Proxemics

Proxemics behaviour, communication, and social Proxemics is the study of human use of space and the effects that population density has on behaviour, interaction.[1] Proxemics is one among several subcategories in the study of nonverbal communication, including haptics (touch), kinesics (body movement), vocalics (paralanguage), (paralanguage), and chronemics (structure of time).[2] Edward Edward T. Hall, the cultural anthropologist who coined the term in 1963, defined proxemics as "the interrelated observations and theories theories of humans humans use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture".[3] In his foundational work on proxemics, The Hidden Dimension, Dimension, Hall emphasized emphasized the impact of proxemic behavior (the use of space) on interpersonal communication. According to Hall, the study of proxemics is valuable in evaluating not only the way people interact with others in daily life, but also "the organization of space in in [their] houses houses and buildings, and ultimately the layout of [their] towns".[4] Proxemics remains a hidden component of interpersonal communication that is uncovered through observation and strongly influenced by culture.

Contents Contents Human distances Interpersonal distance Horizontal Vertical Biometrics Neuropsychology Organization of space in territories Cultural factors Adaptation Applied research Advertising Advertising Cinema Cyberb Cyberbullying ullying Virtual environments See also References Further reading

Human distances Interpersonal Interpersonal distance Hall described the interpersonal distances of man (the relative distances between people) in four distinct zones: (1) intimate space, (2) personal space, (3) social space, and (4) public space.

Horizontal

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Intimate distance for distance for embracing, touching or whispering Close phase – phase – less than 1 to 2 cm Far phase – phase – 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm) Personal distance for interactions among goodfriends goodfriends or family Close phase – phase – 1.5 to 2.5 feet (46 to 76 cm) Far phase – phase – 2.5 to 4 feet (76 to 122 cm) Social distance for distance for interactions among acquaintances Close phase – phase – 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m) Far phase – phase – 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m) Public distance used distance used for public speaking Close phase – phase – 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m) Far phase – phase – 25 feet (7.6 m) or more. The distance surrounding a person forms a space. The space within intimate distance

A chart cha rt depicti d epicting ng Edward T. Hall's Hal l's interpersonal distances of man, showing radius in feet and meters

and personal distance is called personal called personal space. space. The space within social distance and out of personal distance is calledsocial calledsocial space. space. And the space within public distance is called public space. space. Personal space is the region surrounding a person which they regard as psychologically theirs. Most people value their personal space and feel discomfort, anger, or anxiety when their personal space is encroached. [5] Permitting a person to enter personal space and entering somebody else's personal space are indicators of perception of those people's relationship. An intimate zone is reserved for close friends, lovers, children and close family members. Another zone is used for conversations with friends, to chat with associates, and in group discussions. A further zone is reserved for strangers, newly formed groups, and new acquaintances. A fourth zone is used for speeches, lectures, and theater; essentially , public distance is that range reserved for larger ger audiences.[6] Entering somebody's personal space is normally an indication of familiarity and sometimes intimacy. intimacy. However, However, in modern society, society, especially in crowded urban communities, it can be difficult to maintain personal space, for example when in a crowded train, elevator or street. Many people find such physical proximity to be psychologically disturbing and uncomfortable, [5] though it is accepted as a fact of modern life. In an impersonal, crowded situation, eye contact tends to be avoided. Even in a crowded place, preserving personal space is important, and intimate and sexual contact, contact, such as frotteurism and groping, is unacceptable unacceptable physical contact. The amygdala is suspected of processing people's strong reactions to personal space violations since these are absent in those in which it is damaged and it is activated when people are physically close. close.[7] Research links the amygdala with emotional reactions to proximity to other people. First, it is activated by such proximity, and second, in those with complete bilateral damage to their amygdala, such as patient S.M., lack a sense of personal space boundary. [7] As the researchers have noted: "Our findings suggest that the amygdala may mediate the r epulsive force that helps to maintain a minimum distance between between people. Further, our f indings are consistent with those in monkeys with bilateral amygdala lesions, who stay within closer proximity to other monkeys or people, an effect we suggest ari ses from the absence absen ce of strong emotional emotiona l responses to personal per sonal space violation vi olation." ."[7] A person's personal space is carried with them everywhere they go. It is the most inviolate form of territory. [8] Body spacing and posture, posture, according to Hall, are unintentional reactions to sensory fluctuations or shifts, such as subtle changes in the sound and pitch of a person's voice. Social Social distance between people is reliably correlated with physical distance, as are intimate and personal distance, according to the delineations below. Hall did not mean for these measurements to be strict guidelines that translate precisely to huma behavior, but rather a system for gauging the effect of distance on communication and how the effect varies between cultures and





