Python Programming 101

INTRODUCTORY COURSE TO PRACTICAL PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Engku Ahmad Faisal [email protected] github.com/efaisal twitter.com/efaisal facebook.com/eafaisal plus.google.com/1000858!!"8!#551

ABOUT THIS COURSE ●

Fundamental course on programming and $%thon

●

 da%s

●

Format&

●

●

–

'ectures

–

(ands)on e*ercises

–

(andout

Feel free to ask +uestion an%time Alwa%s use the official $%thon documentation ,https&//docs.p%thon.org/-/ ,https&//docs.p%th on.org/-/ or https&//docs.p%tho https&//docs.p%thon.org// n.org//

INTRODUCING PROGRAMMING What is Programming? ●

●

●

nstruction to do something to achiee a desired result sing series of steps or actions that a programmer defines ,procedure Each action works on certain ob2ect,s or data in order to attain a well defined goal

REAL WORLD EAMPLE O! PROGRAMMING Sham"oo Instr#$tion ●

3ash

●

4inse

●

4epeat

o %ou notice the problem with the instruction6

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

●

●

●

7omputer is a dumb deice that cannot understand human language ou9 as a programmer9 need to tell the computer precisel% what to do se programming language which helps to translate %our instruction so that computer can understand

WHAT IS PYTHON? An O%&r%i&' ●

●

●

A high leel9 general purpose programming language (igh leel& don:t need to know the details of hardware ;eneral purpose& can be used to build man% kind of application applications s ,s domain specific language such as (<='9 >?'9 =A<'A

WHAT IS PYTHON? ($ont) A *itt*& histor+, ●

esigned b% ;uido an 4ossum

●

First release in 11

●

●

(as man% implementatio implementation& n& 7$%thon9 $%$%9 B%thon9 ron$%thon 3e:ll be using the reference implementation&& 7$%thon implementation

WHAT IS PYTHON? ($ont) Wh+ *&arn P+thon? ●

'ow learning cure

●

CEnforceD good programming practice

●

=ulti)platforms&& 3indows9 'inu*9 =ac =ulti)platforms

●

CatteriesD included

WHAT IS PYTHON? ($ont) E-am"*&s o. a""*i$ations that $an /& /#i*t #sing P+thon, ●

esktop applicati applications/games ons/games

●

3eb)based applications

●

●

>%stem administrator tasks automation >cientific  engineering data anal%sis

WHAT IS PYTHON? ($ont) Who #s&s P+thon? ●

●

;iant companies  goernment agencies& –

;oogle9 ropbo*9 nstagram

–

7E49 A>A

n =ala%sia& –

●

<=9 7EF9 >tar ewspaper

ouG ownload from www.p%thon.org

INTRODUCING IDLE

●

'E is an integrated deelopment enironment

●

$art of $%thon standard librar% using
●

$roides $%thon shell and a te*t editor

●

ot great but good enough for our purpose

0ALUE 1 EPRESSION

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●

●

●

●

<%pe on the $%thon shell& HHH 1 I As e*pected the result is 
STORING 0ALUE

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>tore into ariable

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sing the J sign

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E*amples& HHH ar J HHH ar HHH a J 1 HHH ar I a  HHH result J ar I a HHH result 

DATATYPES, NUMBERS

●

ntegers

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HHH a J HHH t%pe,a Kclass :int:H HHH ●

HHH import fractions HHH L >imulate 1/ HHH c J fractions.Fraction,19  HHH c Fraction,19  HHH

Floats HHH b J -.5 HHH t%pe,b Kclass :float:H HHH

Fractions

●

7omple* numbers

DATATYPES, NUMBERS ($ont) 7ommon Mperators for umbers

2

Addition

4

>ubstraction

35

6

=ultiplication

7

8

iision

9

=odulus ,calculate remainder

3

75

;reater than ;reater than or e+ual to 'esser than 'esser than or e+ual to

PRIMITI0E DATATYPES

DATATYPES, STRINGS

●

Enclosed b% single +uotes HHH :this is a string: :this is a string: HHH

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Enclosed b% double +uotes HHH Cthis is also a stringD :this is also a string: HHH

