Qdoi} Eoedb~} Mlwa`g Fglzeqmt6 Dbmde
Db}qlmwn}dlb ]ig lqm ‒Mlwa`g“ ~}ebm~ hlq }dng ebm }ig }gqc !Fglzeqmt! qghgq~ }l }ig !mebogq! lh zwbd~icgb} idni d~ gbmlq~gm }l ebt dbmdxdmwe` aqlwoi} }l }qde` aghlqg e nlwq} lh nlczg}gb} fwqd~mdn}dlb" fwqd~mdn}dlb" Fglzeqmt nebbl} ag nlb~}d}w}g nlb~}d}w}g db ebt zqlngmwqe` ce}}gq~, ce}}gq~, ebm }ie}/~ it d}/~ ~edm }ie} fglzeqmt e}}enig~, e}}enig~, lq cet ag e~~gq}gm at }ig mghgbmeb}, mghgbmeb}, lbng e fwqt ie~ ~}eq}gm }ig zqlnggmdbo~, lq }ig hdq~} d}bg~~ }ekg~ }ig ~}ebm, db ebt lqdodbe` zql~gnw}dlb qg~w`}dbo db ebt enuwd}}e` lq nlbxdn}dlb" Bl }l ag zwbd~igm hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng d~ e mghgb~g )ebm, db cebt nlwb}qdg~ ~wni e~ }ig Wbd}gm ^}e}g~, Nebeme, Cgydnl, Fezeb ebm Dbmde, e nlb~}d}w}dlbe` qdoi}$ }ie} hlqadm~ e mghgbmeb} hqlc agdbo }qdgm e ~gnlbm }dcg hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng" ]ig ebng~}qt lh }ig mln}qdbg eoedb~} mlwa`g fglzeqmt eqg }l ag hlwbm db }ig g``# g~}ea`d~igm xgyeq d, cgebdbo }ie} e ceb cw~} bl} ag zw} ceydc lh }ig Gbo`d~i Nlcclb `e, Bgcl mgag} ad~ xgyeqd 5
}dng db zgqd` hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng" _igb e zgq~lb ie~ aggb nlbxdn}gm hlq eb lhhgbng at e nlczg}gb} nlwq}, }ig nlbxdn}dlb ~gqxg~ e~ e aeq }l ebt hwq}igq nqdcdbe` zqlnggmdbo eoedb~} idc hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng" ]ig dmge d~ }ie} bl lbg lwoi} }l ag zwbd~igm }dng hlq lbg ebm }ig ~ecg lhhgbng" Dh e zgq~lb d~ dbmdne}gm eoedb hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng db e nlwq}, ie neb }ekg }ig z`ge lh ew}qghld~ enuwd} lq ew}qghld~ nlbxdn}" ]ig nlbngz} lh mlwa`g fglzeqmt d~ lbg lh }ig l`mg~} db _g~}gqb ndxd`dve}dlb" Db >77 A" N" E}igbdeb ~}e}g~cgb Mgcl~}igbg~ ~edm }ie} }ig !`e hlqadm~ }ig ~ecg ceb }l ag }qdgm }dng lb }ig ~ecg d~~wg"! ]ig Qlceb~ nlmdhdgm }id~ zqdbndz`g db }ig Mdog~} lh Fw~}dbdeb db 7>> E" M" ]ig zqdbndz`g e`~l ~wqxdxgm }ig Meqk Eog~ )=::#5:88 E"M"$ }iqlwoi }ig NEBLB @E_ ebm }ig }genidbo~ lh geq`t Niqd~}deb qd}gq~, bl}d}i~}ebmdbo }ig mg}gqdlqe}dlb lh l}igq Oqgnl#Qlceb `goe` }qemd}dlb~"
1
]ig zqdbndz`g e~ dbgyd~}gbng db Dbmde gxgb zqdlq }l }ig nlccgbngcgb} lh }ig Nlb~}d}w}dlb, aw} }ig qdoi} eoedb~} mlwa`g fglzeqmt ie~ aggb odxgb }ig ~}e}w~ lh nlb~}d}w}dlbe`, qe}igq }ieb e cgqg 5
Z"K"Cefwcmeq ebm Ke}eqde Q"Z, Nlccgb}eqt lb }ig Nlb~}d}w}dlb lh Dbmde, 5: }i Gmd}dlb, Lqdgb} Zwa`dne}dlb nlczebt, Zeog bl" 94? 1 i}}z6"gbl}g~"nlcnqdcdbe`#`e#qgh i}}z6"gbl}g~"nlc nqdcdbe`#`e#qghgqgbngmlwa`g#fglzeqmt gqgbngmlwa`g#fglzeqmt e~~g~~gm lb 1:}i lh ^gz}gcagq, 1:51
~}e}w}lqt, oweqeb}gg" Mlwa`g Fglzeqmt d~ mlnwcgb}gm db mdhhgqgb} nlwb}qdg~ `dkg Wbd}gm ^}e}g~, Wbd}gm Kdbomlc, Nebeme, Ogqcebt, Hqebng, Fezeb, Dbmde g}n" Hwq}igq, mlwa`g fglzeqmt d~ md~nw~~gm db ennlqmebng d}i Nlb~}d}w}dlb~ lh mdhhgqgb} nlwb}qdg~" D} d~ e hwbmecgb}e` zqdbndz`g lh }ig nlcclb `e }ie} e zgq~lb nebbl} ag zw} db fglzeqmt }dng hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng" E`cl~} e`` nlcclb `e nlwb}qdg~ dbnlqzlqe}g }id~ zql}gn}dlb db }igdq `e~" _id`g ~lcg nlwb}qdg~ iexg hlwbm d} bgng~~eqt }l ag dbn`wmgm db }igdq nlb~}d}w}dlb~, l}igq~ iexg dbnlqzlqe}gm d} db }igdq ~}e}w}g~" E`` eoqgg }ie} }ig zql}gn}dlb ie~ d}~ lqdodb db }ig Gbo`d~i nlcclb `e lh }ig gdoi}ggb}i ngb}wqt" ]ilwoi d}~ lqdodb d~ }iw~ nlcclb, d} d~ hlwbm }ie} d}~ qgngz}dlb ebm dcz`gcgb}e}dlb iexg aggb mdhhgqgb}"
