Power and Grounding Serie S

D800053X042 July 2013

Quick Start Guide for DeltaV Power, Grounding, and Surge Suppression

Printed in the Republic of Singapore. © Emerson Process Management 1996 - 2013. All rights reserved. For Emerson Process Management trademarks and service marks,

go to Emerson Process Management Trademarks and Service Marks. All other marks are property of their respective owners. The contents of this publication are presented for informational purposes only, and while every effort has been made to ensure their accuracy, they are not to be construed as warranties or guarantees, expressed or implied, regarding the products or services described herein or their use or applicability. All sales are governed by our terms and conditions, which are available on request. We reserve the right to modify or improve the design or specification of such products at any time without notice.

See the CE statement in Chapter 1. Emerson Process Management Distribution Ltd. Process Systems and Solutions Meridian East Meridian Business Park Leicester, LE19 1uX, UK Emerson a.s. European System and Assembly Pieštanská 1202/44 Nové Mesto nad Váhom 91528 Slovakia Fisher-Rosemount Systems, Inc. – an Emerson Process Management company 1100 W. Louis Henna Blvd. Round Rock, TX 78681

Contents

Contents Chapter 1

Welcome ....................................................................................................................... 1 DeltaV version this manual supports ....................................................................................................... 1 Related DeltaV information .....................................................................................................................1 CE statement ..........................................................................................................................................2 Warning, Caution, Important, and Note .................................................................................................. 2

Chapter 2

Introduction .................................................................................................................. 5

Chapter 3

The basic premise .......................................................................................................... 7

Chapter 4

The reasons for grounding ............................................................................................. 9

Chapter 5

Ground cable sizing ......................................................................................................11

Chapter 6

Establishing and maintaining clean power ................................................................... 13 Clean power options ............................................................................................................................. 17 Single AC source ....................................................................................................................................18 Two AC sources ..................................................................................................................................... 19

Chapter 7

DeltaV power and grounding options ...........................................................................21 S-series ..................................................................................................................................................21 CHARMs ................................................................................................................................................ 27 SIS ......................................................................................................................................................... 32 Power supply configuration ....................................................................................................... 34 Incorporating M-series SLS into S-series .....................................................................................36 Multiple Distributed Enclosures: Power and Grounding Schemes .......................................................... 38 Floating AC and high-resistance ground ................................................................................................ 42

Chapter 8

Grounding topologies .................................................................................................. 45 Star or single-point ground ....................................................................................................................45 Mesh star ground network .................................................................................................................... 46 Hybrid star mesh ground network ......................................................................................................... 48

Appendices and reference Appendix A

Interference and transients .......................................................................................... 49 Static (capacitive) coupling ................................................................................................................... 49 Voltage differentials ..............................................................................................................................50 Inductive coupling .................................................................................................................................51

Appendix B

High integrity ground systems ..................................................................................... 53 Highest integrity systems have shields connected to chassis ground .....................................................53

Appendix C

Checklists for verifying site ground .............................................................................. 55 Site ground verification checklists ......................................................................................................... 55 Checklists ..............................................................................................................................................55 Good engineering practices for general systems ........................................................................56 Environmental conditions ..........................................................................................................57 Power and grounding connections ............................................................................................ 58 Power and grounding connections with triad .............................................................................60 General field device installation ................................................................................................. 61

i

Contents

I/O wiring (conventional, HART, serial, and bus types) ............................................................... 63 Enclosures ................................................................................................................................. 65 AC power system and distribution ............................................................................................. 68 DC power system and distribution ............................................................................................. 69 DeltaV controllers ......................................................................................................................71 List of equipment used .............................................................................................................. 73

Appendix D

ii

References ................................................................................................................... 75

Welcome

1

Welcome Topics covered in this chapter: • • • •

DeltaV version this manual supports Related DeltaV information CE statement Warning, Caution, Important, and Note

This manual is a quick start guide for providing power, grounding, and surge suppression for Emerson's new CHARM and S-series products. Parts of this manual also apply to DeltaV M-series products as well. More specifically, this manual explains how to properly design and prepare control system electrical power and ground networks before you install your DeltaV system. Applying the information in this manual saves time and expense by significantly increasing the reliability of your control system and by making your system easier to start up and maintain. The power and grounding techniques described in this manual are based on best engineering practices and industry standards. In addition to this manual, you may need other DeltaV and industry publications to obtain complete information for preparing your site. References to related industry standards can be found at the end of this document.

DeltaV version this manual supports The information in this manual applies to all versions of DeltaV systems; however the focus of this manual is on S-series equipment. Periodically, this manual is updated to incorporate site preparation information for the newest DeltaV products and to add information based on user feedback. To make sure you have the latest edition, contact your Emerson Process Management local business partner or field sales office (LBP/FSO). Note Because this manual covers all DeltaV versions and various OEM products, it often uses generic symbols in drawings instead of exact product representations. See DeltaV and OEM manuals for exact representations.

Related DeltaV information Additional information is included on product DVDs, on Emerson Process Management web sites, and in printed manuals. Your Emerson Process Management local business partner or field sales office (LBP/FSO) can help you obtain the information you need. Site Preparation and Design for DeltaV Digital Automation Systems covers power and grounding for M-series and previous releases of SIS products. It also contains valuable information such as EMI, ESD, and environmental precautions.

1

Welcome

DeltaV product data sheets include descriptions, features, benefits, specifications, and ordering information that are of particular importance to site preparation. Product data sheets are available from LBP/FSO. DeltaV Books Online and context-sensitive help are embedded in DeltaV system software and are viewable after the software has been installed. Manuals needed to install and start up DeltaV products are shipped with the software in Adobe PDF format on the DeltaV Documentation Library disk. In addition to this manual, manuals included on the DeltaV Documentation Library disk include: •

DeltaV S-series and CHARMs Hardware Installation describes installation procedures, including details of screw terminal connections on power supplies and carriers.

•

DeltaV S-series and CHARMs Hardware Reference contains specifications, wiring diagrams, dimensions, and other reference information for S-series and CHARMs hardware components.

•

Getting Started with Your DeltaV Digital Automation System describes startup and operating procedures.

•

Fieldbus Installations in a DeltaV Digital Automation System describes planning for installing FOUNDATION Fieldbus systems.

•

Installing Your DeltaV Safety Instrumented System Hardware describes installation, including details of screw terminal connections and wiring for smart logic solvers, SISNet repeaters, and other safety instrumentation hardware.

•

DeltaV Safety Instrumented System Safety Manual describes how a DeltaV Safety Instrumented System must be used for it to function as a safety instrumented system.

•

SIS Accessories Installation and Safety Manual describes how to properly install the Safety Relay Module and the Voltage Monitor Module.

Printed versions of many of these manuals can be ordered from your LBP/FSO. Users with Guardian or Foundation Support can access the manuals from the support website in PDF format.

CE statement If you intend to have your DeltaV system certified for compliance to appropriate European Union directives, it must be installed in accordance with procedures described in the manual DeltaV S-series and CHARMs Hardware Installation.

Warning, Caution, Important, and Note A Warning, Caution, Important, or Note identifies helpful or critical information. The type of information included in each is:

2

Welcome

WARNING! Warnings are installation, operation, or maintenance procedures, practices, conditions, statements, and so forth, which if not strictly observed, may result in personal injury or loss of life.

CAUTION! Cautions are installation, operation, or maintenance procedures, practices, conditions, statements, and so forth, which if not strictly observed, may result in damage to, or destruction of, equipment or may cause long term health hazards. Important Information notices are installation, operation, or maintenance procedures, practices, conditions, statements, and so forth, which if not observed, may result in improper control system operation. Note Notes contain installation, operation, or maintenance procedures, practices, conditions, statements, and so forth, which alert you to important information which may make your task easier or increase your understanding.

3

Welcome

4

Introduction

2

Introduction The information in this document helps you to properly connect power and ground to Emerson's CHARMs, S-series, and M-series products. For more information on other aspects of site preparation please refer to the Site Preparation and Design for DeltaV Digital Automation Systems. We realize that not all applications require the same level of grounding. In particular, sites that are mission critical (for example, pharmaceutical batch processes and nuclear power monitoring),require the highest level of power, ground, and surge integrity and protection.

5

Introduction

6

The basic premise

3

The basic premise All of the recommendations in this document are based on good engineering practice and apply to any control system. The following principles provide a foundation for system design with respect to mitigating interference issues through power and grounding. •

Power, ground, and surge should always be considered together because they frequently interact. A system where power, ground, and surge suppression work in unison provides the most stable system.

•

There is not a "magic hole" that we can dump all of our unwanted interference into. However by establishing a stable ground reference (preferably 1 Ω to 3 Ω) for the control system, voltage events such as those caused by facility faults, dramatic load changes, or lightning that affect one area of the ground system will not adversely cause issues with the control system's ground reference.

•

Noise (interference) always wants to return to its source following the path of least resistance (Ohm's law)

If differences occur between this manual and local or regional codes and regulations, codes and regulations take precedence.

7

The basic premise

8

The reasons for grounding

4

The reasons for grounding •

Safety ground (protective earth) — protects personnel from injury resulting from defective supply feeds. For example, if the insulation of the line side of a 120 VAC power conductor becomes frayed, causing the conductor to be in direct contact with a properly grounded metal enclosure, a protective interrupt, such as a fuse or circuit breaker, opens. The ground conductor must be sized as large as the maximum AC conductor feeding the load. This conductor should follow the same path as the line conductors to their source, that is, first disconnect or separately derived source.

•

High frequency ground — ground systems that improve signal integrity by reducing noise caused by machinery such as variable speed drives, welders, or commutated DC motors. Interference and transients from other instrumentation and equipment is also greatly reduced with a properly constructed high frequency ground system. Skin effect causes high frequency signals to travel closer to the surface of conductors. For this reason only the outermost part of cables actually carry the high frequency interference. For example, a 500 KHz signal uses 100% of the copper in a 33 AWG wire, but only 36% of the copper in a 19 AWG wire. High frequency with respect to control systems often encompasses a broad band of frequencies starting as low as 10 kHz.

