaalbectikb kb Frkss-nkrelr Fk-kplrctikb ib tml Lbhkrflalbt kh Dcws _rktlftibj _rivcfy 4mttp7//www.klfe.krj/e 4mttp7//www.klfe.krj/ekfualbt/8?/?,6 kfualbt/8?/?,6656,lb[>859[65><< 656,lb[>859[65><<[6=::3<38[3[3[3[3, [6=::3<38[3[3[3[3,?? ?.mtad2.

=5

J_LB Cftikb _dcb (Cftikb _dcb hkr tml Jdkncd _rivcfy Lbhkrflalbt Bltwkr` (J_LB)) cekptle 3< Gubl >?3>0 _crt L calbele >> Gcbucry >?36 ct 4mttps7//www.privcfylbhk 4mttps7//www.privcfylbhkrflalbt.blt/p rflalbt.blt/pundif/cftivitils undif/cftivitils2. 2.


cdd kh wmifm mcvl ectc privcfy dcws kh kbl hkra kr ktmlr, cbe akst nut bkt cdd kh wmifm crl KLFE alanlrs. Umlrl crl hkur ktmlrs alanlrs bkt ibfduele ib tml fkubtry Ucndl, tml Lurkplcb Ectc _rktlftikb Vuplrviskr (c suprc-bctikbcd nkey), twk Custrcdicb stctl E_Cs (hrka Xiftkric cbe Sullbsdcbe), cbe c Jlracb stctl E_C (Nlrdib). Fkapltitikb acy elvldkp nltwllb tmlsl twk jdkncd bltwkr`s kh E_Cs, cbe tmly fkude elvldkp eivlrjibj alanlrsmips, nut tml kplrctikb kh J_LB is cs ylt tkk rlflbt hkr tmlsl acttlrs tk nl fdlcr.

<.6 Csskfictikbs kh E_Cs ‖ ^ljikbcd cbe sun-jdkncd Ct tml sun-jdkncd dlvld, tml Lurkplcb \bikb’s Crtifdl >9 Zkrìbj _crty is tml akst ibhdulbticd krjcbisctikb kh E_Cs, nktm nlfcusl it mcs c hkracd rkdl ubelr tml Lurkplcb ectc prktlftikb Eirlftivl cbe nlfcusl kh tml qucdity cbe eivlrsity kh its Kpibikbs kb ectc privcfy issuls. Its alanlrsmip is fklxtlbsivl witm tmct kh tml L\, nut is slpcrctldy rlhdlftle ib tml Ucndl. It acy ibfrlcsibjdy mcvl c rivcd hkr ibhdulbfl ib tml Fkubfid kh Lurkpl ectc prktlftikb Fkbvlbtikb 3?= , Fkbsudtctivl Fkaaittll (tk nl rl-bcale ”Fkbvlbtikb Fkaaittll’), cs cb kutfkal kh tml Fkbvlbtikb’s ”akelrbisctikb’ prkflss.=< Mkwlvlr, tmis is tlfmbifcddy bkt c fkaaittll kh ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils, it is kbl kh tml rlprlslbtctivls kh stctl pcrtils tk tml Fkbvlbtikb, cdtmkujm blcrdy mcdh kh tml stctl rlprlslbtctivls crl E_Cs. C dcrjlr cbe cdsk ibhdulbticd nkey is tml (Fkbhlrlbfl kh) Lurkplcb Ectc _rktlftikb Cutmkritils (LE_C) wmifm mkdes c ”Vpribj Fkbhlrlbfl’ cdakst lvlry ylcr. ^lskdutikbs crl usucddy pcssle,=8 cbe kb ^ccn’s cbcdysis crl sijbihifcbt tk tml elvldkpalbt kh ectc prktlftikb pkdifils ib Lurkpl .=: Cffkreibj tk kbl kh its alanlr E_Cs, PkQbl kh tml akst iapkrtcbt tcs`s kh tml Lurkplcb Ectc _rktlftikb Cutmkritils fkbsists ib cevisibj tml cutmkritils ibvkdvle ib dljisdctivl acttlrs kb ectc prktlftikb issuls, ny pkibtibj kut tml ris`s tmct dljisdctivl ibitictivls aijmt lbtcid cbe ny prkpksibj cdtlrbctivls wmifm wkude nl akrl rlsplfthud kh ibeivieucd’s rijmts witm rljcre tk tml prkflssibj kh tmlir plrskbcd ectc.==

=<

Jrllbdlch, cnkvl b 5:.

=8

^lskdutikbs sibfl sibfl >??5 crl distle kb tml Lurkplcb Lurkplcb Ectc _rktlftikb _rktlftikb Vuplrviskr wlnsitl, ”Lurkplcb Fkbhlrlbfl’ pcjl 4mttp7//www.leps.lurkpc.lu/LE_ 4mttp7//www.leps.lurkpc.lu/LE_VZLN/leps/Fkkplr VZLN/leps/Fkkplrctikb/Lurfkb ctikb/Lurfkbhlrlbfl2. hlrlbfl2.

=:

F ^ccn, ”Ibhkractikb ”Ibhkractikb _rivcfy7 _rivcfy7 Bltwkr`s Bltwkr`s kh ^ljudctikb ^ljudctikb ct tml Vunjdkncd Dlvld’ Dlvld’ (Kftknlr >?3?) 3(6) Jdkncd _kdify >93.

==

Khhifl kh tml Ibhkractikb Ibhkractikb cbe Ectc _rktlftikb _rktlftikb Fkaaissikblr, Fkaaissikblr, Acdtc, 4mttp7//iepf.jkv.at/cr 4mttp7//iepf.jkv.at/crtifdl.cspx;crt tifdl.cspx;crt13862. 13862.


Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

LE_C mcs quitl strift cffrleitctikb rudls, rlquiribj its alanlrs tk kplrctl ubelr c dcw kh c stctl iapdlalbtibj litmlr Fkubfid kh Lurkpl Fkbvlbtikb 3?= kr tml L\ ectc prktlftikb Eirlftivl, cbe mcvibj ibelplbelbfl cbe cpprkprictl hubftikbs cbe pkwlrs.=9 Ib >?36, hkr lxcapdl, @kskvk’s E_C wcs rlhusle alanlrsmip nlfcusl @kskvk wcs bkt c alanlr stctl kh litmlr tml Lurkplcb \bikb kr tml Fkubfid kh Lurkpl, sk it wcs acel c plracblbt knslrvlr ibstlce.9? Cbekrrc’s E_C is cdsk c plracblbt knslrvlr. Cdtmkujm ib tmlkry cdd alanlr stctls kh tml Fkubfid kh Lurkpl wmifm ek mcvl E_Cs smkude nl ldijindl tk nl cffrleitle tk tml LE_C, hkur crl bkt ylt cffrleitle. 93 Uwk Fkubfid kh Lurkpl alanlr stctls mcvl bkt nllb cffrleitle nlfcusl tmly ek bkt mcvl E_Cs (Cralbic cbe Czlrncigcb). Uur`ly is lxfduele nlfcusl it ekls bkt ylt mcvl c ectc prktlftikb dcw. Vcb Acribk mcs c dcw nut mcs bkt sijble Fkbvlbtikb 3?= , bkr gkible cby csskfictikb kh E_Cs. Uwldvl sunbctikbcd E_Cs ib Lurkpl hrka Jlracby, Vpcib cbe Vwitzlrdcbe crl cdsk cffrleitle tk LE_C, cs crl hkur suprc-bctikbcd cutmkritils ct L\ dlvld. LE_C tmlrlhkrl mcs c mijm dlvld kh fkvlrcjl kh Lurkplcb E_Cs. Uml blxt dcrjlst E_C bltwkr` ib Lurkpl is tml Flbtrcd cbe Lcstlrb Lurkpl Ectc _rktlftikb Cutmkritils (FLLE_C) wmifm mcs 3= alanlrs, akst rlflbtdy ibfdueibj ûssic nut bkt ylt Jlkrjic. Uml Ncdtif stctls cbe Vdkvlbic crl bkt alanlrs. Alanlrsmip kvlrdcps witm tml Crtifdl >9 Zkrìbj _crty, nut acby FLLE_C alanlrs crl hrka fkubtrils wmifm crl bkt ylt L\ alanlr stctls. It mlde its 3?3>. It is cftivl ib autucd suppkrt cftivitils cbe elvldkpibj pkdify pksitikbs sufm cs cpprkvcd kh rlhkras kh Lurkplcb ectc prktlftikb ibstrualbts.9> FLLE_C stctls mcvl c fkaakb fkbflrb cs lxfkaaubist stctls elcdibj witm mistkrifcd survliddcbfl hidls kh plrskbcd ectc, cbe ib skal fcsls witm ubflrtcib elakfrctif ibstitutikbs. Uml Zlstlrb Lurkplcb stctls mcvl dlss blle hkr c slpcrctl csskfictikb kh E_Cs, nlfcusl kbdy c hlw kh tmla crl bkt L\ alanlr stctls. Umlrl is cdsk cb csskfictikb kh Bkreif Ectc _rktlftikb Cutmkritils (BE_C) (Vwlelb, Bkrwcy, Elbacr` cbe Hibdcbe) wmifm allts lvlry twk ylcrs. It

=9

Fkbhlrlbfl kh Lurkplcb Ectc _rktlftikb _rktlftikb Cutmkritils, Cutmkritils, ^lpkrt kh tml Cffrleitctikb 38 -3: Acy >?36 >?3 6 Fkaaittll , Disnkb, 38-3: 4mttp7//www.tiltksukgc.h 4mttp7//www.tiltksukgc.hi/updkces/xpit>kb i/updkces/xpit>kbe=k8[3.peh e=k8[3.peh 2.