Db Dbmde Db Dbmde, zql}gn}dlb eoedb~} mlwa`g fglzeqmt d~ e Hwbmecgb}e` Qdoi} oweqeb}ggm wbmgq Eq}dn`g 1: lh }ig Nlb~}d}w}dlb lh Dbmde" Eb eq}dn`g 1:)1$ lh Dbmdeb Nlb~}d}w}dlb ~}e}g }ie} ‐Bl zgq~lb ~ie`` ag zql~gnw}gm ebm zwbd~igm hlq }ig >
~ecg lhhgbng clqg }ieb lbng– nlb}edb~ }ig qw`g eoedb~} mlwa`g fglzeqmt"–
]ig Dbmdeb
Nlb~}d}w}dlb oweqeb}gg~ }l }ig zglz`g ngq}edb ae~dn iwceb qdoi}~ ebm hqggmlc~, ~wni e~ db}gq e`de, guwe` zql}gn}dlb lh `e~, hqggmlc lh ~zggni ebm gyzqg~~dlb, hqggmlc lh lq~idz ebm qg`dodlb, hqggmlc lh e~~gca`t ebm e~~lnde}dlb, hqggmlc }l clxg hqgg`t ebm }l qg~dmg ebm ~g}}`g ebtigqg db Dbmde, hqggmlc }l hl``l ebt lnnwze}dlb, }qemg lq aw~dbg~~, hqggmlc lh zgq~lb, hqggmlc, eoedb~} mlwa`g fglzeqmt ebm eoedb~} gy zl~} hen}l `e~" Bl} }l ag ‐zwbd~igm hlq }ig }i g ~ecg lhhgbng clqg }ieb lbng–" ]ig Qdoi} eoedb~} Mlwa`g fglzeqmt fglze qmt d~ e hwbmecgb}e` qdoi} lh gxgqt nd}dvgb lh Dbmde idni d~ e~~wqgm db Eq}dn`g 1:)1$ lh }ig Nlb~}d}w}dlb lh Dbmde gbwbnde}g~ }ig zqdbndz`g lh ‐ew}qghld~ nlbxdn}– lq ‐mlwa`g fglzeqmt–" ]ig zqdbndz`g idni d~ ~lwoi} }l ag dbnlqzlqe}gm db}l ~gn}dlb >:: lh }ig Nqdcdbe` Zqlngmwqg Nlmg )NqZN$ d~ }ie} bl ceb ~ilw`m ag xgygm d}i clqg }ieb lbg }qde` hlq }ig lhhgbng~ eqd~dbo lw} lh ~ecg en} =
nlccd}}gm at idc" ]ilwoi eq}dn`g 1:)1$ lh }ig Dbmdeb Nlb~}d}w}dlb gcalmdg~ e zql}gn}dlb eoedb~} e ~gnlbm }qde` eh}gq e nlbxdn}dlb lh }ig ~ecg lhhgbng, }ig ecad} lh }ig n`ew~g d~ beqqlgq }ieb }ig zql}gn}dlb ehhlqmgm at }ig ~gn}dlb >:: lh }ig NqZN" Dh }igqg d~ bl zwbd~icgb} hlq }ig
>
Mq" ^wae~i N" Ke~itez, Nlb~}d}w}dlbe` @e lh Dbmde, 5 ~} gmd}dlb Xl`wcg#5, Wbdxgq~e` `e zwa`d~idbo nlczebt Zeog Bwcagq#8=4 = Z"K"Cefwcmeq ebm Ke}eqde Q"Z", Nlccgb}eqt lb }ig Nlb~}d}w}dlb lh Dbmde, 5: }i Gmd}dlb, Lqdgb} Zwa`dne}dlb nlczebt, Zeog bl" 454
lhhgbng e~ e qg~w`} lh }ig zql~gnw}dlb, eq}dn`g 1:)1$ ie~ bl ezz`dne}dlb" _id`g }ig n`ew~g gcalmdg~ }ig zqdbndz`g lh ew}qghld~ nlbxdn}, ~gn}dlb >:: lh }ig NqZN nlcadbg~ al}i ew}qghld~ nlbxdn} ebm ew}qghld~ enuwd}"
7
Db Wbd}gm ^}e}g~ ]ig MLWA@G FGLZEQMT n`ew~g db }ig Hdh}i Ecgbmcgb} }l }ig W" ^" Nlb~}d}w}dlb zqlidad}~ }ig olxgqbcgb} hqlc zql~gnw}dbo dbmdxdmwe`~ clqg }ieb lbg }dcg hlq e ~dbo`g lhhgb~g ebm hqlc dczl~dbo clqg }ieb lbg zwbd~icgb} hlq e ~dbo`g lhhgb~g" D} zqlxdmg~ }ie} !Bl zgq~lb ~ie`` " " " ag ~wafgn} hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng }l ag }dng zw} db FGLZEQMT lh `dhg lq `dca"! ]ig Mlwa`g Fglzeqmt N`ew~g gbnlcze~~g~ hlwq md~}dbn} zqlidad}dlb~6 ~wa~guwgb} zql~gnw}dlb eh}gq enuwd}}e`, ~wa~guwgb} zql~gnw}dlb eh}gq nlbxdn}dlb, ~wa~guwgb} zql~gnw}dlb eh}gq ngq}edb cd~}qde`~, ebm cw`}dz`g zwbd~icgb}~ db }ig ~ecg dbmdn}cgb}" Fglzeqmt !e}}enig~! igb }ig fwqt d~ gczebg`gm, }ig hdq~} d}bg~~ d~ ~lqb, lq e z`ge d~ enngz}gm"
8
Qdoi} eoedb~} Mlwa`g Fglzeqmt db Dbmde Eq}dn`g 1: )1$ lh }ig nlb~}d}w}dlb lh Dbmde idni qwb~ e~ ‐Bl zgq~lb ~ie`` ag zql~gnw}gm ebm ?