•

Stable DC reference ground — A low impedance ground (1 Ω to 3 Ω between the ground system—triad or plant grid—and earth) maintains the control system at a stable reference. Utility power and lightning systems should have their own grounding systems. For safety reasons all grounds shall be connected together. However, there is finite impedance interconnecting each ground system. There are also impedance variations between all points of the same system. When a disruptive event occurs, a short duration voltage gradient is established at the location where the fault makes contact with the localized ground. By assuring that the control system has a low impedance to its DeltaV Instrument Ground (DIG), events that occur in one area of the ground system (typically due to lightning, load shifting, or faulty utilities) that cause a gradient elevation proximal to it does not have as significant an effect on the DeltaV Instrumentation Ground (DIG) potential.

•

Lightning protection — protects property and personnel from lightning strokes.

•

Lightning mitigation — protects equipment from induced energy as a result of lightning. This is accomplished through the interconnection and close proximity of all of the DeltaV grounding systems. All metal enclosures are connected to the safety ground system. Separately derived systems, such as isolation transformers and UPSs, should be as close to the DeltaV systems as possible. Case studies have shown that induced energy as a result of lightning strokes has disrupted and even damaged instrumentation equipment due to variance in ground potentials at multiple locations. By keeping all metal as closely interconnected as possible with the safety ground system any induced voltage quickly equalizes. This goal is realized by multiple eddy current paths, minimizing the need for any single conductor to shunt the equalization current.

9

The reasons for grounding

10

Ground cable sizing

5

Ground cable sizing DeltaV is a ground referenced system. To maintain high integrity it is important that careful consideration be paid to ground conductor sizing. The original site preparation manual, Site Preparation and Design for DeltaV Digital Automation Systems, lists some typical methods of connecting grounding networks. More grounding networks can be found in the section of this document on Grounding Topologies. Typically for large high-integrity systems, shields are connected to the chassis ground bar. One of the most cost efficient grounding method uses a star topology with larger conductor sizes at the sections located a greater distance from the cabinets. The following tables are applicable for all DeltaV products. Table 5-1 lists the appropriate wire size with respect to the distance between a cabinet and the closest ground bar or between individual ground bars. Cable sizes are determined based on the number of I/O points associated with that particular section of cable. The overall distance from an enclosure to the earthing point at the DeltaV Instrument Ground (DIG) should not exceed 300 feet. The braided cable in Table 5-2 may be used as an alternative as shown in Table 5-3 for the cable in Table 5-1. Single enclosures or a group of adjacent enclosures with a relatively small number of I/O points may connect the chassis ground and the DC ground buses together at the cabinet provided the wire size, distances, and I/O points are within the specifications listed in Table 5-4. Table 5-1: Ground wire sizing Cable length (ft) I/O points

10

25

50

100

300

64

8 AWG

8 AWG

8 AWG

6 AWG

2 AWG

128

8 AWG

8 AWG

6 AWG

2 AWG

1/0

256

8 AWG

6 AWG

2 AWG

1/0

2/0

512

6 AWG

2 AWG

1/0

2/0

3/0

1024

2 AWG

1/0

2/0

3/0

4/0

2048

1/0

2/0

3/0

4/0

---

4096

2/0

3/0

4/0

---

---

8192

3/0

4/0

---

---

---

Table 5-2: Flat-braided PVC-insulated cable alternative New England Wire Technologies number

Description

Certification

N30-36T-762-2ULG

48-22-36 TINNED COPPER FLAT UL AWM 1680 105C, VNS BRAID

N30-30T-652-2UL

48-22-36 TINNED COPPER FLAT UL AWM 1680 105C, VNS BRAID

11

Ground cable sizing

Table 5-3: Braided cable system I/O points

Braided cable length (ft) 10

25

50

100

128

N30-36T-762-2ULG

N30-36T-762-2ULG

N30-36T-762-2ULG

N30-30T-652-2UL

256

N30-36T-762-2ULG

N30-36T-762-2ULG

N30-30T-652-2UL

---

512

N30-36T-762-2ULG

N30-30T-652-2UL

---

---

1024

N30-30T-652-2UL

---

---

---

Table 5-4: Single cable length with chassis ground and DC ground connected in enclosure Cable length (ft)

12

I/O points

10

25

50

100

64

8 AWG

8 AWG

6 AWG

2 AWG

128

8 AWG

6 AWG

2 AWG

1/0

256

6 AWG

2 AWG

1/0

2/0

512

2 AWG

1/0

2/0

3/0

1024

1/0

2/0

3/0

4/0

Establishing and maintaining clean power

6

Establishing and maintaining clean power Topics covered in this chapter: • •

Clean power options Single AC source

•

Two AC sources

To operate your DeltaV system at the highest level of integrity (that is, to maintain the system with the least amount of disruptive events due to power anomalies) a properly designed power conditioning system should be considered. Clean-power with respect to alternating current used to power bulk supplies is a term that describes the sinusoidal power that maintains its characteristics with both linear and nonlinear loads. Some commonly used standards which address power quality are: •

IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality

•

IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems

•

IEC 61000-3-11 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Limitations of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low voltage supply systems

•

IEC 61000-3-12 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Limits for harmonic currents produced by equipment connected to public low voltage systems

Tables Table 6-1 and Table 6-2 list the most prevalent factors that influence the quality of power. Common causes for power quality issues with corresponding recommendations for corrective measures can also be found in the tables. Important Any three-phase source, such as transformer or UPS, providing power to a DeltaV system must only power DeltaV products, safety systems, or the control system. Therefore, no VFDs, HVAC, motors, fans, compressors, ballasts, and so on shall be connected to any output phase of a transformer or UPS that is also used to power the DeltaV system.

Table 6-1: Potentially disruptive power issues typically solved with a UPS Type of interference

Possible effect

Interruptions

DeltaV restart

Common cau- Preventive ses measures Utility faults, UPS load switching, breaker trips, or equipment failures

Comment DeltaV systems powered with Emerson bulk power supplies are able to withstand power interruptions up to 20 ms.

13


Table 6-1: Potentially disruptive power issues typically solved with a UPS (continued) Type of interference

Possible effect

Common cau- Preventive ses measures

Sag

Possible DeltaV restart if voltage drops below lower power supply limit.

Start-up loads UPS drawing excessive current, equipment faults

DeltaV systems powered with Emerson bulk power supplies are able to withstand sags up to 20 ms.

Undervoltage

Loss of power to the DeltaV system.

Utility faults or load changes

UPS

DeltaV powered with Emerson bulk power supplies are able to withstand loss of power up to 20 ms.

Swell

Possible power supply damage if voltage remains at increased levels greater than power supply limit.

Loads shifting, utility faults

UPS

Overvoltage

Possible power supply damage if voltage remains at increased levels greater than power supply limit

Loads shifting, utility faults

UPS

Comment

Table 6-2: Power quality issues solved with high quality UPS Type of interference

Possible effect

Impulse transient

Impulse transients in excess of 1500 V may destroy channel or system if transient is on power feeds.

14

Common cau- Preventive measses ures Lightning causing voltage gradients in excess of 1500 V.

Appropriate surge protection devices (SPD) should be considered. The SPD should be sized for the worst surge area that either the power or shields enter.

Comment Typically, bulk supplies are certified to have either double or reinforced insulation to withstand 1500V. The DeltaV system is protected with transient voltage suppression to 1500V.


Table 6-2: Power quality issues solved with high quality UPS (continued) Common cau- Preventive measses ures

Type of interference

Possible effect

Oscillatory transient

Data loss with possible damage.

Overall system Double conversion response to UPS with filtering. impulse or load switching from inductive or capacitive loads.

EFI/RMI noise

Data loss, system corruption.

Transmitters, faulty equipment, ineffective grounding, close proximity to EMI/RFI source.

Isolation transformer ( common mode < 1.5MHz), filter (normal Node 10 KHz to 10 MHz) UPS with filtered output

Notching

Data loss, system corruption.

Variable frequency drives, welders, lighting.

Filters or UPS with filtered output.

Harmonics

Overheating which can shorten the life of power supplies.

Non-linear loads.

Could correct at the source with Active harmonic filter, Kfactor transformers, power factor correction supplies

Comment

Isolate VFD's, Never allow generating devices, such as VFD's, to use the same power feed or an adjacent leg on a three phase system.

A double conversion uninterruptible power supply can also mitigate most power quality issues. Isolation transformers are an excellent means to significantly reduce common mode noise, typically up to 750 KHz. The isolation transformer also allows for a separately derived source of power that creates a stable ground reference point in close proximity with the DeltaV system. Filters are a readily-available solution for normal-mode noise reduction in the range of a few hertz up to 10 MHz. Surge suppressor/filters are also available to prevent surge voltages from indirect lightning or large upstream power faults from damaging control equipment in addition to minimizing normal-mode noise. A power quality evaluation of the site can easily determine the best solution to meet your individual requirements. UPSs that supply power to control systems should be double conversion types. Typically, their input voltage is provided from low voltage (100 VAC to 600 VAC) feeders, with either

15


single or three-phase power. The AC power from the source is rectified to DC and used as leveling power to maintain batteries or to supply energy for a flywheel. The inverter stage produces the AC sine wave output using power from the DC storage section - batteries or a flywheel. Only use UPSs that reproduce high quality sine waves. Some UPSs produce modified sine waves that are rich in harmonics and detrimental to control systems. Important Any UPS supplying power to the DeltaV system shall be of the double conversion type, with an inverter stage which produces harmonic free sinusoidal output waveforms. Never use a UPS that produces modified sine waves.