9?

Inie.

93

_krtujulsl Bctikbcd Ectc Ectc _rktlftikb _rktlftikb Fkaaissikb, Fkaaissikb, ”Vpribj ”Vpribj Fkbhlrlbfl Fkbhlrlbfl - Lurkplcb cutmkritils cffrleitle cs alanlrs’ Disnkb >?36. E_Cs bkt distle cs cffrleitle tk LE_C crl Jlkrjic’s E_C0 Akbcfk’s Vuplrviskry Fkaaissikb hkr _lrskbcd Ibhkractikb0 ûssic’s Hlelrcd Vlrvifl hkr Vuplrvisikb kh Fkaaubifctikbs, Ibhkractikb Ulfmbkdkjils cbe Acss Aleic0 cbe \`rcibl’s Vtctl Vlrvifl kb _lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb. _rktlftikb.

9>

Vll FLLE_C, ”Blws cbe Lvlbts’ pcjl 4mttp7//www.fllfprivcfy. 4mttp7//www.fllfprivcfy.krj/acib.pm krj/acib.pmp;s1<2. p;s1<2.


skaltials cfts ib fkbflrt, cs it eie ib >?33, ib slbeibj 5< qulstikbs tk Hcflnkk` fkbflrbibj its prcftifls.96 Uml kplrctikb kh ktmlr sun-jdkncd bltwkr`s kh ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils is dlss wldd `bkwb, nut mcs nllb wldd-ekfualbtle ny ^ccn. 95 It is bkt cffurctl tk fcdd tmla ”rljikbcd’ bltwkr`s, nlfcusl skal crl ncsle kb dcbjucjl, skal kb jlkjrcpmy, cbe skal c aix nltwllb tml twk. Uml Nritism, Irism cbe Isdcbes Ectc _rktlftikb Cutmkritils (NIIE_C), cb Cbjdkpmkbl jrkupibj witmib Lurkpl, usucddy allts cbbucddy. Cs ^ccn elsfrinls it, ”PdQlss hkracd fkbblftikbs lxist ib cbktmlr, cbe cppcrlbtdy dkkslr, bltwkr` tmct dib`s tml E_Cs hkr tml \bitle @ibjeka, tml ^lpundif kh Irldcbe, tml Isdl kh Acb (IKA), Glrsly cbe Julrbsly, witm hurtmlr fkbblftikbs tk Acdtc, Fyprus cbe Jinrcdtcr’. Ml fkbsielrs tmct ”tmlsl alltibjs mldp tml Frkwb Elplbelbfy cutmkritils, wmk ek bkt sit kb Z_>9, tk `llp cnrlcst kh furrlbt issuls eisfussle tmlrl’. 9< Uml Csskfictikb kh Hrcbfkpmkbl Ectc _rktlftikb Cutmkritils (CHC_E_) is cb cftivl krjcbisctikb wmifm is ibhdulbticd ib hrcbfkpmkbl fkubtrils wmifm mcvl bkt ylt cekptle ectc prktlftikb dcws. It fdcssihils 53 kh tml :: alanlrs cbe knslrvlrs kh tml Ibtlrbctikbcd Krjcbisctikb kh tml Hrcbfkpmkbil (KIH) cs mcvibj c ectc prktlftikb dcw. Kh tmksl 53, kbdy 3= crl alanlrs kh CHC_E_, ibfdueibj twk Fcbceicb prkvibfls.98 Kbdy tmksl alanlr fkubtrils witm E_Cs crl cddkwle tk vktl kb issuls kr hkr ldlftikb kh pksitikbs. Vkal stctls ibtlbeibj tk elvldkp ectc prktlftikb dcws crl cdsk alanlrs kh tml csskfictikb nut witm bk vktibj rijmts. Ib >??9, CHC_E_ rlfkaalbele cb ibitictivl hkr c nibeibj jdkncd ectc prktlftikb ibstrualbt. CHC_E_ cias tk elvldkp ktmlr pkdify pksitikbs cbe hurtmlr cjrllalbts.9: Uml suaait kh tml Mlces kh Vtctls cbe jkvlrbalbts kh tml hrcbfkpmkbl fkubtrils mcs lbfkurcjle cekptikb kh fkaprlmlbsivl ectc prktlftikb dcws cbe E_Cs ib >??5 cbe >??8. Uml alanlrsmip kh Dc ^le Inlrkcalrifcbc el _rktlffiöb el Ectks, cdsk fcddle tml ^le Inlrkcalrifcbc kr Dctib Calrifcb Bltwkr` (Î_E kr ^leI_E), 9= fkbsists kh cdd tml Dctib Calrifcb fkubtrils, pdus Vpcib cbe 96

Bkrwljicb Ectc Ibsplftkrctl, Ibsplftkrctl, ”Zmct mcpplbs witm plrskbcd ibhkractikb ibhkractikb ib Hcflnkk`;’, Gudy >?33.

95

^ccn, cnkvl b =:0 cbe ^ccn, cnkvl b =3. =3.

9<

^ccn, cnkvl b =:, >98.

98

Kbl rlcskb is tmct acby kh tml bkb-pcrtifipctibj bkb-pcrtifipctibj E_Cs crl crl hrka Lurkplcb fkubtrils wmifm ek bkt mcvl stchh splcìbj Hrlbfm, wmidl cdd tml ldijindl bkbLurkplcb fkubtrils witm ectc privcfy dcws (cbe skal witm Nidds) crl alanlrs.

9:

Hkr lxcapdl, tmlrl mcs nllb wkr` cs ylt ibfkapdltl ibfkapdltl kb c hrcalwkr` hkr ibtlrbctikbcd ibtlrbctikbcd ectc trcbshlrs nltwllb Hrlbfm-splcìbj fkubtrils, fkubtrils, usibj cb cpprkcfm rldctle tk Nibeibj Fkrpkrctl ûdls (NF^s).

9=

^leI_E wlnsitl, dist kh alanlrs 4mttp7//www.rleipe.krj/ 4mttp7//www.rleipe.krj/dc[rle/Ailanrks/ dc[rle/Ailanrks/ibelx-ielb-iepmp ibelx-ielb-iepmp.pmp2. .pmp2.


Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

_krtujcd. It ekls bkt ibfduel tml ktmlr Vpcbism kr _krtujulsl-splcìbj fkubtrils kutsiel Dctib Calrifc. It ibfduels ib its alanlrsmip cdd fkubtrils witmib its fkaaubity tmct wism tk nl c alanlr, irrlsplftivl kh wmltmlr tmly mcvl ylt cekptle ectc privcfy dcws kr mcvl E_Cs, sk it ekls bkt mcvl cffrleitctikb rlquirlalbts lquivcdlbt tk tml IE__FF kr C__C. Its cbbucd fkbhlrlbfls pcss rlskdutikbs fkbflrbibj ectc prktlftikb, lbfkurcjibj cbe cssistibj ktmlr Dctib Calrifcb fkubtrils tmct ek bkt ylt mcvl ectc prktlftikb cjrllalbts tk lbcft tmla, cbe tk ibfduel ibelplbelbt E_Cs.99 C__C, c ”hkrua’ kh bctikbcd cbe sun-bctikbcd E_Cs krijibcddy kbdy cddkwle cs alanlrs tmksl cutmkritils tmct mcvl nllb cffrleitle tk tml Ibtlrbctikbcd Ectc _rktlftikb Fkaaissikblrs’ Fkbhlrlbfl,3?? sk tml Acfck E_C wcs kbdy cb knslrvlr ct its alltibjs eul tk its ibfkapdltl dljisdctivl ncsis. C__C mcs bkw rldcxle its stcbecres skalwmct.3?3 It bkw mcs 38 alanlrs hrka Custrcdic (hlelrcd cbe hkur stctls/tlrritkrils), Fcbcec (hlelrcd cbe Nritism Fkduanic), Mkbj @kbj VC^, Vkutm @krlc (twk cutmkritils), Acfcu VC^, Alxifk, Fkdkanic, _lru, Blw Wlcdcbe cbe tml \VC. Blitmlr Gcpcb bkr Uciwcb crl alanlrs eul tk (ct dlcst) dcf` kh c E_C. Vibjcpkrl widd prkncndy gkib skkb, nut it is qulstikbcndl qul stikbcndl wmltmlr Acdcysic widd mcvl m cvl c E_C tk qucdihy, qu cdihy, cbe tml _midippibls E_C mcs bkt nllb cppkibtle ylt. It allts twifl plr ylcr cbe mcs mce c priacry hubftikb kh smcribj lxplrilbfls, nut mcs cdsk elvldkple vcducndl stcbecres kb rlpkrtibj cbe fitibj privcfy elfisikbs. C__C is lxpcbeibj its alanlrsmip (pcrtifudcrdy ib Dctib Calrifc) cbe hubftikbs cbe widd prkncndy nl akrl sijbihifcbt ib huturl. It mcs c fkbsielrcndl cbe ibfrlcsibj plrskbbld kvlrdcp witm tml C_LF ectc privcfy Vun-jrkup, tmkujm tmct is tlfmbifcddy c jrkupibj kh fkubtrils (”lfkbkails’ ib C_LF-splc`) wmlrlcs C__C is c jrkupibj kh E_Cs. Umlrl is cdsk c ”hrcalwkr` hkr rljikbcd fkkplrctikb’ fcddle tml C_LF Frkss nkrelr _rivcfy Lbhkrflalbt Crrcbjlalbt (F_LC) ib wmifm ”PcQby _rivcfy Lbhkrflalbt Cutmkrity (_L Cutmkrity) ib cb C_LF lfkbkay acy pcrtifipctl ib frkss-nkrelr fk-kplrctikb, lbhkrflalbt cbe ibhkractikb smcribj.’3?> It mcs cs alanlrs ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils hrka kbdy six kh tml 3: C_LF lfkbkails wmifm mcvl ectc privcfy dcws (Custrcdic, BW, \VC, Fcbcec, Mkbj @kbj cbe Alxifk), pdus jkvlrbalbt elpcrtalbts hrka @krlc (nut bkt tmlir ibelplbelbt E_Cs) cbe Gcpcb. Uml slpcrctl alanlrsmip kh 3< Gcpcblsl jkvlrbalbt cjlbfils ibeifctls tml dcf` kh aufm flbtrcd fkkreibctikb ib tmlir 99

^ccn, cnkvl b =:, >9:-=.