zwbd~igm hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng clqg }ieb lbng– nlb}edb }ig qdoi} eoedb~} Mlwa`g Fglzeqmt" ]ig zqdbndz`g e~ db gyd~}gbng db Dbmde gxgb zqdlq }l }ig nlccgbngcgb} lh }ig Nlb~}d}w}dlb, aw} }ig ~ecg ie~ bl aggb odxgb }ig ~}e}w~ lh e nlb~}d}w}dlbe`, qe}igq }ieb e cgqg ~}e}w}lqt owqeb}gg" Al}i Zql~gnw}dlb ebm Zwbd~icgb} ~ilw`m nl#gyd~} hlq Eq}dn`g 1: )1$ }l ag lzgqe}dxg" E zql~gnw}dlb d}ilw} zwbd~icgb} lw`m bl} aqdbo }ig ne~g d}idb Eq} 1: )1$" Dh e zgq~lb ie~ aggb zql~gnw}gm hlq eb lhhgbng aw} enuwd}}gm, }igb ig neb ag eoedb zql~gnw}gm ebm zwbd~igm hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng" Gyecz`g# Dh e zgq~lb e~ zql~gnw}gm ebm zwbd~igm wbmgq ^gn}dlb =4? Dbmdeb zgbe` Nlmg, 598:" Lb ezzge`, }ig Idoi Nlwq} uwe~igm }ig }qde` il`mdbo d} xldm ea# dbd}dl e~ bl ~ebn}dlb hlq }ig ~ecg iem aggb la}edbgm wbmgq }ig `e" Eq} 1: )1$ lw`m bl} aeq e ~gnlbm }qde` hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng, e~ }ig ennw~gm iem bl} aggb zql~gnw}gm ebm zwbd~igm hlq }ig lhhgbng" Aw} db }ig ~ecg gyecz`g dh ig 7
Mq" ^wae~i N" Ke~itez, Nlb~}d}w}dlbe` @e lh Dbmde, 5 ~} gmd}dlb Xl`wcg#5, Wbdxgq~e` `e zwa`d~idbo nlczebt Zeog Bwcagq#87: 8 i}}z6"gbl}g~"nlcnqdcdbe`#`e#qgh i}}z6"gbl}g~"nlc nqdcdbe`#`e#qghgqgbngmlwa`g#fglzeqmt gqgbngmlwa`g#fglzeqmt e~~g~~gm lb 1:}i lh ^gz}gcagq, 1:51 ? Aeqg En}, ]ig nlb~}d}w}dlb lh Dbmde,547:
e~ zql~gnw}gm ebm zwbd~igm }igb Eq}dn`g 1:)1$ d`` nlcg db}l ghhgn} ebm ~exg~ }ig zgq~lb hqlc ebt ~gnlbm zql~gnw}dlb hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng" ]igqghlqg, Zql~gnw}dlb ebm Zwbd~icgb} al}i ~ilw`m ag zqg~gb} db }ig hdq~} }qde` db lqmgq }l e}}qen} Eq}dn`g 1:)1$ db }ig ~gnlbm }qde` hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng" Qw`g lh Ew}qghld~ Enuwd} D} d~ e hwbmecgb}e` zqdbndz`g lh }ig nlcclb `e }ie} e zgq~lb nebbl} ag zw} db fglzeqmt }dng hlq 9
}ig ~ecg lhhgbng idni lqk~ lb g`` g~}ea`d~ig m ceydc, ‐Bgcl mgag} ad~ Xgyeqd–" ]ig zqdbndz`g ie~ aggb qgnlobdvgm db }ig gyd~}dbo `e db Dbmde ebm d~ gben}gm db ^gn}dlb 18 lh }ig Ogbgqe` N`ew~g~ En}, 594? ~}e}g~ }ie}, ‐_igqg eb en} lq lcd~~dlb nlb~}d}w}g~ eb lhhgbng wbmgq }l lq clqg gben}cgb}~, }igb }ig lhhgbmgq ~ie`` ag `dea`g }l ag zql~gnw}gm ebm zwbd~igm wbmgq gd}igq lq ebt lh }il~g gben}cgb}~, aw} ~ie`` bl} ag `dea`g }l ag zwbd~igm }dng hlq }ig ~ecg 4
lhhgbng"– ebm ^gn}dlb >:: lh Nqdcdbe` Zqlngmwqg Nlmg, 54?> , ~}e}g~, )5$ E zgq~lb il ie~ lbng aggb }qdgm at e Nlwq} lh nlczg}gb} fwqd~mdn}dlb hlq eb lhhgbng ebm nlbxdn}gm lq enuwd}}gm lh ~wni lhhgbng ~ie``, id`g ~wni nlbxdn}dlb lq enuwd}}e` qgcedb~ db hlqng, bl} ag `dea`g }l ag }qdgm eoedb hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng, blq lb }ig ~ecg hen}~ hlq ebt l}igq lhhgbng hlq idni e mdhhgqgb} nieqog hqlc }ig lbg cemg eoedb~} idc cdoi} iexg aggb cemg wbmgq ~wa# ~gn}dlb )5$ lh ^gn}dlb 115, lq hlq idni ig cdoi} iexg aggb nlbxdn}gm wbmgq ~wa#~gn}dlb )1$}igqglh" )1$ E zgq~lb enuwd}}gm lq nlbxdn}gm lh ebt lhhgbng, cet ag eh}gqeqm~ }qdgm, d}i }ig nlb~gb} lh }ig ^}e}g Olxgqbcgb}, hlq ebt md~}dbn} lhhgbng hlq idni e ~gzeqe}g nieqog cdoi} iexg aggb cemg eoedb~} idc e} }ig