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Enclosed b% triple single or double +uotes for multilines string HHH :::first multi N line string::: :first multiOnline string: HHH CDDsecond multi N line stringDDD :second multiOnline string: HHH

DATATYPES, STRINGS

●

●

7oncatenate HHH a J :m% : HHH a I :string: :m% string: HHH 4epeat HHH b J :ha : HHH b P  :ha ha ha : HHH

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'ong string HHH m%str J ,:put in bracket : N :to handle long string: HHH m%str :put in bracket to handle N :

DATATYPES, STRING

●

>tring is a se+uence of characters  can be inde*ed/subscripted HHH m%str J :$%thon: HHH m%strQ0R :$: HHH m%strQ5R :n: HHH m%strQ)1R :n: HHH m%strQ)!R :$:

DATATYPE, STRINGS

●

●

>tring is a se+uence of characters  can be sliced HHH m%str J :$%thon: HHH m%strQ1&R :%thon: HHH m%strQ1&5R :%tho: HHH
BASIC DATA STRUCTURE

DATA STRUCTURE, LIST

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=utable ,changeable9 compound ,group of alues data t%pe lank lists HHH a J QR HHH b J list, 'ists with default alues HHH a J Q19 -9 9 #R HHH b J Q:*:9 :%:9 :S:R 'ook at the aailabl aailable e methods to manipulate list 'ist comprehension& a more adance topic on list will be coered later

DATA STRUCTURE, TUPLE

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mmutable ,unchangeable9 compound ,group of alues data t%pe lank tuples HHH a J , HHH b J tuple,
DATA STRUCTURE, DICTIONARY

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=apping datat%pe ,ke%)alueT similar to associatie arra% in some languages lank dictionaries HHH a J UV HHH b J dict, ictionaries with alues HHH a J U:a:& 19 :b:& -V HHH b J dict,,,:a:9 19 ,:b:9 -

CONTROL !LOWS

CONTROL !LOW, I!

●

●

7onditional control flow E*ample ,ote& identation is # spaces& HHH * J 5 HHH if * K 0& N print,:egati print,:egatie e alue: N elif * JJ 0& N print,:Wero: N elif * H 0 and * K 11& N print,:etwee print,:etween n 1 and 10: N else& N print,:=ore than 10: :etween 1 and 10: HHH

CONTROL !LOW, !OR

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●

terates oer items in iterables ,e.g. list9 tuple E*ample& HHH for n in range,-9 10& N for * in range,-9 n& N if n X * JJ 0& N break N else& N print,n9 :is a prime number: L $%thon  N print n9 :is a prime number: L $%thon -

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break is is used to terminate iteration

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else is else is e*ecuted if no break occurs occurs in the for iteration iteration

CONTROL !LOW, !OR

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Another e*ample& HHH for i in range,-9 10& N if i X - JJ 0& N print,i9 : is an een number: L $%thon  N print i9 : is an een number: L $%thon N continue N print,i9 : is an odd number: L $%thon  N print i9 : is an odd number: L $%thon continue ke%word continue ke%word means continues with ne*t iteration

CONTROL !LOW, WHILE

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sed to loop or repeat a section of code for as long as the condition ,e*pression ,e*pression defined in the statement is true E*ample9 to loop foreer& HHH while
!UNCTIONS

WHAT IS A !UNCTION?