Teachers, and especially those who work with small children, should realize that students will interact more comfortably with a teacher when they are in same vertical plane. Used in this way, an understanding of vertical distance distance can become a tool for improved teacher-student teacher-student communication. communication. On the other hand, a disciplinarian might put this information to use in order to gain psychological advantage over an unruly student.[9]

Biometrics Hall used biometric concepts to categorize, explain, and explore the ways people connect in space. These variations in positioning are impacted by a variety of nonverbal communicative factors, listed below .

Kinesthetic factors: factors: This category deals with how closely the participants are to touching, from being completely outside of body-contact distance to being in physical contact, which parts of the body are in contact, and body part positioning. Haptic code: code: This behavioral category concerns how participants are touching one another , such as caressing, caressing, holding, feeling, prolonged holding, spot touching, pressing against, accidental brushing, or not touching at all. Visual code: code: This category denotes the amount ofeye eye contact between participants. Four sub-categories are defined, ranging from eye-to-eye contact to no eye contact at all. Thermal code: code: This category denotes the amount ofbody body heat that each participant perceives from another . Four sub-categories are defined:conducted defined:conducted heat detected, radiant heat detected, heat pr obably detected, and no detection of heat. Olfactory code: code: This category deals in the kind and degree ofodor odor detected by each participant from the other . Voice loudness: loudness: This category deals in thevocal thevocal effort used in speech. Seven sub-categories are defined: silent, very soft, soft, normal, normal+, loud, and very loud.

Neuropsychology Whereas Hall's work uses human interactions to demonstrate spatial variation in proxemics, the field of neuropsychology describes personal space in terms of the kinds of "nearness" to an individual body .

Extrapersonal space: The space that occurs outside the reach of an individual. Peripersonal space: The space within reach of any limb of an individual. Thus, to be "within arm's length" is to be within one's peripersonal space. Pericutaneous space: The space just outside our bodies but which might be near to touching it.isual-tactile V perceptive fields overlap in processing this space. For example, an individual might see a feather as not touching their skin but still experience the sensation of being tickled when it hovers just above their hand. Other examples include the blowing of wind, gusts of air , and the passage of heat.[10] Previc[11] further subdivides extrapersonal space into focal-extrapersonal space, action-extrapersonal space, and ambientextrapersonal space. extrapersonal space. Focal-extrapersonal space is located in the lateral temporo-frontal pathways at the center of our vision, is retinotopically centered and tied to the position of our eyes, and is involved in object search and recognition. Action-extrapersonalAction-extrapersonalspace is located in the medial temporo-frontal pathways, spans the entire space, and is head-centered head-centered and involved in orientation and locomotion in topographical topographical space. Action-extrapersonal space provides the "presence" of our world. Ambient-extrapersonal space initially courses through the peripheral parieto-occipital visual visual pathways before joining up with vestibular and other body senses to control posture and orientation in earth-fixed/gravitational space. Numerous studies involving peripersonal and extrapersonal neglect have shown that peripersonal space is located dorsally in the parietal lobe whereas extrapersonal space is housed ventrally in the temporal lobe.

Organization of space in territories





Body territory: territory: the space immediately surrounding us These different levels of territory, in addition to factors involving personal space, suggest ways for us to communicate and produce expectations of appropriate behavior.[12] In addition to spatial territories, the interpersonal territories between conversants can can be determined by "socio-petal socio-fugal axis",[13] or the "angle formed by the axis of the conversants' shoulders".[2] Hall has also studied combinations of postures between dyads (two people) including lying prone, sitting, or standing.