hlqcgq }qde` wbmgq ~wa#~gn}dlb )5$ lh ^gn}dlb 11:" )>$ E zgq~lb nlbxdn}gm lh ebt lhhgbng nlb~}d}w}gm at ebt en} new~dbo nlb~guwgbng~ idni, }log}igq d}i ~wni en}, nlb~}d}w}gm e mdhhgqgb} lhhgbng hqlc }ie} lh idni ig e~ nlbxdn}gm, cet ag eh}gqeqm~ }qdgm hlq ~wni `e~} cgb}dlbgm lhhgbng, dh }ig nlb~guwgbng~ iem bl} iezzgbgm" )=$ E zgq~lb enuwd}}gm lq nlbxdn}gm lh ebt lhhgbng nlb~}d}w}gm at ebt en}~ cet, bl}d}i~}ebmdbo ~wni enuwd}}e` lq nlbxdn}dlb, ag ~wa~guwgb}`t nieqogm nieq ogm d}i, ebm }qdgm hlq, ebt l}igq lhhgbng nlb~}d}w}gm at }ig ~ecg en}~ idni ig cet iexg nlccd}}gm dh }ig Nlwq} at idni ig e~ hdq~} }qdgm e~ bl} nlczg}gb} }l }qt }ig lhhgbng d}i idni ig d~ ~wa~guwgb}`t nieqogm"
9
Z"K"Cefwcmeq ebm Ke}eqde Q"Z", Nlccgb}eqt lb }ig Nlb~}d}w}dlb lh Dbmde, 5: }i Gmd}dlb, Lqdgb} Zwa`dne}dlb nlczebt, Zeog bl" 94? 4 Aeqg En}, Nqdcdbe` Zqlngmwqg Nlmg, 59?>
)7$ E Zgq~lb md~nieqogm wbmgq ^gn}dlb 179 ~ie`` bl} ag }qdgm eoedb hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng gyngz} d}i }ig nlb~gb} lh }ig Nlwq} at idni ig e~ md~nieqogm lq lh ebt l}igq Nlwq} }l idni }ig hdq~} cgb}dlbgm Nlwq} d~ ~walqmdbe}g" )8$ Bl}idbo db }id~ ^gn}dlb ~ie`` ehhgn} }ig zqlxd~dlb~, lh ^gn}dlb 18 lh }ig Ogbgqe` N`ew~g~ En}, 594? lq lh ^gn}dlb 599 lh NqZN" ]ig qw`g db Dbmdeb Nlb~}d}w}dlb d~ mdhhgqgb}, Db lqmgq }l aqdbo }ig ne~g lh e zgq~lb d}idb }ig zqlidad}dlb lh Eq}dn`g 1:)1$ d} cw~} ~ilb }ie} ig iem aggb ‐zql~gnw}gm– aghlqg e nlwq} ebm ‐zwbd~igm– at d} hlq }ig ‐~ecg lhhgbng– hlq idni ig d~ zql~gnw}gm eoedb" Ennlqmdbo`t, }igqg neb ag bl nlb~}d}w}dlbe` aeq }l e ~gnlbm zql~gnw}dlb ebm zwbd~icgb} hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng wb`g~~ }ig ‐Dh }igqg ennw~gm iem e`qgemt aggb zwbd~igm db }ig hdq~} db~}ebng" ]ig ^wzqgcg Nlwq} ~edm6 ‐Dh }igqg d~ bl zwbd~icgb} hlq }ig lhhgbng e~ e qg~w`} lh }ig zql~gnw}dlb, ~wa#n`ew~g )1$ lh }ig Eq}dn`g1: ie~ bl ezz`dne}dlb"–
]iqgg g~~gb}de`~ lh Qdoi} eoedb~} Mlwa`g Fglzeqmt eqg6 e$ ]igqg cw~} ag e zgq~lb ennw~gm lh eb lhhgbng" ]ig lqm ‐lhhgbng– d~ mg~nqdagm db }ig Ogbgqe` N`ew~g En}, 594? idni qgem e~, ‐eb en} lq lcd~~dlb cemg zwbd~iea`g at ebt `e hlq }ig }dcg agdbo db hlqng–" hlqng–" a$ ]ig zqlnggmdbo~ ~ilw`m iexg aggb }ekgb aghlqg e nlwq} lq Fwmdnde` }qdawbe`" Zqlnggmdbo~ aghlqg }qdawbe` idni gb}gq}edb~ mgzeq}cgb}e` lq emcdbd~}gqdbo gbuwdqg~ nebbl} ag nlb~dmgqgm e~ zqlnggmdbo~ db nlbbgn}dlb d}i zql~gnw}dlb ebm zwbd~icgb}" ]ig qgxgbwg ew}ilqd}dg~, `dkg ~ge nw~}lc~ ew}ilqd}dg~ eqg bl} Fwmdnde` }qdawbe`" n$ ]ig zqlnggmdbo~ ~ilw`m iexg aggb }ekgb aghlqg }ig fwmdnde` }qdawbe` lq nlwq} db qghgqgbng }l }ig `e idni nqge}g~ lhhgbng~" ]iw~, igqg eb gbuwdqt d~ ig`m aghlqg e ~}e}w}lqt ew}ilqd}t eoedb~} e olxgqbcgb} ~gqxeb}, bl} hlq }ig zwqzl~g~ lh zwbd~idbo hlq }ig lhhgbng lh nige}dbo ebm nlqqwz}dlb aw} }l emxd~g }ig olxgqbcgb} e~ }l }ig md~ndz`dbeqt en}dlb }l ag }ekgb eoedb~} idc, d} nebbl} ag ~edm }ie} }ig zgq~lb ie~ aggb zql~gnw}gm" D} lw`m cekg bl mdhhgqgbng gxgb dh }ig gbuwdqt d~ qguwdqgm }l en} fwmdnde``t"
5:
5:
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55
