Planets in astrology.pdf

Contents Articles Planets in astrology

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Stars in astrology

18

Palmistry

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Reflexology

30

Tarot

33

References Article Sources and Contributors

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Article Licenses License

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Planets in astrology

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Planets in astrology Astrology

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have a meaning different from the modern astronomical understanding of what a planet is. Before the age of telescopes, the night sky was thought to consist of two very similar components: fixed stars, which remained motionless in relation to each other, and "wandering stars" (Ancient Greek: ‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ ‰Š‹Œ•„‹Ž asteres planetai), which moved relative to the fixed stars over the course of the year. Planets in astrology

To the Greeks and the other earliest astronomers, this group comprised the five planets visible to the naked eye, and excluded the Earth. Although strictly the term "planet" applied only to those five objects, the term was latterly broadened, particularly in the Middle Ages, to include the Sun and the Moon (sometimes referred to as "Lights"[2]), making a total of seven planets. Astrologers retain this definition today. To ancient astrologers, the planets represented the will of the gods and their direct influence upon human affairs. To modern astrologers the planets represent basic drives or urges in the unconscious,[3] or energy flow regulators representing dimensions of experience.[4] They express themselves with different qualities in the twelve signs of the


1

Planets in astrology Astrology


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v t

e [1]

have a meaning different from the modern astronomical understanding of what a planet is. Before the age of telescopes, the night sky was thought to consist of two very similar components: fixed stars, which remained motionless in relation to each other, and "wandering stars" (Ancient Greek: ‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ ‰Š‹Œ•„‹Ž asteres planetai), which moved relative to the fixed stars over the course of the year. Planets in astrology

To the Greeks and the other earliest astronomers, this group comprised the five planets visible to the naked eye, and excluded the Earth. Although strictly the term "planet" applied only to those five objects, the term was latterly broadened, particularly in the Middle Ages, to include the Sun and the Moon (sometimes referred to as "Lights"[2]), making a total of seven planets. Astrologers retain this definition today. To ancient astrologers, the planets represented the will of the gods and their direct influence upon human affairs. To modern astrologers the planets represent basic drives or urges in the unconscious,[3] or energy flow regulators representing dimensions of experience.[4] They express themselves with different qualities in the twelve signs of the


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zodiac and in the twelve houses. The planets are also related to each other in the form of aspects. Modern astrologers differ on the source of the planets' influence. Hone writes that the planets exert it directly through gravitation or another, unknown influence.[5] Others hold that the planets have no direct influence in themselves, but are mirrors of basic organizing principles in the universe. In other words, the basic patterns of the universe repeat themselves everywhere, in fractal-like fashion, and "as above so below".Wikipedia:Citation needed Therefore, the patterns that the planets make in the sky reflect the ebb and flow of basic human impulses. The planets are also associated, especially in the Chinese tradition, with the basic forces of nature. Listed below are the specific meanings and domains associated with the astrological planets since ancient times, with the main focus on the Western astrological tradition. The planets in Hindu astrology are known as the Navagraha or "nine realms". In Chinese astrology, the planets are associated with the life forces of yin and yang and the five elements, which play an important role in the Chinese form of geomancy known as Feng Shui.

Planetary symbolism Main article: Astrological symbol This table shows the astrological planets (as distinct from the astronomical) and the Greek and Roman deities associated with them. In most cases, the English name for planets derives from the name of a Roman god or goddess. Also of interest is the conflation of the Roman god with a similar Greek god. In some cases, it is the same deity with two different names. Planet

Symbol

Roman

Greek God

Hindu God

Connection

Meaning (European)

Meaning (Vedic)

ancient

Solar incarnation God of Prophecy; Helios means "sun."

ancient

Lunar incarnation The Moon God Goddess of Hunt; Associated with impatience of human Selene means "moon." nature. Always found feathered on the head of Lord Shiva; Chandra means "shining."

deity

Sun

Sol Apollo

ŠŽˆ (Helios) €• ‚ƒ „ (Surya) ‘‰’ŠŠ“Œ (Apollo)

Moon

Luna Diana

”‡ŠŒ– (Selene) …† ‡ƒ ‚ —†„‡˜Žˆ (Chandra) (Artemis)

The Sun God Son of Aditi and Kashyap; Surya means "the supreme light."

Mercury

Mercury € ™†˜•ˆ ™†˜•ˆ ( Hermes Hermes)

ˆ‰Š (Buddha)

ancient

Messenger god

Venus

Venus

‘š†›œ„– Aphrodite) ( Aphrodite

‹‰ Œƒ ‚ (Shukra)

ancient

Goddess of romance; The mentor of Asuras. Venus means "love" or Associated with fertility and enthusiasm. [7] Always helped demons in the war against "sexual desire." gods; Shukra means "clear, pure, brightness, or clearness."

Mars

Mars

Ares) ‘†–ˆ ( Ares

† Ž

ancient

God of War

Son of Earth. This planet is associated with unluckiness of brides. Also associated with strength.

modern

Goddess of the seasons; Demeter means "Earth [8][9] Mother."

The Great Divine Mother in Hinduism; Shakti means "power, strength, might, [10] energy, or capacity."

(Mangala)

Ceres

Ceres

–˜„–† Demeter ) ( Demeter

‡ ‘’ (Shakti)

A planet god known for his intelligence; Budha means "awakening, clever, intelligent, wise, learned man, wise man, or [6] sage."

Planets in astrology Jupiter

3 Jupiter

Zeus) ž‡Ÿˆ ( Zeus

Ž‰ ‚•, ˆ“ ”€ƒ –’

ancient

Leader of the Gods; Jupiter means "Sky Father."

Mentor/Guru /teacher of gods. Always helped gods in war against demons. Guru means "teacher" or "priest." Brihaspati means "lord of prayer or [11] devotion." God of "Duty". Punishes the person who does not do his duty properly. Saturn (Shani) tests a person every 22.5 years; the test lasts for a period of 7.5 years ‹—˜ (Sadesati). The origin of word Shani ( ‹—˜ ) comes from the following: Shanaye Œƒ ‚–˜ €™) i.e. the one who Kramati Sa: ‹—„ ( ‹—„ Œƒ moves slowly, as Saturn takes about 30 years to revolve around the sun.

(Guru, Brihaspati)

Saturn

Saturn

†’Œˆ (Cronus )

‹—˜ (Shani)

ancient

God of Agriculture Ruler of the Titans

Uranus

Caelus

¡¢†‹Œ’ˆ (Uranos )

‘š€‰ Œ’ , ‘š€‘

modern

Incarna rnation of th the Sk Sky; A mythological snake king in I ndian "Uranus" and "Caelus" Puranas. Vasuki means "of divine [12] both mean "sky." being."

(Vasuki)

Neptune

Neptune £ƒ‡Ž›¤Œ ( Poseidon Poseidon)

‘‚‰ › (Varuna)

modern

God of the Sea

God of rain in Indian mythology; Varuna [13] means "God of the sea."

Pluto

Pluto

Œ‰ ˆ ‚ (Kubera)

modern

God of the Underworld and Death; Hades means "the unseen" and Pluto means "wealth."

God of wealth. Kubera gave a loan to lord Vishnu to search for his wife Lakshmi who had quarreled with Vishnu and left their home. Kubera means "deformed" or "monstrous."

£ŠŸ„“Œ (Pluton)/¥›–ˆ Hades) ( Hades

Daily motion Planet

Average speed (geocentric) [14]

Highest speed (geocentric)

Lowest speed (geocentric) [15]

Sun

00¦59'08"

01¦03'00"

00¦57'10"

Moon

13¦10'35"

16¦30'00"

11¦45'36"

Mercury

01¦23'00"

02¦25'00"

•01¦30'00"

Venus

01¦12'00"

01¦22'00"

•00¦41'12"

Mars

00¦31'27"

00¦52'00"

•00¦26'12"

Ceres

00¦12'40"

00¦30'00"

•00¦16'00"

Jupiter

00¦04'59"

00¦15'40"

•00¦08'50"

Saturn

00¦02'01"

00¦08'48"

•00¦05'30"

Uranus

00¦00'42"

00¦04'00"

•00¦02'40"

Neptune

00¦00'24"

00¦02'25"

•00¦01'45"

Pluto

00¦00'15"

00¦02'30"

•00¦01'48"

Pallas

00¦12'20"

00¦40'30"

•00¦22'30"

Juno

00¦14'15"

00¦39'00"

•00¦18'00"

Vesta

00¦16'15"

00¦36'00"

•00¦17'32"

Chiron

00¦02'00"

00¦10'00"

•00¦06'00"


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History Treatises on the Ptolemaic planets and their influence on people born "under their reign" appear in block book form, so-called "planet books" or Planeteb€cher , from about 1460 in southern Germany, and remain popular throughout the German Renaissance, exerting great iconographical influence far into the 17th century. A notable early example is the Hausbuch of Wolfegg of c. 1470. Even earlier, Hans Talhoffer, in a 1459 manuscript, includes a treatise on planets and planet-children. These books usually list a male and a female Titan with each planet, Cronus and Rhea with Saturn, Eurymedon and Themis with Jupiter, Hyperion and Theia with Sun, Atlas and Phoebe with Moon, Coeus and Metis with Mercury and Oceanus and Tethys with Venus.[16]

The geocentric Ptolemaic system of the universe depicted by Andreas Cellarius, 1660 ‚ 61

The qualities inherited from the planets by their children are as follows: € € € € € € €

Saturn: melancholy and apathy Jupiter: hunting Mars: soldiering and warfare Sun: music and athleticism Moon: association with water and travel Mercury: money and commerce Venus: amorousness and passion.[17]

Classical planets The seven classical planets are those easily seen with the naked eye, and were thus known to ancient astrologers. They are the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Sometimes, the Sun and Moon were referred to as "the lights" or the "luminaries". Ceres and Uranus can also just be seen with the naked eye, though no ancient culture appears to have taken note of them. The astrological descriptions attached to the seven classical planets have been preserved since ancient times. Astrologers call the seven classical planets "the seven personal and social planets", because they are said to represent the basic human drives of every individual.Wikipedia:Citation needed The personal planets are the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. The social or transpersonal planets are Jupiter and Saturn. Jupiter and Saturn are often called the first of the "transpersonal" or "transcendent" planets as they represent a transition from the inner personal planets to the outer modern, impersonal planets. The outer modern planets Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are often called the collective or transcendental planets.[18] The following is a list of the planets and their associated characteristics.[19]


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Sun

The Sun ( ) is the planetary ruler of Leo and is exalted in Aries. In Greek mythology, the Sun was represented by the Titans Hyperion and Helios (Roman Sol, and later by Apollo, the god of light). The Sun is the star at the center of our solar system, around which the Earth and other planets revolve and provides us with heat and light. The arc that the Sun travels in every year, rising and setting in a slightly different place each day, is therefore in reality a reflection of the Earth's own orbit around the Sun. This arc is larger the farther north or south from the equator latitude, giving a more extreme difference between day and night and between seasons during the year. The Sun travels through the twelve signs of the zodiac on its annual journey, spending about a Helios on a relief from Ilion, early 4th-century month in each. The Sun's position on a person's birthday therefore BC determines what is usually called his or her "sun" sign. However, the sun sign allotment varies between Western (sign change around 22-23 of every month) and Hindu astrology (sign change around 14-15 of every month) due the different systems of planetary calculations, following the tropical and sidereal definitions respectively.

The Sun, the star at the center of the Solar System

Astrologically, the Sun is usually thought to represent the conscious ego, the self and its expression, personal power, pride and authority, leadership qualities and the principles of creativity, spontaneity, health and vitality, the sum of which is named the "life force". The 1st-century poet Marcus Manilius in his epic, 8000-verse poem, Astronomica, described the Sun, or Sol, as benign and favorable. In medicine, the Sun is associated with the heart, circulatory system,[20] and the thymus. In Ayurveda, it rules over life-force (praan-shakti), governs bile temperament (pitta), stomach, bones and eyes. In modern astrology, the Sun is the ruler of the fifth house and the zodiac sign of Leo.

The Sun is associated with Sunday. Dante Alighieri associated the Sun with the liberal art of music. In Chinese astrology, the Sun represents Yang, the active, assertive masculine life principle. Moon

The Moon ( ) is the ruling planet of Cancer and is exalted in Taurus. In Roman mythology, the Moon was Luna, at times identified with Diana. The Moon is large enough for its gravity to affect the Earth, stabilizing its orbit and producing the regular ebb and flow of the tides. The lunar day syncs up with its orbit around Earth in such a manner that the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth and the other side, known as the "far side of the Moon" faces towards space. Luna or Diana, wearing a crescent-moon crown and driving The moon is used to characterise the inner child within us, as her ox-drawn chariot (biga), on the Parabiago plate (2nd ‚ 5th centuries AD) well as the past and how we have been as individuals rather than how we are now. It is also used to represent the perception one has of one's mother, so someone with a Pisces Moon would be more likely to see their mother as a Piscean type, even if in reality that was not the case. In the horoscope the aspects the moon makes with other planets and the transits the slower moving planets make to the moon are all said to have a strong impact on how our lives unfold.