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A named section of a program that performs specific task Allow to organiSe code block which repeatedl% repeatedl% used into a reusable procedure or routine $%thon comes with a lot of built)in functions which we alread% seen some of them

!UNCTION, DE!INING

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●

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sing the ke%word def Followed b% a name9 patentheses ,for possible arguments and a colon od% of a function must be indented Yariables defined in a function is stored in the local s%mbol table =a% return a alue using return ke%word return ke%word

●

E*ample& Fibonacci series HHH def fib,n& N CDDoc stringDDD N a9 b J 09 1 N while a K n& N print a9 L $%N print,a9 endJ: : L $% N a9 b J b9 aIb N print, L $% N HHH fib,-000

!UNCTION, DE!AULT ARGUMENT

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●

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>ometimes it:s useful to define default alue to argument of a function E*ample& HHH def calculate,a calculate,arg9 rg9 alJ1& N efault alue is ealuated at the point of function definition and ealuated on once E*ample& HHH i J HHH def f,argJi& N HHH i J 5

!UNCTION, :EYWORD ARGUMENT

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Function can be called using ke%word argument E*ample& HHH def func,arg1J19 sa%J:hello:9 sa%J:hello:9 argJ5& N print,sa% N print,arg1 N print,arg HHH func,sa%J:world: L sing ke%word argument HHH func,19 :world: L sing positional arguments HHH func, L sing default arguments HHH

!UNCTION, ARBITRARY ARGUMENT

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!UNCTION, ANONYMOUS

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Anon%mous function can be created using the ke%word lambda E*ample& HHH isZeen J lambda n& False if n JJ 0 or n X - else
OB;ECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)

OOP, INTRODUCTION

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●

$rogramming paradigm paradigm based on the concept of data structure reoling around ob2ects rather than actions Mb2ect contain attributes ,ariable ,ariable within the scope of the ob2ect and methods ,functions within the ob2ect

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n $%thon9 eer%thing is an ob2ect

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E*ample& HHH a J 1 N HHH t%pe,a

OOP, DE!INING A CLASS

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sing class class ke%word ke%word E*ample& HHH class =%7lass& N def ZZinitZZ,se ZZinitZZ,self9 lf9 sa%J:what:& N self.sa% J sa% N def shout,self& N print,self.sa% N HHH a J =%7lass,:(ello9 worldG: HHH a.shout, HHH a.sa% J :3hat sa% %ou6: HHH a.shout,

OOP, ARBITRARY DATA STRUCTURE

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●

$%thon allow %ou to create a new data structure E*ample& HHH class $oint& N def ZZinitZZ,se ZZinitZZ,self9 lf9 *9 %& N self.*9 self.% J *9 % N def ZZaddZZ,sel ZZaddZZ,self9 f9 pt& N return $oint,self.* $oint,self.*Ipt.*9 Ipt.*9 self.%Ipt.% N def ZZsubZZ,sel ZZsubZZ,self9 f9 pt& N return $oint,self.* $oint,self.*)pt.*9 )pt.*9 self.%)pt.% N def ZZe+ZZ,self9 pt& N return self.* JJ pt.* and self.% JJ pt.%

OOP, INHERITANCE

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●

erie a class from a base class E*ample& HHH class <%re& N def ZZinitZZ,se ZZinitZZ,self9 lf9 nJ#& N self.numt%re J num N HHH class 7olor& N def ZZinitZZ,se ZZinitZZ,self9 lf9 cJ:red:& N self.color J c N

●

●

E*ample ,cont& HHH class 7ar,<%re& N def ZZinitZZ,sel ZZinitZZ,self& f& N super,7ar9 self.ZZinitZZ, N HHH a J 7ar, HHH a.numt%re >how multiple inheritance +uirks

ERRORS 1 ECEPTIONS


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●

●

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>%nta* error

–

E*ceptions

>%nta* error e*ample& HHH if a ok E*ceptions e*amples& HHH S HHH # I C1D E*ception happens when the s%nta* is correct during e*ecution but error is detected

ECEPTION HANDLING

●

●

nlike s%nta* error9 e*ception can be handle b% %our code E*ample& HHH tr%& N S/0 N e*cept ameError& N print,Con:t know what S isGGD N e*cept WeroiisionError& N print,C7an:t diide S with 0GD N e*cept& N print,C>ome other errorD N HHH

