This material is suitable for teachers to introduce the Science Process Skills. This material is ideal for teaching and learning of Science in context of exam oriented lesson.
Science Process Skills
Using
the five senses to identify the characteristics, changes, similarities and differences in the objects.
Key words to answer:
State the similarities /differences / changes that can be observed in the pictures / tables / statements.
3.
Leaf Hot
What can you observe ? The leaf releases bubbles.
water
Aquarium A
State
Aquarium B
your observation based on the two pictures above
The fish in aquarium B is bigger than the fish in aquarium A .
P Q
What can you observe from the picture Spring
?
Q stretches longer than spring P.
A
B
What can you see from the pictures
?
Magnet A attracts more paper clips than magnet B.
Year
No. of elephants in the forest
2000
100
2004
80
2005
50
State your observation from this investigation. The number of the elephant decreased.
P
After
Q
two weeks
What do you observe after two weeks ? The shoot of plant Q moves towards the hole. / The shoot of plant P moves upwards.
Making
an initial conclusion to explain an event based certain causes or reasons.
State a reasonable explanation from the observation. State other reasonable explanation from the observation. State additional observation for the inferences.
X
Y
State
two inferences about the growth of the two plants after a week. 1 Plant
Y gets enough water. 2 Plant X does not get enough sunlight.
An astronaut grows a species of plant at planet X. He found out that plants could not grow there. State
two possible reasons for this observation.
No air // No water // Far from the sun or // Near to the sun.
Objects
Do not light up the bulb
Group A String Comb Plastic ruler
State
Light up the bulb
Group B Nail Needle Key
two inferences about the differences between objects in group A and group B. A is insulator. / plastic. ii B is conductor. / metal. i
Types of object
Tissue paper
Towel
Sponge
Volume of water absorbed/ml
10
20
40
Why the volume of water absorbed by the various objects were different? Different properties of the objects.
cactus
rose plant
Both plants were watered once in a week. After 3 weeks, the rose plant died while the cactus is still alive.
State two inferences to explain why the cactus plant survived?
i
Its succulent stems can store water.
ii Its needle-shape leaves reduce water loss.
A
CONTAINER CONTAINER Container A Container B
B
OBSERVATIO BSERVATION AFTER A WEEK Grasshopper Grasshopper
died
stays alive
State your your inference based on the result of the experiment.
The grasshopper in container A is still alive because it has air to breathe.
all variables i.e. Aspect that can influence result of experiment; Conduct an experiment by changing only one variable while keeping other variables constant. Identifying
State variables involved in an experiment. State What to change (Manipulated Variables) State What to measure (Responding (Respondin g Variables) State What to keep the same ( Controlled Controll ed Variables) Key words to answer Parameter + Size
Object
of the shadow
FIGU FIGURE 1
±
OSCILLATIONS OF PENDULUM
1.
Length of thread / cm
Oscillations of pendulum
15
40
20
35
25
30
30
25
What to change Length of thread. 2. What to observe Number of oscillations oscillations..
group of year six pupils pup ils gathered information about the temperature in the cage. The table below shows the information obtained by the pupils.
A
In
Number of an animals in in th the ca cage
Temperature in th the ca cage / ºC ºC
10
30
15
31
20
33
25
36
the investigation: investigation:
(i) What to change Number of animals. (ii) What to measure Temperature in a cage. (iii) What to keep the same Size of the cage.
Number of batteries Brightness
of the bulbs
Based
1
2
3
Dim
Bright
Brighter
on this result, state the following variables:
(i) What to change Number of batteries. (ii) What to measure Brightness of bulbs.
Amount of water
absorbed (ml)
R
S
T
Four
U
Sponges
different sizes of sponges were soaked in 100ml of water. The amount of water absorbed by the sponges are given in the graph. State the following variables: (i) What to change The size of the sponge. (ii) What to measure Amount of water w ater absorbed. absorbed.
Plant A
In
Plant B
this investigation, state the following: (i)
What to change Presence of air.