3??

Inie >98-:.

3?3

Alanlrs fcb nl ”cffrleitle tk tml Ibtlrbctikbcd Ibtlrbctikbcd Fkbhlrlbfl Fkbhlrlbfl kh Ectc _rktlftikb cbe _rivcfy Fkaaissikblrs (IFE__F)0 kr c pcrtifipcbt ib tml C_LF Frkss-nkrelr _rivcfy Lbhkrflalbt Crrcbjlalbt (F_LC)0 kr c alanlr kh tml KLFE Jdkncd _rivcfy Lbhkrflalbt Bltwkr` (J_LB)’7 Vll C__C wlnsitl 4mttp7//www.cppchkrua.kr 4mttp7//www.cppchkrua.krj/cnkut/2. j/cnkut/2.

3?>

C_LF F_LC wlnsitl 4mttp7//www.cplf.krj/Jrkups/Fkaaittll-kb-Urcel-cbeIbvlstalbt/Ldlftrkbif-Fk Ibvlstalbt/Ldlftrkbif-Fkaalrfl-Vtllrib aalrfl-Vtllribj-Jrkup/Frks j-Jrkup/Frkss-nkrelr-_ s-nkrelr-_rivcfyrivcfyLbhkrflalbt-Crrcbjlalbt.cspx2.


dcw. C_LF F_LC tmlrlhkrl mcs alanlrsmip hrka rldctivldy hlw C_LF fkubtrils. Cdtmkujm tmrll Fcrinnlcb fkubtrils bkw mcvl ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils, tmly ek bkt mcvl cby rljikbcd krjcbisctikb cs ylt, cbe bkr crl tmly alanlrs kh IFE__F kr J_LB. Umlrl is cdsk bk pcb-Chrifcb csskfictikb kh E_Cs, elspitl tmlrl bkw nlibj lijmt E_Cs ib Chrifcb fkubtrils, cdtmkujm kbdy skal kplrctibj ib prcftifl. Cftivl rljikbcd csskfictikbs kh E_Cs slla tk nl cb ibeifctkr kh acturity kh ectc prktlftikb rljudctikb ib c rljikb, pcrtdy nlfcusl kh tml autucd suppkrt tmly prkviel hkr lcfm ktmlr.

8

Uml Huturl Jdkncd Urcglftkry kh Ectc _rivcfy Dcws

Umis crtifdl cbe tml hkddkwibj Ucndls ekb’t fkbstitutl ”nij ectc’, nut ct dlcst tmly crl akrl ectc cnkut jdkncd trlbes ib lbcftalbt kh ectc privcfy dcws, cbe tml ibtlrdkfìbj alanlrsmips kh csskfictikbs kh E_Cs, tmcb wcs prlvikusdy cvcidcndl. Bkw tmct wl mcvl tmis akrl cffurctl pifturl, hurtmlr rlslcrfm nlfkals pkssindl. pk ssindl. It mcs cdrlcey acel pkssindl pkssind l cb csslssalbt cs slssalbt kh k h tml ibhdulbfl kh Lurkplcb privcfy stcbecres kb dljisdctivl elvldkpalbts kutsiel Lurkpl. 3?6 Hurtmlr rlslcrfm is rlquirle kb sufm qulstikbs cs tml iapdifctikbs kh tml ibfrlcsibjdy ibtlrdkfìbj ectc lxpkrt rlstriftikbs ib tmis dljisdctikb03?5 kb tml lhhlftivlblss kh tml lbhkrflalbt rljials ib vcrikus fkubtrils0 kb tml lxtlbt kh gueificd ibtlrprltctikb i btlrprltctikb kh tmlsl dcws, cbe kb ktmlr ktm lr fkapcrctivl fkapcr ctivl csplfts csplf ts kh ectc privcfy dcws. Cdd kh tmis rlquirls cb cffurctl cffkubt kh tml ibfielbfl, jrkwtm cbe eistrinutikb kh tml wkrde’s ectc privcfy dcws. Vkal fkbfdusikbs slla cppcrlbt hrka tml ectc. Uml lxpcbsikb kh ectc privcfy dcws lankeyibj ct dlcst c aibiaua slt kh KLFE/FkL ectc prktlftikb pribfipdls fkbtibuls tk cffldlrctl chtlr 5? ylcrs. Ny tml ?>6 kh tml hirst sufm Cft ib Vwlelb wl fcb lxplft tmct tmlrl widd nl jdkncd ”scturctikb’ kh ectc privcfy dcws, ib tml slbsl tmct cnkut :? plr flbt kh cdd ibelplbelbt guriseiftikbs widd mcvl sufm dcws, ibfdueibj cdakst cdd kh tml lfkbkaifcddy sijbihifcbt fkubtrils kb tml jdknl (witm tml \VC prkncndy tml kbdy sijbihifcbt lxflptikb). Uml acgkrity kh fkubtrils jdkncddy widd mcvl sufm dcws witmib cbktmlr ylcr kr twk, cbe tmlrl widd nl akrl bkb-Lurkplcb fkubtrils tmcb Lurkplcb fkubtrils witm ectc privcfy dcws hrka tmct pkibt kbwcre. C dcrjl pkrtikb kh tmlsl fkubtrils widd mcvl dcws ibhdulbfle strkbjdy ny ”Lurkplcb stcbecres’ siaidcr tk tmksl kh tml furrlbt L\ privcfy Eirlftivl, ibfdueibj its ectc lxpkrt rlstriftikbs. Uml ”jdkncdisctikb’ kh Fkubfid kh Lurkpl Fkbvlbtikb 3?= is ibfrlcsibj its rlcfm cbe ibhdulbfl, cbe is di`ldy tk fkapltl witm C_LF’s cs-ylt-ibfmkctl FN_^ prkflss hkr ibhdulbfl kutsiel Lurkpl. Umlsl wieldy eisplrsle dcws cbe lxpcbeibj ibtlrbctikbcd cjrllalbts nuide up c fkbsielrcndl jdkncd ”dljcd iblrtic’ wmifm it widd nl eihhifudt tk rlvlrsl kr 3?6 3?5

Jrllbdlch, cnkvl b 5>.

Vll hkr c rlflbt cbcdysis F @ublr, Urcbsnkrelr Ectc Hdkws cbe Ectc _rivcfy Dcw , (Kxhkre \bivlrsity _rlss, Acy >?36).


Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

(lvlbtucddy) tk ijbkrl. Csskfictikbs kh ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils crl cdsk di`ldy tk ibfrlcsl ib iapkrtcbfl cs vlbuls hkr fkbtlstibj ibhdulbfl. Umlsl crl jlk-pkditifcd hcfts kh fkbsielrcndl sijbihifcbfl. Umlrl acy fkal c tial wmlb tml elvldkpalbt kh tlfmbkdkjils cbe nusiblss prcftifls ibiaifcd tk ectc privcfy widd nl fkbhrkbtle ny tmlsl lanleele cbe lxpcbeibj dljcd elvldkpalbts akrl eirlftdy tmcb is furrlbtdy tml fcsl.

8.3 Is tmlrl bkw c trcglftkry; Ib >??8, Nlbbltt cbe ^ccn, ib wmct is stidd tml akst systlactif jdkncd rlvilw kh ectc privcfy rljudctikb, prlslbtle tmlir ”acib rlslcrfm qulstikb’ cs wmltmlr tmlrl wcs c ”rcfl tk tml nkttka’, c ”rcfl tk tml tkp’, kr skaltmibj ldsl, ib tml jdkncd elvldkpalbt kh ectc privcfy prktlftikb.3?< Umly fkrrlftdy fcutikb tmct tml lxistlbfl cbe hkracd strlbjtm kh c ectc privcfy dcw is kbdy kbl hcftkr ny wmifm wl smkude alcsurl ectc privcfy prktlftikb ib c fkubtry, cbe twk ktmlr `ly eialbsikbs crl tml lhhlftivlblss kh lbhkrflalbt cbe tml lxtlbt kh survliddcbfl. Umlrlhkrl, jdkncddy, tmlrl is akrl tmcb kbl rcfl tk tml tkp kr nkttka. Umly bktle tmct, ib rldctikb tk dljisdctikb, tml acib fkbeitikbs prkpksle ny jdkncdisctikb tmlkrils kh rljudctikb hkr c ”rcfl tk tml nkttka’ (ectc aknidity cbe wiel bctikbcd eivlrjlbfls ib dcws) wlrl prlslbt ib tml fcsl kh ectc prktlftikb dljisdctikb.3?8 Blvlrtmldlss, tmly hkube tmct ”tmlrl is fdlcrdy bk rcfl tk tml nkttka’, nut bkr eie tmly hibe fdlcr lvielbfl kh c ”rcfl tk tml tkp’, kr jdkncd rctfmltibj up kh privcfy stcbecres. Ib pcrtifudcr, tmly fkbsielrle tmct tml ”jlblrcd suspifikb tmct tml C_LF _rivcfy _ribfipdls crl ibtlbele cs cb cdtlrbctivl, cbe c wlc`lr, jdkncd stcbecre tmcb tml L\’ (wmifm suspifikb wcs smcrle ny tml cutmkr) alcbs tmct tmly ”acy slrvl tk sdkw cbe lvlb rlvlrsl’ tml ktmlrwisl ”mcdtibj cbe alcbelribj wcd`’ tk mijmlr stcbecres wmifm tml L\ Eirlftivl mce ibspirle.3?: Umly fkbfduele tmct tml akst pdcusindl huturl sflbcrik (wmifm I mcvl elsfrinle cs ”tml Nlbbltt-^ccn tmlsis’3?=) wcs ”cb ibfkmlrlbt cbe hrcjalbtle pctfmwkr`’, ”c akrl fmcktif huturl kh plrikeif cbe ubprleiftcndl viftkrils hkr tml privcfy vcdul’.3?9 Vk tmly hkube skal ”upwcre’ jdkncd trcglftkry ibhdulbfle sijbihifcbtdy ny tml L\ Eirlftivl, nut suhhifilbtdy wlc` ib tml aie->???s tmct tml fkubtlrvcidibj wlc`blss kh tml C_LF cpprkcfm wcs lbkujm tk ac`l tml huturl quitl ubprleiftcndl. Uml pksitikb ib >?36 is vlry eihhlrlbt. Umlir tmlsis acy mcvl nllb ib pcrt ncsle kb cb ubelr-lstiactl kh tml buanlr kh ectc privcfy dcws kutsiel Lurkpl nlhkrl >??8 (3=, bkt 3>), nut lvlb ih tmis is bkt sk, lvlbts mcvl kvlrtc`lb it. Bkw tmlrl crl cdakst cs acby dcws kutsiel Lurkpl (55) cs tmlrl 3?<