ECEPTION HANDLING (CONT)

●

●

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Another e*ample& HHH tr%& N S/0 N e*cept ,ameError9 WeroiisionError as e& N print,CErr print,CError& or& U0V.format,e.args U0V.format,e.argsQ0R Q0R N e*cept& N print,:some other error: N
RAISING ECEPTION

●

●

●

E*ception can be manuall% raised using the ke%word raise E*ample& HHH raise ameError,:duhG Yar is not defined: Another e*ample using custom error& HHH class =%7ustomError,E*ception& N pass N HHH raise =%7ustomError,:wowG m% own error:

MODULES

MODULE, INTRODUCTION

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A module is a file ,with .p% e*tension containing $%thon definitions and statements.
MODULE, EAMPLE

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7reate a file called m%mod.p% ,this will be %our module def func1,& print ,:func1 from m%mod: def func-,& print,:func- from m%mod:

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●

Mpen $%thon shell from the same director% HHH import m%mod HHH m%mod.func1, HHH m%mod.func-, =odule is accessed using dot notation

MODULE, PAC:AGE

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$ackage is a wa% to structuring or organising modules into a more logical collection as %ou see fit

BATTERIES INCLUDED

BATTERIES INCLUDED

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●

●

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●

>tandard installation of $%thon comes with lots of built)in functions and an arra% of standard libraries. libraries. n some cases9 these functions and libraries are all %ou need to build %our application.
BUILT4IN !UNCTIONS

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enumerate,Qse+9 startJ0R

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rawZinput,QpromptR

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len,s

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range,Qstart9R stopQ9 stepR9 *range,

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open,nameQ9 modeR

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set,QiterableR

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int,9 oct,9 he*,9 bin,

STANDARD LIBRARIES

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s%s

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os

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time

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datetime

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math

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decimal

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logging

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doctest  unittest

Introductory Course: Practical Python Programming

INTRODUCTORY COURSE TO PRACTICAL PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Engku Ahmad Faisal [email protected] github.com/efaisal twitter.com/efaisal facebook.com/eafaisal plus.google.com/1000858!!"8!#551

I

EAF i l

1


ABOUT THIS COURSE ●

Fundamental course on programming and $%thon

●

 da%s

●

Format&

●

●

I

EAF i l

–

'ectures

–

(ands)on e*ercises

–

(andout

Feel free to ask +uestion an%time Alwa%s use the official $%thon documentation ,https&//docs.p%thon.org/-/ or https&//docs.p%thon.org//

2


INTRODUCING PROGRAMMING What is Programming? ●

●

●

I

EAF i l

nstruction to do something to achiee a desired result sing series of steps or actions that a programmer defines ,procedure Each action works on certain ob2ect,s or data in order to attain a well defined goal

3


REAL WORLD EAMPLE O! PROGRAMMING Sham"oo Instr#$tion ●

3ash

●

4inse

●

4epeat

o %ou notice the problem with the instruction6

I

EAF i l

4


COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

●

●

●

I

EAF i l

7omputer is a dumb deice that cannot understand human h uman language ou9 as a programmer9 need to tell the computer c omputer precisel% what to do se programming language which helps to translate %our instruction so that computer can understand

5


WHAT IS PYTHON? An O%&r%i&' ●

●

●

I

EAF i l

A high leel9 general purpose programming language (igh leel& don:t need to know the details of hardware ;eneral purpose& can be used to build man% kind of applications ,s domain specific language such as (<='9 >?'9 =A<'A

6


WHAT IS PYTHON? ($ont) A *itt*& histor+, ●

esigned b% ;uido an 4ossum

●

First release in 11

●

●

I

EAF i l

(as man% implementation& 7$%thon9 $%$%9 B%thon9 ron$%thon 3e:ll be using the reference implementation& 7$%thon

7


WHAT IS PYTHON? ($ont) Wh+ *&arn P+thon?