Most UPSs provide a degree of protection from power failure, power sag, and power surges. However, some UPSs provide an excellent solution for most of the power quality issues found in Table 6-2. A bypass transformer with static switchover allowing for UPS maintenance is either supplied as an integral component or can be connected externally to the UPS. When selecting the bypass transformer note that if the UPS used is the type which provides the cleanest power, then a shielded bypass transformer would be a better choice than a standard transformer. Some UPSs provide three-phase output power. When using a UPS with a three-phase output, all phases should be connected only to the control system and to non-interfering equipment. Never connect one phase to the DeltaV system and another phase to a VFD. Isolation transformers have been successfully used for many years to supply clean-power for control systems, medical systems, and computer centers. The Isolation transformer also provides a location to establish a separately derived ground. For a comparison of the attenuation benefits for the various degrees of shielding available see Table 6-3. In addition to the common-mode rejection provided by isolation transformers, many transformers can be purchased with filters on their output stage. The filter attenuates the normal-mode noise. Shielded transformers with filtered outputs provide noise reduction from a few hertz to up to 750 KHz in both common and normal mode. Table 6-3: Transformer attenuation Type of shielding

Attenuation ratio

Typical attenuation

No shield

10:1

12 dB to 20 dB

Single shield

1000:1

50 dB to 60 dB

Double shield

10,000:1

65 dB to 90 dB

Triple shield

100,000:1

90 dB to 120 dB

Most industrial applications share power with a wide variety of devices including large motors, furnaces, large lighting systems, and HVAC systems. Control applications that can tolerate disruptive events require little or limited consideration with respect to the Power Distribution Unit (PDU). However, if the application requires a high degree of consistent system integrity with minimal disruption, then the proper PDU should be used. Figure 6-1 is a tool to help determine the most economical and effective configuration for your site's AC power requirements with respect to interruptions and noise mitigation.

16


Clean power options There are a number of ways to provide clean power. To find the correct solution for your site, follow the flowchart in Figure 6-1 and choose the proper options below. Figure 6-1: AC power source flowchart Evaluate Power needs for DeltaV Site

Is Power Failure, Sag, or Surge present?

No

No

Is Noise, which could potentially cause disruptive events, present?

Yes, use a UPS

No

Yes

Is Noise, which could potentially cause disruptive events present?

Use UPS(s) with at least No

Is Power Source in close proximity (< 100 m) to DeltaV?

Power Failure Power Sag Power Surge Undervoltage protection Overvoltage Protection

Yes

No

Is Noise at Frequencies > 10KHz a present?

Yes

Yes

Use UPS(s) with Power Failure Power Sag Power Surge Undervoltage protection Overvoltage Protection Line noise elimination Frequency variation correction Switching Transient filter Harmonic Interference filter

Use an Isolation Transformer and Suppressor/Filter or Filter in close proximity to Bulk Supply

Use Transformer or UPS(s) to Establish a Separately derived ground reference at DeltaV DIG Use an Isolation Transformer

Or Use UPS(s) with Power Failure Power Sag Power Surge Undervoltage protection Overvoltage Protection Line noise elimination Frequency variation correction Switching Transient filter Harmonic Interference filter

Chose Number of AC Sources required

17


CAUTION! When NOT using a separately derived ground system with interference levels equal to or lower than stipulated in EN 61000-3-12 and EN 61000-3-11 and when no noise such as described in Table 6-1 and Table 6-2 is present, then at no time following the installation of DeltaV shall interference be permitted if high integrity is desired.

Single AC source Option A Highest integrity •

UPS with the following features: -

Neutral/ground bond point to establish a separately derived ground reference

-

Power failure, power sag, and power surge protection

-

Capable of regulating under-voltage and over-voltage input power

-

Line noise elimination, frequency variation correction, switching transient filter harmonic interference filter

•

UPS to DeltaV cabinet distance of less than 100 meters

•

Surge suppressor/filter prior to bulk supply

•

Bypass isolated transformer with single isolated shielding

•

Power lines in armored cable or metal conduit (optional)

Option B •



-


-


•


•

Surge suppressor/filter prior to bulk supply (optional if signal shields are not located in Zone 0 or Zone 1 lightning area)

•


•


Option C

18

•

Isolation transformer

•


•

Transformer to DeltaV cabinet distance of less than 100 meters

•



•


Option D (clean-power: AC source <100 m) •


•


Option E (clean-power: AC source < 300m) •


•

Power lines in armored cable or metal conduit

Two AC sources Option F Highest integrity AC source 1 and 2 •



-


-


-


•


•


•


•


Option G Highest integrity AC source 1 •



-


-


-


•


•


19


•


•


AC source 2 •


•


•


•


•


Option H AC sources 1 and 2 •


•


•


•


•


Option I (clean-power: AC source < 100m) AC sources 1 and 2 •

Surge suppressor/filter prior to bulk supplies (optional if signal shields are not located in Zone 0 or Zone 1 lightning area)

•


Option J (clean-power: AC source < 300m) AC sources 1 and 2

20

•

Surge suppressor/filter prior to bulk supplies

•

Power lines in armored cable or metal conduit

DeltaV power and grounding options

7

DeltaV power and grounding options Topics covered in this chapter: • • • •

S-series CHARMs SIS Multiple Distributed Enclosures: Power and Grounding Schemes

•

Floating AC and high-resistance ground

DeltaV systems are certified as Separated or Safety Extra Low Voltage (SELV) systems. An SELV system is "an extra-low voltage system which is electrically isolated from the earth and from other systems in such a way that a single fault cannot give rise to the risk of electric shock."(1) Therefore, the DeltaV DC reference ground maintains a stable low noise reference for the DeltaV signal returns and DC power supply commons.

S-series Power and grounding of the DeltaV S-series is connected in a manner similar to that of the M-series products. To convert AC power to the 24 VDC power required for products such as S-series system power supplies, CHARM I/O Card (CIOC), Safety Integrated System (SIS) products, and DC field power, a bulk power configuration as shown in Figure 7-1 produces a high-integrity solution. It is sometimes preferable to create a separate AC to DC panel that is only accessible by qualified electricians. If an S-series system only contains DC I/O cards, then field technicians can service the DeltaV panels without working near higher voltage AC sources. Typically, the 100 VAC to 230 VAC at 50 Hz or 60 Hz is supplied from power disconnect panels fed from double conversion uninterruptable power supplies (UPS) or through isolation transformers to the AC panel. A sufficiently sized disconnect is usually located prior to each bulk power supply. The two bulk supplies of Figure 7-1 are then fed into a dual redundancy module to power the DeltaV system bus. If one of the AC feeds fails or one of the bulk power supplies fails, the redundancy module shifts the load to the remaining power supply. However, the configuration of Figure 7-1 allows for the possibility of up to two separate single points of failure: •

the Dual Redundancy Module

•

if only one DeltaV System Power supply was used as shown in Figure 7-2, then the single system power supply is also a single point of failure.

All configurations should be weighed from a cost-benefit perspective. Therefore, if the highest integrity S-series system is required the combination of a power panel as shown in Figure 7-3 with the redundant S-series system of Figure 7-4 should be used. The two-wide with redundant system supplies provides injected power allowing the maximum current for a total of 15 A on an S-series node. (1) BS 7671:2008 Requirements for Electrical Installations, IET Wiring Regulations 17th Edition, 2008

21


Figure 7-1: Typical power panel for DeltaV systems Enclosure (A)

DeltaV Power +24VDC

Enclosure (B)

Fuse TB Fuse TB Fuse TB

Enclosure (C)

Enclosure (A)

Field Power +24VDC

Enclosure (B)

Fuse TB Fuse TB Fuse TB

Enclosure (C)

Parallel Single

Parallel Single

Chassis Ground

Parallel Single

AC/DC Power Supply PS1 AC 100-240V

N L

+24VDC 960W/1440W

+ + – –

Output Max. 80A

AC/DC Power Supply

Dual Redundancy Module Input 1 Input 2 DC 24-28V DC 24-28V 40A 40A

+ – + –

CB1

Parallel Single

Chassis Ground

+ –

+ –

AC/DC Power Supply

PS2 AC 100-240V

N L

CB2

PS3 +24VDC 960W/1440W

+ + – –

AC 100-240V

N L

+24VDC 960W/1440W

+ + – –

Output Max. 80A

AC/DC Power Supply

Dual Redundancy Module Input 1 Input 2 DC 24-28V DC 24-28V 40A 40A

+ – + –

CB3

PS4 AC 100-240V

N L

+24VDC 960W/1440W

+ + – –

CB4

Primary AC Power

Secondary AC Power PE

Adjacent Enclosure 6 AWG minimum Enclosure Door Enclosure PE Ground Lug

Note The 24 VDC return (-) terminal of the power supplies must be connected to DeltaV DC ground. This is accomplished as shown in Figure 7-2 from the bused DC ground wire connected to the DC ground bus.

22


Figure 7-2: S-series power and grounding Field Power

… Field Devices as required

+24VDC

DeltaV Power +24VDC

Jumper

14 AWG

Jumper

Jumper

Jumper

DC Ground

Chassis Ground (CG)

14 AWG

Isolated Bus To DIG

To DIG

Adjacent Enclosure 6 AWG minimum Enclosure door Enclosure PE Ground Lug

23


Figure 7-3: High integrity redundant power panel for DeltaV systems

Fuse TB

Primary DeltaV Power +24VDC

Fuse TB

Secondary DeltaV Power +24VDC

Fuse TB

DeltaV Field Power +24VDC

Parallel Single

Parallel Single

Parallel Single

Parallel Single

Chassis Ground

+ –

AC/DC Power Supply

AC/DC Power Supply

PS1 AC 100-240V

N L

AC/DC Power Supply

PS2 +24VDC 960W/1440W

AC 100-240V

+ + – –

N L

CB1

CB2

PS3 +24VDC 960W/1440W

+ + – –

AC 100-240V

N L

+24VDC 960W/1440W

+ + – –

Output Max. 80A

Input 1 Input 2 DC 24-28V DC 24-28V 40A 40A

+ – + –

CB3

Primary AC Power

Secondary AC Power To DIG

24

PE

AC/DC Power Supply

Dual Redundancy Module

Adjacent Enclosure 6 AWG minimum Enclosure Door Enclosure PE Ground Lug

PS4 AC 100-240V

N L

CB4

+24VDC 960W/1440W

+ + – –


Note The 24 VDC return (-) terminal of the power supplies shall be connected to DeltaV DC ground. This is accomplished as shown in Figure 7-4 from the DC ground wire connected to the DC ground bus.