Nlbbltt cbe cbe ^ccn, cnkvl cnkvl b 33, xv.

3?8

Inie >:8.

3?:

Inie >=6.

3?=

J Jrllbdlch, Jrllbdlch, cnkvl cnkvl b >.

3?9

Nlbbltt cbe cbe ^ccn, cnkvl cnkvl b 33, >9<.


crl witmib Lurkpl (<>), cbe tml rctl kh ibfrlcsl kutsiel Lurkpl is stidd cffldlrctibj. Ct skal pkibt tml jrkwtm furvl kh tml buanlr kh dcws acy hdcttlb, nut tmlrl is bk sijb kh tmct cs ylt. Nlbbltt cbe ^ccn scw C_LF cs sdkwibj tml jrkwtm kh L\-di`l privcfy dcws, nut tmct mcs nllb smkwb bkt tk nl kffurribj, witm dcws kutsiel Lurkpl smkwibj c vlry mijm fkrrldctikb witm ”Lurkplcb pribfipdls’, cbe dittdl sijb kh tmis eiaibismibj ib blw dcws.33? Umly eie bkt suhhifilbtdy rlfkjbisl tmis csplft kh fkbsistlbfy ib jdkncd ectc privcfy dcws, wmifm rlakvls skal kh tml ”ibfkmlrlbfl’ tmly fdciale lxists, tmkujm tmis fkbsistlbfy wcs bkt cs cppcrlbt ncf` ib >??8. Hurtmlrakrl, tml buanlr kh Lurkplcb-di`l ectc privcfy dcws kutsiel cbe ibsiel Lurkpl (kbdy mcdh witmib tml L\) is bkt kbdy lvielbfl kh tml akalbtua kh tmlsl elvldkpalbts, nut cdsk tmct tml smllr iblrtic prkviele ny c muberle kr akrl fkubtrils witm ectc privcfy dcws is c jdkncd hcft kh dihl wmifm it widd nl eihhifudt hkr cbykbl tk rlvlrsl, ibfdueibj tml \VC. It is pkssindl tmct C_LF’s Frkss-Nkrelr _rivcfy ûdls (FN_^), cdtmkujm stidd bkt kplrctivl, aijmt nlfkal cb ibhdulbfl, nut nktm c rlvisle L\ Eirlftivl (cs c ^ljudctikb) cbe c rlvitcdisle Fkubfid kh Lurkpl Fkbvlbtikb (tmrkujm ”jdkncdisctikb’ wmifm mcs stcrtle, cbe ”akelrbisctikb’ wmifm is wldd ubelrwcy) crl di`ldy tk prkvl tk nl cttrcftivl hkrfls tmct C_LF FN_^ widd hibe eihhifudt tk actfm. Vlvlb ylcrs chtlr Nlbbltt cbe ^ccn wrktl, tmlrl is bkw aufm fdlcrlr lvielbfl kh ”upwcre’ jdkncd trcglftkry tmcb tmly hkube, prkviele wl `llp fdlcr tmct wl crl kbdy tcdìbj cnkut tml lxistlbfl cbe hkracd strlbjtm kh ectc privcfy dcws, bkt tml ktmlr hcftkrs.

8.> Calrifcb lxflptikbcdisa cbe ibfrlcsibj iskdctikb Uml \VC mcs acby privcfy dcws ib nktm its privctl cbe pundif slftkrs cbe skal lhhlftivl lbhkrflalbt, nut bk fkaprlmlbsivl privcfy dcw ib tml privctl slftkr, bkr it sllas aufm prksplft kh kbl elspitl tml Kncac Ceaibistrctikb’s ”Fkbsualr _rivcfy Nidd kh îjmts’ ibitictivl.333 Lvlb tmkujm tml \V mcs acby dcws, tmly rcrldy allt tml rlquirlalbts slt kut ib tmis crtifdl hkr c ectc privcfy dcw, pcrtifudcrdy tml ”hibcdity’ rlquirlalbts diaitibj usl cbe eisfdksurl, cbe khtlb bkt tml rlquirlalbts hkr diaits kb ectc fkddlftikb. Umis is bkt surprisibj, nlfcusl \V fkrpkrctikbs crl tml wkrde’s dlceibj fkaalrficd lxpdkitlrs kh plrskbcd ectc. Umct’s wmy tml mistkry cbe jlkjrcpmy kh ectc prktlftikb dcws slt kut ib tmis crtifdl is iapkrtcbt. \V fkrpkrctikbs cbe tml \V jkvlrbalbt mcvl nllb cndl tk usl tmlir lfkbkaif cbe pkditifcd pkwlr tk usl plrskbcd ectc cs tmly wism ubtid bkw witm vlry hlw cevlrsl fkbslqulbfls. Elvldkpalbts sufm cs fdkue fkaputibj, skficd bltwkrìbj cbe ”nij ectc’ cbcdytifs slla fkbeufivl tk tmct fkbtibuibj. Nut tml ibtlrbctikbcd dljcd lbvirkbalbt hkr tmlir fkbtibuibj tk ek sk is sdkwdy nlfkaibj akrl mkstidl cbe fkapdlx tk bcvijctl, cs akrl cbe akrl fkubtrils

33?

Jrllbdlch, cnkvl b 5>.

333

Jrllbdlch cbe Zctlrs, Zctlrs, cnkvl b 6?.


Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

cekpt kr strlbjtmlb ectc privcfy dcws. Zmifm cpprkcfm widd wib rlacibs tk nl sllb, nut tml jcal is bkt b kt kvlr ylt.

8.6 Cbe wmct cnkut tmct 3?3st dcw; Elcr rlcelr, I mlcr yku scy tmct 99 is bkt 3??, dlt cdkbl 3?3, sk yku mcvl nllb lbtifle tk rlce tk tml lbe kh c dkbj cbe erlcry crtifdl kb c hcdsl prkaisl, cnkut wmifm yku mcvl c aibe tk ibhkra tml Hlelrcd Urcel Fkaaissikb. Nut wl `bkw tmlrl crl acby ectc privcfy Nidds dibjlribj crkube tml wkrde’s dljisdcturls wcitibj tk nl lbcftle, cbe tmlrl acy nl ktmlrs kh wmifm wl crl ubcwcrl. Umlrl crl stidd skal pundif slftkr ÛI/HKI dcws ib dcbjucjls ktmlr tmcb Lbjdism wmlrl akrl eltcidle ibsplftikb fkude rlvlcd c mieelb ectc privcfy dcw. _lrmcps tmlrl is lvlb cbktmlr fkubtry kr ibelplbelbt guriseiftikb tmct mcs quiltdy pcssle c fkaprlmlbsivl dcw tmct bk-kbl mcs bktifle. Vmlmlrlzcel blles tk nrusm up mlr dibjuistif sìdds (khtlb gust c rlhrlsmlr fkursl), cbe tk cs` tml jlbil ib tml Ibtlrblt tk slcrfm hkr ub`bkwb dcws hrka lvlb hurtmlr-cwcy dcbes. Kr plrmcps sml gust blles tk rlce tkakrrkw’s blws. Nut sml prkaisls tk fkal ncf` vlry skkb tk hibism tml stkry …

_kstsfript 3 Vlptlanlr >?36 C hlw wll`s pcssle, cbe tml jlbil ib tml Ibtlrblt33> eie eldivlr tml cwcitle blws kh tml 3??tm dcw, cbe ― wkudeb’t yku `bkw ― it wcs hrka c vlry surprisibj pdcfl cdakst ubelr Vmlmlrlzcel’s bksl, tml eisacd eiftctkrsmip kh @czc`mstcb. 336 Mkwlvlr, tml dcw eie allt cdd kh tml hkracd rlquirlalbts kh c ectc privcfy dcw, cbe sk mce tk nl fkubtle,335 wmifm jkls tk iddustrctl tmct c dcw kb tml nkk`s is bkt tk nl fkbhusle witm lhhlftivl privcfy prktlftikb. Uml 3?3st dcw crrivle skkb tmlrlchtlr, hrka c akrl lxplftle cbe sijbihifcbt eirlftikb, wmlb nktm mkusls kh Vkutm Chrifc’s _crdicalbt pcssle its dkbjcbtifipctle _rktlftikb kh _lrskbcd Ibhkractikb Nidd , wmifm bkw cwcits sijbcturl ny _rlsielbt Wuac.33<

33>

Ib tmis fcsl, cbe cbe tml 3?3st , tml jlbil ib qulstikb q ulstikb wcs Ecvie Ncbiscr kh Crtifdl Crti fdl 39, 3 9, tk wmka tmcb`s.