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]id~ ezzge` lh mlwa`g fglzeqmt hlq }ig qge~lb }ie} }ig ezzg``eb} ie~ e`qgemt aggb }qdgm ebm mge`} d}i wbmgq }ig zqlxd~dlb~ lh ^gn}dlb 5>9 lh Bgol}dea`g Db~}qwcgb}~ En}, 5995 hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng" Qg~zlbmgb} hd`gm e nlcz`edb} me}gm 11"5:"1::> wbmgq ^gn}dlb 5>9 lh B"D" En} lb }ig oqlwbm }ie} }ig ezzg``eb} iem }ekgb itzl}igne}dlb `leb lh Q~" 1: `eki~ ebm iem bl} qgzedm }ig ~ecg" Db lqmgq }l cgg} }ig ~edm `dead`d}t, }ig ezzg``eb} d~~wgm niguwg aw} `e}}gq db }ig mwg nlwq~g }ig niguwg e~ md~ilblwqgm" ^wa~guwgb} }igqg}l lb 8"1"1::=, }ig qg~zlbmgb} hd`gm eb HDQ wbmgq ^gn}dlb~ =:8=1: qgem d}i ^gn}dlb 55= lh Dbmdeb Zgbe` Nlmg, 598: d}i }ig hlq nlccd}}dbo }ig lhhgbng lh nqdcdbe` aqgeni lh }qw~}, nige}dbo ebm eag}cgb}" Db }ig nqdcdbe` ne~g wbmgq ^gn}dlb 5>9 lh B"D" En}, }ig }qde` nlwq} nlbxdn}gm }ig ezzg``eb}" Ezzg``eb} zqghgqqgm aghlqg }ig Md~}qdn} Fwmog igqgdb, ig ie~ aggb enuwd}}gm" Eoedb~} }ig lqmgq lh enuwd}}e`, qg~zlbmgb} ie~ zqghgqqgm aghlqg }ig Idoi Nlwq} lh Owfeqe} idni d~ ~}d`` zgbmdbo nlb~dmgqe}dlb" ]ig ezzg``eb} ~}llm enuwd}}gm db nqdcdbe` ne~g wbmgq ^gn}dlb 5>9 lh B"D" En}" ]iw~, ig z`gemgm }ie} ig nebbl} ag }qdgm eoedb hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng" Db }ig hen}~ lh }ig ne~g, mln}qdbg lh mlwa`g fglzeqmt d~ e}}qen}gm" ]ig Idoi Nlwq} md~cd~~gm }ig ~edm ezz`dne}dlb" Eqowcgb}~
]ig ezzg``eb} ie~ ~wacd}}gm }ie} }ig DNQ e~ g`` e~ }ig nqdcdbe` ne~g zgbmdbo aghlqg }ig Nidgh Fwmdnde` Ceod~}qe}g d~ aeqqgm at }ig zqlxd~dlb~ lh ^gn}dlb >:: Nq"Z"N" ebm ^gn}dlb 18 lh }ig Ogbgqe` N`ew~g~ En}, 594? e~ }ig ezzg``eb} ie~ e`qgemt aggb mge`} d}i}qdgm wbmgq ^gn}dlb 5>9 55
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lh B"D" En} hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng" ]iw~, }ig Idoi Nlwq} nlccd}}gm eb gqqlq db bl} uwe~idbo }ig ~edm DNQ ebm }ig nqdcdbe` ne~g" ]l }dcg zql~gnw}dlb hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng d`` eclwb} }l Mlwa`g Fglzeqmt" ]ig qg~zlbmgb}, }ig ^}e}g lh Owfeqe}, iexg xgigcgb}`t lzzl~gm }ig ezzge` nlb}gbmdbo }ie} }ig zqlxd~dlb~ lh ^gn}dlb lh ^gn}dlb >:: Nq"Z"N" d"g" jMln}qdbg lh Mlwa`g Fglzeqmt“ eqg bl} e}}qen}gm db }ig hen}~ ebm ndqnwc~}ebng~ lh }ig ne~g, hlq }ig qge~lb, }ie} }ig dboqgmdgb}~ lh }ig lhhgbng~ wbmgq ^gn}dlb~ =:8=1: qgem d}i ^gn}dlb 55= DZN eqg gb}dqg`t md~}dbn} hqlc }ig ne~g wbmgq ^gn}dlb 5>9 lh B"D" En}, ebm }igqghlqg, ml bl} nlb~}d}w}g }ig ~ecg lhhgbng" @e~ Ezz`dnea`g
]ig ~l`g d~~wg qed~gm db }id~ ezzge` d~ qgoeqmdbo }ig ~nlzg ebm ezz`dne}dlb lh mln}qdbg lh mlwa`g fglzeqmt" fglzeqmt" ]ig qw`g eoedb~} mlwa`g fglzeqmt zqlxdmg~ hlwbme}dlb hlq }ig z`ge~ lh ew}qghld~ enuwd} ebm ew}qghld~ nlbxdn}" ]ig cebdhg~}e}dlb lh }id~ qw`g d~ }l ag hlwbm nlb}edbgm db ^gn}dlb >:: Nq"Z"N; ^gn}dlb 18 lh }ig Ogbgqe` N`ew~g En} ebm ^gn}dlb ?5 lh DZN" ^gn}dlb >:: lh NqZN, 59?> qgem~ e~6 ‐E zgq~lb il ie~ lbng lbng aggb }qdgm at e Nlwq} lh nlczg}gb} fwqd~mdn}dlb hlq eb lhhgbng ebm nlbxdn}gm lq enuwd}}gm lh ~wni lhhgbng ~ie``, id`g ~wni nlbxdn}dlb lq enuwd}}e` qgcedb~ db hlqng, bl} ag `dea`g }l ag }qdgm eoedb hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng, blq lb }ig ~ecg hen}~ hlq ebt l}igq lhhgbng hlq idni e mdhhgqgb} nieqog hqlc }ig lbg cemg eoedb~} idc cdoi} iexg aggb cemg wbmgq ~wa# ~gn}dlb )5$ lh ^gn}dlb 115, lq hlq idni ig cdoi} iexg aggb nlbxdn}gm wbmgq ~wa ~gn}dlb )1$"