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Astrologically the Moon is associated with a person's emotional make-up, unconscious habits, rhythms, memories, moods and their ability to react and adapt to those around them. It is also associated with the mother, maternal instincts or the urge to nurture, the home, the need for security and the past, especially early experiences and childhood. The 1st-century poet Manilius, described the Moon or Luna, as melancholic. In medicine, the Moon is associated with the digestive system, stomach, breasts, the ovaries and menstruation (which does occur on a monthly cycle)[21] and the pancreas. Despite Full Moon Manilius' assignation, the Moon is commonly associated with the phlegmatic humor; it ruled the animal spirits. In modern astrology, the Moon is the ruler of the fourth house, Cancer. The Moon or Luna is associated with Monday, the word Monday comes from the Old English word for Moon day or Moon's day, and in Romance languages, the name for Monday comes from luna (e.g., luni in Romanian, lundi in French, lunes in Spanish and lunedi in Italian). In Chinese astrology, the Moon represents Yin, the passive and receptive feminine life principle. In Indian astrology, the Moon is called Chandra or Soma and represents the mind, queenship and mother. The north lunar node (called Rahu) and the south lunar node (called Ketu) are considered to be of particular importance and are given an equal place alongside the seven classical planets as part of the nine navagraha. Mercury

Mercury ( ) is the ruling planet of Gemini and Virgo and is exalted in the latter; it is the only planet with rulership and exaltation both in the same sign (Virgo). In Roman mythology, Mercury is the messenger of the gods, noted for his speed and swiftness. Echoing this, the scorching, airless world Mercury circles the Sun on the fastest orbit of any planet. Mercury takes only 88 days to orbit the Sun, spending about 7.33 days in each sign of the zodiac. Mercury is so close to the Sun that only a brief period exists after the Sun has set where it can be seen with the naked eye, before following the Sun beyond the horizon.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Flying Mercury (late 16th-century)

by Giambologna

Astrologically, Mercury represents the principles of communication, mentality, thinking patterns, rationality and reasoning and adaptability and variability. Mercury governs schooling and education, the immediate environment of neighbors, siblings and cousins, transport over short distances, messages and forms of communication such as post, email and telephone, newspapers, journalism and writing, information gathering skills and physical dexterity. The 1st-century poet Manilius described Mercury as an inconstant, vivacious and curious planet.

The planet Mercury

In medicine, Mercury is associated with the nervous system, the brain, the respiratory system, the thyroid and the sense organs. It is traditionally held to be essentially cold and dry, according to its placement in the zodiac and in any aspects to other planets. It is linked to the animal spirits. Today, Mercury is regarded as the ruler of the third and sixth houses; traditionally, it had the joy in the first house. Mercury is the messenger of the gods in mythology. It is the planet of day-to-day expression and relationships. Mercury's action is to take things apart and put them back together again. It is an opportunistic planet, decidedly unemotional

and curious. Mercury rules over Wednesday. In Romance languages, the word for Wednesday is often similar to Mercury (miercuri in Romanian, mercredi in French, miercoles in Spanish and mercoled• in Italian). Dante Alighieri associated Mercury with the liberal art of dialectic.Wikipedia:Citation needed In Indian astrology, Mercury is called


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Budha, a word related to Buddhi ("intelligence") and represents communication. Wikipedia:Citation needed in Chinese astrology, Mercury represents Water, the fourth element, therefore symbolizing communication, intelligence and elegance. Venus

Venus ( ) is the ruling planet of Libra and Taurus and is exalted in Pisces. In Roman mythology, Venus is the goddess of love and beauty, famous for the passions she could stir among the gods. Her cults may represent the religiously legitimate charm and seduction of the divine by mortals, in contrast to the formal, contractual relations between most members of Rome's official pantheon and the state, and the unofficial, illicit manipulation of divine forces through magic. The ambivalence of her function is suggested in the etymological relationship of the root *venes- with Latin venenum (poison, venom), in the sense of "a charm, magic philtre". Venus orbits the Sun in 225 days, spending about 18.75 days in each sign of the zodiac. Venus is the second brightest object in the night sky, the Moon being the brightest. It is usually beheld as a twin planet to Earth. Venus, wearing the sign of Libra on Astrologically, Venus is associated with the principles of harmony, beauty, her midsection, and Taurus at her balance, feelings and affections and the urge to sympathize and unite with others. feet, at Cardiff Castle, Wales It is involved with the desire for pleasure, comfort and ease. It governs romantic relations, marriage and business partnerships, sex (the origin of the words 'venery' and 'venereal'), the arts, fashion and social life. The 1st-century poet Marcus Manilius described Venus as generous and fecund and the lesser benefic. The planet Venus In medicine, Venus is associated with the lumbar region, the veins, parathyroids, throat and kidneys. Venus was thought to be moderately warm and moist and was associated with the phlegmatic humor. Venus is the ruler of the second and seventh houses. Venus is the planet of Friday. In languages deriving from Latin, such as Romanian, Spanish, French, and Italian, the word for Friday often resembles the word Venus (vineri, viernes, vendredi and "venerd§" respectively). Dante Alighieri associated Venus The planet Venus with the liberal art of rhetoric.[22] In Chinese astrology, Venus is associated with the element metal, which is unyielding, strong and persistent. In Indian astrology, Venus is known as Shukra and represents wealth, pleasure and reproduction. In Norse Paganism, the planet is associated to Freyja, the goddess of love, beauty and fertility. Wikipedia:Citation needed


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Mars

Mars ( ) is the ruling planet of Aries and Scorpio and is exalted in Capricorn. Mars is the Roman god of war and bloodshed, whose symbol is a spear and shield. Both the soil of Mars and the hemoglobin of human blood are rich in iron and because of this they share its distinct deep red color.[23] He was second in importance only to Jupiter, and he was the most prominent of the military gods worshipped by the Roman legions. Mars orbits the Sun in 687 days, spending about 57.25 days in each sign of the zodiac. It is also the first planet that orbits outside of Earth's orbit, making it the first planet that does not set along with the Sun. Mars has two permanent polar ice caps. During a pole's winter, it lies in continuous darkness, chilling the surface and causing the deposition of 25 ‚ 30% of the atmosphere into slabs of CO2 ice (dry ice). Astrologically, Mars is associated with confidence and self-assertion, aggression, Early 18th-century illustration of (al-mirrikh) for the Bestiary of Mars sexuality, energy, strength, ambition and impulsiveness. Mars governs sports, Zakariya al-Qazwini (Walters Art competitions and physical activities in general. The 1st-century poet Manilius, Museum) described the planet as ardent and as the lesser malefic. In medicine, Mars presides over the genitals, the muscular system, the gonads and adrenal glands. It was traditionally held to be hot and excessively dry and ruled the choleric humor. It was associated with fever, accidents, trauma, pain and surgery. In modern astrology, Mars is said to rule the first and eighth houses; traditionally, however, Mars ruled the third and tenth houses. While Venus tends to the overall relationship atmosphere, Mars is the passionate impulse and action, the masculine aspect, discipline, will-power and stamina. Mars is associated with Tuesday and in Romance languages the word for Tuesday often resembles Mars (in Romanian, mar‚i, in Spanish, martes, in French, mardi and in Italian "marted§"). The English "Tuesday" is a modernised form of "Tyr's Day", Tyr being the The planet Mars Germanic analogue to Mars. Dante Alighieri associated Mars with the liberal art of arithmetic. In Chinese astrology, Mars is ruled by the element fire, which is passionate, energetic and adventurous. In Indian astrology, Mars is called Mangala and represents energy, confidence and ego. Wikipedia:Citation needed

Planets in astrology Jupiter

Jupiter ( ) or € €• is the ruling planet of Sagittarius and Pisces and is exalted in Cancer. In Roman mythology, Jupiter is the ruler of the gods and their guardian and protector, and his symbol is the thunderbolt. The Romans believed that Jupiter granted them supremacy because they had honored him more than any other people had. Jupiter was "the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested." He personified the divine authority of Rome's highest offices, internal organization, and external relations. His image in the Republican and Imperial Capitol bore regalia associated with Rome's ancient kings and the highest consular and Imperial honours. In the same way, the planet Jupiter is the king of the other planets, a giant in size with spectacular, brightly colored clouds and intense Jupiter enthroned, with the symbols of Pisces and storms. Some astronomers believe that it plays an important protecting Sagittarius at his feet (woodcut by Johannes Regiomontanus, 1512) role in using its massive gravity to capture or expel from the solar system many comets and asteroids that would otherwise threaten Earth and the inner planets. Jupiter takes 11.9 years to orbit the Sun, spending almost an earth year (361 days) in each sign of the zodiac. Furthermore Jupiter is usually the fourth brightest object in the sky (after the Sun, the Moon and Venus). Astrologically, Jupiter is associated with the principles of growth, expansion, prosperity, and good fortune. Jupiter governs long distance and foreign travel, higher education, religion, and the law. It is also associated with the urge for freedom and exploration, humanitarian and protecting roles, and with gambling and merrymaking. The 1st-century poet Manilius described Jupiter as temperate and benign, and the greater benefic. It was regarded as warm and moist in nature, and therefore favorable to life. In medicine, Jupiter is associated with the liver, pituitary gland, and the disposition of fats; it governed the sanguine humor. In modern times, Jupiter is said to be the ruler of the ninth and twelfth houses, but traditionally, Jupiter was assigned to the second and ninth houses: the house of values and the house of beliefs, respectively. Jupiter is associated with Thursday, and in Romance languages, the name for Thursday often comes from Jupiter (e.g., joi in Romanian, jeudi in French, jueves in Spanish, and gioved• in Italian). Dante Alighieri associated Jupiter with the liberal art of geometry. In Chinese astrology, Jupiter is ruled by the element wood, which is patient, hard-working, and reliable. In Indian astrology, Jupiter is known as Guru or Brihaspati and is known as the 'great teacher'. Wikipedia:Citation needed The planet Jupiter

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Planets in astrology Saturn

Saturn ( ) is the ruling planet of Capricorn and is exalted in Libra. In Roman mythology, Saturn is the god of agriculture, founder of civilizations and of social order, and conformity. The glyph is most often seen as scythe-likeWikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Unsupported attributions, but it is primarily known as the "crescent below the cross", whereas Jupiter's glyph is the "crescent above the cross". The famous rings of the planet Saturn that enclose and surround it, reflect this principle of man's limitations. Saturn takes 29.5 years to orbit the Sun, spending about 2.46 years in each sign of the zodiac. Astrologically, Saturn is associated with the principles of limitation, restrictions, boundaries, practicality and reality, crystallizing, and structures. Saturn governs ambition, career, authority and hierarchy, and conforming social structures. It concerns a person's sense of duty, discipline and responsibility, and their physical Saturn, with Capricorn at his feet and the New Year in his arms, from The and emotional endurance during hardships. Saturn is also considered to represent Seven Planets with the Signs of the the part of a person concerned with long-term planning. The Return of Saturn is Zodiac (1539) by Hans Sebald Beham said to mark significant events in each person's life. According to the 1st-century poet Manilius, Saturn is sad, morose, and cold, and is the greater malefic. According to Claudius Ptolemy, "Saturn is lord of the right ear, the spleen, the bladder, the phlegm, and the bones."[24] Saturn symbolized processes and things that were dry and cold, and therefore inimical to life. It governed the melancholic humor. According to Sefer Yetzirah ‚ GRA Version ‚ Kaplan 4:13 "He made the letter Resh king over Peace And He bound a crown to it And He combined one with another And with them He formed Saturn in the Universe Friday in the Year The left nostril in the Soul, male and female." Before the discovery of Uranus, Saturn was regarded as the ruling planet of Aquarius. Many astrologersWikipedia:Avoid weasel words still use Saturn as the planetary ruler of both Capricorn and Aquarius; in modern astrology it is accordingly the ruler of the tenth and eleventh houses. Traditionally, however, Saturn was associated with the first and eighth houses. The planet Saturn Saturn is associated with Saturday, which was named after the deity Saturn. Dante Alighieri associated Saturn with the liberal art of astronomia (astrology and astronomy). In Chinese astrology, Saturn is ruled by the element earth, which is warm, generous, and co-operative. In Indian astrology, Saturn is called Shani or "Sani", and represents career and longevity. It is also the bringer of bad luck and hardship. Wikipedia:Citation needed

Modern planets Since the invention of the telescope, Western astrology has incorporated Uranus, Neptune, Ceres, Pluto, and other bodies into its methodology. The Indian and Chinese astrologies have tended to retain the ancient seven-planet system. Meanings have had to be assigned to them by modern astrologers, usually according to the major events that occurred in the world at the time of their discovery. As these astrologers are usually Western, the social and historical events they describe have an inevitable Western emphasis. Astrologers consider the "extra-Saturnian" planets to be "impersonal" or generational planets, meaning their effects are felt more across whole generations of society. Their effects in individuals depend upon how strongly they feature in that individual's birth-chart. The following are their characteristics as accepted by most astrologers.[25]

10


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Uranus

For some modern Western astrologers, the planet Uranus ( ) is the ruling planet of Aquarius and is exalted in Scorpio. In Greek mythology, Uranus is the personification of the heavens and the night sky. The planet Uranus is very unusual among the planets in that it rotates on its side, so that it presents each of its poles to the Sun in turn during its orbit; causing both hemispheres to alternate between being bathed in light and lying in total darkness over the course of the orbit. Uranus takes 84 years to orbit the Sun, spending about 7 years in each sign of the zodiac. Uranus was discovered only in 1781 by Sir William Herschel. Astrologically modern interpretations associate Uranus with the principles of genius, individuality, new and unconventional ideas, discoveries, electricity, inventions, and the beginnings of the industrial revolution. Uranus, among all planets, most governs genius.