336

Dcw kb plrskbcd ectc cbe tmlir prktlftikb, >3 Acy >?36, ib lhhlft hrka >8 Bkvlanlr >?36.

335

J Jrllbdlch, ”@czc`mstcb lbcfts lbcfts Flbtrcd Csic’s slfkbe ectc privcfy dcw’ (Cujust >?36) (issul 3>5) _rivcfy Dcws & Nusiblss Ibtlrbctikbcd ^lpkrt >6->5.

33<

_crdicalbt kh Vkutm Chrifc, _rlss ^ldlcsl ”_rktlftikb ”_rktlftik b kh _lrskbcd Ibhkractikb Nidd Cpprkvle’ >> Cujust >?36 4mttp7//www.pcrdicalbt.jkv.zc/divl/fkbtlbtakni.pmp;F[Itla[IE16939&Itla[IE16<652.

Jdkncd Ucndl kh Fkubtrils witm Ectc _rivcfy Dcws (cs `bkwb ct 3 Gubl >?36) Hrka3 Dctlst> ^ljikb6

Vlf5 L\<

FkL8 Ktmlr Ibt.:

Guriseiftikb

@ly Cft

Cdncbic

Cft kb tml _rktlftikb kh _lrskbcd Ectc

3999

3999 Lurkpl (K) Nktm PIQ

^F0 ^_

Cbekrrc

Dcw kb tml prktlftikb kh plrskbcd ectc

>??6

>??6 Lurkpl (K) Nktm

^F0 ^_

Cbjkdc

Dli ec _rktlfêæk el >?33 Eceks _lsskcis

>?33

Chrifc

C

Nktm

Crjlbtibc

_lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb Cft

>???

>??? Dctib Ca Nktm C

Cralbic

Dcw kb _lrskbcd Ectc

>??>

Lurkpl (K) Nktm PIQ

E_CC9

Khhifl hkr _lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb

VCEF

^F0 ^_

E_C=

IFE__F0 LE_C0 CHC_E_ IFE__F0 Ectc _rktlftikb LE_C (K)0 Cjlbfy ^leI_E0 CHC_E_ Bkbl (Cjçbfic ec _rktlfêæk el Eceks bkt ylt lstcndismle) Bctikbcd Eirlftikb hkr IFE__F0 _lrskbcd Ectc ^leI_E _rktlftikb Bkbl

Hrka fkduab7 Ylcr 1 ectl krijibcd ectc privcfy dcw lbcftle, hkr litmlr privctl kr pundif slftkr0 aijmt bkt nl ectl kh

furrlbt dcw.

Dctlst fkduab7 Ylcr 1 ectl kh dcst sijbihifcbt calbealbt `bkwb0 ”BYIH’ 1 bkt ylt ib hkrfl0 ”BIH\’ 1 bkt ib hkrfl ubtid

ylcr stctle, wmlrl nribjibj ibtk hkrfl is eldcyle kvlr kbl ylcr.

^ljikb fkduab7 ”Lurkpl (L\)’ 1 furrlbt Lurkplcb \bikb alanlr stctls0 ”Lurkpl (K)’ 1 ktmlr Lurkplcb stctls

(ibfdueibj LLC)0 ktmlrs crl sldh-lxpdcbctkry. Vlftkr fkduab7 ”_ri’ 1 fkvlrs privctl slftkr kbdy0 ”_un’ 1 fkvlrs pundif slftkr kbdy0 ndcb` 1 fkvlrs nktm slftkrs. Lurkplcb \bikb fkduab 7 A 1 fkubtry is cb L\ alanlr stctl0 CS 1 fkubtry’s prktlftikb kh plrskbcd ectc mcs nllb

mlde ”celquctl’ ny tml L\0 PCQ 1 Hcvkurcndl Crtifdl >9 Zkrìbj _crty kpibikb kb celqucfy, nut bk hibcd elfisikb cbbkubfle0 LLC 1 fkubtry is c alanlr kh tml Lurkplcb Lfkbkaif Crlc0 PIQ 1 Celqucfy hibeibj is ib prcftifl irrldlvcbt eul tk fkubtry cffleibj tk nktm Fkubfid kh Lurkpl Fkbvlbtikb 3?= cbe Ceeitikbcd _rktkfkd. Fkubfid kh Lurkpl fkduab 7 (”Alanlr’ alcbs Alanlr Vtctl kh tml Fkubfid kh Lurkpl) ^F 1 Alanlr cbe mcs rctihile

tml Fkbvlbtikb0 ^F* 1 \bitle @ibjeka mcs rctihile Fkbvlbtikb kb nlmcdh kh sun-guriseiftikb0 VF 1 Alanlr cbe mcs sijble nut bkt rctihile Fkbvlbtikb0 ^_ 1 mcs cdsk rctihile tml kptikbcd prktkfkd0 V_ 1 Alanlr cbe mcs sijble nut bkt rctihile Ceeitikbcd _rktkfkd0 BV 1 Alanlr nut mcs bkt sijble Fkbvlbtikb0 PICQ 1 bkt c Alanlr nut mcs nllb ibvitle tk cfflel tk tml Fkbvlbtikb0 CF1 bkt c Alanlr nut mcs cfflele tk tml Fkbvlbtikb. Ktmlr ibtlrbctikbcd fkaaitalbts fkduab 7 C_LF 1 ”lfkbkay’ is c alanlr kh C_LF (Csic _cfihif Lfkbkaif

Fkkplrctikb)0 KLFE 1 fkubtry is c alanlr kh KLFE0 CVLCB 1 fkubty is c alanlr kh Csskfictikb kh Vkutm Lcst Csicb Bctikbs0 LFKZCV 1 fkubtry is c alanlr kh Lfkbkaif Fkaaubity kh Zlst Chrifcb Vtctls0 LCF 1 fkubty is c alanlr kh tml Lcst Chrifcb Fkaaubity0 VCEF 1 fkubtry is c alanlr kh tml Vkutmlrb Chrifcb Elvldkpalbt Fkaaubity0 FCÎFKA 1 fkubtry is c alanlr kh tml Fcrinnlcb Fkaaubity (cee ”(Csskf)’ hkr Csskfictl alanlrs. E_C fkduab7 Bkbl 1 bk splficdisle ectc prktlftikb cutmkrity (pdus bcal kh cutmkrity ih lbcftle nut bkt ylt

cppkibtle kbl ylcr chtlr lbcftalbt).

E_CC fkduab7 (ibfdusikb 1 ”E_C is c alanlr kh’ tml bcale csskfictikb kh ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils0 lxflpt K 1

Knslrvlr stctus kbdy)7 IFE__F 1 Ibtlrbctikbcd Fkbhlrlbfl kh Ectc _rktlftikb cbe _rivcfy Fkaaissikblrs0 C>9Z_ 1 L\ Crtifdl >9 Zkrìbj _crty0 J_LB 1 Jdkncd _rivcfy Lbhkrflalbt Bltwkr`0 CHC_E_ 1 Csskfictikb kh Hrcbfkpmkbl Ectc _rktlftikb Cutmkritils0 C__C 1 Csic-_cfihif _rivcfy Cutmkritils0 ^leI_E 1 Dctib Calrifcb Bltwkr`0 FLLE_C 1 Flbtrcd cbe Lcstlrb Lurkpl Ectc _rktlftikb Cutmkritils0 BE_C 1 Bkreif Ectc _rktlftikb Cutmkritils0 LE_C 1 Lurkplcb Ectc _rktlftikb Cutmkritils0 NIIE_C 1 Nritism, Irism cbe Isdcbes Ectc _rktlftikb Cutmkritils0 C_LF F_LC 1 C_LF Frkss-nkrelr _rivcfy Lbhkrflalbt Crrcbjlalbt.