^gn}}dlb 18 lh }ig Ogbgqe` N`ew~g En}, 594? qgem~6 ‐Zqlxd~dlb~ e~ }l lhhgbng~ zwbd~iea`g wbmgq }l lq clqg gben}cgb}~ igqg eb en} lcd~~dlb nlb~}d}w}g~ eb lhhgbng wbmgq }l lq clqg gben}cgb}~, }igb }ig lhhgbmgq ~ie`` ag `dea`g }l ag zql~gnw}gm ebm zwbd~igm wbmgq gd}igq lq ebt lh }il~g gben}cgb}~, aw} ~ie`` bl} ag `dea`g }l ag zwbd~igm }dng hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng" Fwmogcgb}
]ig ezzg``eb} iem aggb }qdgm geq`dgq hlq }ig lhhgbng~ zwbd~iea`g wbmgq }ig zqlxd~dlb~ lh ^gn}dlb 5>9 B"D" En} ebm }ig ne~g d~ ~wa fwmdng aghlqg }ig Idoi Nlwq}" Db }ig db~}eb} ne~g, ig d~ dbxl`xgm wbmgq ^gn}dlb~ =:8=1: qgem d}i ^gn}dlb 55= DZN" Db }ig zql~gnw}dlb wbmgq ^gn}dlb 5>9 B"D" En}, }ig cgb~ qge d"g" hqewmw`gb} lq md~ilbg~} db}gb}dlb e} }ig }dcg lh d~~webng lh niguwg d~ bl} qguwdqgm }l ag zqlxgm" Ilgxgq, db }ig ne~g wbmgq DZN dbxl`xgm igqgdb, }ig d~~wg lh cgb~ qge
cet ag qg`gxeb}" ]ig lhhgbng zwbd~iea`g wbmgq ^gn}dlb =1: DZN d~ e ~gqdlw~ lbg e~ }ig ~gb}gbng lh ? tgeq~ neb ag dczl~gm" Db }ig ne~g wbmgq B"D" En}, }igqg d~ e `goe` zqg~wcz}dlb }ie} }ig niguwg iem aggb d~~wgm hlq md~nieqodbo }ig eb}gngmgb} `dead`d}t ebm }ie} zqg~wcz}dlb neb ag qgaw}}gm lb`t at }ig zgq~lb il mqe~ }ig niguwg" ^wni e qguwdqgcgb} d~ bl} }igqg db }ig lhhgbng~ wbmgq DZN" Db }ig ne~g wbmgq B"D" En}, dh e hdbg d~ dczl~gm, d} d~ }l ag emfw~}gm }l cgg} }ig `goe``t gbhlqngea`g `dead`d}t" ]igqg nebbl} ag ~wni e qguwdqgcgb} db }ig lhhgbng~ wbmgq DZN" ]ig ne~g wbmgq B"D" En} neb lb`t ag dbd}de}gm at hd`dbo e nlcz`edb}" Ilgxgq, wbmgq Dbmdeb Zgbe` Nlmg ~wni nlbmd}dlb d~ bl} bgng~~eqt" ]igqg cet ag ~lcg lxgq`ezzdbo lh hen}~ db al}i }ig ne~g~ aw} dboqgmdgb}~ lh lhhgbng~ eqg gb}dqg`t mdhhgqgb}" ]iw~, }ig ~wa~guwgb} ne~g d~ bl} aeqqgm at ebt lh }ig ehlqg~edm ~}e}w}lqt zqlxd~dlb~" ]ig ezzge` d~ mgxldm lh ebt cgqd} ebm ennlqmdbo`t md~cd~~gm" Lzdbdlb
]ig Fwmogcgb} odxgb at }ig ^wzqgcg Nlwq} d~ bl} ~e}d~hen}lqt e~ }ig hen}~ eqg ~ecg aw} dboqgmdgb}~ lh lhhgbng~ eqg mdhhgqgb} aw} dboqgmdgb}~ eqg dqqg`gxeb}" _ie} d~ dczlq}eb} d~ }l mdhhgqgb} ne~g~ eqg g~}ea`d~igm hlq }ig ~ecg en}" Dh }id~ d`` ag }ig ne~g e }idgh nlccd}}dbo }igh} d`` ag nieqogm hlq }ig lhhgbng lh }igh} wbmgq DZN ebm e`~l hlq }qg~ze~~ }l zqlzgq}t db }lq}~" ]id~ d`` `gem }l mlwa`g zwbd~icgb} hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng idni d~ hlqadmmgb at `e"
51
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]ig ezzg``eb} e~ e`qgemt nlbxdn}gm wbmgq ^gn}dlb 5>9 lh }ig Bgol}dea`g Db~}qwcgb}~ En}, 5995 ebm igbng ig z`gemgm }ie} ig ~ilw`m bl} ag eoedb }qdgm lq zwbd~igm lb }ig ~ecg hen}~ wbmgq ^gn}dlb =1: lq ebt l}igq zqlxd~dlb lh DZN lq ebt l}igq ~}e}w}g"
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]ig ^wzqgcg Nlwq} ~zgekdbo }iqlwoi Fw~}dng Ceqkebmgt Ke}fw ebm Fw~}dng Oteb ^wmie Cd~iqe, db Kl``e Xggqe Qeoiex Qel x~ Olqeb}`e Xgbke}g~eqe Qel ebm Lq~", ie~ mge`} d}i }ig nlbngz} 51