(ii)
What to observe The condition of the plant.
(iii) What to keep the same Type of plant.
Anticipating
future events based on observation and
inferences. Making
prediction based on data collected before hand to determine what will w ill follow. follow.
State what will happen by extrapolating data. Key words to answer The answers could be in figure or in the form of statement .
After 1 week.
After 1 week.
What will happen to plant Q after 1 week?
Plant Q will die.
Predict what would happen happen if a nail is used in this circuit ? The bulb will light up
+2 +2
+2 +2 +2 + 2
Time
Room temperature ( oC)
7.00am
27
9.00am
29
11.00am
32
1.00pm
36
3.00pm
31
5.00pm
25
+3 +4 -
5
-
6
-7
7
pm
18
Predict the room temperature at 7pm. 18 oC
+2
Making
educated educated guesses which w hich can be tested based on evidence collected. State the relationship between betw een variables. What to change (W2C) What to measure (W2M) Key words to answer As the (W2C) (W2C) increases/decreases, the ( W2M W 2M ) increases/decreases.
or Science concept or general statement can also be used to answer the question. Plants need water to stay alive // Light travels in straight line.
AGE
HEIGHT
(YEAR)
(CM)
1
50
2
60
3
70
4
80
Based on the result, write the hypothesis that has been tested. As the age increases, the height increases too.
Week 1
Using
Week 2
the information above, write a hypothesis for this investigation. The mouse needs food to live.
2 ml
8 ml
14 ml
What is the hypothesis of the experiment? As the number of iron balls increases, the level of water increases.
Time Length (second) of String (cm)
No. of Swing s
120
30
6
120
40
3
120
50
2
Based on the table, what is the hypothesis of the experiment? As the length of the string increases, the number of swings decreases.
Interpreting
Data
Explain the patterns or relationships based on the Information gathered.
State the meaning of data or information gathered. Interpreting data from information given. State the relationship between betw een variables. Making conclusion from the information gathered. Suggest explanation for the relationship of variables.
Key Word to answer TREND Increase
/ decrease /no change / remain the same / going up/ going down
RELATIONSHIP As
the(W2C) increase / decrease, the (W (W2M) increase / decrease
Conclusion AS
the (W2C) increase / decrease, the (W2M) increase / decrease
OR Use
the science concept ( e.g)
Plants need water to stay alive
AIM
To investigate the relationship between (W2C) and (W2M)
2 ml
8 ml
14 ml
What is the trend of water w ater level level as more marbles are added? Increase.
Time (min)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Water temperature (oC)
30
40
60
80
90
100
100
Based
on the table, state the trend of the water temperature. Increase,
no change // remain the same
No of owls in the estate
2000
2002 2001 2003 2004
Based
Year
on the investigation, state the number of owls o wls in the estate from the year 2000 - 2004 . Decrease, increase, decrease.
AGE
WEIGHT
( YEAR)
(KG)
1
9
2
12
3
15
4
18
What is the relationship between the two variables? v ariables?
As the age increases, the weight also also increases .
State
Number of battery
Brightness ess of bulb
1
D im
2
Bright
3
Brighter
the aim of the investigation.
To investigate the relationship between the number of batteries and the brightness of the bulb.
Plant
A
Plant
B
Week 1
Plant
A
Plant
B
Week 2
What conclusion can be made from this investigation? Plants need water to grow.
What can you conclude from this experiment? Plant breathes.
Week 1
State
Week 2
one conclusion from this experiment.
Animals need food to live.
Week
1
2
3
4
Number of frogs
20
30
40
50
Number of snakes
5
10
15
20
State
the aim of the investigation
?
To investigate the relationship between the number of frogs and the number of snakes.
3.
Wat
l ( l)
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1
2 Number
State
3
4
f marbles
the purpose of the investigation.
To investigate the relationship between the number of marbles and the level of water.
The length of spring
3cm
6cm
9cm
Mass
10
8
6
What is the aim of this experiment
?
To investigate the the relationship relationship between the length length of spring and the mass.