25


Figure 7-4: S-series redundant power and grounding Field Power +24VDC Primary DeltaV Power +24VDC

14 AWG

14 AWG Field Devices as required

14 AWG

Secondary DeltaV Power +24VDC

Jumper

Jumper

Jumper

Isolated Bus

Chassis Ground (CG)

14 AWG

DC Ground To DIG

26

To DIG



CHARMs Because CHARMs are typically used in remote locations they usually have dedicated local redundant power supplies. If CHARM I/O subsystems are powered from AC sources, the power must be very clean. This clean-power is usually obtained by isolation transformers located in close proximity to the CHARM cabinet. It may be advantageous to use UPSs or a combination of a UPS for the primary power and an isolation transformer for the secondary power. In addition to the UPS and isolation transformers, surge suppressors can be located just before each bulk power supply. Most power surges are assumed to originate from lightning. However, it is estimated that in an industrial environment 80% of disruptive surges originate from the industrial power and equipment. Figure 7-5 shows one of the highest integrity CHARM systems with respect to power and ground. The typical distance between the separately derived AC power source and the CHARM cabinet should be 100 meters or less. To greatly reduce any chance of interfering noise coupling into the powerfeed, use conductive metal conduit or armored cable between the separately derived source (UPSs or Isolation Transformers) and the CHARM enclosure. Important CHARM extender cables DO NOT extend the shield bar from one group of baseplates to the next. Baseplate shields are connected to the Chassis Ground (CG) using 14 AWG wire from the Address Plug terminal connection or the end terminator connection point. If extender cables are used and shielded signal cables are located on baseplates on both sides of the extender cables, separate shield cables must be connected to the CG bar from each set of baseplates.

27


Figure 7-5: Highest integrity power and grounding for a CHARM enclosure CHARM Enclosure

DC ok

DC ok

AC/DC Power Supply

Isolation Transformer

AC/DC Power Supply

PS1

PS1

AC 100-240V

AC 100-240V

N

Communications with DeltaV Should be connected via Fiberoptic cable for distance exceeding 200 ft.

N

L

L

N

AC Feed 1

G N

G

L

C N N O O C M

L

N

G

G N

Filter/Surge Suppression Device

Follow Local Codes CB1

L

C N N O O C M

L

N

G

Filter/Surge Suppression Device

CB1


N

AC Feed 2

G

Follow Local Codes

Follow Local Codes

Chassis Ground (CG) Isolated Bus DC Ground See Table 1 for cable size

Wire sized equal or greater than maximum power feed

Building Steel DIG

If the distance to the AC power source is short (less than a few meters); communication to the DeltaV controller is through fiber; and there is no galvanic connection to any other field devices, then the chassis ground and DC ground can be connected together inside the cabinet. This permits the use of one cable from the junction box (JB) to the next ground location. For example, if the optically isolated CHARM junction box (JB) is attached to the steel girder on a drilling rig with the transformers also mounted to the steel directly under the JB, then weld the ground bar to the steel close to the transformers to establish both a separately derived safety ground and a JB DC ground. It is also optimal to maintain a length of less than 100 meters for the shielded signal wires in addition to assuring that signal wires are not in close proximity to interfering sources.

28


Figure 7-6: High integrity power and grounding for CHARM enclosure CHARM Enclosure

DC ok

DC ok

AC/DC Power Supply


AC/DC Power Supply

PS1

PS1

AC 100-240V

AC 100-240V

N


N

L

L

N

AC Feed 1

G

Follow Local Codes

CB1

CB1


N

AC Feed 2

G

Follow Local Codes

Follow Local Codes

Chassis Ground (CG) Isolated Bus DC Ground See Table 1 for cable size

Wire sized equal or greater than maximum power feed

Building Steel DIG

29


Figure 7-7: Power and grounding for CHARM enclosure with clean power CHARM Enclosure

DC ok

DC ok

AC/DC Power Supply

AC/DC Power Supply

PS1

PS2

AC 100-240V

AC 100-240V

N


N

L

CB1

L

CB1

Power should be at or better than stated in EN 61000-3-12 EN 61000-3-11

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-12: Limits for harmonic currents produced by equipment connected to public lowvoltage systems with input current >16 A and ≤75 A per phase Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-11: Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public lowvoltage supply systems – Equipment with rated current ≤75 A and subject to conditional connection

Follow Local Codes Chassis Ground (CG) Isolated Bus

Ground connection from Power Source not necessary if power is controlled with an Active Harmonic Filter

DC Ground See Table 1 for cable size

Building Steel DIG

A separately derived ground is maintained by the use of a DC/DC power converter. The DC/DC converter also assures criteria A is maintained as stated in IEC 60000-4-29. Figure 7-8 shows the placement of the DC/DC supplies when the converters are not located in the CHARM enclosure and Figure 7-9 depicts the typical configuration when the DC/DC converters are located in the same enclosure as the CHARM system.

30


Figure 7-8: Remote DC solution for CHARM power and grounding CHARM Enclosure

CB1

Communications with DeltaV should be connected via Fiberoptic cable for distance exceeding 200 ft.

CB1

Up to 100 ft.

Output Nominal +24VDC 10 A


DC/DC Power Supply

DC/DC Power Supply

PS1

PS1

Input +18-32VDC 10 A


Follow Local Codes for PE Ground Chassis Ground (CG) Isolated Bus

+24VDC Nominal

DC Ground See Table 1 for cable size

Building Steel DIG

31


Figure 7-9: Localized DC solution for CHARM power and grounding CHARM Enclosure



DC/DC Power Supply

DC/DC Power Supply

PS1

PS1



CB1

Communications with DeltaV should be connected via Fiberoptic cable for distance exceeding 200 ft.

CB1

+24VDC Nominal +24VDC Nominal

Follow Local Codes for PE Ground Isolated Bus DC Ground

Chassis Ground (CG)

See Table 1 for cable size

Building Steel DIG

SIS The M-series SIS products are easily integrated into an S-series system by connecting the SIS adaptor module either to the right of the S-Series 2-wide carrier, after the S-series 8-wide carrier, or after the S-series left extender. DC power with the highest integrity is provided as shown in #unique_23/fig_CECEFAAD704F48C4A803FE4F62162F82. Two AC/DC

32


power supplies are combined through a redundancy module to feed the 24 VDC to one group of SLSs or SISNet Repeaters while two other AC/DC power supplies through another redundancy module provide the DC power for the SLSs or SISNet Repeaters partners (see Figure 7-11). Whenever possible it is preferable to run the 24 VDC positive and 24 VDC return together as a twisted pair. When the power is brought to the SIS panel as in Figure 7-11, both groups of DC returns may be bused together at the terminal blocks.

33


Power supply configuration Figure 7-10: Typical SLS power panel with maximum supply redundancy Primary SLS Power 24V DC

Fuse TB

Fuse TB

Secondary SLS Power 24V DC

Chassis Ground

Chassis Ground

Parallel

Parallel

Parallel

Single

Single

Single

Output Max. 80A

AC/DC Power Supply

AC/DC Power Supply


PS1

PS2 DC 24V 960W/1440W

Input 1 DC 24-28V 40A

AC 100240V


N L

L

C N N O O C M

L

N

G

CB1

CB2

AC/DC Power Supply


PS3

PS4 DC 24V 960W/1440W

AC 100240V


AC 100240V


N L

G N

Filter/ Surge Suppression Device

Single

DC 24V 960W/1440W

N L

G N

Parallel

Output Max. 80A

AC/DC Power Supply

L

C N N O O C M

L

N

G


G N

CB3

DC 24V 960W/1440W AC 100240V

N L

L

C N N O O C M

L

N

G


G N

CB4

L

C N N O O C M

L

N

G


Primary AC Power

Secondary AC Power PE To DIG

Note 1) Use either a combined Suppressor Filter Module or a Type II or Type III Surge Suppressor followed by a Filter sized appropriately

Adjacent Enclosure Enclosure door Enclosure PE Ground Lug 6 AWG minimum

34


Note Connect the 24 VDC return (-) terminal of the power supplies to DeltaV DC ground. This is accomplished as shown in Figure 7-11 from the bused DC ground wire connected to the DC Ground bus.

35


Incorporating M-series SLS into S-series Figure 7-11: SLS highest integrity power and grounding SLS Secondary +24VDC ROW 1 Size wire per max. current capacity

ROW N

ROW 1

+24VDC Return

ROW N

+24VDC Primary

SLS Power Primary +24VDC ROW N

ROW 1

ROW 1

+24VDC Return

ROW N

ROW 1 SLS 1B

ROW 1 SLS 2B

ROW 1 SLS 3B

ROW 1 SLS 4B

+24VDC Primary

DeltaV Power +24VDC 14 AWG

ROW 1 SLS 1B

ROW 1 SLS 2B

ROW 1 SLS 3B

ROW 1 SLS 4B

32 Logic Solvers Total

ROW N SLS 1A

ROW N SLS 1B

ROW N SLS 2A

ROW N SLS 2B

ROW N SLS 3A

ROW N SLS 3B

ROW N SLS 4A

ROW N SLS 4B

ROW N SIS-NET 1A

ROW N SIS-NET 1B

Install 120 ohm terminators on one-wide carrier

Row N 14 AWG

Chassis Ground (CG)

Isolated Bus To DIG

36

DC Ground

To DIG



Figure 7-12 shows an option for powering a redundant SLS safety system from one pair of redundant power supplies where the redundancy is provided from two AC/DC power supplies that are combined through a redundancy module as seen in one group in #unique_23/fig_CECEFAAD704F48C4A803FE4F62162F82. Ground the SIS power supply return, DeltaV power supply return, and system power supply return at the DC ground bus. Figure 7-12: SLS high integrity power and grounding SLS Power +24VDC ROW 1

Size wire per max. current capacity

ROW N

ROW 1

+24VDC Return

ROW N

+24VDC

DeltaV Power +24VDC 14 AWG

32 Logic Solvers Total

Install 120 ohm terminators on one-wide carrier

Row N

14 AWG

Chassis Ground (CG)

Isolated Bus To DIG

DC Ground

To DIG


37


Note The 24 VDC that powers the railbus through the system power supply should be a separate power source from the 24 VDC power supplying the SIS products if S-series cards and SIS cards are in the same system. However, if the entire DeltaV system consists of the system power supplies, controllers, and safety products (Logic Solvers and SISNet Repeaters) then the controller and safety system power can be supplied from the same power source.