i}}z6dbmdebkebllb"lqomln8=:917 e~~g~~gm i}}z6dbmdebkebllb"lqomln8=:917 e~~g~~gm lb 1= }i lh ^gz}gcagq, 1:51
lh /Mlwa`g Fglzeqmt/" ]ig ^wzqgcg Nlwq} ie~ ig`m }ie} }ig zqlxd~dlb~ lh ^" >::)5$ lh }ig Nlmg lh Nqdcdbe` Zqlngmwqg, 54?> d~ cwni dmgq }ieb }ig zqlxd~dlb~ lh Eq}dn`g 1:)1$ lh }ig Nlb~}d}w}dlb lh Dbmde" D} cet ag bl}dngm }ie} }igqg d~ e mdhhgqgbng ag}ggb }ig `eboweog w~gm db Eq}dn`g 1:)1$ lh }ig Nlb~}d}w}dlb lh Dbmde ebm ^gn}dlb >::)5$ lh Nq"Z"N"" Eq}dn`g 1:)1$ ~}e}g~6 !bl zgq~lb ~ie`` ag zql~gnw}gm ebm zwbd~igm hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng clqg }ieb lbng"! Lb }ig l}igq iebm, ^gn}dlb >::)5$ lh Nq"Z"N" ^}e}g~6 E zgq~lb il ie~ lbng aggb }qdgm at e Nlwq} lh nlczg}gb} fwqd~mdn}dlb hlq eb lhhgbng ebm nlbxdn}gm lq enuwd}}gm lh ~wni lhhgbng ~ie``, id`g ~wni nlbxdn}dlb lq enuwd}}e` qgcedb~ db hlqng, bl} ag `dea`g }l ag }qdgm eoedb hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng, blq lb }ig ~ecg hen}~ hlq ebt l}igq lhhgbng hlq idni e mdhhgqgb} nieqog hqlc }ig lbg cemg eoedb~} idc cdoi} iexg aggb cemg wbmgq ~wa# ~gn}dlb )5$ lh ~gn}dlb 115 lq hlq idni ig cdoi} iexg aggb nlbxdn}gm wbmgq ~wa#~gn}dlb )1$ }igqglh"! ]iw~, d} neb ag ~ggb }ie} ^gn}dlb >::)5$ lh Nq"Z"N" d~ dmgq }ieb Eq}dn`g 1:)1$ lh }ig Nlb~}d}w}dlb" _id`g, Eq}dn`g 1:)1$ lh }ig Nlb~}d}w}dlb lb`t ~}e}g~ }ie} /bl lbg neb ag zql~gnw}gm ebm zwbd~igm hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng clqg }ieb lbng/, ^gn}dlb >::)5$ lh Nq"Z"N" ~}e}g~ }ie} bl lbg neb ag }qdgm ebm nlbxdn}gm hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng lq gxgb hlq e mdhhgqgb} lhhgbng aw} lb }ig ~ecg hen}~" Db }ig zqg~gb} ne~g, e`}ilwoi }ig lhhgbng~ eqg mdhhgqgb} aw} }ig hen}~ eqg }ig ~ecg" Igbng, ^gn}dlb >::)5$ lh Nq"Z"N" ezz`dg~" Nlb~guwgb}`t, }ig zql~gnw}dlb wbmgq ^gn}dlb =1:, DZN e~ aeqqgm at ^gn}dlb >::)5$ lh Nq"Z"N" ]ig Mlwa`g Fglzeqmt d~ ~g} wz ebm ezzge` e~ wzig`m at zqlxdmdbo ezzg``eb} zql}gn}dlb wbmgq ^gn}dlb >::)5$ lh NqZN" Lzdbdlb
]ig mgnd~dlb lh }ig nlwq} d~ ~e}d~hen}lqt ebm `lodne`" ]ig ezzg``eb} e~ e`qgemt zql~gnw}gm ebm zwbd~igm hlq }ig lhhgbng ig zgqhlqcgm }igqghlqg ig ~ilw`m bl} ag zql~gnw}gm eoedb hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng" Ebm at zql~gnw}dbo ~gnlbm }dcg hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng d`` `gem }l Mlwa`g Fglzeqmt" D} d~ dczlq}eb} }ie} ^wzqgcg Nlwq} at }ig xdq}wg lhh ^gn}dlb >::)5$ ig`m }ie} ezzg``eb} nebbl} ag zql~gnw}gm eoedb hlq }ig ~ecg hen}~" At }id~ Fwmogcgb} d} neb ag n`geq`t wbmgq~}llm }ie} Eq}dn`g 1:)1$ lh Dbmdeb Nlb~}d}w}dlb d~ beqqlgq }ieb ^gn}dlb >:: lh NqZN qgoeqmdbo }ig Qdoi} eoedb~} Mlwa`g Fglzeqmt"
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]ig hen}~ idni iexg eqd~gb hqlc }ig zg}d}dlb eqg }ie} db zwq~webng lh e qd}}gb ezz`dne}dlb odxgb at Aezw ^ecd Owqw Mieqce ^eqwzme~fd lh ^iqd ^ecdbeqeteb Cebmdq, Xem}e`, }l Zl`dng ^wa Db~zgn}lq, Niek`e~d Zl`dng ^}e}dlb, e nlcz`edb} e~ qgod~}gqgm hlq }ig lhhgbng~ zwbd~iea`g wbmgq ^gn}dlb~ 14= ebm 51:#A lh DZN ebm ^gn}dlb 7)5$)e$, )a$ ebm )m$ lh }ig Zqgxgb}dlb lh Dcclqe` ]qehhdn En} eoedb~} }ig ezz`dneb} ebm l}igq ennw~gm zgq~lb~ lb 9#5#1::7" Mwqdbo }ig