The planet Uranus

Syncretic figure of Aion-Uranus standing within a zodiac wheel, with a reclining Earth goddess and four children representing the Seasons (Roman-era mosaic from Sentinum, AD 200-250)

Uranus governs societies, clubs, and any group dedicated to humanitarian or progressive ideals. Uranus, the planet of sudden and unexpected changes, rules freedom and originality. In society, it rules radical ideas and people, as well as revolutionary events that upset established structures. In art and literature, the discovery of Uranus coincided with the Romantic movement, which emphasized individuality and freedom of expression. In medicine, Uranus is believed to be particularly associated with the sympathetic nervous system, mental disorders, breakdowns and hysteria, spasms, and cramps. Uranus is considered by modern astrologers to be ruler of the eleventh house. Wikipedia:Citation needed

Neptune

For many astrologers, Neptune ( ) is the ruling planet of Pisces and is exalted in Leo. In Roman mythology, Neptune is the god of the sea, and the deep, ocean blue color of the planet Neptune reflects this.Wikipedia:No original research Its glyph is taken directly from Neptune's trident, symbolizing the curve of spirit being pierced by the cross of matter. Neptune takes 165 years to orbit the Sun, spending approximately 14 years (13.75) in each sign of the zodiac. Neptune was discovered in 1846.Wikipedia:Citation needed Astrologically, modern Western astrologers associate the planet Neptune with creativity, idealism and compassion, but also with illusion, confusion, and deception. Neptune governs hospitals, prisons, mental institutions, and any other place, such as a monastery, that involves a retreat from society. Its appearance coincided with the discovery of anesthetics and hypnotism. In political terms, Neptune was linked to the rise of nationalist movements throughout Europe in countries like Germany, Italy, Hungary, Ireland, and Serbia, seeking independence for their nations inspired by an idealized past The planet Neptune of legend. It was also linked to the rise of socialism and the beginnings of the welfare state. Neptune coincided with the utopian ideals of Communism, when Marx and Engels first published 'The Communist Manifesto' in 1848.Wikipedia:Citation needed


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In art, the impressionist movement began a trend away from literal representation, to one based on the subtle, changing moods of light and color. In medicine, Neptune is seen to be particularly associated with the thalamus, the spinal canal, and severe or mysterious illnesses and neuroses. Neptune is considered by modern astrologers to be ruler of the twelfth house. Pluto

To most modern Western astrologers, Pluto ( ) is the ruling planet of Scorpio and is exalted in Virgo. In Roman mythology, Pluto is the god of the underworld and of wealth. The alchemy symbol was given to Pluto on its discovery, three centuries after Alchemy practices had all but disappeared. The alchemy symbol can therefore be read as spirit over mind, transcending matter. The symbols were chosen given the close association with Mars which has a similar symbol. Pluto takes 247 years to make a full circuit of the zodiac, but its progress is highly variable: it spends between 15 and 26 years in each sign. Astrologically, Pluto is called "the great renewer", and is considered to represent the part of a person that destroys in order to renew, through bringing buried, but intense needs and drives to the surface, and expressing them, even at the expense of the existing order. A commonly used keyword for Pluto is "transformation".Wikipedia:Citation needed It is associated with power and personal mastery, and the need to cooperate and share with another, if each is not to be destroyed. Pluto governs big business and wealth, mining, surgery and detective work, and any enterprise that involves digging under the surface to bring the truth to light. Pluto is also associated with the day Tuesday alongside Mars.

Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, ceiling

mural(ca. 1597) created by Caravaggio for a room adjacent to the alchemical distillery of Cardinal Francesco Maria Del Monte: hovering around a translucent globe that represents the world are Jupiter with his eagle, Neptune holding a bident, and Pluto with a horse and [26] Cerberus

Pluto is also associated with extreme power and corruption; the discovery of Pluto in 1930 coincided with the rise of fascism and Stalinism in Europe, leading to World War II. It also coincided with the Great Depression and the major proliferation of organized crime in the United States.Wikipedia:Citation needed Its entry in Cancer in 1913, the sign in which it was later discovered, coincided with World War I. It is also associated with nuclear armament, which had its genesis in the research of the 1930s and 40s. Later on, it gave rise to the polarized nuclear stand off of the Cold War, with the mass consumer societies of the United States and other democracies facing the totalitarian state of the USSR. The discovery of Pluto also occurred just after the birth of modern psychoanalysis, when Freud and Jung began to explore the depths of the unconscious. In real life events and culture, Pluto has been a major astrological aspect. In art, movements like Cubism and Surrealism began to de-construct the "normal" view of the The dwarf planet Pluto world. In medicine, Pluto is seen to be associated with regenerative forces in the body (artist's conception) involving cell formation and the reproductive system.Wikipedia:Citation needed Pluto is considered by modern astrologers to be co-ruler of the eighth house. Many traditional astrologers do not use Pluto as a ruling planet, but do use the planet for interpretation and predictive work, obliquely making reference to projections of influences from higher- to lower-dimensional spaces. Wikipedia:Citation needed


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Ceres

Ceres ( ) is the smallest identified dwarf planet in the Solar System. It was discovered on 1 January 1801 by Giuseppe Piazzi, and is named after Ceres, the Roman goddess of growing plants, the harvest, and of motherly love. It was the first asteroid discovered, taking up about one-third of the entire mass of its asteroid belt.[27] The classification of Ceres has changed more than once and has been the subject of some disagreement.Wikipedia:Citation needed Johann Elert Bode believed Ceres to be the "missing planet" he had proposed to exist between Mars and Jupiter, at a distance of 419 million km (2.8 AU) from the Sun. Ceres was assigned a planetary symbol, and remained listed as a planet in astronomy books and tables for about half a century. The 2006 debate surrounding Pluto and what constitutes a planet led to Ceres being considered for reclassification as a planet, but in the end Ceres and Pluto were classified as the first members of the new dwarf planet category.

Ceres with torch in search of Proserpina (medaillon by Martial Reymond, early 17th century)

Ceres passes through the zodiac every 4 years and 7 months, passing through a little more than 2¨ signs every year. In mythology, Ceres is the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Demeter, and is the goddess of agriculture. The goddess (and metaphorically the planet) is also associated with the reproductive issues of an adult woman, as well as pregnancy and other major transitions in a woman's life, including the nine months of gestation time, family bonds and relationships. For some astrologers Ceres is the ruling planet of VirgoWikipedia:Citation needed. Although a mother, Ceres is also the archetype of a virgin goddess. Ceres epitomizes independent women who are often unmarried (since, according to myth, Ceres is an unmarried goddess who chose to become a mother without a husband or partner.) While the moon represents our ideal of "motherhood", Ceres would represent how our real and nature motherhood should be.[28] Ceres, as the Goddess who has control over nature's resources and cycles, may astrologically be considered the planet of the Environment. Returning to mythology, an early environmental villain is the figure of Erysichthon, the tearer up of the earth, who cut down trees in a grove sacred to Ceres-Demeter, for which he was punished by the goddess with fearful hunger. In this sense Ceres became an emerging archetype in the awareness of recent climate change, and is entering our collective consciousness as a need to take care of our natural and irreplaceable resources in the 21st century. Ceres The dwarf planet Ceres represents a leap towards a future of ecological responsibility and knowledge. As an indicator for environmental or community activism, Ceres would represent for some astrologers the wave of the future.[29] The status of Ceres is unknown at the moment in astrology. The possibility exists that Ceres is not involved with any sign, but it has been strongly suggested as the ruler of Virgo. As in all cases of newer discoveries, Ceres will likely never be used in horoscopes by traditionalist astrologers.


Planetary traditions compared Main article: List of astrological traditions The three most popular Eurasian traditions, Western astrology, Chinese astrology, and Hindu Astrology, accordingly share a large amount of common themes in their zodiacs and concepts of planetary meanings.Wikipedia:Citation needed This could fallaciously inflect that the three have an ancient common origin, whereas in fact the three developed mutually over millennia by diffusion, assimilation, scholarship, and trade across the whole of Eurasia and Africa. The Western and Hindu zodiacs essentially correspond to twelve similar archetypes, despite differences in tone, emphasis, motifs, and right ascension of their constellations, as do the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac; however, both Western and Hindu astrology are based on four elements: fire, earth, air, water; whereas the Chinese is based on five: metal, water, wood, fire, and earth. Chinese elemental conceptions of the planets clearly correlate to their Western and Hindu counterparts in the case of Mars (Fire), Saturn (Earth), and Jupiter (Wood).Wikipedia:Citation needed The Chinese linkage of Mercury with Water is alien to Western astrology, but this combination shares the water themes, much of what is coined "mercurial" in Western thought, such as intellect, reason and communication.Wikipedia:Citation needed The Chinese association of Venus to Metal appears at first fundamentally different from Western notions of love and romance. In Babylonian mythology, her equivalent was Ishtar, goddess of both love and war. The Chinese metal representative is unyielding and forceful, set in their ways and taciturn; yet Venus' Western element is air, which is logical and sanguine. Metal is also sophisticated, and enjoys the good things in life. In Western astrology, Venus rules both Libra, which is sophisticated, logical, and romantic, and Taurus, which is reserved, sensual, and unyielding Some Western astrologers believe that metal is better associated with the qualities of the planet Saturn, arguing that metal equates to air in the western system, and that Saturn is linked to air in Vedic astrology.[30][31] The cycle of the five Chinese elements operate completely differently from the Western cycle of four. This discrepancy between elements can be clarified by their geomancy, which is locked with Chinese astrology. On the Feng Shui compass, the five elements and the five visible planets are placed on the cardinal directions and center point, with Mercury-Water to the north, Jupiter-Wood to the east, Mars-Fire to the south, Venus-Metal to the west, and Saturn-Earth in the center.Wikipedia:Please clarify This also suggests that Western air best corresponds to metal, while Venus rules the west in both traditions. Wood in Chinese philosophy describes characteristics found in the Western element of fire.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Other solar system bodies See also: Asteroids in astrology Some asteroids such as Pallas ( ) and Vesta ( ), as well as dwarf planet Ceres, can easily be seen with binoculars (Vesta even with the naked eye), but these were not recognized as planetary, and perhaps not even noticed, until the early 19th century.Wikipedia:Citation needed In the early 19th century, Ceres, Juno ( ), and the other two aforementioned asteroids were for a time regarded as planets. Although asteroids have been known to both astronomers and astrologers for more than 200 years, they are often ignored by astrologers. The tradition of some astrologers casting charts with minor planets originates with these asteroids. Since the discovery of Chiron ( ) in the 1970s, some astrologers have been casting the new "planet", although astronomers consider it a centaur (a kind of intermediate object between comet and asteroid). In the 21st century, several new planet-sized bodies, including Sedna, Quaoar, Haumea, and Eris, have been discovered, but not yet incorporated into mainstream astrological predictions, although some more avant-garde groups have attempted to incorporate them.[32][33] Comets and novae have been observed and discussed for several thousand years.Wikipedia:Citation needed Comets in particular were portents of great interest to ancient people and given various astrological interpretations. Both

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phenomena are rarely visible to the naked-eye, and are ignored by most modern astrologers.Wikipedia:Citation needed The near-earth asteroid Cruithne is thought to influence the zodiac and some personal horoscopes. Wikipedia:Citation needed Not to be confused with Chiron, Pluto's only moon Charon is treated like a "minor planet" or given the same status as a dwarf planet, the title given to Pluto when in 2006 the International Astronomical Union demoted its status from the farthest planet. Wikipedia:Citation needed

Hypothetical planets Some astrologers have hypothesized about the existence of unseen or undiscovered planets. In 1918, astrologer Sepharial proposed the existence of Earth's "Dark Moon" Lilith, and since then, some astrologers have been using it in their charts; though the same name is also (and now, more commonly) used in astrology to refer to the axis of the actual Moon's orbit. The 20th-century German school of astrology known as Uranian astrology also claimed that many undiscovered planets existed beyond the orbit of Neptune, giving them names such as Cupido, Hades, Zeus, Kronos, Apollon, Admetos, Vulcanus, and Poseidon, and charting their supposed orbits. These orbits have not coincided, however, with more recent discoveries by astronomers of objects beyond Neptune. Other astrologers have focused on the theory that in time, all twelve signs of the zodiac will each have their own ruler, so that another two planets have yet to be discovered; namely the "true" rulers of Taurus and Virgo. The names of the planets mentioned in this regard by some are Vulcan (ruler of Virgo) and Apollo, the Roman god of the Sun (ruler of Taurus).[34] Another version of this theory states that the modern planets discovered so far correspond to the elements known to the ancients ƒair (Uranus, god of the heavens), water (Neptune, god of the sea), and fire (Pluto, god of the underworld) ƒwhich leaves the elements earth and ether (the fifth element of the fiery upper air). In other words, it is claimed that the two planets to be discovered will be named after an earth god or goddess (such as the Horae), and after Aether, the Roman and Greek god of the upper air and stars.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Ruling planets of the astrological signs and houses Main article: Domicile (astrology) In Western astrology, the symbolism associated with the planets also relates to the zodiac signs and houses of the horoscope in their various rulerships. For instance, the description of Mars is masculine, impulsive, and active. Aries is ruled by Mars and has a similar description, representing an active, masculine archetype. Similarly, the first house is also ruled by Mars, and deals with a person's physical health and strength, and the manner in which they project themselves. Table 1: Modern signs, houses and planetary associations

The Thema Mundi


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Sign

House

Domicile Detriment

Aries

1st House

Taurus

2nd House Venus

Gemini

3rd House

Cancer

Fall

Planetary Joy

Venus

Sun

Saturn

Jupiter

Pluto

Moon

Uranus

Jupiter

Mercury Jupiter

N/A

N/A

Venus

4th House

Moon

Saturn

Jupiter

Mars

Mercury

Leo

5th House

Sun

Uranus

Neptune

Mercury

Mars

Virgo

6th House

Mercury Neptune

Pluto, Mercury Venus

Saturn

Libra

7th House

Venus

Mars

Saturn

Sun

Moon

Scorpio

8th House

Pluto

Venus

Uranus

Moon

Saturn

Jupiter

Mercury

N/A

N/A

Sun

Capricorn 10th House Saturn

Moon

Mars

Jupiter

Mars

Aquarius

11th House Uranus

Sun

Mercury

Neptune

Mercury

Pisces

12th House Neptune Mercury

Venus

Pluto, Mercury Moon

Sagittarius 9th House

Mars

Exaltation

Note:

The planets in the table rule the signs on the same row, and the houses do correspond with the signs on the same row (i.e. Mars rules Aries; Aries and first house share some correspondences). However, it is only modern astrology that links the planets to the houses in this order.Wikipedia:Citation needed The bulk of the tradition assigns planetary rulerships according to the ancient Chaldean astronomical order of the planetsWikipedia:Citation needed (Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon; the former order of the planets in distance from Earth geocentrically): Table 2: Traditional houses and planetary relationships. House

1st House

Traditional Ruling planet Planetary Joy

Saturn

Mercury

2nd House Jupiter

N/A

3rd House

Mars

Moon

4th House

Sun

N/A

5th House

Venus

Venus

6th House

Mercury

Mars

7th House

Moon

N/A

8th House

Saturn

N/A

9th House

Jupiter

Sun

10th House Mars

N/A

11th House Sun

Jupiter

12th House Venus

Saturn


Notes [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

http:/ / en.wikipedia.org/ w/ index.php?title=Template:Astrology&action=edit Hone (1978), p.22 Hone (1978) p. 19 Arroyo (1989) pp. 7, 27 Hone (1978), p.19 8th paragraph http:/ / spokensanskrit.de/ index.php?tinput=budha&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes http:/ / www.behindthename.com/ name/ venus http:/ / www.etymonline.com/ index.php?term=Demeter Doric dƒ, Proto-Greek *d„ , "earth" + m„t„r , "mother". The dƒ element is not so simply equated with "earth" according to John Chadwick (Chadwick, The Mycenaean World [Cambridge University Press] 1976, p 87): "Every Greek was aware of the maternal functions of Demeter; if her name bore the slightest resemblance to the Greek word for 'mother', it would inevitably have been deformed to emphasize that resemblance. [...] How did it escape transformation into *Gƒmƒt„r , a name transparent to any Greek speaker?" Compare the Latin transformation Iuppiter and Diespiter vis-a-vis *Deus pƒter . [10] http:/ / en.wiktionary.org/ wiki/ ©ª« [11] Monier-Williams, also "he is the chief offerer of prayers and sacrifices, and therefore represented as the type of the priestly order, and the Purohita of the gods with whom he intercedes for men" [12] http:/ / spokensanskrit.de/ index.php?tinput=vaasuki&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes [13] http:/ / spokensanskrit.de/ index.php?script=HK&tinput=Varuna&country_ID=&trans=Translate&direction=AU [14] All speeds taken from StarFisher (http:/ / www.starfisher.cz/ ) [15] With the exceptions of the Sun and the Moon, all planets are capable of turning into retrograde motion and temporarily appearing to not move at all, this is not what lowest speed refers to in this case. "Lowest speed" in the section refers to the fastest speed a planet may move at when retrograde, reversing its progress. [16] B. A. Fuchs, Die Ikonographie der sieben Planeten in der Kunst Italiens bis zum Ausgang des Mittelalters, Diss. Munich 1909; E. Panofsky, F. Saxl, Saturn und Melancholie , Frankfurt 1990. [17] A. Hauber, Planetenkinderbilder und Sternbilder , Stra¬burg 1916; E. Baer, Representations of "planet-children" in Turkish manuscripts, in: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and Afr ican Studies 31, 1968 [18] Michael Meyer at khaldea.com, Rob Hand "Horoscope Symbols" [19] Jeff Mayo, Teach Yourself Astrology, pp17 ‚ 28, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1964; Sasha Fenton Understanding Astrology , pp106 ‚ 112, The Aquarian Press (Harper Collins), London, 1991; Derek and Julia Parker, The New Compleat Astrologer , pp86 ‚ 99, Crescent Books, New York, 1971; Maritha Pottinger Astro Essentials, pp11 -14, 17 ‚ 18, ACS Publications, San Diego, 1991 [20] Back de Surany, Gza. Manual de Astrolog®a Mdica. ¯ndigo.1988. 214 p°ginas, pag. 32 [21] Back de Sarany, Gza Ibid., 37. [22] New Yorker, 20 May 2013. [23] Henbest, ibid [24] .html Tetrabiblos by Claudius Ptolemy (http:/ / penelope.uchicago.edu/ Thayer/ E/ Roman/ Texts/ Ptolemy/ Tetrabiblos/ 3C*) published in the Loeb Classical Library, 1940 [25] Jeff Mayo, Ibid , pp 28 ‚ 33, 1964; Sasha Fenton Ibid , pp 112 ‚ 115, 1991; Derek and Julia Parker, Ibid , pp 100 ‚ 105, 1971; Maritha Pottinger Ibid , pp 15 ‚ 19, 1991 [26] Creighton Gilbert, Caravaggio and His Two Cardinals (Penn State University Press, 1995), pp. 124 ‚ 125. [27] E. V. Pitjeva, "Precise determination of the motion of planets and some astronomical constants from modern observations", 2004 International Astronomical Union, http:/ / journals.cambridge.org/ production/ action/ cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=303499 [28] Martin, Helena Planets in the astrological universe (los planetas en el universo astrol…gico), p333-334, Ed. Indigo, Barcelona, 1990 [29] http:/ / www.astrostar.com/ articles/ Ceres.htm [30] http:/ / www.holisticwebworks.com/ traditional_chinese_medicine/ yin_and_yang_and_the_five_element_theory.html [31] http:/ / www.findyourfate.com/ indianastro/ grahas.htm [32] Karmastrology.com: New Planets (http:/ / www.thegreenduck.com/ ka/ NewPlanets/ index.shtml) [33] AstroTransits.blogspot.com New dwarf planets in Astrology (Sedna, Eris, Haumea, Quaoar, Makemake, 2002 TC302, Orcus, and others (http:/ / www.astrotransits.blogspot.com) [34] Linda Goodman, Sun Signs, p226, Pan Books, London, 1982

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References € € € €

Arroyo, Stephen (1989). Chart Interpretation Handbook . California: CCRS Publications. Hone, Margaret (1978). The Modern Text-Book of Astrology. Revised edition. England: L. N. Fowler & Co. Ltd. Houlding, D (2006). The Houses Temples of the Sky The Wessex Astrologer, Bournemouth, England. Ptolemy, C.trans Ashmand, J. (2002). Tetrabiblos Astrology Classics, Maryland, USA. €

External links € New planets won't affect Vedic astrology (http:/ / timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ articleshow/ 1902566.cms) (Anubha Sawhney). Times of India, 18 August 2006 € Redefining the stars, one planet at a time (http:/ / www.chron.com/ disp/ story.mpl/ front/ 4122250.html) Houston Chronicle: (JEANNIE KEVER) 17 August 2006, 11:36 am € Pluto Dissed: What Now for Astrologers? (http:/ / www.nationalledger.com/ artman/ publish/ article_27267939. shtml) (Lynn Hayes) National Ledger: 25 August 2006 € (English) (Latin) Flowers of Abu Ma'shar (http:/ / www.wdl.org/ en/ item/ 2997/ ), by 8th century Arabic astrology Ja„far ibn Mu±ammad al-Balkh², discusses and depicts the planets and their role in astrology. This translation, in Latin, is by John of Seville.

Stars in astrology In astrology, certain stars are considered significant. Historically, all of the various heavenly bodies considered by astrologers were considered "stars", whether they were stars, planets, other stellar phenomena like novas and supernovas, or other solar system phenomena like comets and meteors.[1]

This diagram of the Ptolemaic solar system from Peter Apian's Cosmographia shows the "fixed stars" in the eighth heaven of the firmament, behind which is a ninth, crystalline heaven, and behind that, the primum mobile.

Stars in astrology

19

Fixed and wandering stars

Astrology


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In traditional astrological nomenclature, the stars were divided into fixed stars, Latin stell† fix†, which in astrology means the stars and other galactic or intergalactic bodies as recognized by astronomy; and "wandering stars" (Greek: ‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ ‰Œ‹, plan„t„s ast„r ), which we know as the planets of the solar system. Astrology also treats the Sun, a star, and Earth's Moon as if they were planets in the horoscope. These stars were called "fixed" because it was thought that they were attached to the firmament, the most distant from Earth of the heavenly spheres.

Stars in astrology

20

Stars and astrological degrees Certain of the astrological degrees were identified and known due to their association with a corresponding star.[2] The astrological degrees that correspond to individual stars must be corrected for the precession of the equinoxes, and as such the astrologer must know when any given position of a fixed star was noted, to make the necessary corrections.[3]

Stars in sidereal and tropical astrology Traditional Western astrology is based on tropical astrology, which presumes an equal division of the celestial sphere along the ecliptic into twelve equal parts, starting with Aries. Sidereal astrology, at once the oldest and a recently revived astrological tradition, is more observationally oriented and uses the actual observed position of the stars and the traditional divisions of the zodiac constellations as its starting point. As a result of the precession of the equinoxes, the observed positions of the zodiac signs no longer correspond to the signs of tropical astrology.

Zodiac Traditionally, the most important fixed points in the heavens were described by the constellations of the zodiac. Ptolemy's account likens the influence of some of the stars in the zodiac constellations to the planets; he writes, for example, that "The stars in the feet of Gemini (Alhena and Tejat Posterior) have an influence similar to that of Mercury, and moderately to that of Venus."[4]

Non-zodiac constellations in astrology Vivian E. Robson notes that many of the traditional constellations outside of the zodiac constellations occupy large degrees of arc and typically compass several of the tropical zodiac signs. Ptolemy referred to stars by reference to the anatomy or parts of the constellations in which they appeared; thus Arcturus he named the "right knee of Bo³tes". Most of the Western names of stars, such as Algol or Betelgeuse, are Arabic in origin. In 1603 the Augsburg lawyer-uranographer Johann Bayer introduced the current classificatory system for the brighter stars, in which stars are identified as belonging to their constellations by Greek letters, in (roughly) descending order of brightness; so that Regulus, brightest star in Leo, is called ‰ Leonis, the brightest star of the Lion.[5]

"Those people wonder at the star." The weavers of the Bayeux tapestry believed that the return of Halley's Comet related to the Norman conquest of 1066.

Astrological meteors Unpredictable observations in the heavens, including novas and supernovas as well as other phenomena in the heavens such as comets, meteors, parhelions, and even rainbows, were all collected under the name of astrological meteors. According to Ptolemy, variations in the magnitude of fixed stars portends wind from the direction in which the star lies.[6] Etymologically, the word meteor describes any phenomenon in the heavens, and derives from the Greek ‘’Œ“”Š (mete–ron), signifying anything in the sky or above the earth; this is the shared origin of English words such as meteoroid and meteorology. These astrological meteors were typically held to be omens that presaged major world events. In De nova stella, Tycho Brahe, one of many astrologers who observed the supernova of 1572, stated his belief that the appearance of the supernova heralded the decline of the Roman Catholic Church and stated that the years 1592-1632 would be impacted by the astrological influence of the supernova. The years corresponded almost precisely with the lifespan

Stars in astrology

21

of Gustavus Adolphus (1594 - 1632), the king of Sweden who championed the cause of Protestantism during the Thirty Years War. This apparently successful prediction won Brahe international fame as an astrologer.[7]

Use According to Nicholas DeVore, while the fixed stars no longer are consulted much in natal astrology, they remain important in aspects of astrological divination such as judicial astrology. Those astrologers who include them in natal charts do not give a major star any significance unless it appears as part of a close conjunction with a birth planet, within 5¦ by celestial longitude, and 1¦ by latitude. They have no effect by means of aspect. A first magnitude or brighter star on the Ascendant or Midheaven in the horoscope may indicate celebrity. The two stars Aldebaran and Antares are said to produce stress when they transit one of the angles of the horoscope.[8] Some astrologers that consult the stars refer to their affects as paranatellonta, or "paran" for short. Paranatellonta are stars that fall upon one of the four angles of the horoscope (rising or setting, at the midheaven, or at the imum coeli) at the same time a significant planet is at one of those points. Thus, for example, if Sirius was rising while Jupiter was at the midheaven, Sirius would be considered a paran of Jupiter and could influence the way the astrologer interpreted Jupiter in that horoscope.[9]

Specific fixed stars Aldebaran

Astrologically, Aldebaran is a fortunate star, portending riches and honor. This star, named "Tascheter" by the Persians, is one of the four "royal stars" of the Persians from around 3000 BC. These stars were chosen in such way that they were approximately 6 hours apart in right ascension. Each of these stars was assigned to a season, Aldebaran was prominent in the March sky and as such, it was associated with the vernal equinox. Its current celestial longitude is 09 Ge. 47 as of 2006[10]

Scorpio, depicted in Johann Bayer's Uranometria. The bright star in the body of the scorpion, — Scorpii, is Antares.

The four royal stars with their modern and ancient Persian names were € Aldebaran (Alpha Tauri) vernal equinox is the brightest star in the constellation Taurus. € Regulus (Alpha Leonis) summer solstice is the brightest star in the constellation Leo. € Antares (Alpha Scorpii) autumnal equinox is the brightest star in the constellation Scorpius. € Fomalhaut (Alpha Piscis) winter solstice is the brightest star in the constellation Piscis Austrinus. To medieval astrologers, Aldebaran was one of fifteen Behenian stars, associated with rubies, milk thistles and the kabbalistic sign . In Hindu astrology, Aldebaran corresponds to the Rohini Nakshatra. In Western Sidereal Astrology, computation is based on defining Aldebaran as 15 degrees Taurus precisely.