Multiple Distributed Enclosures: Power and Grounding Schemes Figure 7-13: Grounding with multiple distributed enclosures Power Disconnect Panel

Primary UPS

1

Static Bypass Switch

AC Secondary 2

Battery Bank or Flywheel Storage

LINE

AC Feed 1

AC Secondary 1 2 N

GROUND

Inverter

NEUTRAL

Bypass Transformer Rectifier

N

AC Secondary N

G

Power Disconnect Panel

Secondary UPS

1


AC Secondary 2


LINE

AC Feed 2

AC Secondary 1 2 N

GROUND

Inverter

NEUTRAL


N

AC Secondary N

G

Instrument Enclosure 1 L N PE

AC Primary 1

L N PE

AC Secondary 1 Chassis Ground (CG)

Enclosure door

+24VDC +24VDC

+24VDC +24VDC

Shield Bar

Instrument Enclosure 2 DeltaV Primary Power +24VDC DeltaV Secondary Power +24VDC

L N PE

AC Primary 2

L N PE


DC Ground

+24VDC +24VDC

+24VDC +24VDC

Shield Bar

Enclosure door

Isolated Bus

Enclosure PE Ground Lug

DeltaV Primary Power +24VDC DeltaV Secondary Power +24VDC

Building Steel

DIG

L N PE

+24VDC +24VDC

Chassis Ground (CG)


Isolated Bus

+24VDC +24VDC

AC Secondary N

Enclosure door

Isolated Bus

L N PE

AC Primary N

DC Ground


Building Steel

38

Instrument Enclosure N

Shield Bar


DC Ground

Isolated Bus


Any DeltaV system (M-series, S-series, or CHARMs) can be configured as shown in Figure 7-13. The highest integrity system has both UPSs located in the same area as all of the DeltaV enclosures. An equally high integrity configuration would have one UPS and one filtered isolation transformer in addition to surge suppressors in all of the enclosures. The ground bus-bar shown in Figure 7-13 and Figure 7-14 located just prior to the DIG only requires one conductor leading to the actual earth ground point. For example, on a multi-story building or platform, as the DeltaV grounds leave the floor, both the DC ground and chassis ground are connected to a common ground that is either welded to building steel or bolted using conductive grease on the bonding surfaces to building steel. The vertical ground run to the actual DeltaV instrument ground only needs to be a single cable sized as shown in Table 5-1 or Table 5-4. If the total length exceeds 300 feet then the 4/0 cable is adequate. In addition, if the DeltaV equipment is located in a multistory structure every other floor can be connected together. Figure 7-14: Close proximity enclosures with chassis and DC grounds together Power Disconnect Panel


Filter

1

AC Secondary 1 2

AC Secondary 2 LINE

GROUND

AC Feed 1

NEUTRAL

N

N

AC Secondary N

G


Secondary UPS

Bypass Transformer

1 Static Bypass Switch

AC Secondary 2


LINE

AC Feed 2

AC Secondary 1 2 N GROUND

Inverter

NEUTRAL

Rectifier

N

AC Secondary N

G

Instrument Enclosure 1 L N PE

AC Primary 1

L N PE


Enclosure door Enclosure PE Ground Lug

+24VDC +24VDC

+24VDC +24VDC

Shield Bar

Instrument Enclosure 2 DeltaV Primary Power +24VDC DeltaV Secondary Power +24VDC

L N PE

AC Primary 2

L N PE


DC Ground

Isolated Bus 6 AWG minimum

+24VDC +24VDC

+24VDC +24VDC

Shield Bar


Instrument Enclosure N DeltaV Primary Power +24VDC DeltaV Secondary Power +24VDC

6 AWG minimum

+24VDC +24VDC

L N PE

+24VDC +24VDC

AC Secondary N Chassis Ground (CG)

DC Ground

Isolated Bus

L N PE

AC Primary N


Shield Bar


DC Ground

Isolated Bus 6 AWG minimum

Building Steel

DIG

39


If the I/O count is relatively small (less than 100 I/O points) or the cost benefit evaluation results in the system not requiring the highest integrity, then the chassis ground may be connected as shown in Figure 7-14. Figure 7-15: Enclosure grounding with adjacent bays Power Disconnect Panel

Primary UPS

AC Secondary 1 2

AC Secondary 2

N


LINE

AC Feed 1

1

GROUND

Inverter

NEUTRAL



N

AC Secondary N

G


Secondary UPS

AC Secondary 1 2

AC Secondary 2

N


LINE

AC Feed 2

1

GROUND

Inverter

NEUTRAL



N

AC Secondary N

G

Enclosure 1 Bay 1 L N PE

+24VDC +24VDC

AC Primary 1

L N PE

+24VDC +24VDC



Shield Bar

Isolated Bus

Enclosure 1 Bay 2 DeltaV Primary Power +24VDC DeltaV Secondary Power +24VDC

L N PE

+24VDC +24VDC

AC Primary 2

L N PE

+24VDC +24VDC


DC Ground

Enclosure door

Shield Bar

Enclosure 1 Bay N DeltaV Primary Power +24VDC DeltaV Secondary Power +24VDC

L N PE

+24VDC +24VDC

L N PE

+24VDC +24VDC

AC Primary N

AC Secondary N Chassis Ground (CG)

DC Ground

Enclosure door

Isolated Bus


Shield Bar


DC Ground

Isolated Bus


Enclosire 2 Enclosure 3

Building Steel

Isolated Bus

Building Steel

DIG

When multiple enclosures are physically connected together and the highest ground integrity is desired as shown in Figure 7-15, then the chassis reference buses may be interconnected to each other. The DC ground buses are also interconnected. This method can be used for up to four adjacent bays. It is best to use a center bay for the interconnection between the enclosure structure and the external ground bus.

40


Figure 7-16 and Figure 7-17 show examples where multi-paired cables are brought to a DeltaV cabinet in a type of homerun cable with either conductive armor or metal jacketing.

CAUTION! The overall conductive surface of metallic or armored cable must always be connected to the safety ground system in a DeltaV enclosure. Follow local codes and regulations.

Figure 7-16: Highest integrity cable shielding solution Instrument Enclosure L N PE

+24VDC +24VDC

L N PE

+24VDC +24VDC

AC Primary 1


ARMORED/METAL shielding Armored and screened instrument cables from the field

Enclosure door

DeltaV Shield Bar


DC Ground

Isolated Bus


Grounds from other Enclosures

Building Steel

Isolated Bus

Ground from Separately Derived AC source Building Steel

DIG

Figure 7-16 shows the overall armored or metal jacket connected to the DeltaV chassis ground bar, which is in turn connected to building steel and protective earth. The individual cable shields inside the armored bundle are typically connected to the DeltaV shield bar, which is also connected to the chassis ground reference.

41


Figure 7-17: Localized systems on welded metal structure with minimal external influences Instrument Enclosure L N PE

+24VDC +24VDC

L N PE

+24VDC +24VDC

AC Primary 1


ARMORED/METAL shielding Armored and screened instrument cables from the field

Enclosure door

DeltaV Shield Bar


DC Ground

Isolated Bus


6 AWG minimum

Ground from Separately Derived AC source

Grounds from other Enclosures

Welded to Building Steel

Isolated Bus

2 AWG

Figure 7-17 represents a special case where an entire structure is considered to be at an equipotential. One example is a floating platform. Other reasons for connecting the shields as shown in Figure 7-17 are as follows: •

This maintains the separately derived AC power sources in close proximity to the enclosures (within 100 meters)

•

The individual signal shield should not be in areas of high noise susceptibility, that is, not in close proximity to VFDs or in any lightning zone 0 or zone 1 without signal surge protection.

•

The maximum distance from any enclosure to its corresponding external ground bar should be 100 feet.

Use Table 5-4 to determine the ground conductor sizing.

Floating AC and high-resistance ground Removing the connection of AC ground to the dedicated DeltaV instrument ground also changes the way in which the AC power distribution system must be grounded. The AC power and grounding system can be designed with floating or high-resistive grounds (HRG), in accordance with applicable electrical codes. The DeltaV DC power must remain solidly grounded. The controller and I/O components are certified based on the prescribed grounding of the equipment. Important DeltaV AC discrete I/O products are tested and certified for use with solidly grounded AC systems and should not be used on a floating or high-resistive ground. However, isolated AC channels are permitted.

42


The Emerson bulk power supplies are capable of providing up to 1500 VDC of isolation from the AC power source, and they must be installed per the manufacturer's instructions. AC power and grounding is governed by the applicable codes and regulations and is independent of the DeltaV DC power requirements. Note If an HRG or a floating AC power is used to power a DeltaV bulk power supply, a Surge Suppression Device (SPD) with filters is recommended immediately prior to the bulk power supply. Important A re-strike transient is produced in many HRG systems which introduces a transient. This re-strike transient is generated from the system when a ground fault occurs in an attempt to isolate the leg with the fault. Use adequate filtering to preclude detrimental affects to DeltaV systems.