I

EAF i l

●

'ow learning cure

●

CEnforceD good programming practice

●

=ulti)platforms& 3indows9 'inu*9 =ac

●

CatteriesD included




WHAT IS PYTHON? ($ont) E-am"*&s o. a""*i$ations that $an /& /#i*t #sing P+thon, ●

esktop applications/games

●

3eb)based applications

●

●

I

EAF i l

>%stem administrator tasks automation >cientific  engineering data anal%sis

!


WHAT IS PYTHON? ($ont) Who #s&s P+thon? ●

●

;iant companies  goernment agencies& –

;oogle9 ropbo*9 nstagram

–

7E49 A>A

n =ala%sia& –

●

<=9 7EF9 >tar ewspaper

ouG ownload from www.p%thon.org

>how demo& 1. ;ame -. Facial recognition

I

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1"


INTRODUCING IDLE

I

EAF i l

●

'E is an integrated deelopment enironment

●

$art of $%thon standard librar% using
●

$roides $%thon shell and a te*t editor

●

ot great but good enough for our purpose

11


0ALUE 1 EPRESSION

●

●

●

●

●

I

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<%pe on the $%thon shell& HHH 1 I As e*pected the result is 
12


STORING 0ALUE

●

>tore into ariable

●

sing the J sign

●

I

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E*amples& HHH ar J HHH ar HHH a J 1 HHH ar I a  HHH result J ar I a HHH result 

13


DATATYPES, NUMBERS

●

ntegers

●

HHH a J HHH t%pe,a Kclass :int:H HHH ●

I

EAF i l

HHH import fractions HHH L >imulate 1/ HHH c J fractions.Fraction,19  HHH c Fraction,19  HHH

Floats HHH b J -.5 HHH t%pe,b Kclass :float:H HHH

Fractions

●

7omple* numbers

14


DATATYPES, NUMBERS ($ont) 7ommon Mperators for umbers

2

Addition

4

>ubstraction

35

6

=ultiplication

7

8

iision

9

I

EAF i l

3

75

;reater than ;reater than or e+ual to 'esser than 'esser than or e+ual to

=odulus ,calculate remainder

15


PRIMITI0E DATATYPES

I

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16


DATATYPES, STRINGS

●

Enclosed b% single +uotes HHH :this is a string: :this is a string: HHH

●

Enclosed b% double +uotes HHH Cthis is also a stringD :this is also a string: HHH

I

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●

Enclosed b% triple single or double +uotes for multilines string HHH :::first multi N line string::: :first multiOnline string: HHH CDDsecond multi N line stringDDD :second multiOnline string: HHH

17


DATATYPES, STRINGS

●

●

I

EAF i l

7oncatenate HHH a J :m% : HHH a I :string: :m% string: HHH

●

'ong string HHH m%str J ,:put in bracket : N :to handle long string: HHH m%str :put in bracket to handle N :

4epeat HHH b J :ha : HHH b P  :ha ha ha : HHH

1


DATATYPES, STRING

●

I

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>tring is a se+uence of characters  can be inde*ed/subscripted HHH m%str J :$%thon: HHH m%strQ0R :$: HHH m%strQ5R :n: HHH m%strQ)1R :n: HHH m%strQ)!R :$:

1!


DATATYPE, STRINGS

●

●

I

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>tring is a se+uence of characters  can be sliced HHH m%str J :$%thon: HHH m%strQ1&R :%thon: HHH m%strQ1&5R :%tho: HHH
2"


BASIC DATA STRUCTURE

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21


DATA STRUCTURE, LIST

●

●

●

●

●

I

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=utable ,changeable9 compound ,group of alues data t%pe lank lists HHH a J QR HHH b J list, 'ists with default alues HHH a J Q19 -9 9 #R HHH b J Q:*:9 :%:9 :S:R 'ook at the aailable methods to manipulate list 'ist comprehension& a more adance topic on list will be coered later