Stars in astrology

22

Algol

In astrology, Algol is one of the most unfortunate stars.[11] Ptolemy referred to it as "the Gorgon of Perseus" and associated it with death by decapitation: mirroring the myth of the hero Perseus… victory over the snake-headed Gorgon Medusa.[12] Historically, it has received a strong association with violence across a wide variety of cultures. Medieval Arabic commanders tried to ensure that no important battle began whilst the light of Algol was weak.[13] It may be connected to the periodic lucky prognoses in an ancient Egyptian calendar for lucky and unlucky days composed about 3200 years ago. The 17th century English astrologer William Lilly regarded any planet to be afflicted when within five degrees of conjunction.[14] As of 1986 its celestial longitude was 25 Tau. 55'48.[15] Algol is also one of the 15 Behenian stars,[16] associated with the diamond and hellebore, and marked with the kabbalistic sign: Gienah

Gienah (gamma Corvi) is supposed to have a similar effect to Mars and Saturn, tending to promote greed and craftiness. It was one of the medieval Behenian stars, associated with onyx, burdock, and a crow-like kabbalistic symbol . In this context it is sometimes referred to as Ala Corvi, "the wing of the crow or raven". Procyon

Astrologically, Procyon is considered mostly unfortunate although it is sometimes wealth producing. It has strong potential as a cause of violence; it brings sudden success then disaster. [17] It is of the nature of Mars (and also Mercury to a lesser extent), [18] and when Mars is found conjoined to this star, the native with this configuration will often be an offender of mischief and violence, that is, if these stars are found upon one of the 4 angles of the chart, during the day, with the Moon making a testimony to them while increasing in light. [19] It is also one of fifteen Behenian stars, associated with agate and water crowfoot. According to Cornelius Agrippa, its kabbalistic symbol is . Sirius

In the astrology of the Middle Ages, Sirius was a Behenian fixed star, associated with beryl and juniper. Its kabbalistic symbol was listed by Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa. Its celestial longitude was 14 Can. 05 as of [20] 2006. Vega

Vega (or Wega) takes its name from a loose transliteration of the Arabic word wƒqi meaning "falling". Its constellation (Lyre) was represented as a vulture or eagle so that Vega was referred to as the 'falling vulture/eagle'. This is a Pole star. Around 12,000 BC the pole was pointed only five degrees away from Vega and through precession, the pole will again pass near Vega around AD 14,000. Medieval astrologers counted Vega as one of the Behenian stars and related it to chrysolite and winter savory. Cornelius Agrippa listed its kabbalistic sign under Vultur cadens, a literal Latin translation of the Arabic name. Its celestial longitude was 15 Cap. 19 as of 2006. •

Stars in astrology

References [1] Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos, book 1 [2] Vivian E. Robson, The Fixed Stars and Constellations in Astrology (Astrology Center of America, 2005, repr.; ISBN 1-933303-13-1), pp. 11 et. seq. (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?hl=en&lr=& id=me7_4RdVwxsC& oi=fnd&pg=PA11& dq=astrological+degrees+and+fixed+ stars&ots=5kjec_Ggjg& sig=5SuLUcQrwPKfnP4Daw1EDGKSMhk#v=onepage& q&f=false) [3] Nicholas DeVore. Encyclopedia of Astrology (Philosophical Library, 1947), sub. tit, "Degree" [4] Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos, book 1 ch. 9 (http:/ / www.sacred-texts.com/ astro/ ptb/ ptb12. htm) [5] Robson, supra, pp. 19-20 [6] Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos, book 2 ch. 14 (http:/ / www.sacred-texts.com/ astro/ ptb/ ptb44. htm) [7] David Plant, Tycho Brahe: A King among / www.skyscript.co.uk/ Astronomers (http:/ Paranatellonta: this manuscript illumination from an astrology text attributed to Alfonso brahe.html) (skyscript.co.uk, first published X of Castile illustrates the effects of various stars and constellations, including Corvus, in The Traditional Astrologer Magazine , Cygnus, and Draco, when acting in concert with Gemini. Issue 8, Spring 1995), accessed July 14, 2011 [8] Nicholas DeVore. Encyclopedia of Astrology (Philosophical Library, 1947), sub. tit "Stars", pp. 408- 409; "Astrology", pp 28-29. [9] Deborah Houlding, "Paran" (http:/ / www.skyscript.co.uk/ gl/ paran.html), in "Glossary of Traditional Astrological Terms", skyscript.co.uk, accessed July 15, 2011. [10] Deborah Houlding, " The 20 Brightest Stars (http:/ / www.skyscript.co.uk/ 20stars.html)" at skyscript.co.uk; accessed July 15, 2011. [11] , also online on Bill Thayer's site Lacus Curtius: Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning (http:/ / penelope.uchicago.edu/ Thayer/ E/ Gazetteer/ Topics/ astronomy/ _Texts/ secondary/ ALLSTA/ home.html) [12] Robbins, Frank E. (ed.) 1940. Ptolemy Tetrabiblos. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library). ISBN 0-674-99479-5, IV.9, p.435. [13] Ebertin, R., & Hoffman, G., Fixed Stars and their Interpretation, Verlag, 1971, p.24 [14] William Lilly, Christian Astrology; London, 1647; Ascella Publications reprint, 1999; p.115. [15] Giuseppe Bezza, translated by Daria Dudziak, " Al-gh´l, the ogre (http:/ / www.cieloeterra.it/ eng/ eng.articoli.algol/ eng.algol.html)", originally in Schema 3, December 1986; accessed July 15, 2011. [16] Lyons, 1531/33. Llewellyn reprint, 1993; tr. J. Freake (1651), ed. D. Tyson, p.411. [17] Robson [18] Ptolemy [19] Maternus [20] Houlding, "The 20 Brightest Stars", above.

External links € Fixed stars (http:/ / www.astrologycom.com/ fixedstars.html)

23

Palmistry

24

Palmistry "Chirology" redirects here. For other uses, see Fingerspelling. Palmistry,

or chiromancy (also spelled cheiromancy; from Greek kheir (µ‡¶†, ’ˆ; and manteia (˜‹Œ„‡œ‹, ‹ˆ; †hand‡) is the claim of †divination‡)), characterization and foretelling the future through the study of the palm, also known as palm reading or chirology. The practice is found all over the world, with numerous cultural variations. Those who practice chiromancy are generally called palmists, palm readers, hand readers, hand analysts, or chirologists. The information outlined below is briefly representative of modern palmistry; there are many ˆ often conflicting ˆ interpretations of various lines and palmar features across various schools of palmistry. These contradictions between different interpretations, as well as the lack of empirical support for palmistry's predictions, contribute to palmistry's perception as a pseudoscience among academics.

The Fortune Teller , by Caravaggio (1594 ‚ 95; Canvas; Louvre), depicting a palm

reading

History Ancient Palmistry

Palmistry is a practice common to many different places on the Eurasian landmass;[1] it has been practised in the cultures of India, Tibet, China, Persia, Sumeria, Ancient Israel and Babylonia.

The Fortune Teller by

Enrique Simonet (1899)

According to some, it had its roots in [2]Hindu) Astrology (known in Sanskrit as Jyotish), Chinese Yijing (I Ching), and Roma (Gypsy) fortune tellers. Several thousand years ago, the Hindu sage Valmiki is thought[3] to have written a book comprising 567 stanzas, the title of which translates in English as "The Teachings of Valmiki Maharshi on Male Palmistry".[3][4] From India, the art of palmistry spread to China, Tibet, Egypt, Persia and to other countries in Europe.[5] From China, palmistry progressed to Greece where Anaxagoras practiced it. Aristotle (384 ‚ 322 B.C.E.) discovered a treatise on the subject of palmistry on an altar of Hermes, which he then presented to Alexander the Great (356 ‚ 323 B.C.E.), who took great interest in examining the character of his officers by analyzing the lines on their hands. Aristotle stated that "Lines are not written into the human hand without reason. They emanate from heavenly influences and man's own individuality."Wikipedia:Quotations Accordingly, Aristotle, Hippocrates and

Palmistry Alexander the Great popularized the laws and practice of palmistry.Wikipedia:Citation needed Hippocrates sought to use palmistry to aid his clinical procedures.Wikipedia:Citation needed During the Middle Ages the art of palmistry was actively suppressed by the Catholic Church as pagan superstition. In Renaissance magic, palmistry (known as "chiromancy") was classified as one of the seven "forbidden arts," along with necromancy, geomancy, aeromancy, pyromancy, hydromancy, and spatulamancy (scapulimancy).[6] Modern Palmistry

It experienced a revival in the modern era starting with Captain Casimir Stanislas D'Arpentigny publication La Chirognomie in 1839. The Chirological Society of Great Britain was founded in London by Katherine St Hill in 1889 with the stated aim to advance and systematise the art of palmistry and to prevent charlatans from abusing the art. Edgar de Valcourt-Vermont (Comte de St Germain) founded the American Chirological Society in 1897. A pivotal figure in the modern palmistry movement was the Irish William John Warner, known by his sobriquet, Cheiro. After studying under gurus in India he set up a palmistry practice in London and enjoyed a wide following of famous clients from around the world, including famous celebrities like Mark Twain, W. T. Stead, Sarah Bernhardt, Mata Hari, Oscar Wilde, Grover Cleveland, Thomas Edison, the Prince of Wales, General Kitchener, William Ewart Gladstone, and Joseph Chamberlain. So popular was Cheiro as a "Society Palmist" that even those who were not believers in the occult Cheiro, an influential exponent of palmistry in the had their hands read by him. The skeptical Mark Twain wrote in late 19th century. Cheiro's visitor's book that he had "...exposed my character to me with humiliating accuracy." Edward Heron-Allen, an English polymath, published various works including the 1883 book, Palmistry - A Manual [7] of Cheirosophy which is still in print. There were attempts at formulating some sort of scientific basis for the art, most notably in the 1900 publication †The Laws of Scientific Hand Reading" by William G. Benham.

Techniques Chiromancy consists of the practice of evaluating a person's character or future life by "reading" the palm of that person's hand. Various "lines" ("heart line", "life line", etc.) and "mounts" (or bumps) (chirognomy) purportedly suggest interpretations by their relative sizes, qualities, and intersections. In some traditions, readers also examine characteristics of the fingers, fingernails, fingerprints, and palmar skin patterns (dermatoglyphics), skin texture and color, shape of the palm, and flexibility of the hand. A reader usually begins by reading the person's 'dominant hand' (the hand he or she writes with or uses the most)(sometimes considered to represent the conscious mind, whereas the other hand is subconscious). In some traditions of palmistry, the other hand is believed to carry hereditary or family traits, or, depending on the palmist's cosmological beliefs, to convey information about past-life or karmic conditions. The basic framework for "Classical" palmistry (the most widely taught and practiced tradition) is rooted in Greek mythology. Each area of the palm and fingers is related to a god or goddess, and the features of that area indicate the nature of the corresponding aspect of the subject. For example, the ring finger is associated with the Greek god Apollo; characteristics of the ring finger are tied to the subject's dealings with art, music, aesthetics, fame, wealth, and harmony.

25

Palmistry

Significance of the left and right hand Though there are debatesWikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Unsupported attributions on which hand is better to read from, both have their own significance. It is customWikipedia:Avoid weasel words to assume that the left hand shows potential in an individual, and the right shows realized personality. Some sayings about the significance include "The future is shown in the right, the past in the left"; "The left hand is the one we are born with, and the right is what we have made of it"; "The right hand is read for men, while the left is read for women"; "The left is what the gods give you, the right is what you do with it"; "The right hand is read for right-handed people, while the left is read for left-handed people"Wikipedia:Citation needed. The choice of hand to read is ultimately up to the instinct and experience of the practitioner. € Left The left hand is usually controlled by the right brain (often believed to direct control pattern recognition, relationship understanding), reflects the inner person, the natural self, the anima, and the lateral thinking. € Right The right hand is usually controlled by the left brain (often believed to direct logic, reason, and language), reflects the outer person, objective self, influence of social environment, education, and experience. It represents linear thinking.

Hand shape Depending on the type of palmistry practiced, and the type of reading being performed, palmists may look at various qualities of the hand, including the shapes and lines of the palm and fingers; the color and texture of the skin and fingernails; the relative sizes of the palm and fingers; the prominence of the knuckles; and numerous other attributes of the hands. In most schools of palmistry, hand shapes are divided into four or 11 major types, sometimes corresponding to the Classical elements or temperaments. Hand shape is believed to indicate character traits corresponding to the type indicated (i.e., a "Fire hand" would exhibit high energy, creativity, short temper, ambition, etc. - all qualities believed to be related to the Classical element of Fire). Although variations abound, the most common classifications used by modern palmists: € Earth hands are generally identified by broad, square palms and fingers, thick or coarse skin, and ruddy color. The length of the palm from wrist to the bottom of the fingers is usually equal to the length of the fingers. € Air hands exhibit square or rectangular palms with long fingers and sometimes protruding knuckles, low-set thumbs, and often dry skin. The length of the palm from wrist to the bottom of the fingers is usually equal to the length of the fingers. €

Water hands are seeable by the long, sometimes oval-shaped palm, with long, flexible, conical fingers. The

length of the palm from wrist to the bottom of the fingers is usually less than the width across the widest part of the palm, and usually equal to the length of the fingers. € Fire hands are characterized by a square or rectangular palm, flushed or pink skin, and shorter fingers. The length of the palm from wrist to the bottom of the fingers is usually greater than the length of the fingers. The number and quality of lines can also be included in the hand shape analysis; in some traditions of palmistry, Earth and Water hands tend to have fewer, deeper lines, while Air and Fire hands are more likely to show more lines with less clear definition.