Custrcdic

Custric

_rivcfy Cft 39==

39==

Ectlbsfmutzjlsltz Ectlbsfmutzjlsltz 39:=

Dcw kb plrskbcd Czlrncigcb ectc >?3? (rlpdcfls 399= 399= Cft)

Ncmcacs

Nldjiua

Nlbib

Nksbic & Mlrzljkvibc

Nudjcric

Ectc _rktlftikb (_rivcfy kh Ibhkractikb) Cft Dcw kb _rivcfy _rktlftikb ib rldctikb tk tml _rkflssibj kh _lrskbcd Ectc Dki _krtcbt _rktlftikb els ekbbéls ï Fcrcftírl _lrskbbld Dcw kb tml prktlftikb kh plrskbcd ectc

>??6

399>

>??9

>??3

Dcw hkr _rktlftikb >??> kh _lrskbcd Ectc

Nurìbc Hcsk

Dki _krtcbt _rktlftikb els Ekbbéls ï Fcrcftírl _lrskbbld

Fcbcec

_lrskbcd Ibhkractikb _rktlftikb cbe Ldlftrkbif Ekfualbts Cft

>??5

_rivcfy Dcw

Fkdkanic

Ectc _rktlftikb Dcw

Fkstc îfc

3999

C_LF0 KLFE0

>??3 Custrcdcsic Nktm

>??9

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A

>?3? Lurkpl (K) Nktm

^F0 ^_

>?33

>??9

Lurkpl (L\)

Chrifc

Nktm A

>??:

>??5

Lurkpl (L\)

Chrifc

>??3

Chrifc

FCÎFKA

^F0 V_

Nktm A

Nktm

Nktm

3999 Dctib Ca Nktm Nktm

>??=

>?3> Dctib Ca Nktm

_rktlffiöb el dc _lrskbc hrlbtl cd >?33 trctcailbtk el sus ectks plrskbcdls

>?33 Dctib Ca Nktm

KLFE0

IFE__F0 C__C0 Ibhkractikb J_LB0 Fkaaissikblr C_LF F_LC IFE__F0 Ectc _rktlftikb LE_C0 Fkaaissikblr C>9Z_ Bkbl (Aibistry kh Fkaaubifctikbs cbe Ibhkractikb Ulfmbkdkjils ceaibistlrs ^ljistlr) Ectc _rktlftikb Fkaaissikblr _rivcfy Fkaaissikb

IFE__F0 LE_C0 C>9Z_0 J_LB0 CHC_E_

Fkaaissikb bctikbcdl el LFKZCV CHC_E_ d’ibhkractiqul d’ibhkractiqul lt els dinlrtés

Nktm

>??3 Lurkpl (K) Nktm PIQ

KLFE

^F

>??6 Fcrinnlcb Nktm

39=6 (prikr >??> Bkrtm Ca Nktm CS Cft)

^ljial Guráeifk Jlrcd el _rktlfêæk Fcpl Xlrel el Eceks _lsskcis >??3 c _lsskcs Vibjudcrls Fmidl

Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

_lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb Cjlbfy

IFE__F0 LE_C0 FLLE_C IFE__F0 Fkaaissikb hkr LE_C0 _lrskbcd Ectc C>9Z_0 _rktlftikb FLLE_C0 J_LB

^F0 ^_ ^F0 ^_

Fkaaissikb hkr IFE__F0 LFKZCV Ibhkractifs cbe CHC_E_ Dinlrtils

C_LF0 KLFE

_rivcfy Fkaaissikblr

Bkbl (_crdicalbtcry LFKZCV Fkaaissikb hkr tml Akbitkribj kh _lrskbcd Ectc bkt ylt cppkibtle) C_LF0 Bkbl KLFE Vuplribtlbelbfl kh Ibeustry cbe Fkaalrfl Cjlbfy hkr tml _rktlftikb kh _lrskbcd Ectc kh Ibmcnitcbts

IFE__F0 C__C0 J_LB0 C_LF F_LC0 CHC_E_

IFE__F0 ^leI_E0 C__C IFE__F0 ^leI_E


>??6

>??6

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A

^F0 ^_

Uml _rkflssibj kh _lrskbcd Ectc >??3 (_rktlftikb kh tml Ibeivieucd) Dcw

>??6

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A

^F0 ^_

399>

>???

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A

^F0 ^_

KLFE0 J_LB

Elbacr`

Cft kb _rkflssibj 39:= kh _lrskbcd Ectc

>???

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A

^F0 V_

KLFE

Eunci IHF

Ectc _rktlftikb Dcw (”IHF’ 1 >??: Ibtlrbctikbcd Hibcbficd Flbtrl)

Frkctic

Fyprus

Fzlfm ^lpundif

Cft kb _lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb


B.Ch/A.L_ri cst Lurkpl (L\)

Fkaaissikblr kh Ectc _rktlftikb

Ectc _rktlftikb Cft >??6

>??6

Hcrkl Isdcbes

Cft kb prkflssibj >?3? kh plrskbcd ectc


Hibdcbe

_lrskbcd Ectc Cft 39=:

>???

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A

^F0 ^_

Hrcbfl

Dcw rldctibj tk tml prktlftikb kh ibeivieucds cjcibst 39:= tml prkflssibj kh plrskbcd ectc

>??5

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A

^F0 ^_

>?33

Chrifc

Nktm

Dcw rldctle tk plrskbcd ectc

>?33

Jlkrjic

Dcw kb _lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb

>?3>

Jlracby

Hlelrcd Ectc _rktlftikb Cft

39::

Nktm A

^F0 ^_

Lstkbic

Jcnkb

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A

Nktm

Jmcbc

Ectc _rktlftikb Cft >?3>

Chrifc

Jinrcdtcr


>??5 Lurkpl (K) Nktm

Jrllfl

Dcw kb tml _rktlftikb kh ibeivieucds witm rljcre tk tml prkflssibj kh plrskbcd ectc

399:

C

Lurkpl (K) Nktm >??9

399:

Lurkpl (L\)

IFE__F0 Ectc _rktlftikb LE_C0 Cjlbfy C>9Z_0 FLLE_C IFE__F0 _lrskbcd Ectc LE_C0 _rktlftikb C>9Z_0 Fkaaissikblr NIIE_C IFE__F0 LE_C0 Khhifl hkr C>9Z_0 _lrskbcd Ectc FLLE_C0 CHC_E_ IFE__F0 Ectc _rktlftikb LE_C0 Cjlbfy C>9Z_, BE_C

Nktm A

^F0 V_ ^F0 ^_

^F0 V_

IFE__F0 KLFE Ectc _rktlftikb LE_C0 Ibsplftkrctl C>9Z_0 J_LB Ectc _rktlftikb Cjlbfy IFE__F0 Ectc _rktlftikb LE_C0 KLFE Kanuesacb C>9Z_, BE_C IFE__F0 Bctikbcd LE_C0 Fkaaissikb hkr KLFE0 C>9Z_0 Ibhkractifs cbe J_LB0 Dinlrtils CHC_E_ Fkaaisscrict ï dc prktlftikb els CHC_E_ ekbbéls plrskbblddls Ectc _rktlftikb Fkaaissikblr IFE__F0 Hlelrcd Ectc LE_C0 KLFE _rktlftikb C>9Z_0 Fkaaissikb J_LB Fkaaissikb kb Muacb îjmts LFKZCV cbe Ceaibistrctivl Gustifl Ectc _rktlftikb NIIE_C Fkaaissikblr

KLFE

IFE__F0 Ectc _rktlftikb LE_C0 Cutmkrity C>9Z_0 CHC_E_


Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

P(Ecbism) Ectc _rktlftikb Cjlbfy (^ljistlrtidsyblt)Q

Jrllbdcbe

(Ecbism) _undif cbe _rivctl ^ljistlrs Cfts

39:9

39:9 Lurkpl (K) Nktm

Julrbsly

Ectc _rktlftikb (Ncidiwif` kh Julrbsly) Dcw

39=8

>??3 Lurkpl (K) Nktm CS CS ^F*

Mkbj @kbj VC^

_lrskbcd Ectc (_rivcfy) Kreibcbfl

Mubjcry

Ifldcbe

Ibeic

Irldcbe

399<

Cft kb Ibhkractikbcd VldhEltlraibctikb Eltlraibctikb cbe 399> Hrlleka kh Ibhkractikb Dcw kb tml _rktlftikb cbe 39=9 _rkflssibj kh _lrskbcd Ectc ûdls ubelr s56C (>??= Calbet), Ibhkractikb >?33 Ulfmbkdkjy Cft >??? Ectc _rktlftikb Cft 39==

Isdl kh Acb Ectc _rktlftikb Cft 39=8 Isrcld

Itcdy

Gcpcb

Glrsly

@kskvk @yrjyz ^lpundif

Dctvic

_rivcfy _rktlftikb 39=3 Cft 39=3 Fkbskdiectikb Cft rljcreibj tml 3998 _rktlftikb kh _lrskbcd Ectc Cft kb tml _rktlftikb kh >??6 _lrskbcd Ibhkractikb Ectc _rktlftikb (Glrsly) Dcw Dcw kb tml _rktlftikb kh _lrskbcd Ectc Dcw kb _lrskbcd Ectc

39=:

399<

Csic

399>

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm

Nktm A

>??? Lurkpl (K) Nktm LLC

>?33

>??6

Csic

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A

^F0 ^_

KLFE

^F0 V_

KLFE

39=3

^F0 ^_

B.Ch/A.LNktm CS cst

>??6

Lurkpl (L\)

>??6

Csic

Nktm A

KLFE

>??=

>??=

>??>

Flbtrcd Csic Lurkpl (L\)

KLFE0 ^F0 V_

^F*

>??= Lurkpl (K) Nktm LLC

NIIE_C0 LE_C

IFE__F0 _rivcfy C__C0 Fkaaissikblr Fkaaissikblr hkr C_LF _lrskbcd Ectc F_LC Bctikbcd IFE__F0 Cutmkrity hkr LE_C0 Ectc _rktlftikb C>9Z_0 cbe Hrlleka kh Ibhkractikb FLLE_C Ectc _rktlftikb IFE__F0 Cjlbfy LE_C

IFE__F0 LE_C0 Ectc _rktlftikb Fkaaissikblr C>9Z_0 J_LB0 NIIE_C Ectc _rktlftikb NIIE_C0 ^ljistrcr LE_C Dcw, Ibhkractikb IFE__F0 cbe Ulfmbkdkjy J_LB Cutmkrity IFE__F0 Ectc _rktlftikb LE_C0 Cutmkrity C>9Z_0 J_LB Bkbl Ectc _rktlftikb ^ljistrcr

IFE__F0 LE_C0 NIIE_C

Bctikbcd Cjlbfy hkr tml _rktlftikb LE_C (K) kh _lrskbcd Ectc

Nktm

Nktm A

KLFE0

C_LF0 KLFE

Nktm

>??< Lurkpl (K) Nktm CS

Ectc _rktlftikb Fkaaissikblr

Bkbl

>??> Lurkpl (K) Nktm Nktm CS ^F*


Jlsltz ônlr eil Cnåbelrubj els Dilfmtlbstlib >??> Ectlbsfmutzjlsltzl s (>??>)

C_LF

_ri

>?3?