43


44

Grounding topologies

8

Grounding topologies Topics covered in this chapter: • • •

Star or single-point ground Mesh star ground network Hybrid star mesh ground network

Equipotential ground: Every location within the grounding network is at the same potential voltage. This is the ideal solution for any grounded system. There are many grounding methods which work very well to achieve this goal. IEC 60364-4-44 Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 4-44: Protection for safety - Protection against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbances is an excellent source for grounding topologies. When connecting ground cables excessive service loops should be avoided. The ground cables should be in as direct a path as possible. When crossing power lines, the separation should be as great as possible and at right angles to the power cables.

Star or single-point ground DeltaV functions extremely well using a Star Grounding topology as shown in Figure 8-1.

45


Figure 8-1: Single-point star grounding system

Welded to building steel

DIG

Mesh star ground network Many control systems today are preassembled in structures with raised floors. This type of installation facilitates a mesh star ground system as shown in Figure 8-2. When connecting the DeltaV chassis ground to the mesh, the ground cable or ground straps should be as

46


short as possible. Mesh squares must be no less than two meters per side(1). All mesh crossings should be exothermically welded or tightly bolted, maintaining corrosion free joints with a typical Joint resistance of 500 µ Ω(2). Figure 8-2: Mesh star ground network Isolation Transformer


Inverter

N


Filter

Secondary UPS

N

Battery Bank or Flywheel Storage G

G


DIG


(1) IEC 60364-4-44, Low-voltage Electrical Installations Part 4-44: Protection for safety - Protection against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbances, Ed. 2.0, 2007 (2) IEEE Standard 1100-2005, Recommended Practice for Power and Grounding Electronic Equipment (Emerald Book)

47


Hybrid star mesh ground network Figure 8-3: Hybrid star mesh ground network Isolation Transformer

Rectifier

Inverter

N


Filter

Secondary UPS

Bypass Transformer

N

Battery Bank or Flywheel Storage G


DIG

48


G

Interference and transients

Appendix A Interference and transients Topics covered in this appendix: • • •

Static (capacitive) coupling Voltage differentials Inductive coupling

Static (capacitive) coupling Static coupled interference is the result of noise coupling to instrumentation and the signal's shield being in close proximity to the noise source. The following figure is a simplified illustration of two return paths on which capacitive coupled interference travels. The dashed return path through DeltaV represents the path noise takes when the shields are tied to the isolated instrument ground. The noise returns to the location where the chassis ground and DC ground is first connected to building steel. At that point a parallel path is established. Some current will travel through building steel with the remainder following the copper to steel, then to its source. •

Noise wants to return to its source following the path of least resistance.

•

Steel is 10 times more resistive than copper

•

However, due to the skin effect and the multiple paths in the steel, the path through steel is 4.5 time less resistive overall than the copper path.

Interference that is caused by static coupling is common in industrial applications. It occurs from noise originating from the commutation of motors; the rapid switching of SCRs and IGBTs when variable frequency drives recreate sine waves to control motor speed; and tooling such as welders. By connecting the shields to building steel, noise returns to its source more efficiently.

49


Figure A-1: Static coupled interference return paths from motor noise KEY Return path thru DeltaV Return path thru Steel Chassis Ground

Capacitive Coupled Noise to signal shield

Steel Floor

Noise Elevation at Motor

Plant Ground Grid DeltaV Instrument Ground Bonding Point

Voltage differentials Voltage differentials occur as a result of many events common to industry, such as lightning, utility failures, and equipment failures. For example, if lightning strikes on one side of a structure and DeltaV signal wires travel into the area near the lightning stroke, then static coupling can be induced on signal shields even if the associated DeltaV enclosure is in a different part of the structure. Figure A-2 represents a fault at time equals zero that establishes a voltage differential in a facility.

50


Figure A-2: Static coupled from Voltage Differential fault KEY Return path thru DeltaV Return path thru Steel Chassis Ground

Instrument Enclosure Signal Wire Shield

Steel Structure

Voltage Differential from 1) Utility Fault 2) Equipment Fault 3) Lightning

Noise Elevation from Fault Building Steel Bonding Points

Plant Ground Grid DeltaV Instrument Ground Bonding Point

Typically, voltage differential faults that result from equipment failure, utility faults, or lightning create a transient signal which subsides with a type a diminishing ring similar to the gate function (sin(x)/x). However, the decay more closely resembles a zero order Bessel function. Since noise attempts to return to its source, the actual elevation in impulse voltage at one area establishes a differential with respect to more remote locations. Multiple paths through steel and copper grounds eventually equalize due to the heating (I2 •R) losses throughout the numerous return eddy paths.

Inductive coupling When signal wires are in close proximity to high current conductors, such as the down conductor on a lightning system, lightning strikes induce a current on its air terminal and possibly the signal conductors too. A voltage differential is established on the wire and ground system which dissipates through numerous eddy current paths as the induced interference attempts to return to its source. The most direct path is the one in which the shield is connected to building steel as close as possible. Industry example: A 55 KV precipitator used to covert ash into small pellets that can be collected was located at the top of a multistory chimney. The ground conductor was an exposed copper wire traversing the length of the chimney into the ground grid. This ground cable was also connected to building steel on every floor. A signal cable was run in parallel to the precipitator's ground wire, which caused a 90 VPP transient to be coupled onto the signal during the precipitation process. This coupling process was due to inductive coupling as shown in Figure A-3.

51


Figure A-3: Inductive coupling from down-conductor into signal cable KEY Return path thru DeltaV Return path thru Steel Chassis Ground

Precipitator

Ground Cable from Precipitator

Bonding Points to Building Steel

Inductive Coupled Interference

Instrument Enclosure

Signal Cable

Temperature Signal

DeltaV DIG

52

High integrity ground systems

Appendix B High integrity ground systems Highest integrity systems have shields connected to chassis ground Perform a cost/benefit evaluation when choosing the proper location to land the shield drain wires. There is a definite cost savings associated with connecting both the DC ground and the Chassis Ground (CG) together. This requires only one functional ground connection to the DeltaV Instrumentation Ground (DIG). If however, the highest integrity ground system yielding the least amount of disruptive events is required, then the shields should be connected to the CG for the following reasons: •

Noise wants to return to its source following the path of least resistance (refer to See Appendix A)

•

Scientific evidence confirms that noise on shields connected to DC ground adversely influences system integrity. The Pin one problem first recognized by Neil Muncy and documented in his 1994 Audio Engineering Society paper has been confirmed in multiple studies. Although this issue has been of particular concern to audio engineers, the conclusion applies to all engineering disciplines including control systems.

•

Various standards recommend that shields be connected to enclosure or chassis ground: -

PROFIBUS recommends connecting shield drains to case ground. Connecting shields to chassis ground provides equalization; mitigates interference currents; ensures compliance with EMC regulations; and should be installed with regard to the requirements of high frequency currents. Profibus Technical Description Sept. 1999.

-

ANSI/ISA-RP12.06.01-2003 Recommended Practice for Wiring Methods for Hazardous (Classified) Locations Instrumentation Part 1: Intrinsic Safety requires that shields be connected to equipment or chassis ground.

Equipment manufacturers are continually designing products to be smaller, with less weight, and at an increased savings. This has led to products operating at higher frequencies resulting in electrical components, such as indictors and transformers, being much smaller. Emerson has been and will remain a leader in providing a power and grounding solutions for controlling equipment designed for today's adverse environments as well as unforeseen future applications.

53

High integrity ground systems

54

Checklists for verifying site ground

Appendix C Checklists for verifying site ground Topics covered in this appendix: • •

Site ground verification checklists Checklists

Site ground verification checklists Equipment •

Power line analyzer such as a Fluke 434 or equivalent

•

Clamp-on RMS ammeter (for AC and DC current measurements)

•

Recording thermometer/humidity meter

•

Fluke 199 or 200 MHz digital oscilloscope (for earth/noise verification)

•

Calibrated 4-1/2 digit DVM with accuracy of ± 0.05%, or better.

•

Fluke 123 - 20 MHz digital scope meter (for fieldbus capacitance verification)

•

Fluke DSP-2000 cable tester for certification of CAT5 and fiber optic cabling

•

Fluke 1625 Earth Ground Tester (or equivalent)

•

Fluke 1630 Earth Ground Clamp Meter

Note Equivalent equipment may be substituted for the equipment listed above.

Product information Review the most current revision of product manuals and installation manuals prior to checkout.

Checklists

55


Good engineering practices for general systems Table C-1: Good engineering practices for general systems Good engineering practices for general systems

Page __ of __

Verification

Answer

If No please comment

Are servers, stations, routers, and so on, cleaned up (software) and re-installed according to station specific installation instructions?

Yes / No / N.A.

By: ________________

Are the proper procedures and equipment used for assembling and connecting wiring, connectors and terminations (power, alarming, I/O, Busses, network, and so on)?

Yes / No / N.A.

Does a spot check of the assembly procedures used (for example, crimping of terminations, and so on) indicate that proper materials, tools and procedures were used?

Yes / No / N.A.

Is redundancy (controller, I/O, power, network, and so on) properly identified and tested?

Yes / No / N.A.

By: ________________ Date: __________

By: ________________ Date: __________

By: ________________ Date: __________

Are connections which have to be made Yes / No / N.A. during site installation (for example, power and grounding) clearly tagged and identified?

By: ________________

Are system diagnostics performed and do Yes / No / N.A. the diagnostics readings result in expected values?

By: ________________

Comments:

56

Date: __________

Date: __________

Date: __________


Environmental conditions Table C-2: Environmental conditions Environmental conditions

Page __ of __

Verification

Answer


Is the environment to which the system parts are exposed, (temperature, humidity, vibration) as per design specifications in normal operation? If the site is still under construction will these cause adverse effects?