Two people not affectin affecting g each other's othe r's personal space

Cultural factors Personal space is highly variable, due to cultural differences and personal preferences. On average, preferences vary significantly between countries. A 2017 study[14] found that personal space preferences with respect to strangers ranged between more than 120 cm in Romania, Hungary and Saudi Arabia, and less than 90 cm in Argentina, Argentina, Peru, Ukraine and Bulgaria. The cultural practices of the United States show considerable similarities to those in northern and central European regions, such as Germany, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom. Greeting rituals tend to be the same in Europe and in the United States, consisting of minimal body contact—often confined confined to a simple handshake.

Reaction of two people whose regions of personal space are in conflict

The main cultural difference in proxemics is that residents of the United States like to keep more open space between themselves and their conversation partners (roughly 4 feet (1.2 m) compared to 2 to 3 feet (0.6–0.9 m) in Europe).[15] European E uropean cultural history history has seen a change in personal space since Roman times, times, along with the boundaries of public and private space. This topic has been explored in A in A History of Private Life Life (2001), under the general editorship of Philippe Ariès and Georges Duby. [16] On the other hand, those living in densely populated places likely have lower expectations of personal space. Residents of India or Japan tend to have a smaller personal space than those in the Mongolian steppe, steppe, both in regard to home and individual spaces. Different Different expectations of personal space can lead to difficulties in intercultural communication.[5] Hall notes that different culture types maintain different standards of personal space. The Francavilla Model of Cultural Types,[17] [18] also known as The Lewis Model, Model, lists the variations in personal interactive qualities, indicating thr ee poles:

linear-active cultures, linear-active cultures, which are characterized as cool and decisive (Germany , Norway, U.S.) reactive cultures, reactive cultures, characterized as accommodating and non-confrontational (V ietnam, China, Japan), and multi-active cultures, multi-active cultures, characterized as warm and impulsive (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Italy). Realizing and recognizing these cultural differences improves cross-cultural understanding understanding,, and helps eliminate discomfort people may feel if the interpersonal distance is too large ge ("stand-offish") ("stand-offish") or too small ( intrusive).

Adaptation People make exceptions to and modify their space requirements. A number of relationships may allow for personal space to be modified, including familial ties, romantic partners, friendships and close acquaintances, where there there is a greater degree of trust and personal knowledge. Personal Personal space is affected by a person's position in society with more affluent individuals expecting a larger





Under circumstances where normal space requirements cannot be met, such as in public transit or elevators, personal space requirements are modified accordingly. accordingly. According to the psychologist Robert Sommer, Sommer, one method of dealing with violated personal space is dehumanization. He argues that on the subway, subway, crowded people often imagine those intruding on their personal space as inanimate. Behavior is another method: a person attempting to talk to someone can often cause situations where one person steps forward to enter what they perceive as a conversational distance, and the person they are talking to can step back to restore their personal space.[19] Implementing appropriate proxemic cues has been shown to improve success in monitored behavioral situations like psychotherapy by increasing patient trust for the therapist (see active listening). listening).[21] Instructional situations have likewise seen increased success in student performance by lessening the actual or perceived distance between the student and the educator (perceived distance is manipulated in the case of instructional videoconferencing, using technological tricks such as angling the frame and adjusting the zoom).[22] Studies have shown that proxemic behavior is also affected when dealing with stigmatized minorities within a population. For example, those who do not have experience dealing with disabled persons tend to create more distance during encounters because they are uncomfortable. Others may judge that the disabled person needs to have an increase of touch, volume, or proximity .[23]