26

Palmistry

Lines The three lines found on almost all hands, and generally given most weight by palmists: € The heart line is the first of the major lines examined by a reader and represents love and attraction. It is found towards the top of the palm, under the fingers. In some traditions, the line is read as starting from the edge of the palm under the little finger and flowing across the palm towards the thumb; in others, it is seen as starting under the fingers and flowing toward the outside edge of the palm. Palmists interpret this line to represent matters of the heart, that is, more literally, our emotional living; it is therefore believed to be an insight into how the emotional sides of our mindframes will act out and be acted upon during our lifetimes, and often said, to what extent we possess emotional reservoirs within us, for example, a chained or gridded heart line (or emotional line) is often seen in people who are highly strung, nervous and draw upon emotional strength and insight to attain their ambitions, i.e. they wear their 'emotions' on their sleeves, often to draw strength. Such chaining or gridding on the heart line (emotional line) is Some of the lines of the hand in Palmistry often seen in intensely creative artists such as musicians and 1: Life line - 2: Head line - 3: Heart line - 4: Girdle of writers, as well as deeply driven scientists. Dealing with Venus - 5: Sun line - 6: Mercury line - 7: Fate line emotions, the line is also claimed to indicate romantic perspectives and intimate relationships, again, a chained or gridded heart line is said to point to a flirtatious attitude to love, and one which can be prone to fall in love easily. On a physical level, the heart line is indirectly associated with heart health, more so through the effects that emotions can have on the body such as with blood pressure. A chained heart line is often associated with high blood pressure, but also of an 'adrenaline junkie' attitude in life. € The next line identified by palmists is the head line. This line starts at the edge of the palm under the index finger and flows across the palm towards the outside edge. Often, the head line is joined with the life line (see below) at inception. Palmists generally interpret this line to represent the person's mind and the way it works, including learning style, communication style, intellectualism, and thirst for knowledge. It is also believed to indicate a preference for creative or analytical approaches to information (i.e., right brain or left brain). € The life line is perhaps the most controversial line on the hand.Wikipedia:Citation needed This line extends from the edge of the palm above the thumb and travels in an arc towards the wrist. This line is believed to represent the person's vitality and vigor, physical health and general well being. The life line is also believed to reflect major life changes, including cataclysmic events, physical injuries, and relocations. Contrary to popular belief, modern palmists generally do not believe that the length of a person's life line is tied to the length of a person's life. € The combined length of these three main lines (heart, head, life) can also be used. If this combined length is longer than a persons foot they may be over bearing. However, if it is shorter they may give in too easily to other people. A similar length suggests a well balanced individual. Additional major lines or variations include: € A simian crease, or fusing of the heart and head lines, has special significance in that both emotional as well as reasoning nature have to be studied from this line alone. The peculiar line is thought to be a combination of the head and heart lines on such hands that are separately marked on the rest of the hands.

27

Palmistry According to CheiroWikipedia:Citation needed, this line is thought to endow a person with an intensity of purpose or single-mindedness, the nature of which is decided upon by exact position of this line on the hand and the direction of any branches shooting from it, which is normally the case. In hands where such a line exists without any branches as a singular mark, it indicates an extremely intense nature and special care is needed for such persons. The normal position for the line is starting below the index finger and ending where normally the heart line terminates at the edge of the hand below the little finger, indicating average interests for the person and the intense side of the nature is decided purely by the direction of any branches shooting from it. The upper half of the palm lying immediately below the fingers is considered to represent the higher or intellectual nature and the lower half of the palm to represent the materialistic side of the nature. If one of these halves is larger than the other as decided by the central placement of the head line or in this case the single transverse palmar crease it shows greater development of that aspect of the nature. Based on this general principle, if this line is placed below its normal position it indicates an intensely intellectual nature; if it is placed above its normal position it indicates an intensely materialistic nature and interests. The direction in which any branches may be found shooting from this line have a significant impact on the nature of this line resulting in suitable modifications from the above defined results depending on the nature of the mounts on the hand. For instance, if a branch from this line shoots to the mount of Moon lying on the lower edge of the hand exactly opposite the thumb, it indicates an intensely vacillating nature and emotional temperament. € The fate line runs from the bottom of the palm near the wrist, up through the center of the palm towards the middle finger. This line is believed to be tied to the person's life path, including school and career choices, successes and obstacles. Sometimes this line is thought to reflect circumstances beyond the individual's control, or alternately the person's choices and their consequences. Other minor lines: € Sun line - parallel to the Fate Line, under the ring finger; believed to indicate fame or scandal € Girdle of Venus - starts between the little and ring fingers, runs in a rough arc under the ring and middle fingers to end between the middle and pointer fingers; thought to relate to emotional intelligence and the ability to manipulate € Union lines - short horizontal lines found on the percussive edge of the palm between the Heart Line and the bottom of the little finger; believed to indicate close relationships, sometimes - but not always - romantic. € Mercury line - runs from the bottom of the palm near the wrist, up through the palm towards the little finger; purported to be an indicator of persistent health issues, business acumen, or skill in communication. The mounts in Palmistry € Travel lines - these are horizontal lines found on the percussive Jupiter, Saturn, Apollo, Mercury, Mars positive, Mars edge of the palm between the wrist and the heart line; each line negative, plain of mars, Luna mount, Neptune mount, [8] Venus mount. is said to represent a trip taken by the subject - the longer the line, the more important the trip is to the subject. € Other markings - these include stars, crosses, triangles, squares, tridents, and rings under each of the fingers; their supposed impact and meaning varies by location on the palm and freedom from other interfering lines. € "Apollo line" - the Apollo line means to have a fortunate life; it travels from the Mount of the Moon at the wrist to beneath the Apollo finger.

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Palmistry

29

Criticism Criticism of palmistry often rests with the lack of empirical evidence supporting its efficacy. Scientific literature typically regards palmistry as a pseudoscientific or superstitious belief.[9] Skeptics often include palmists on lists of alleged psychics who practice cold reading. Cold reading is the practice that allows readers of all kinds, including palmists, to appear psychic by using high-probability guessing and inferring details based on signals or cues from the other person.[10]

In films and television Palmistry has been shown in a number of films and television shows, including: € Amaya (2011) - Through the use of Himalad (Palmistry) the priestess found out that Amaya is the chosen one the girl with a twin snake who will kill the ferocious Rajah. € Eat Pray Love (2010) - Julia Roberts' character goes in for a palmistry reading which transforms her life € The Simian Line (2001) - Readings by a quirky psychic set in motion the main plot of the film € Before Sunrise (1995) - Julie Delpy's character has her palm read, while Ethan Hawke's character is sidelined, leading to a cynical rant from his character € Jacob's Ladder (1990) - Tim Robbins' character has his palm read at a party, which acts as an ominous portent € Teen Witch (1989) - While Robyn Lively's character has her palm read, the fortune teller recognizes her as reincarnated witch who will soon be coming into her powers € The Simpsons - Palmistry is lampooned in the Season 4 Episode 8 New Kid on the Block. € Fun and Fancy Free (1947) - In Mickey and the Beanstalk, Mickey reads the giant's palm € Are You Being Served? (1972-1985) - In the third series premiere (1975), Mr. Humphries (played by John Inman) reads an Asian customer's hand, foretelling an accident. Later on, it does happen. € The Hunchback of Notre Dame - When Quasimodo tells Esmeralda he's a monster, she reads his palm and sees no "monster lines". € Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban - Harry takes a course in divination and dabbles in palmistry. € Hands of Destiny (1954 film) - Palmist Dr Josef Ranald appears as himself. He had supposedly read the palms of the great and the good (and leading Nazis) in the mid C20 with huge accuracy!

References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

Dwivedi. Wonders of Palmistry pp. 16-20 Omura.Acupuncture. pp.172 -174. According to this theory, palmistry developed in India and then extended across the world. Dwivedi. Wonders of Palmistry p. 25-26 Sharma. The A-Z of Palmistry. p. 95 Chinn. Technology. p.24...it was not until the mid- to late nineteenth century that palmreading took off in Britain, France and the United States thanks to three major figures: Casimir Stanislas d'Arpentigny, Edward Heron-Allen and ..Cheiro.

[6] [7] [8] [9]

Johannes Hartlieb (Munich, 1456) The Book of All Forbidden Arts; quoted in L°ng, p. 124. Heron-Allen. Palmistry Sara Sirolli - Palmistry diagram of hand (http:/ / www.mrspalmreader.com/ page7.htm) 2008 Preece, P. F., & Baxter, J. H. (2000). Scepticism and gullibility: The superstitious and pseudo-scientific beliefs of secondary school students. International Journal of Science Education, 22(11), 1147-1156. [10] David Vernon in Skeptical a Handbook of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal , editors: Donald Laycock, David Vernon, Colin Groves, Simon Brown, Imagecraft, Canberra, 1989, ISBN 0-7316-5794-2, p. 44. ‚

Palmistry

30

Further reading € Chauran, Alexandra (2013). Palmistry Every Day. Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 0-7387-3494-2. € Saint-Germain, Comte C. de. Practical Palmistry. Laird & Lee Publishers; Chicago, 1897. € Heron-Allen, Edward (2008). Palmistry - A Manual of Cheirosophy (reprint ed.). Baltzell Press. ISBN 1-4437-6535-X. € Chinn, Sarah E. (2000). Technology and the logic of American racism. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-4750-3. € Yoshiaki Omura (2003). Acupuncture Medicine:Its Historical and Clinical Background . Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 0-486-42850-8. € Cheiro. Palmistry for All at Project Gutenberg € Doublepalm+ project (http:/ / doublepalm.com) The Doublepalm+ project is a non-profit site about making palm reading with people on the web more like palm reading in the real world. € Hari Dutta Sharma (1995). The A-Z of Palmistry. New Delhi, India: Sterling Publishers Pvt.Ltd. ISBN 81-207-1661-2. € Bhorai Dwivedi (1970). Wonders of Palmistry. New Delhi: Diamond Pocket Books. ISBN 81-284-0099-1.

Reflexology Reflexology,

or zone therapy, is an alternative medicine involving the physical act of applying pressure to the feet, hands, or ears with specific thumb, finger, and hand techniques without the use of oil or lotion. It is based on what reflexologists claim to be a system of zones and reflex areas that they say reflect an image of the body on the feet and hands, with the premise that such work affects a physical change to the body. A 2009 systematic review of randomised controlled trials concludes that "The best evidence available to date does not demonstrate convincingly that reflexology is an effective treatment for any medical condition." There is no consensus among reflexologists on how reflexology is supposed to work; a unifying theme is the idea that areas on the foot correspond to areas of the body, and that by manipulating these one can improve health through one's qi. Reflexologists divide the body into ten equal vertical zones, five on the right and five on the left. Concerns have been raised by medical professionals that treating potentially serious illnesses with reflexology, which has no proven efficacy, could delay the seeking of appropriate medical treatment.

An example of a reflexology chart, demonstrating the areas of the feet that practitioners believe correspond with organs in the "zones" of the body.

Reflexology

Medical uses Reviews from 2009 and 2011 have not found evidence sufficient to support the use of reflexology for any medical condition. The overall quality of the evidence is poor.

Mechanism The Reflexology Association of Canada defines reflexology as: "A natural healing art based on the principle that there are reflexes in the feet, hands and ears and their referral areas within zone related areas, which correspond to every part, gland and organ of the body. Through application of pressure on these reflexes without the use of tools, cr·mes or lotions, the feet being the primary area of application, reflexology relieves tension, improves circulation and helps promote the natural function of the related areas of the body." Reflexologists posit that the blockage of an energy field, invisible life force, or Qi, can prevent healing. Another tenet of reflexology is the belief that practitioners can relieve stress and pain in other parts of the body through the manipulation of the feet. One claimed explanation is that the pressure received in the feet may send signals that 'balance' the nervous system or release chemicals such as endorphins that reduce stress and pain.[1] These hypotheses are rejected by the general medical community, who cite a lack of scientific evidence and the well-tested germ theory of disease. Reflexology's claim to manipulate energy (Qi) has been highly controversial, as there is no scientific evidence for the existence of life energy (Qi), 'energy balance', 'crystalline structures,' or 'pathways' in the body. In Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial, Simon Singh argues that if indeed the hands and feet "reflect" the internal organs, reflexology might be expected to explain how such "reflection" was derived from the process of Darwinian natural selection; but Singh observes that no argument or evidence has been adduced.[2]

Use by population Reflexology is one of the most used alternative therapies in Denmark. A national survey from 2005 showed that 21.4% of the Danish population had used reflexology at some point in life and 6.1% had used reflexology within the previous year.[3] A study from Norway showed that 5.6% of the Norwegian population in 2007 had used reflexology within the last 12 months.[4]

Regulation In the United Kingdom, reflexology is coordinated on a voluntary basis by the Complementary and Natural Healthcare Council (CNHC). An example of a reflexology chart of the Hand, Registrants are required to meet Standards of Proficiency outlined by demonstrating the areas of the hand that Profession Specific Boards,[5] as CNHC is voluntary anyone practising practitioners believe correspond with organs in can describe themselves as reflexologists. When the CNHC began the "zones" of the body. admitting reflexologists, a skeptic searched for and found 14 of them claiming efficacy on illnesses. Once pointed out, the CNHC had the claims retracted as it conflicted with their Advertising Standards Authority.[6]

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Reflexology

History Practices resembling reflexology may have existed in previous historical periods. Similar practices have been documented in the histories of China and Egypt. Reflexology was introduced to the United States in 1913 by William H. Fitzgerald, M.D. (1872 ‚ 1942), an ear, nose, and throat specialist, and Dr. Edwin Bowers. Fitzgerald claimed that applying pressure had an anesthetic effect on other areas of the body. Reflexology was modified in the 1930s and 1940s by Eunice D. Ingham (1889 ‚ 1974), a nurse and physiotherapist. Ingham claimed that the feet and hands were especially sensitive, and mapped the entire body into "reflexes" on the feet renaming "zone therapy" to reflexology.[7] "Modern reflexologists use Ingham's methods, or similar techniques developed by the reflexologist Laura Norman."