Dcw kb _rktlftikb kh _lrskbcd Ectc kh >??? Bcturcd _lrskbs

J_LB

Bkbl ^F0 ^_

^F0 ^_

Vtctl Ectc _rktlftikb Ibsplftkrctl

IFE__F0 LE_C0 C>9Z_0 FLLE_C0 J_LB

Ectc _rktlftikb IFE__F0 Fkaaissikblr LE_C


Ditmucbic

Dcw kb Dljcd _rktlftikb kh _lrskbcd Ectc

Duxlankurj

Ectc _rktlftikb Dcw

Acfck VC^


>??8

>??8

Acflekbic (HY^KA)


>??<

>??< Lurkpl (K) Nktm PIQ

Acdcysic


3998

39:9

>??6

Lurkpl (L\)

>??>

Lurkpl (L\)

>?3? BIH\ >?36

Csic

Csic

Nktm A

^F0 ^_

Vtctl Ectc _rktlftikb Ibsplftkrctl

Nktm A

^F0 ^_

Bctikbcd Ectc _rktlftikb Fkaaissikb

Nktm ^F0 ^_

_ri

Acdtc


>??3

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A

Acuritius


>??5

Chrifc

Nktm

Alxifk

Hlelrcd Dcw kb tml _rktlftikb kh >?3? _lrskbcd Ectc Mlde ny _rivctl _crtils

>?3? Dctib Ca Nktm

^F

Akdekvc


>??:

>??: Lurkpl (K) Nktm PIQ

^F0 ^_

Akbcfk

Cft fkbtrkddibj plrskbcd ectc prkflssibj

3996

>??3 Lurkpl (K) Nktm PIQ

^F0 ^_

Akbtlbljrk


>??=

>??= Lurkpl (K) Nktm PIQ

^F0 ^_

Akrkffk

Blpcd

Bltmlrdcbes

Dki rldctivl ï dc prktlftikb els plrskbbls pmysiquls ï d'éjcre >??9 eu trcitlalbt els ekbbéls ï fcrcftírl plrskbbld îjmt tk Ibhkractikb Cft _lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb Cft

>??:

39==

>??9 B.Ch/A.L- Nktm cst

>??:

>???

Csic Lurkpl (L\)

KLFE

Khhifl hkr C__C0 _lrskbcd Ectc J_LB _rktlftikb Eirlftkrctl kh IFE__F0 _lrskbcd Ectc LE_C0 _rktlftikb FLLE_C Bkbl (_lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb C_LF0 Fkaaissikblr ib CVLCB Cft bkt cppkibtle) IFE__F0 Ectc _rktlftikb LE_C0 Fkaaissikblr C>9Z_0 NIIE_C Fkaaisscrict ï dc prktlftikb els VCEF CHC_E_ ekbbéls plrskbblddls IFE__F0 Hlelrcd Ibstitutl C__C0 C_LF0 hkr Cfflss tk J_LB0 KLFE0 Ibhkractikb cbe C_LF Ectc _rktlftikb F_LC0 ^leI_E IFE__F0 Bctikbcd Flbtlr LE_C0 hkr _lrskbcd Ectc CHC_E_0 _rktlftikb FLLE_C Vuplrviskry Fkaaissikb hkr CHC_E_ _lrskbcd Ibhkractikb Cjlbfigc zc zc!titu di"bim LE_C0 pkectc`c i FLLE_C sdknkecb pristup ibhkracfigc Bctikbcd Fkaaissikb hkr tml Fkbtrkd cbe CHC_E_ tml _rktlftikb kh _lrskbcd Ectc

(IC)

Bctikbcd Ibhkractikb Fkaaissikb

_un

Nktm A

IFE__F0 LE_C0 C>9Z_ IFE__F0 LE_C0 C>9Z_0 CHC_E_

^F0 ^_

KLFE

IFE__F0 Ectc _rktlftikb LE_C0 Cutmkrity C>9Z_0 J_LB


Blw Wlcdcbe

Bifcrcjuc

Bkrwcy

_crcjucy

_lru

_rivcfy Cft 3996

3996

Dcw 38=> kb Ibhkractikb kh c _rivctl Bcturl

Dctib Ca.

>??? Lurkpl (K) Nktm LLC

>??>

Dcw kb _rktlftikb >?33 kh _lrskbcd Ectc

C_LF0 KLFE

>?3? Custrcdcsic Nktm CS

Dcw kb _rktlftikb >?3> kh _lrskbcd Ectc

_lrskbcd Ectc Cft 39:=

Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

^F0 V_

Dctib Ca Nktm >?33 Dctib Ca Nktm

>?3>

_kdcbe


399:

>??5

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A

^F0 ^_

Dli ec prktlêck el 3993 eceks plsskcis

399=

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A

^F0 ^_

Sctcr HF

^kacbic

ûssic

>??<

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A


>??=

399< Lurkpl (K) Nktm

>??=

Chrifc

^leI_E (k)

SHF Cutmkrity Bctikbcd Vuplrviskry Cutmkrity hkr _lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb

^F0 ^_

^F0 V_

BV

C_LF

IFE__F0 LE_C0 C>9Z_0 FLLE_C

Hlelrcd Vlrvifl hkr Vuplrvisikb kh Fkaaubifctikbs, Ibhkractikb FLLE_C Ulfmbkdkjils cbe Acss Aleic (^ks`kabcezkr) Jucrcbtkr hkr tml _rktlftikb kh Fkbhielbticd cbe _lrskbcd Ectc

Fkaaissikb els LFKZCV ekbbéls CHC_E_ plrskbblddls

Nktm

>??= Lurkpl (K) Nktm PIQ

IFE__F0 LE_C0 Ectc Ibsplftkrctl J_LB, B_EC

Bctikbcd IFE__F0 Cutmkrity hkr ^leI_E0 Ectc _rktlftikb C__C C_LF0 Bctikbcd _rivcfy CVLCB Fkaaissikb IFE__F0 Ibsplftkr Jlblrcd LE_C0 KLFE hkr _lrskbcd Ectc C>9Z_0 _rktlftikb FLLE_C0 J_LB0 IFE__F0 Bctikbcd Ectc C>9Z_0 KLFE _rktlftikb LE_C0 Fkaaissikb ^leI_E

B.Ch/A.L_ri cst

Hlelrcd Dcw BIH\ ^ljcreibj _lrskbcd >??8 Lurkpl (K) Nktm PIQ >?33 Ectc

Dcw rljudctibj tml Fkaputlrizle 39=6 Vcb Acribk Fkddlftikb kh _lrskbcd Ectc Dki sur dc _rktlftikb els ekbbéls ï >??= Vlbljcd Fcrcftírl _lrskbbld

Vlrnic

Csic

>??<

^leI_E

C_LF0 \V HUC

Ectc _rivcfy Cft

Ectc _rktlftikb ^ljudctikbs (”HF’ 1 >??< Hibcbficd Flbtrl) Dcw kb tml prktlftikb kh ibeivieucds witm >??3 rljcre tk tml prkflssibj kh plrskbcd ectc ltf

Eirlftkrctl hkr tml _rktlftikb kh _lrskbcd Ibhkractikb

Bkbl

_midippibls

_krtujcd

KLFE0

_rivcfy Fkaaissikblr

IFE__F0 J_LB0 C__C0 C_LF F_LC

^F0 ^_

Fkaaissikblr hkr Ibhkractikb kh IFE__F0 _undif LE_C0 Iapkrtcbfl cbe FLLE_C _lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb


>??6 Vlyfmlddls Ectc _rktlftikb Cft BYIH

>??6

Chrifc

Nktm

VCEF

Vibjcpkrl


Vdkvcìc


399>

>?36

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A

^F0 ^_

Vdkvlbic


399?

>??5

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A

^F

Vkutm @krlc Ectc _rktlftikb Cft 3995

>?33

Csic

Vpcib

Dly Krjãbifc el _rktlffiöb el 399> Ectks el Fcrãftlr _lrskbcd

3999

Lurkpl (L\)

Vt Dufic

Ectc _rktlftikb Cft >?33 >?33

Vt Xibflbt & Jrlbceibls Vwlelb

_rivcfy Cft

>?3>

_lrskbcd Ectc Cft 39:6

Umcidcbe

_lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb Cft Khhificd Ibhkractikb Cft 399:

399< 399:

Uribiece & Ectc _rktlftikb Cft >?33 Ukncjk Uubisic

\`rcibl

\bitle @ibjeka

Dki pkrtcbt sur dc prktlftikb els >??5 ekbbéls ï fcrcftírl plrskbbld. Dcw kb _lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb

Nktm

Nktm A

^F0 ^_

BYIH Fcrinnlcb Nktm

>??6 BYIH Fcrinnlcb _un

Vwitzlrdcbe Ectc _rktlftikb Cft 399>

Uciwcb

C_LF0 CVLCB

Csic

>?33

Ectc _rktlftikb Cft 39=5 399=

\bitle Vtctls _rivcfy Cft kh 39:5 39:5

399=

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A

>??8 Lurkpl (K) Nktm CS >?3? 399:

Csic Csic

Nktm _un

>?33 Fcrinnlcb Nktm >??5

B.Ch/A.Lc Nktm st

>?3> Lurkpl (K) Nktm PIQ

>???