nlwq~g lh dbxg~}doe}dlb, ennw~gm e~ eqqg~}gm ebm e~ ~gb} }l fwmdnde` nw~}lmt" Ebl}igq nlcz`edb} e~ hd`gm at Zl`dng ^wa Db~zgn}lq, Nqdcg Aqebni, lb 57#1#1::7 eoedb~} gdoi} zgq~lb~ hlq }ig lhhgbng~ zwbd~iea`g wbmgq ^gn}dlb~ 51:#A, 141, 14=, 147 ebm =1: lh DZN, ^gn}dlb 8? lh Dbhlqce}dlb ]gnibl`lot En} ebm ^gn}dlb~ 7 ebm 4 lh }ig Zqgxgb}dlb lh Dcclqe` ]qehhdn En}" Zg}d}dlbgq e~ eqqg~}gm lb 59#1#1::7, }igqgeh}gq ezz`dneb} e~ qg`ge~gm lb aed` at }id~ Nlwq} lb 17#>#1::7" Lb 5:#51#1:5: e nieqog ~igg} necg }l ag hd`gm at Bemdem ]lb Zl`dng ^}e}dlb eoedb~} idc aghlqg }ig Nlwq} lh Fwmdnde` Ceod~}qe}g, Hdq~} N`e~~, Bemdem, db Nqdcdbe` Ne~g ebm }ig zg}d}dlb ie~ aggb hd`gm at }ig ezz`dneb} hlq uwe~idbo }ig ~edm nieqog e~ ig d~ nieqog }dng hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng" Eqowgcgb}~
D} e~ z`gemgm at }ig ennw~gm }ie} }ig nieqog ~igg} ~wacd}}gm eoedb~} }ig zg}d}dlbgq ennw~gm zgq}edbdbo }l 1::7 qgod~}gqgm d}i Niek`e~d Zl`dng ^}e}dlb qg`e}g~ }l }ig ~ecg ~g} lh gxdmgbng db qg`e}dlb }l lhhgbng qgod~}gqgm lh 1::7 at MNA Nqdcg Zl`dng ^}e}dlb, Eicgmeaem, igqgdb d}bg~~g~ ebm ennw~gm eqg e`cl~} }ig ~ecg, idni d~ `goe``t bl} zgqcd~~da`g" _igb MNA Nqdcg, Eicgmeaem Nd}t, ie~ e`qgemt ~wacd}}gm nieqog ~igg} db }ig ~ecg ~g} lh gxdmgbng ebm ne~g e~ nlccd}}gm }l }ig ^g~~dlb~ Nlwq}, Bemdem ]lb Zl`dng ^}e}dlb ~ilw`m bl} }l iexg hd`gm nieqog ~igg} eh}gq e `lbo `ez~g lh }dcg db qg`e}dlb }l }ig ~ecg ~g} lh gxdmgbng~ ebm qgnlxgqt lh cwmmece` eq}dn`g~" D} d~ hwq}igq eqowgm }ie} }igqg nebbl} ag }l ~gzeqe}g nieqog ~igg}~ at }l mdhhgqgb} eogbndg~ db qg~zgn} lh nlccd~~dlb lh ~ecg ~g} lh gxdmgbng~" D} d~ }ie} db lbg ne~g, zg}d}dlbgq e~ md~nieqogm at }id~ Nlwq} ebm igbng, nlb}dbwe}dlb lh zqlnggmdbo~ lh 1::7 qgod~}gqgm at Niek`e~d Zl`dng ^}e}dlb, agdbo qg`e}gm }l }ig ~ecg lhhgbng qgod~}gqgm lh 1::7 at
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MNA Nqdcg Zl`dng ^}e}dlb, Eicgmeaem" D} e~ ~}e}gm at }ig zg}d}dlbgq }ie} }id~ d~ eclwb}dbo }l Mlwa`g Fglzeqmt ebm }igqghlqg ig ~ie`` ag md~nieqogm at }ig nlwq}" Db }id~ nlbbgn}dlb, ig ie~ qg`dgm lb e mgnd~dlb lh }ig Ilb/a`g Ezgy Nlwq} db }ig ne~g lh Kl``e Xggqe Qeoiex Qel X~" Olqeb}`e Xgbke}g~eqe Qel qgzlq}gm db EDQ 1:55 ^wzqgcg Nlwq} zeog 8=5 igqgdb d} ie~ aggb ig`m at }ig Ilb/a`g Ezgy Nlwq} }ie} d} neb ag ~ggb }ie} ^gn}dlb >::)5$ lh Nq"Z"N" d~ dmgq }ieb Eq}dn`g 1:)1$ lh }ig Nlb~}d}w}dlb" _id`g, Eq}dn`g 1:)1$ lh }ig Nlb~}d}w}dlb lb`t ~}e}g~ }ie} /bl lbg neb ag zql~gnw}gm ebm zwbd~igm hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng clqg }ieb lbng/, ^gn}dlb >::)5$ lh Nq"Z"N" ~}e}g~ }ie} bl lbg neb ag }qdgm ebm nlbxdn}gm hlq }ig ~ecg lhhgbng lq gxgb hlq e mdhhgqgb} lhhgbng aw} lb }ig ~ecg hen}~" Fwmogcgb}
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]ig Fwmogcgb} lh }ig ^wzqgcg Nlwq} e~ eoqggea`g e~ d} d~ ae~dn zqdbndz`g }ie} e ne~g eoedb~} lbg zgq~lb ~ilw`m ag qgod~}gqgm db lbg z`eng lb`t ebm }ie} z`eng ~ilw`m iexg fwqd~mdn}dlb lxgq }ie} eqge" ^gn}dlb >::)5$ lh NqZN zql}gn}~ }ig zg}d}dlbgq e~ d} ~}e}g~ }ie} bl lbg ~ilw`m ag zwbd~igm }dng hlq }ig ~ecg hen}~"
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