Applied research The theory of proxemics is often considered in relation to the impact of technology on human relationships. While physical proximit cannot be achieved when people are connected virtually , perceived proximity can be attempted, and several studies have shown that it is a crucial indicator in the effectiveness of virtual communication technologies.[24][25][26][27] These studies suggest that various individual and situational factors influence how close we feel to another person, regardless of distance. The mere-exposure effect originally referred to the tendency of a person to positively favor those who they have been physically exposed to most often. [28] However, recent research has extended this effect to virtual communication. This work suggests that the more someone communicates virtually with another person, the more he is able to envision that person's appearance and workspace, therefore fostering a sense of personal connection.[24] Increased communication has also been seen to foster common ground ground,, or the feeling of identification with another, another, which leads to positive positive attributions about that person. Some studies emphasize the importance of shared physical territory in achieving common ground,[29] while others find that common ground can be achieved virtually, by communicating often.[24] Much research in the fields of communication communi cation,, psychology psychol ogy,, and sociology socio logy,, especially especi ally under the category of organizational organiza tional behavior behav ior,, has shown that physical proximity enhances peoples' ability to work together. Face-to-face interaction is often used as a tool to maintain the culture, authority, authority, and norms of an organization or workplace.[30][31] An extensive body of research has been written about how proximity is affected by the use of new communication technologies. The importance of physical proximity in co-workers is often emphasized.

Advertising Part of Facebook's earning comes from on-site advertising. During these years, Facebook has offered companies the ability to post and present content in a timeline format on their free brand or business page. By doing so, companies can deliver a more comprehensive promotional message and increase audience engagement. If a user "likes" a brand page, corporate content posted on the brand page will appear in the user's news feed. Many users felt angry about the overly implanted ads that showed up in their Facebook timeline.[32] Users that consider Facebook advertising "annoying" and "intrusive" may do so because companies are invading their social domain





Proxemics is an essential component of cinematic mise-en-scène, the placement of characters, props and scenery within a frame, creating visual weight and movement.[34] There are two aspects to the consideration of proxemics in this context, the first being

character proxemics, which addresses such questions as: How much space is there between the characters? What is suggested by characters who are close to (or, conversely, conversely, far away from) each other? Do distances change as the film progresses? and, Do distances depend on the film's other content?[35] The other consideration is camera proxemics, which answers the single question: How far away is the camera from the characters/action?[36] Analysis of camera proxemics typically relates Hall's system of proxemic patterns to the camera angle used to create a specific shot, with the long shot or extreme long shot becoming the public the public proxemic proxemic,, a full shot (sometimes called called a figure shot, complete view, view, or medium long shot) becoming the social proxemic, proxemic, the medium shot becoming the personal proxemic proxemic,, and the close up or extreme close upbecoming the intimate proxemic. proxemic.[37]

A long shot—the public A full shot—the social A proxemic

proxemic

medium

shot—the A close-up—the intimate

personal proxemic

proxemic

Film analyst Louis Giannetti has maintained that, in general, the greater the distance between the camera and the subject (in other words, the public proxemic), the more emotionally neutral the audience remains, whereas the closer the camera is to a character, character, the greater the audience's emotional emotional attachment to that character. character.[38] Or, as actor/director Charlie Chaplin put it: "Life is a tragedy when seen in close-up, but a comedy in long shot."[39]

Cyberbullying Cyberbullying is a communication communication phenomenon in which a bully utilizes electronic media in order to harass peers. Adolescents favor texting or computer-mediated computer-mediated communication communication as an alternative to the more directly combative face-to-face interactions because because it takes advantage advantage of evading imposed social norms such as "school rules", which are likely to be especially repressive of aggression involving females.[40] Online bullying has a lot in common with bullying in school: Both behaviors include harassment, humiliation, teasing and aggression. Cyberbullying presents unique challenges in the sense that the perpetrator can attempt to be anonymous, and attacks can happen at any time of day or night.[41] The main factor that encourages cyber bullying is the fact that a cyber bully can hide behind the shield of online anonymity. anonymity. In other words, social media magnifies the face-to-face social space into a virtual space where a cyber bully can say anything about the victims without the pressure of facing them.

Virtual environments Bailenson, Blascovich, Beall, and L oomis conducted an experiment in 2001, testing Argyle and Dean's (1965) equilibrium theory's speculation of an inverse relationship between mutual gaze, a nonverbal cue signaling intimacy, and interpersonal distance. Participants were immersed in a 3D virtual room in which a virtual human representation (that is, an embodied agent) stood.[42] The