22


DATA STRUCTURE, TUPLE

●

●

●

●

I

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mmutable ,unchangeable9 compound ,group of alues data t%pe lank tuples HHH a J , HHH b J tuple,
23


DATA STRUCTURE, DICTIONARY

●

●

●

I

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=apping datat%pe ,ke%)alueT similar to associatie arra% in some languages lank dictionaries HHH a J UV HHH b J dict, ictionaries with alues HHH a J U:a:& 19 :b:& -V HHH b J dict,,,:a:9 19 ,:b:9 -

24


CONTROL !LOWS

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25


CONTROL !LOW, I!

●

●

I

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7onditional control flow E*ample ,ote& identation is # spaces& HHH * J 5 HHH if * K 0& N print,:egatie alue: N elif * JJ 0& N print,:Wero: N elif * H 0 and * K 11& N print,:etween 1 and 10: N else& N print,:=ore than 10: :etween 1 and 10: HHH

26


CONTROL !LOW, !OR

●

●

I

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terates oer items in iterables ,e.g. list9 tuple E*ample& HHH for n in range,-9 10& N for * in range,-9 n& N if n X * JJ 0& N break N else& N print,n9 :is a prime number: L $%thon  N print n9 :is a prime number: L $%thon -

●

break is is used to terminate iteration

●

else is else is e*ecuted if no break occurs occurs in the for iteration iteration

27


CONTROL !LOW, !OR

●

●

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Another e*ample& HHH for i in range,-9 10& N if i X - JJ 0& N print,i9 : is an een number: L $%thon  N print i9 : is an een number: L $%thon N continue N print,i9 : is an odd number: L $%thon  N print i9 : is an odd number: L $%thon continue ke%word continue ke%word means continues with ne*t iteration

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CONTROL !LOW, WHILE

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sed to loop or repeat a section of code for as long as the condition ,e*pression defined in the statement is true E*ample9 to loop foreer& HHH while
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!UNCTIONS

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WHAT IS A !UNCTION?

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A named section of a program that performs specific task Allow to organiSe code block which repeatedl% used into a reusable procedure or routine $%thon comes with a lot of built)in functions which we alread% seen some of them

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!UNCTION, DE!INING

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sing the ke%word def Followed b% a name9 patentheses ,for possible arguments and a colon od% of a function must be indented Yariables defined in a function is stored in the local s%mbol table

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E*ample& Fibonacci series HHH def fib,n& N CDDoc stringDDD N a9 b J 09 1 N while a K n& N print a9 L $%N print,a9 endJ: : L $% N a9 b J b9 aIb N print, L $% N HHH fib,-000

=a% return a alue using return ke%word return ke%word

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!UNCTION, DE!AULT ARGUMENT

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>ometimes it:s useful to define default alue to argument of a function E*ample& HHH def calculate,arg9 alJ1& N efault alue is ealuated at the point of function d efinition and ealuated on once E*ample& HHH i J HHH def f,argJi& N HHH i J 5

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!UNCTION, :EYWORD ARGUMENT

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Function can be called using ke%word argument E*ample& HHH def func,arg1J19 sa%J:hello:9 argJ5& N print,sa% N print,arg1 N print,arg HHH func,sa%J:world: L sing ke%word argument HHH func,19 :world: L sing positional arguments HHH func, L sing default arguments HHH

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!UNCTION, ARBITRARY ARGUMENT

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!UNCTION, ANONYMOUS

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Anon%mous function can be created using the ke%word lambda E*ample& HHH isZeen J lambda n& False if n JJ 0 or n X - else
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OB;ECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)

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OOP, INTRODUCTION

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Mb2ect contain attributes ,ariable within the scope of the ob2ect and methods ,functions within the ob2ect

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n $%thon9 eer%thing is an ob2ect

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$rogramming paradigm based on the concept of data structure s tructure reoling around ob2ects rather than actions