Notes [1] (WOT score is marked as dangerous (http:/ / www.mywot.com/ en/ scorecard/ reflexology-research.com)) [2] Singh, Simon; Ernst, Edzard (2008). Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial. Transworld. ISBN 978-0-593-06129-9. [3] Reflexology in Denmark (http:/ / www.vifab.dk/ uk/ alternative+medicine/ alternative+therapies/ reflexology?) text from Knowledge and Research Center for Alternative Medicine (http:/ / www.vifab.dk/ uk) a Danish governmental institution [4] Nifab-unders¸gelsen (http:/ / www.nifab.no/ om_alternativ_behandling/ alternativ_behandling_i_norge/ nifab_undersoekelsen) in Norwegean only [5] CNHC - Policies (http:/ / www.cnhc.org.uk/ pages/ index.cfm?page_id=47) [6] CNHC Wishes to Thank Simon Perry (http:/ / adventuresinnonsense.blogspot. com/ 2009/ 11/ cnhc-wishes-to-place-on-formal-record_27. html), http:/ / adventuresinnonsense.blogspot. com, Friday, 27 November 2009 [7] cancer.org - Reflexology (http:/ / www.cancer.org/ Treatment/ TreatmentsandSideEffects/ ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/ ManualHealingandPhysicalTouch/ reflexology)

External links € "Reflexology at Aetna InteliHealth" (http:/ / www.intelihealth.com/ IH/ ihtIH/ WSIHW000/ 8513/ 34968/ 360060.html?d=dmtContent). 2005-07-07. Retrieved 2007-10-12. € "Reflexology at American Cancer Society" (http:/ / www.cancer.org/ docroot/ ETO/ content/ ETO_5_3X_Reflexology.asp?sitearea=ETO). American Cancer Society. 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2009-03-02. € Barrett, Stephen (2004-09-25). "Reflexology: A close look" (http:/ / www.quackwatch.org/ 01QuackeryRelatedTopics/ reflex.html). Quackwatch. Retrieved 2011-03-14. € Carroll, Robert Todd (2007-10-03). "Skeptics Dictionary: Definition of Reflexology" (http:/ / skepdic.com/ reflex.html). Retrieved 2011-03-14. € Dunning, Brian (2007-01-28). "Reflexology: Only Dangerous If You Use It" (http:/ / skeptoid.com/ episodes/ 4024). Retrieved 2011-03-14. € Reflexology in the management of encopresis and chronic constipation (http:/ / www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/ 12715585) € Scientific literary review compilation on Reflexology - 50 page PDF - Compiled by AQTN (http:/ / www. association.quebec.aqtn.ca/ files/ Reflexology-full-Litterature-Review.pdf)

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Tarot

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Tarot This article is about the card decks created for trick-taking games and later used for divinatory and esoteric/occult purposes. For other uses, see Tarot (disambiguation). Not to be confused with taro. The

(/ ‰t¹roŠ /; first known as trionfi and later as tarocchi, tarock, and others) is a pack of playing cards (most commonly numbering 78), used from the mid-15th century in various parts of Europe to play a group of card games such as Italian tarocchini and French tarot. From the late 18th century until the present time the tarot has also found use by mystics and occultists in efforts at divination or as a map of mental and spiritual pathways. tarot

Like a normal deck of cards, the tarot has four suits (which vary by region, being the French suits in Northern Europe, the Latin suits in Southern Europe, and the German suits in Central Europe). Each of these suits has pip cards numbering from ace to ten and four face cards for a total of 14 cards. In addition, the tarot has a separate 21-card trump suit and a single card known as the Fool. Depending on the game, the Fool may act as the top trump or may be played to avoid following suit. Franºois Rabelais gives tarau as the name of one of the games played by Gargantua in his Gargantua and Pantagruel;[1] this is likely the earliest attestation of the French form of the name.Wikipedia:Citation needed Tarot cards are used throughout much of Europe to play card games. In English-speaking countries, where these games are largely unplayed, tarot cards are now used primarily for divinatory purposes. Visconti-Sforza tarot deck. The Devil card is a 20th-century replacement for the card missing Occultists call the trump cards and the Fool "the major arcana" while from the original 15th-century deck. the ten pip and four court cards in each suit are called minor arcana. The cards are traced by some occult writers to ancient Egypt or the Kabbalah but there is no documented evidence of such origins or of the usage of tarot for divination before the 18th century.

Etymology The English and French word tarot derives from the Italian tarocchi, which has no known origin or etymologyWikipedia:Citation needed. One theory relates the name "tarot" to the Taro River in northern Italy, near Parma; the game seems to have originated in northern Italy, in Milan or Bologna.[2] Other writers believe it comes from the Arabic word €•‚ turuq, which means 'ways'. Alternatively, it may be from the Arabic ƒ•„ taraka, 'to leave, abandon, omit, leave behind'[3]

Tarot

34

History Playing cards first entered Europe in the late 14th century, probably from Mamluk Egypt, with suits very similar to the tarot suits of Swords, Staves, Cups and Coins (also known as disks, and pentacles) and those still used in traditional Italian, Spanish and Portuguese decks.[4] The first known documented tarot cards were created between 1430 and 1450 in Milan, Ferrara and Bologna in northern Italy when additional trump cards with allegorical illustrations were added to the common four-suit pack. These new decks were originally called carte da trionfi, triumph cards, and the additional cards known simply as trionfi, which became "trumps" in English. The first literary evidence of the existence of carte da trionfi is a written statement in the court records in Florence, in 1440. The oldest surviving tarot cards are from fifteen fragmented decks painted in the mid 15th century for the Visconti-Sforza family, the rulers of Milan. Early decks

Picture-card packs are first mentioned by Martiano da Tortona probably between 1418 and 1425, since the painter he mentions, Michelino da Besozzo, returned to Milan in 1418, while Martiano himself died in 1425. He describes a deck with 16 picture cards with images of the Greek gods and suits depicting four kinds of birds, not the common suits. However the 16 cards were obviously regarded as "trumps" as, about 25 years later, Jacopo Antonio Marcello called them a ludus triumphorum, or "game of trumps". Special motifs on cards added to regular packs show philosophical, social, poetical, astronomical, and heraldic ideas, Roman/Greek/Babylonian heroes, as in the case of the Sola-Busca-Tarocchi (1491) and the Boiardo Tarocchi poem, written at an unknown date between 1461 and 1494.[5] Two playing card decks from Milan (the Brera-Brambilla and Cary-Yale-Tarocchi) ƒextant, but fragmentary ƒwere made circa 1440. Three documents dating from 1 January 1441 to July 1442, use the term trionfi. The document from January 1441 is regarded as an unreliable reference; however, the same painter, Sagramoro, was commissioned by the same patron, Leonello d'Este, as in the February 1442 document. The game seemed to gain in importance in the year 1450, a Jubilee year in Italy, which saw many festivities and the movement of many pilgrims.

Le Bateleur : The Juggler from the

Jean Dodal Tarot of Marseilles. This card is often named The Magician in modern English language tarots

Three mid-15th century sets were made for members of the Visconti family. The first deck, and probably the prototype, is called the Cary-Yale Tarot (or Visconti-Modrone Tarot) and was created between 1442 and 1447 by an anonymous painter for Filippo Maria Visconti. The cards (only 67) are today in the Cary collection of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University, in the U.S. state of Connecticut. [6] The most famous was painted in the mid-15th century, to celebrate Francesco Sforza and his wife Bianca Maria Visconti, daughter of the duke Filippo Maria. Probably, these cards were painted by Bonifacio Bembo or Francesco Zavattari between 1451 and 1453. Of the original cards, 35 are in The Morgan Library & Museum, 26 are at the Accademia Carrara, thirteen are at the Casa Colleoni, and four: The Devil, The Tower, Money's Horse (The Chariot), and the 3 of Spades, are lost or were never made. This "Visconti-Sforza" deck, which has been widely reproduced, reflects conventional iconography of the time to a significant degree. Hand-painted tarot cards remained a privilege of the upper classes and, although a single sermon by a Dominican preacher inveighing against the evil inherent in cards (mostly centered around their use in gambling) can be traced to the 14th century,[7] no routine condemnations of tarot were found during its early history.

Tarot Because the earliest tarot cards were hand-painted, the number of the decks produced is thought to have been rather small, and it was only after the invention of the printing press that mass production of cards became possible. Decks survive from this era from various cities in France, and the most popular pattern of these early printed decks is called the Tarot de Marseille such as the Jean Dodal Tarot (Lyon) and the Jean Noblet Tarot (Paris) for example.

Tarot, tarock and tarocchi games Main article: Tarot, tarock and tarocchi games The original purpose of tarot cards was for playing games, the first basic rules appearing in the manuscript of Martiano da Tortona before 1425, and the next from the year 1637. The game of tarot has many cultural variations. In Italy the game has become less popular. One version named Tarocco Bolognese: Otocento has survived and there are still others played in Piedmont; but the number of games outside of Italy is much higher. The French tarot game is the most popular in its native country and regional tarot games ƒoften known as tarock , tarok , or tarokk ƒare widely played in central Europe.

Divinatory, esoteric, and occult tarot Main article: Divinatory, esoteric and occult tarot Each card possesses a pictogram and title that represents a specific concept. The belief in divination associated with Tarot focuses on the prospect that whatever cards are dealt to the participant will be revelatory. Divination using playing cards is in evidence as early as 1540 in a book entitled The Oracles of Francesco Marcolino da Forl• which allows a simple method of divination, though the cards are used only to select a random oracle and have no meaning in themselves. But manuscripts from 1735 (The Square of Sevens) and 1750 ( Pratesi Cartomancer ) document rudimentary divinatory meanings for the cards of the tarot as well as a system for laying out the cards. Giacomo Casanova wrote in his diary that in 1765 his Russian mistress frequently used a deck of playing cards for divination. Antoine Court de Gbelin, a French-born Protestant pastor and Freemason, published a dissertation on the origins of the symbolism in the Tarot in volume VIII of his unfinished fifteen volumes of the Le Monde Primitif . De Gbelin, who never knew the Tarot as the Tarot de Marseille (a name which came much later), thought the Tarot represented ancient Egyptian Theology, including Isis, Osiris and Typhon (the Greek name for Seth), but never mentions Thoth. For example, he thought the card he knew as the Papesse and known today as the High Priestess represented Isis. He also related four Tarot cards to the four Christian Cardinal virtues: Temperance, Justice, Strength and Prudence. He relates The Tower to a Greek fable about avarice. Although Egyptian had not yet been deciphered by Champollion, Gbelin asserted the name "Tarot" came from the Egyptian words Tar , "path" or "road", and the word Ro, Ros or Rog, meaning "King" or "royal", and that the Tarot literally translated to the Royal Road of Life.

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Tarot

36

Varieties A variety of styles of tarot decks and designs exist and a number of typical regional patterns have emerged. Historically, one of the most important designs is the one usually known as the Tarot de Marseille. This standard pattern was the one studied by Court de Gbelin, and cards based on this style illustrate his Le Monde primitif . The Tarot de Marseille was also popularized in the 20th century by Paul Marteau.Wikipedia:Citation needed Some current editions of cards based on the Marseille design go back to a deck of a particular Marseille design that was printed by Nicolas Conver in 1760. Other regional styles include the "Swiss" Tarot. This one substitutes Juno and Jupiter for the Papess, or High Priestess and the Pope, or Hierophant. In Florence an expanded deck called Minchiate was used. This deck of 96 cards includes astrological symbols including the four elements, as well as traditional tarot motifs. Some decks exist primarily as artwork; and such art decks sometimes contain only the 22 trump cards. French suited tarots

Le Chariot , from Nicolas Conver's

1760 deck.

French suited tarot cards began to appear in Germany during the 18th century. The first generation of French suited tarots depicted scenes of animals on the trumps and were thus called "Tiertarock" decks ('Tier' being German for 'animal'). Card maker G³bl of Munich is often credited for this design innovation. French suited tarot cards are a modern deck used for the tarot/tarock card games commonly played in France and central Europe. The symbolism of French suited tarot trumps depart considerably from the older Italian suited design. With very few exceptional recent cases such as the Tarocchi di Alan, Tarot of Reincarnation and the Tarot de la Nature, French suited tarot cards are nearly exclusively used for card games and rarely for divination.

Example of 18th century "Tiertarock" or animal tarot.

Central European 54 card Tarock deck.

French Tarot Nouveau circa 1910

Tarot

37

Non-occult Italian-suited tarot decks

These were the oldest form of tarot deck to be made, being first devised in the 15th century in northern Italy. The occult tarot decks are based on decks of this type. Four decks of this category are still used to play certain games: € The Tarocco Piemontese consists of the four suits of swords, batons, cups and coins, each headed by a king, queen, cavalier and jack, followed by numerals 10 down to 1. The trumps rank as follows: The Angel (20 ƒalthough it only bears the second-highest number, it is nonetheless the highest), the World (21), the Sun (19), the Moon (18), the Star (17), the Tower (16), the Devil (15), Temperance (14), Death (13), the Hanged Man (12), Justice (11), the Wheel of Fortune (10), the Hermit (9), Strength (8), the Chariot (7), the Lovers (6), the Pope (5), the Emperor (4), the Empress (3), the Popess (2) and the Bagatto (1). There is also the Fool ( Matto). € The Tarot de Besan•on and the Swiss Tarot 1JJ are similar, but are of a different graphical design, and replaces the Pope with Jupiter, the Popess with Tarocco Piemontese: the Fool. Juno, and the Angel with the Judgement. The trumps rank in numerical order and the Tower is known as the House of God. € The Tarocco Bolognese omits numeral cards two to five in plain suits, leaving it with 62 cards, and has somewhat different trumps, not all of which are numbered and four of which are equal in rank. It has a different graphical design. € The Tarocco Siciliano changes some of the trumps, and replaces the 21 with a card labeled Miseria (destitution). It omits the Two and Three of coins, and numerals one to four in batons, swords and cups: it thus has 64 cards. The cards are quite small and, again, of a different graphical design.[9] Occult tarot decks