Yes / No / N.A.

By: ________________ Date: __________

Are system components free of contamiYes / No / N.A. nation due to the installation (for example, drill shavings, cement dust, and so on)? Visually inspect the top of the DeltaV cards and verify that there is no sign of contamination, especially by copper or other conducting material.

By: ________________

Is the installation and surrounding area free of dirt and dust and properly protected against contamination from such?

By: ________________

Yes / No / N.A.

Date: __________

Date: __________

Verify that there is a proper environmental Yes / No / N.A. system to keep the DeltaV system from reaching its maximum or minimum operation temperature.

By: ________________

Verify that there is no corrosive buildup on Yes / No / N.A. any component of the DCS system. This includes bulk power supplies, the DeltaV system, the I/O cards and the grounding system.

By: ________________

Date: __________

Date: __________

Comments:

57


Power and grounding connections Table C-3: Power and grounding connections Power and grounding connections

58

Page __ of __

Verification

Answer


Are the connections performed per design, properly terminated, and labeled (proper size for distance)?

Yes / No / N.A.

By: ________________

Are the cable sizes and type in accordance with the intended use? (insulated vs. uninsulated, solid wire vs. small diameter multi strands, and so on)

Yes / No / N.A.

Are the cable runs made according to this manual and do they conform to pertinent safety regulations?

Yes / No / N.A.

Date: __________ By: ________________ Date: __________

By: ________________ Date: __________

Are the lengths of all power and grounding Yes / No / N.A. cables from the dedicated instrumentation points (power source and dedicated plant ground connection) to the system within the guidelines of this manual?

By: ________________

Is the Dedicated Instrumentation Ground Yes / No / N.A. (DIG) connected to the lowest available dedicated connection to true earth and is this connection's resistance verified using one of the methods as described in the Site Preparation and Design for DeltaV Digital Automation Systems manual ?

By: ________________

Is the DIG connection to true earth also connected to the plant power grid system as detailed in this manual?

By: ________________

Yes / No / N.A.

Date: __________

Date: __________

Date: __________

Are the Separately Derived Sources using a Yes / No / N.A. neutral to ground bond at the source that is connected to the DeltaV Instrument Ground?

By: ________________

Are the applied Separately Derived Sources using proper redundancy and UPS's, as intended by the customer?

By: ________________

Yes / No / N.A.

Date: __________

Date: __________

Are all applicable power connections and Yes / No / N.A. distributions installed, inspected, tagged and verified for conformity to local and national codes applicable to the end user (for example, NEC, CSA, IEEE, CE, NEN, etc.)?

By: ________________

If the DIG is connected to the Plant Ground Yes / No / N.A. Grid (PGG) then was the PGG engineered properly?

By: ________________

Date: __________

Date: __________


Table C-3: Power and grounding connections (continued) Power and grounding connections Verification

Page __ of __ Answer

If the DIG is connected to the Plant Ground Yes / No / N.A. Grid (PGG) then if possible verify the integrity of the PGG. Is if of high integrity and free of corrosion?

If No please comment By: ________________ Date: __________

Comments:

59


Power and grounding connections with triad Table C-4: Power and grounding connections with triad Power and grounding connections with triad

Page __ of __

Use this document if the DIG is connected to a TRIAD, or a series of three grounding rods bonded together. The next three rows assume that it is safe to check the earthing system and that each point of the triad can be isolated and tested. Verification

Answer

Check the DeltaV grounding resistance of Yes / No / N.A. ground rod #1 using a three-point grounding test procedure.

If No please comment By: ________________ Date: __________

(Make sure to calculate the testing impedance from the initial results. The value should optimally be 1 Ohm or less with a maximum of 3 Ohms.) Check the DeltaV grounding resistance of Yes / No / N.A. ground rod #2 using a three-point grounding test procedure.

By: ________________ Date: __________

(Make sure to calculate the testing impedance from the initial results. The optimal value should be 1 Ohm or less with a maximum of 3 Ohms.) Check the DeltaV grounding resistance of Yes / No / N.A. ground rod #3 using a three-point grounding test procedure. (Make sure to calculate the testing impedance from the initial results. The value should optimally be 1 Ohm or less with a maximum of 3 Ohms.) Comments:

60

By: ________________ Date: __________


General field device installation Table C-5: General field device installation General field device installation

Page __ of __

Complete this worksheet page for each device sampled. Emerson recommends a minimum of 10% of the devices and checking at least one of each type of device used. Verification

Answer


Are devices installed according to good engineering practices? • Are they properly mounted? • Is the orientation correct? • Are they reachable? • Are they serviceable? • Are they properly tagged?

Yes / No / N.A.

By: ________________

Are devices connected according to good engineering practices? For example: • Is the case properly grounded? (not to the shield of the communication cable) • Are shipping plugs removed and are unused cable entries properly closed? • Are drip loops present and effective? • Are cable conduits properly mounted and sealed to prevent the entry of moisture? Are cable runs such that no sharp metal edges can cut through cable insulation? • Are cables properly tied so no strain is present on the terminations? • Are cables routed and protected in a way that will minimize EMI? • Are unused conductors and shields properly terminated, with a minimal loss of the overall wire protection? • Is the shield of the cable tied back and insulated so that it cannot make contact with the case of the device?

Yes / No / N.A.

Are cable trays to the device properly grounded?

Yes / No / N.A.

Date: __________ (minimim 10% spot-check recommended)

By: ________________ Date: __________ (minimim 10% spot-check recommended)

By: ________________ Date: __________ (minimim 10% spot-check recommended)

61


Table C-5: General field device installation (continued) General field device installation

Page __ of __

Complete this worksheet page for each device sampled. Emerson recommends a minimum of 10% of the devices and checking at least one of each type of device used. Verification

Answer

Are cable trays at least 18" from any power Yes / No / N.A. source or cable tray that carries power? Note No instrumentation cables connected to devices should be in a cable tray with power cables, or VAC control cables. Comments:

62

If No please comment By: ________________ Date: __________ (minimim 10% spot-check recommended)


I/O wiring (conventional, HART, serial, and bus types) Table C-6: I/O wiring (conventional, HART, serial, and bus types) I/O wiring (conventional, HART, serial, and bus types)

Page __ of __

Verification

Answer


If there are serial connections to other devices (for example, PLC, weigh scale, and so on), are they using the same dedicated ground system or if not, are the communication connections isolated?

Yes / No / N.A.

By: ________________

Are cable shields properly terminated at the shield bar and connected to ground at the power source's end only (Remove and measure with DVM)?

Yes / No / N.A.

Is cable armor terminated and connected to ground according to the guidelines in the document Site Preparation and Design for DeltaV Digital Automation Systems?

Yes / No / N.A.

Date: __________

By: ________________ Date: __________ (minimum 10% spot check recommended) By: ________________ Date: __________ (minimum 10% spot check recommended)

Is all I/O wiring termination and connecYes / No / N.A. tion performed according to Good Engineering Practices? For example: • Stripped back in such a manner that signals cannot short to other terminals? • Heat-shrink on cut back cables? • Correctly terminated, labeled and color-coded? • Are cable runs such that no sharp metal edges can cut through cable insulation? • Are cables properly tied so no strain is present on the terminations? • Are cables routed in a way that EMI interference will be at a minimum? • Are unused conductors and shields properly terminated to ground on one end only? • Proper crimp sizes of terminations used for cables? • Proper termination for the application? • Special terminations when 2 wires in 1 crimp are used?

By: ________________

Are millivolt and pulse count signals connected through individually shielded twisted pair cables?

By: ________________

Yes / No / N.A.

Date: __________ (minimum 10% spot check recommended)

Date: __________ (minimum 10% spot check recommended)

63


Table C-6: I/O wiring (conventional, HART, serial, and bus types) (continued) I/O wiring (conventional, HART, serial, and bus types)

Page __ of __

Verification


Answer

For Bus systems, do the connections, Yes / No / N.A. grounding principles, components and layout conform to applicable BUS standard? For example: • Foundation Fieldbus • ASI bus • ProfiBus

64

By: ________________ Date: __________ (minimum 10% spot check recommended)


Enclosures Table C-7: Enclosures Enclosures

Page __ of __

Complete this worksheet page for each enclosure Verification

Answer


Is the enclosure free of any signs of environmental damage?

Yes / No / N.A.

By: ________________ Date: __________

(Corrosion, rust, paint burns, paint flakes, and so on.) Is the temperature within the Yes / No / N.A. cabinets and enclosures within the limits specified in the design (measure at least one typical or worst-case application if necessary)? (Note any devices in the cabinet creating possible excessive heat.)

By: ________________

Is the Humidity within the cabi- Yes / No / N.A. nets and enclosures within the limits specified in the design (measure at least one typical or worst-case application if necessary)?

By: ________________

Are all cable entries in and out of the cabinets and enclosures sealed?

Yes / No / N.A.

By: ________________

Are all enclosures properly positioned and mounted with groups of enclosures properly bolted together?

Yes / No / N.A.

Date: __________

Date: __________

Date: __________ By: ________________ Date: __________

Are all tagged and identified Yes / No / N.A. connections (power, grounding, communications, and so on) installed properly? Do they follow good engineering practices with regard to interconnection?

By: ________________

Are all connections solid and Yes / No / N.A. tightened? Is there good conduction in all connections (that is, no corrosion or hanging wire strands)?

By: ________________

Date: __________

Date: __________

65


Table C-7: Enclosures (continued) Enclosures

Page __ of __


Answer


Are added metal mounting parts, doors, and so on, that can become live during fault conditions, properly grounded (for example, properly sized bonding wires or braids to ground bus)?

Yes / No / N.A.

By: ________________ Date: __________

Are added metal mounting Yes / No / N.A. parts properly protected against the possibility of their causing short circuits (for example, when doors are closed)?