E*ample& HHH a J 1 N HHH t%pe,a

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OOP, DE!INING A CLASS

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sing class class ke%word ke%word E*ample& HHH class =%7lass& N def ZZinitZZ,self9 sa%J:what:& N self.sa% J sa% N def shout,self& N print,self.sa% N HHH a J =%7lass,:(ello9 worldG: HHH a.shout, HHH a.sa% J :3hat sa% %ou6: HHH a.shout,

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OOP, ARBITRARY DATA STRUCTURE

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$%thon allow %ou to create a new data structure E*ample& HHH class $oint& N def ZZinitZZ,self9 *9 %& N self.*9 self.% J *9 % N def ZZaddZZ,self9 pt& N return $oint,self.*Ipt.*9 self.%Ipt.% N def ZZsubZZ,self9 pt& N return $oint,self.*)pt.*9 self.%)pt.% N def ZZe+ZZ,self9 pt& N return self.* JJ pt.* and self.% JJ pt.%

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OOP, INHERITANCE

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erie a class from a base class E*ample& HHH class <%re& N def ZZinitZZ,self9 nJ#& N self.numt%re J num N HHH class 7olor& N def ZZinitZZ,self9 cJ:red:& N self.color J c N

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E*ample ,cont& HHH class 7ar,<%re& N def ZZinitZZ,self& N super,7ar9 self.ZZinitZZ, N HHH a J 7ar, HHH a.numt%re >how multiple inheritance +uirks

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>%nta* error

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E*ceptions

>%nta* error e*ample& HHH if a ok E*ceptions e*amples& HHH S HHH # I C1D E*ception happens when the s%nta* is correct co rrect during e*ecution but error is detected

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ECEPTION HANDLING

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nlike s%nta* error9 e*ception can be handle b% %our code E*ample& HHH tr%& N S/0 N e*cept ameError& N print,Con:t know what S isGGD N e*cept WeroiisionError WeroiisionError&& N print,C7an:t diide S with 0GD N e*cept& N print,C>ome other errorD N HHH

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ECEPTION HANDLING (CONT)

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Another e*ample& HHH tr%& N S/0 N e*cept ,ameError9 WeroiisionError as e& N print,CError& U0V.format,e.argsQ0R U0V.format,e.argsQ0R N e*cept& N print,:some other error: N
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RAISING ECEPTION

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E*ception can be manuall% raised using the ke%word raise E*ample& HHH raise ameError,:duhG Yar is not defined: Another e*ample using custom error& HHH class =%7ustomError,E*ceptio =%7ustomError,E*ception& n& N pass N HHH raise =%7ustomError,:wowG m% own error:

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MODULES

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MODULE, INTRODUCTION

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A module is a file ,with .p% e*tension containing $%thon definitions and statements.
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MODULE, EAMPLE

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7reate a file called m%mod.p% ,this will be %our module def func1,& print ,:func1 from m%mod: def func-,& print,:func- from m%mod:

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Mpen $%thon shell from the same director% HHH import m%mod HHH m%mod.func1, HHH m%mod.func-, =odule is accessed using dot notation

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MODULE, PAC:AGE

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$ackage is a wa% to structuring or organising modules into a more logical collection as %ou see fit

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BATTERIES INCLUDED

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BATTERIES INCLUDED

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>tandard installation of $%thon comes with lots of built)in functions and an arra% of standard libraries. n some cases9 these functions and libraries are all %ou need to build %our application.
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BUILT4IN !UNCTIONS

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enumerate,Qse+9 startJ0R

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rawZinput,QpromptR

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len,s

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range,Qstart9R stopQ9 stepR9 *range,

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open,nameQ9 modeR

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set,QiterableR

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int,9 oct,9 he*,9 bin,

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STANDARD LIBRARIES

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s%s

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os

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time

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datetime

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math

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decimal

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logging

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doctest  unittest

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Python Programming 101

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