However, However, men do subjectively assign gaze behavior to the agent, and their proxemic behavior reflects this perception. Furthermore, both men and women demonstrate less variance in their proxe their proxemic mic behavior when behavior when the agent displays mutual gaze behavior than when the agent does not. Other researchers have established that proxemics can be a valuable tool for measuring the behavioral realism of an agent or an avatar. avatar. People tend to perceive nonverbal gestures gestures on an implicit level, and degree of personal space appears to be an accurate way to measure people's perception of social presence presence and realism in virtual environments. Nick Yee in his PhD thesis at Stanford discovered that real world proxemic distances also were applied in the vir tual world of Second Life. [43] Other studies demonstrate that implicit behavioral measures such as body posture can be a reliable measure of the user's sense of presence in virtual environments. environments. Similarly, Similarly, personal space space may be a more reliable measure of social pr esence than a typical ratings survey in immersive virtual environments.

See also Body language Comfort zone Personal boundaries

Proxemic communication strategies Shyness Spatial empathy

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38. Giannetti, Louis (1990).Understanding (1990).Understanding Movies, 5th edition. Englewood Cliffs, fs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 64.ISBN 64.ISBN 0-13945585-X. 945585-X. 39. Roud, Richard Richa rd (28 December Dece mber 1977). 197 7). "The Baggy-T Bag gy-T rouse red Philanthro rousered Phila nthropist". pist".The The Guardian: Guardian: 3. 40. "The Future Of Adolescent Female Cyber-Bullying: Electronic Media's fect Ef On Aggressive Female Communication". Jena Jena Ponsford . Texas Texas State Sta te University Unive rsity. Retrieved Retrie ved 27 March Ma rch 2016. 2016 . 41. Landau, Elizabeth (February 27, 2013)."When "When bullying goes high-tech"(http://www h igh-tech"(http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/27/health/cybe rbullying-online-bully-victims/). CNN CNN.. Retrieved March 28, 2016. 42. Bailenson, J. N., Blascovich, J., Beall, A. C., & L oomis, J. M. (2001). "Equilibrium theory revisited: Mutual gaze and personal space in virtual environments"(https://vhil.stanford.edu/mm/2001/bailenson-equilibrium.pdf) (PDF). 10 (6): Presence: Presen ce: Teleop eleoperato erators rs & Virtual Environm En vironments ents. 10 (6): 583–598.doi 583–598. doi::10.1162/105474601753272844(https://doi.or g/10.1162%2F105474601753272844) . 43. Yee, Yee, Nick; et al. (2007). "Unbearable Likeness of Being Digital: The Persistence of Nonverbal Social Norms in Online 10 (1): Virtual Environments".CyberPsychology Environments".CyberPsychology & Behavior . 10 (1): 115–121.doi 115–121. doi::10.1089/cpb.2006.9984(https://doi.org/1 0.1089%2Fcpb.2006.9984).

Further reading T. Matthew Ciolek Ciol ek (September (Septem ber 1983). 1983 ). "The P roxemics roxem ics Lexicon: Lexico n: a first approximatio approx imation". n". Journal of Nonverbal Behavior . 8 (1): 55–75. 55– 75. doi:10.1007/BF0 doi:10.1 007/BF0098633 0986330 0. 65 (5): 1003– Edward T. T. Hall (1963). "A System for the Notation of Proxemic Behaviour". American Anthropologist . 65 (5): 1026. doi:10.1525/a doi:10.1 525/aa.1963 a.1963.65.5. .65.5.02a00 02a00020 020. 72 (6): 654–660. Robert Sommer (May 1967). "Sociofugal Space".The Space".The American Journal of Sociology . 72 (6): doi:10.1086/224402. Lawson, Bryan (2001). "Sociofugal and sociopetal space".The Language of Space. Architectural Press. pp. 140– 144. ISBN 0-7506-5246-2. Herrera, D. A. (2010).Gaze, (2010).Gaze, turn-taking and proxemics in multiparty versus dyadic conversation across cultures (Ph.D.). (Ph.D. ). The University Univer sity of o f Texas at a t El Paso, P aso, United United States—T States —Texas. ISBN 9781124175 97811 24175645 645 McArthur, J.A. (2016).Digital (2016). Digital Proxemics: How technology shapes the ways we move. Peter Lang. ISBN 9781454199403 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proxemics&oldid=831051722 "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proxemics&oldid=831051722 "

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Proxemics

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