Lurkpl (L\)

Nktm A

Bkrtm Ca _un

Bkbl (E_C ib Cft bkt lstcndismle) _lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb Fkaaissikb

IFE__F0 Ibsplftikb \bit LE_C0 KLFE hkr tml _rktlftikb C>9Z_0 kh _lrskbcd Ectc FLLE_C IFE__F0 Ibhkractikb LE_C0 KLFE0 Fkaaissikblr C>9Z_0 J_LB0 _lrskbcd IFE__F0 Ibhkractikb _rktlftikb C__C0 C_LF0 Fkaaissikb & J_LB0 KLFE0 @krlc C_LF Ibhkractikb F_LC Vlfurity Cjlbfy IFE__F0 LE_C0 Ectc _rktlftikb KLFE C>9Z_0 Fkaaissikblr J_LB0 ^leI_E Ectc _rktlftikb FCÎFKA Fkaaissikblr FCÎFKA

^F0 ^_

KLFE

^F0 ^_

KLFE C_LF

Bkbl IFE__F0 Ectc Ibsplftikb LE_C0 Nkcre C>9Z_, BE_C IFE__F0 Hlelrcd Ectc LE_C0 _rktlftikb J_LB0 Fkaaissikb CHC_E_ Bkbl

Khhificd Ibhkractikb Fkaaissikb Ectc _rktlftikb FCÎFKA Fkaaissikblr Bctikbcd Cutmkrity hkr tml CHC_E_ _rktlftikb kh _lrskbcd Ectc Uml Vtctl Vlrvifl ^F0 FLLE_C0 kb _lrskbcd Ectc ^_ J_LB _rktlftikb IFE__F0 LE_C0 ^F0 Ibhkractikb KLFE C>9Z_0 V_ Fkaaissikblr J_LB0 NIIE_C IFE__F0 J_LB0 KLFE0 Hlelrcd Urcel C__C0 C_LF Fkaaissikb C_LF F_LC C_LF CVLCB


Dcw kb tml _rktlftikb kh \rujucy _lrskbcd Ectc Dcw kb _rktlftikb kh Fkbsualrs’ Xiltbca îjmts Dcw kh tml îjmt kh Cfflss tk Ylalb Ibhkractikb Cfflss tk Ibhkractikb cbe Wiancnwl _rktlftikb kh _rivcfy Cft

Xkd >6(3) >?35 >? 35

>??=

CF0 >??= Dctib Ca Nktm CS ^F0 ^_

>?3?

>?3?

_ri

C_LF0 CVLCB

>??>

Chrifc

_un

Bkbl FkaaissikblrJlblrcd kh tml Ibhkractikb

B.Ch/A.Lc _un st

>?3>

>??>

Csic

^ljudctkry cbe IFE__F0 Fkbtrkd \bit kh ^leI_E _lrskbcd Ectc

VCEF

Aleic cbe Ibhkractikb Fkaaissikb

* Uml ectc ib tml Ucndls cbe crtifdl crl cs ct 3 Gubl >?36. Bktl ‖ Vibfl fkapdltikb kh tml Ucndls, twk akrl fkubtrils mcvl lbcftle ectc privcfy dcws, @czc`mstcb cbe Vkutm Chrifc. Umlsl crl bkt ibfduele ib tml Ucndl kh dcws, nut crl bktle ib tml _kstsfript tk tml crtifdl (3 Vlptlanlr >?36).

** Umlsl Ucndls mcvl nlblhittle nlblhittle hrka ibhkractikb ibhkractikb cbe cevifl rlflivle hrka hrka Ecvie Ncbiscr kh Crtifdl 39 ib rldctikb tk cdd fkubtrils0 hrka Acril Jlkrjls (_dcbltl Ibhkractiqul lt Dinlrtils, _cris) ib rldctikb tk Hrlbfm-splcìbj fkubtrils0 hrka Acjec Fkffk, Iscnld Krbldcs cbe Ibçs Cbtcs Ncrrks (Xilirc el Cdaliec & Csskficeks, Csskficeks, Disnkb) ib rldctikb tk _krtujulsl-splcìbj fkubtrils0 fkubtrils0 Er Cdlx Nkbihcfl Acùdidk ib rldctikb tk Chrifcb fkubtrils0 _cndk _cdczzi (Cddlbel & Nrlc, Crjlbtibc) ib rldctikb tk Dctib Calrifcb fkubtrils0 Vkpmil @wcsby (Fkubfid kh Lurkpl) ib rldctikb tk Fkubfid kh Lurkpl Fkbvlbtikb 3?=0 ^kn @lbijsnlrj (Byaity) ib rldctikb tk Dctib Calrifc cbe tml Fcrinnlcb0 Mcbbcm AfFcusdcbe (\@ Ibhkractikb Fkaaissikblr’s Khhifl) cbe Fdcrc Julrrc (_krtujcd’s Ectc _rktlftikb Fkaaissikb), ib rldctikb tk Lurkplcb ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils0 Ndcir Vtlwcrt (Khhifl kh tml Blw Wlcdcbe _rivcfy Fkaaissikblr) ib rldctikb tk ectc prktlftikb cutmkritils0 cutmkritils0 cbe Vtlwcrt Erlsblr cbe Dcurc Dib`kails (_rivcfy Dcws & Nusiblss) ib rldctikb tk cdd fkubtrils. Cdd lrrkrs cbe kaissikbs rlacib tml rlspkbsinidity kh tml cutmkr.


Jdkncd Ucndl kh Khhificd Ectc _rivcfy Nidds Ucndl kh Nidds (cbe khhificd ercht Nidds) hkr blw Cfts (cs `bkwb ct 3 Gubl >?36) Guriseiftikb

Uitdl kh Nidd/Ercht

Hrka

Cbtijuc & Ncrnuec

Ectc _rktlftikb Cft

>?36

Ncrnceks

Ectc _rktlftikb Nidd

>??<

Nrczid

_rktlftikb kh _lrskbcd Ectc Nidd

>?33

Fcyacb Isdcbe


>?3>

Ekaibifc

_rivcfy cbe Ectc _rktlftikb Nidd

>??:

Ekaibifcb ^lpundif

Dcw kb _rktlftikb kh _lrskbcd Ectc

>?36

Hcd`dcbe Isdcbes

Ectc _rktlftikb Kreibcbfl

>?3>

Jrlbcec


>?3>

Vlf

Fcrinnlcb

FkL Ktmlr Ibt.

FCÎFKA

Dctib Ca.

Nktm

Fcrinnlcb

Nktm

FCÎFKA (Csskf)

Fcrinnlcb

Nktm

FCÎFKA

Fcrinnlcb

Nktm

FCÎFKA

Fcrinnlcb

Nktm

FCÎFKA (Csskf)

Chrifc

Nktm

LFKZCV

Fcrinnlcb

Nktm

FCÎFKA

Chrifc

Nktm

LCF

Chrifc

Nktm

VCEF

Chrifc

Nktm

LFKZCV

>?36

Ercht dcw elvldkpalbt dle ny Uldlfka Aibistry

Chrifc

Nktm

LFKZCV

>?3?

Nidd tcndle ib _crdicalbt >?3?0 bk rlflbt prkjrlss

Chrifc

Nktm

LFKZCV


>?3>

@lbyc


>?3>

Acecjcsfcr


>??=

Acdi


>?33

Bijlr

Dcw tk lstcndism c E_C (tk fkapdlalbt LFKZCV trlcty kb ectc prktlftikb)

3?

^ljikb

Nktm

Gcacifc


Furrlbt; Cbbkubfle tk nl ibtrkeufle tk _crdicalbt Gcbucry >?36 Ercht dcw0 Bk furrlbt prkjrlss `bkwb Nidd ubelr rlvilw ny tml Aibistry kh Gustifl Ectc _rktlftikb Zkrìbj Jrkup stcrtle khhificd twk akbtm fkbsudtctikb ?>/?9/>?3> Ercht dcw0 Bk furrlbt prkjrlss `bkwb Cpprkvle ny Vlbctl >9/?5/360 cwcits Mkusl cpprkvcd Dljisdctivl Csslandy rlskdvle >?3> tmct blw dcw wcs bllele (tk rlpdcfl Ectc _rktlftikb Kreibcbfl 399< blvlr nrkujmt ibtk hkrfl)0 jkvlrbalbt cjrlle. Jkvlrbalbt stctlalbt kh ibtlbt tk dljisdctl >?3>, cs pcrt kh IFU rlhkras Bk furrlbt prkjrlss `bkwb Jkvlrbalbt cbbkubflalbt kh ibtlbt Cujust >?3> Fkaaissikb hkr Iapdlalbtctikb kh tml Fkbstitutikb (FIF) sllìbj sunaissikbs, Gcbucry >?3>0 ercht Nidd hkrwcrele tk Cttkrbly Jlblrcd hkr pundifctikb Ercht ubelr furrlbt rlvilw dle ny Gustifl Aibistry Ercht0 Bk furrlbt prkjrlss `bkwb

Fcrinnlcb

Ivkry Fkcst

Bijlric

3?

FCÎFKA

Dctib Ca

”Hrka’7 Ectl kh dctlst `bkwb Nidd nlhkrl dljisdcturl kr khhificd ercht ercht Nidd kr cbbkubfle jkvlrbalbt jkvlrbalbt pdcbs tk ercht Nidd.


Sctcr

_lrskbcd Ibhkractikb _rivcfy _rktlftikb Dcw

>?3>

Vcibt @itts cbe Blvis


>?3>

Vkutm Chrifc

_rktlftikb kh _lrskbcd Ibhkractikb Nidd

>??9

Ucbzcbic


>?36

Umcidcbe

_lrskbcd Ectc _rktlftikb Nidd

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AL/B. Ch

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Sheherezade and the 101 Data Privacy Laws: Origins, Significance and Global Trajectories, Graham Greenleaf

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