By: ________________

Is added equipment properly mounted for the intentioned application (vibration, shipping, maintenance, safety, and so on)?

Yes / No / N.A.

By: ________________

Visually check the grounds in the enclosure. Does the grounding follow this manual's recommendations?

Yes / No / N.A.

Check the impedance and current flow for the enclosure grounding system

Yes / No / N.A.

Calculate the DeltaV carrier power implementation. Verify that it does not exceed the recommendations.

Yes / No / N.A.

Do the network components used and the network installation follow the design?

Yes / No / N.A.

Date: __________

By: ________________ Date: __________

Results:

By: _____________

__________ Ohms

Date: __________

__________ mA By: ________________ Date: __________

Are all added cables certified Yes / No / N.A. for the application (for example CAT5 and fiber optic), properly terminated, labeled and colorcoded?

66

Date: __________

By: ________________ Date: __________ By: ________________ Date: __________


Table C-7: Enclosures (continued) Enclosures

Page __ of __


Answer


Are network cables routed and installed according to the guidelines in this manual? Verify that the network cables are shielded according to the recommendations in this manual.

Yes / No / N.A.

By: ________________ Date: __________

67


AC power system and distribution Table C-8: AC power system and distribution AC power system and distribution

Page __ of __

Complete this worksheet page for each enclosure Enclosure Location:

Breaker Location:

Verify that all AC powered devices are switched off or disconnected.

Recorded Value Complete ---

With AC power system disconnected, measure impedance of sys- --tem from all line and neutral connections to ground. (Impedance must be high) If the impedance is in conformance, have a person approved by the customer switch on the AC power system. Record the person's name. Primary AC voltage is within specifications. (85 to 264 VAC / 47 to 63 Hz measured between line and neutral) Check the noise level of the AC power. (Look for noise spikes and excessive noise levels injected into the AC power) Ground to neutral voltage is within specification. (0.00 V ±1.00 VAC) Secondary AC voltage is within specifications. (85 to 264 VAC / 47 to 63 Hz Measured between Line and Neutral) Ground to neutral voltage is within specification. (0.00 V ±1.00 VAC) If conforming, it is appropriate to switch ON or reconnect all AC powered devices.

---

Verify that all AC powered fans, cooling devices, lights, and so on are running and operational. Using an oscilloscope verify that they are not creating excessive noise.

---

Verify if LED's of all AC powered devices indicate normal.

---

Comments:

68

---


DC power system and distribution Table C-9: DC power system and distribution DC power system and distribution

Page __ of __


Breaker Location:

Recorded Value Complete

Verify that all AC-powered devices are switched off or disconnected With the DC power system disconnected, measure impedance of system from all line and neutral connections to ground (Impedance MUST be High) Apply DC voltage to the distribution system Primary 24 VDC is within specifications. (21.6 VDC to 26.4 VDC) Secondary 24 VDC is within specifications. (21.6 VDC to 26.4 VDC) Measure the AC noise level of the 24 VDC power to AC ground at a resolution of 5 ms/div on the Scope. (Make sure the scope filtering is off, 1 VAC maximum, and AC coupled) Measure the AC noise level of the 24 VDC power to AC ground at a resolution of 200 ms/div on the scope. (Make sure the scope filtering is off, 1 VAC maximum and AC coupled) Primary 12 VDC is within specifications. (11.4 VDC to 12.6 VDC) Secondary 12 VDC is within specifications. (11.4 VDC to 12.6 VDC) Measure the AC noise level of the 12 VDC power to AC ground at a resolution of 5 ms/div on the scope. This should be done at the DeltaV Controllers. (Make sure the scope filtering is off, 1 VAC maximum and AC coupled) Measure the AC noise level of the 12 VDC power to AC Ground at a resolution of 200 ms/div on the scope. This should be done at the DeltaV Controllers. (Make sure the scope filtering is off, 1 VAC maximum and AC coupled) Verify that all DC powered fans, cooling devices, lights, and so on are running and operational. Using an oscilloscope verify that they are not creating excessive noise.

69


Table C-9: DC power system and distribution (continued) DC power system and distribution

Page __ of __


Breaker Location:

Verify that LEDs of all DC powered devices indicate normal Comments:

70

Recorded Value Complete


DeltaV controllers Table C-10: DeltaV controllers DeltaV controllers

Page __ of __

Complete this worksheet page for each controller Enclosure location:

Controller name:

Value/Comment

Complete

Are the network components used and the network installation as per design?

Yes / No / N.A.

By: ______________

Are all added cables certified for the application (for example CAT5 and fiber optic), properly terminated, labeled and color-coded?

Yes / No / N.A.

Are network cables routed and installed according to the guidelines in the document Site Preparation and Design for DeltaV Digital Automation Systems?

Yes / No / N.A.

Assembly: • Back planes plugged in tightly • All power supplies controllers, I/O modules screwed in securely (Do not over torque) • Input power wiring termination tight and labeled • Network cables locked in place • Environmental conditions within specifications System power supply LEDs normal (Power-ON, Error-OFF) Active controller's LEDs normal (Power - ON, Error - OFF if downloaded / Flash if un-configured, Active - ON, Standby - OFF, CN1 - Flash if communicating on the primary control network, CN2 - Flash if communicating on the secondary control network) Standby controller's LEDs normal (Power - ON, Error - OFF if downloaded / Flash if un-configured, Active - OFF, Standby - ON, CN1 - Flash if communicating on the primary control network, CN2 - Flash if communicating on the secondary control network) Controller accessible through standard diagnostics (accessible, primary & secondary communication without increasing errors) All I/O cards accessible through standard diagnostics (accessible, no mismatches, no missing cards) Date: __________ By: ______________ Date: __________ By: ______________ Date: __________

71


Table C-10: DeltaV controllers (continued) DeltaV controllers

Page __ of __

Complete this worksheet page for each controller Enclosure location: Comments:

72

Controller name:

Value/Comment

Complete


List of equipment used Table C-11: List of equipment used List of equipment used Manufacturer

Type:

Page __ of __ Serial number:

Re-calibration date:

Used in section

Comments:

73


74

References

Appendix D References General reference Joffe, Elya B. and Lock, Kai-Sang, Grounds for Grounding: A Circuit-to-System Handbook, IEEE Wiley & Sons, 2010. Ott, Henry, Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering, Wiley & Sons, 2009. Vijayaraghavan, G., Brown, Mark, and Barnes, Malcolm, Practical Grounding, Bounding, Shielding and Surge Protection, Elsevier, 2004. Power transmission reference Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, Westinghouse, 1950. Reference books for personnel and property safety Soares Book on Grounding and Bonding, 10th Edition, International Association of Electrical Inspectors, 2008. National Electric Code (NEC) 2011 Handbook, NFPA 70, 2011. BS 7671:2008 Requirements for Electrical Installations 17th Edition, IET Wiring Regulations, 2008. Cook, Paul, Commentary on IET Wiring Regulations 17th Edition BS 7671:2008 Requirements for Electrical Installations, Institute of Engineering and Technology, 2008. American standards ANSI/ISA-RP12.06.01-2003, Recommended Practice for Wiring Methods for Hazardous (Classified) Locations Instrumentation Part 1: Intrinsic Safety. ANSI/ISA-TR12.06.01-1999, Electrical Equipment in a Class 1, Division 2/Zone 2 Hazardous Location . ANSI/ISA-84.01-2004, Application of Safety Instrumented Systems for the Process Industries. ANSI-J-STD-607-A-2002, Commercial Building Grounding (Earthing) and Bonding Requirements for Telecommunications. ATIS-0600333.2007, Grounding and Bonding of Telecommunications Equipment. NFPA 780, Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems. IEEE standards IEEE Standard 1100-2005, Recommended Practice for Power and Grounding Electronic Equipment (Emerald book).

75

References

IEEE Standard 142-2007, Recommended Practices for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (Green book). IEEE Standard 493-2007, Recommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (Gold book). IEEE Standard 1159-1995(R2001), Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality. IEEE Standard 519-1992, Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems. IEEE Standard 1050 2004, Guide for Instrumentation and Control Equipment Grounding in Generating Stations. IEEE Standard 81-1983, Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Ground System. IEEE Standard 45-2002, Recommended Practice for Electrical Installation on Shipboard. IEEE 518-1982(1), Guide for the Installation of Electrical Equipment to Minimize Noise Inputs to Controllers from External Sources, (not currently supported by IEEE). US Military Handbook MIL-HDBK-419A, Grounding, Bonding, and Shielding for Electronic Equipments and Facilities (Vol. 1 Basic Theory; Vol. 2 Applications), 1987. European international standards IEC 60204-1,Ed. 5.1 2009, Safety of Machinery -Electrical equipment of Machines - Part 1: General Requirements IEC 60364-4-44, Ed. 2.0 2007, Low-voltage Electrical Installations; Part 4-44: Protection for safety - Protection against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbances. IEC 61140, Ed. 3.1 2009, Protection Against Electric Shock - Common Aspects for Installation and Equipment. IEC 61326-1 2005, Electrical Equipment For Measurement, Control and Laboratory Use EMC Requirements. IEC 61511-1 Ed. 1.0 2003, Functional safety - Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector - Part 1: Framework, definitions, system, hardware and software requirements. EN 61000-3-11 Ed. 1.0, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-11: Limits - Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems Equipment with rated current ≤ 75 A and subject to conditional connection. EN 61000-3-12 Ed. 1.0, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-12: Limits - Limits for harmonic currents produced by equipment connected to public low-voltage systems with input current > 16 A and ≤ 75 A per phase.

76

References

Lightning references NFPA 780, Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems, 2011. NUREG/CR-6866 ORNL/TM-2001/140, Technical Basis for Regulatory Guidance on Lightning Protection in Nuclear Power Plants, 2011. Lightning Protection for Engineers, National Lightning Safety Institute, 2009.

77

References

78

Power and Grounding Serie S

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