Etteilla was the first to issue a revised tarot deck specifically designed for occult purposes rather than game playing. In keeping with the belief that tarot cards are derived from the Book of Thoth, Etteilla's tarot contained themes related to ancient Egypt. The 78-card tarot deck used by esotericists has two distinct parts: € The Major Arcana (greater secrets), or trump cards, consists of 22 cards without suits: The Magician, The High Priestess, The Empress, The Emperor, The Hierophant, The Lovers, The Chariot, Strength, The Hermit, Wheel of Fortune, Justice, The Hanged Man, Death, Temperance, The Devil, The Tower, The Star, The Moon, The Sun, Judgement, The World and The Fool. € The Minor Arcana (lesser secrets) consists of 56 cards, divided into four suits of 14 cards each; ten numbered cards and four court cards. The court cards are the King, Queen, Knight and Page/Jack, in each of the four tarot suits. The traditional Italian tarot suits are swords, batons/wands, coins and cups; in modern tarot decks, however, the batons suit is often called wands, rods or staves, while the coins suit is often called pentacles or disks. The terms "major arcana" and "minor arcana" were first used by Jean-Baptiste Pitois (also known as Paul Christian) and are never used in relation to Tarot card games. Tarot is often used in conjunction with the study of the Hermetic Qabalah. [8] In these decks all the cards are illustrated in accordance with Kabbalistic principles, most being under the influence of the Rider-Waite-Smith deck and bearing illustrated scenes on all the suit cards. The images on the "Rider-Waite" deck were drawn by artist Pamela Colman Smith, to the instructions of mystic and occultist Arthur Edward Waite, and were originally published by the Rider Company in 1910. This deck is considered a simple, user friendly one but nevertheless its imagery, especially in the Major Arcana, is complex and replete with esoteric symbolism. The subjects of the Major Arcana are based on those of the earliest decks, but have been significantly modified to reflect Waite and Smith's

Tarot view of tarot. An important difference from Marseilles style decks is that Smith drew scenes with esoteric meanings on the suit cards. However the Rider-Waite wasn't the first deck to include completely illustrated suit cards. The first to do so was the 15th century Sola-Busca deck.[9] Older decks such as the Visconti-Sforza and Marseilles are less detailed than modern esoteric decks. A Marseilles type deck is usually distinguished by having repetitive motifs on the pip cards, similar to Italian or Spanish playing cards, as opposed to the full scenes found on "Rider-Waite" style decks. These more simply illustrated "Marseilles" style decks are also used esoterically, for divination, and for game play, though the French card game of tarot is now generally played using a relatively modern 19th century design of German origin. Such playing tarot decks generally have twenty one trump cards with genre scenes from 19th century life, a Fool, and have court and pip cards that closely resemble today's French playing cards. The Marseilles style tarot decks generally feature numbered minor arcana cards that look very much like the pip cards of modern playing card decks. The Marseilles' numbered minor arcana cards do not have scenes depicted on them; rather, they sport a geometric arrangement of the number of suit symbols (e.g., swords, rods/wands, cups, coins/pentacles) corresponding to the number of the card (accompanied by botanical and other non-scenic flourishes), while the court cards are often illustrated with flat, two-dimensional drawings. A widely used modernist esoteric tarot deck is Aleister Crowley's Thoth Tarot (Thoth pronounced / ‰toŠt/ or / ‰»‹»/). Crowley, at the height of a lifetime's work dedicated to occultism, engaged the artist Lady Frieda Harris to paint the cards for the deck according to his specifications. His system of tarot correspondences, published in The Book of Thoth and Liber 777 , are an evolution and expansion upon that which he learned in the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.[10] In contrast to the Thoth deck's colorfulness, the illustrations on Paul Foster Case's B.O.T.A. Tarot deck are black line drawings on white cards; this is an unlaminated deck intended to be colored by its owner. Other esoteric decks include the hermetic Golden Dawn Tarot, which claims to be based on a deck by S.L. MacGregor Mathers. The variety of decks presently available is almost endless, and grows yearly. For instance, cat-lovers may have the Tarot of the Cat People, a deck replete with cats in every picture. The Tarot of the Witches and the Aquarian Tarot retain the conventional cards with varying designs. The Tree of Life Tarot's cards are stark symbolic catalogs; and The Alchemical Tarot, created by Robert M. Place, combines traditional alchemical symbols with tarot images. These contemporary divination decks change the cards to varying degrees. For example, the Motherpeace Tarot is notable for its circular cards and feminist angle where the male characters have been replaced by females. The Tarot of Baseball has suits of bats, mitts, balls, and bases; "coaches" and "MVPs" instead of Queens and Kings; and major arcana cards such as "The Catcher", "The Rule Book", and "Batting a Thousand". In the Silicon Valley Tarot, major arcana cards include The Hacker, Flame War, The Layoff and The Garage; the suits are Networks, Cubicles, Disks and Hosts; the court cards CEO, Salesman, Marketeer and New Hire. Another tarot in recent years has been the Robin Wood Tarot. This deck retains the Rider-Waite theme while adding some very soft and colorful Pagan symbolism. As with other decks, the cards are available with a companion book written by Wood which details all of the symbolism and colors utilized in the Major and Minor Arcana. Unconventionality is taken to an extreme by Morgan's Tarot, produced in 1970 by Morgan Robbins and illustrated by Darshan Chorpash Zenith. Morgan's Tarot has no suits, no card ranking and no explicit order of the cards. It has 88 cards rather than the more conventional 78, and its simple line drawings show a strong influence from the psychedelic era. Nevertheless, in the introductory booklet that accompanies the deck Robbins claims spiritual inspiration for the cards and cites the influence of Tibetan Buddhism in particular.

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Tarot

39

Deck-specific symbolism

Many popular decks have modified the traditional symbolism to reflect the esoteric beliefs of their creators. Rider-Waite-Smith deck

The tarot created by A. E. Waite and Pamela Coleman Smith departs from the earlier tarot design with its use of scenic pip cards and the alteration of how the Strength and Justice cards are ranked. Crowley-Harris Thoth deck

Each card in the Thoth deck is intricately detailed with astrological, zodiacal, elemental and Qabalistic symbols related to each card. Colours are used symbolically, especially the cards related to the five elements of Spirit, Fire, Water, Air and Earth. Crowley wrote a book, The Book of Thoth, to accompany, describe and expand on his deck and the data regarding the pathways within. Unlike the popular Waite-Smith Tarot, the Thoth Tarot retains the traditional order of the trumps but uses alternative nomenclature for both the trumps and the courts. Hermetic Tarot

Hermetic Tarot utilizes the tarot imagery to function as a textbook and mnemonic device for teaching and revealing the gnosis of alchemical symbolical language and its profound and philosophical meanings. An example of this practice is found in the rituals of the 19th-century Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. In the 20th century, Hermetic use of the tarot imagery as a handbook and revealer of perennial wisdom was further developed in the work of Carl Gustav Jung and his exploration into the psyche and active imagination. A 21st-century example of a Hermetic rooted tarot deck is that of Tarot ReVisioned, a black and white deck and book for the Major Arcana by Leigh J. McCloskey.[11]

References [1] Franºois Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel , ch. 22, "Les Jeux de Gargantua" [2] Cassandra Eason, Complete Guide to Tarot , p. 3 (Crossing Press, 2000; ISBN 1-58091-068-8) [3] Etymology for Tarot (http:/ / www.etymonline.com/ index.php?search=tarot&searchmode=none), Douglas Harper - The Online Etymology Dictionary [4] Donald Laycock in Skeptical a Handbook of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal, ed Donald Laycock, David Vernon, Colin Groves, Simon Brown, Imagecraft, Canberra, 1989, ISBN 0-7316-5794-2, p. 67 [5] Tarot and its History (http:/ / web.archive.org/ web/ 20091027063534/ http:/ / www.geocities.com/ autorbis/ boiardolife.html) - Autorbis [6] The oldest Tarot deck (http:/ / www.darktarot.com/ the_oldest_tarot_deck.php), Photos, history, and more information on the oldest tarot deck. [7] Robert Steele. A Notice of the Ludus Triumphorum and some Early Italian Card Games; With Some Remarks on the Origin of the Playing Cards." Archaeologia, vol LVII, 1900: pp 185-200. [8] Israel Regardie, "The Tree of Life", (London, Rider, 1932) [9] The new encyclopedia of the occult (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=xAmMNnJlfnoC&pg=PA442&dq=solar+busca+deck+tarot& lr=&hl=cs#v=onepage& q=&f=false), John Michael Greer pg. 442 - Llewellyn Publications (2003) ISBN 1-56718-336-0 [10] Tarot for Your Self: A Workbook for Personal Transformation (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=YJD93CFeDIAC&pg=PA285& dq=Aleister+Crowley+system+of+Tarot+correspondences&lr=&hl=cs#v=onepage& q=Aleister Crowley system of Tarot correspondences&f=false), Mary K. Greer pg. 285 - New Page Books (2002) ISBN 1-56414-588-3 [11] McCloskey, Leigh, Tarot ReVisioned, adpress ‚

Tarot

External links € Tarotpedia (http:/ / www.tarotpedia.com/ wiki/ Main_Page)

Further reading € Nichols, Sallie, Jung and Tarot: an Archetypal Journey (http:/ / books.google.com/ books?id=43vymTMJKrsC&printsec=frontcover), York Beach : Weiser, 1980 € Douglas Alfred The Tarot Penguin Books 1972 € Robert Mazlo, A la recherche du Tarot perdu. Les tablettes d'Herm˜s, Ramuel Ed., 1998, ISBN 2910401863.

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Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors Planets in astrology Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=614595535 Contributors: ***Ria777, A.

Parrot, Acalamari, Achillu, Afam1986, Afrikidstar, AgentPeppermint, Agestevez, Aitias, Ajraddatz, Alansohn, Alensha, Aleytons, Alfio66, All Is One, Anaraug, Anika7, Antithesys, Antomes, Art LaPella, Astrobhadauria, Astrologist, Avillia, BCLH, BD2412, Barrysanders.com, Barticus88, Beggarsbanquet, Billinghurst, Brandmeister, CalicoCatLover, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cancerboyish, CapitalR, Capricorn42, ChanDMan2010, ChangeChange, Chris Brennan, Chrsyl, Cimon Avaro, Ckatz, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, ConfessedSockPuppetJunior, Crystallina, Curps, Cyktsui, Cynwolfe, DCSmythe, DMacks, DVdm, Dan Guan, Daniel.o.jenkins, Darkstarastrology, Davidiad, Dbachmann, Deeptrivia, DenisMoskowitz, Dmetric, Doctor Ruud, Doradus, Download, Dr.Luke.sc, Drmies, Dudethatchangesstuff, Dusty777, Edward321, Elcalen, Eleassar777, Enchanter, Epbr123, Ericleb01, Ernobe, FlieGerFaUstMe262, Fractain, Gary, Georgia guy, Gerbrant, Giro720, Gonzofever88, Grafen, GrzegorzWu, Gsnaveen, Gwernol, Harishsubramanian, Harlock81, Haruth, Harvestdancer, Helios solis, Hmains, Howcheng, Icairns, Iconoclast.horizon, IdLoveOne, Imorthodox23, Irishsadhbh101, Italia333, J04n, Jack Greenmaven, Jamie Funk, Jaxcp3, Jmpunit, Joeblakesley, John, John of Reading, Joseph Solis in Australia, Kazrak, Khazar2, Killerserv, Kinst, Krelnik, KuRiZu, Kugland, Kutera Genesis, Lar, Ldude38, Leopold Stotch, Lexicon, Lighthead, LittleWink, Loyalist Cannons, Lugia2453, Lumos3, MONGO, Macalves, MakeSense64, Mandarax, Manisero399, Marek69, Mark Arsten, Martarius, Master shepherd, Michaelbarreto, Michelebradford, Midos, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mogism, Mordicai, MrMarmite, Mrwuggs, MystRivenExile, Nagelfar, Nakon, Nandore8, Nathanael Bar-Aur L., NaySay, Neier, Nihonjoe, Ninney, Noformation, Novangelis, O^O, Ospalh, Panchita 34, Paul August, Paulinhapamplona, Paxsimius, Pedro Pamplona, Pengo, Peter M. Brown, Philip Trueman, Pigman, Pisces Venus, Plasticup, Pluto77, PocketOfCowboys, Priyanath, Psiphim6, RA0808, RJHall, RL0919, RainMoon, Rcsprinter123, Redheylin, Rentaferret, Rentzepopoulos, Rgbea, Rjwilmsi, Robert Happelberg, Rossheth, Rothorpe, Rrburke, Rursus, Saedon, Samuel Grant, SarahStierch, Sbrison, Sceptre, ScottyBerg, Second Quantization, Serendipodous, Sexyz, Silence, Slartibartfast, Slightsmile, Slowking Man, Someguy1221, Something14, Sonjaaa, Squids and Chips, Ssastronaut, Stebulus, Stephenb, Stevenmitchell, SuperHamster, Susan107, Sviolante, Sweeno7, Syrthiss, Systemizer, T.O. Rainy Day, TOttenville8, TallNapoleon, TeaDrinker, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Tom, Thumperward, Tide rolls, Tinss, Todfox, Tom, Tony1, Tonyfaull, True Pagan Warrior, Ultatri, Urhixidur, UtDicitur, VIRUS CDEF, Valenciano, VasilievVV, Vuo, Wassermann, Wavelength, Well, girl, look at you!, Welsh, Widr, Wiki alf, WilliamKF, Wintceas, Wjejskenewr, Wtmitchell, Wwagner, Xangel, Zachariel, Zeusnoos, Zowie, Zsinj, 816 anonymous edits Stars in astrology Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=611420202 Contributors: Arpingstone, Astrologist, Bazonka, Bumm13, Curb Chain, Dmcq, Drbreznjev, Ihcoyc,

Itsmejudith, Jeepday, John254, Jojalozzo, Jyril, Kogge, Lifeline14, MakeSense64, Matt Deres, RJHall, RandomCritic, RickLive, Second Quantization, Selket, ShelfSkewed, Shouriki, Vgent, Zachariel, 14 anonymous edits Palmistry Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612395301 Contributors: .:Ajvol:., 1exec1, A2800276, A8UDI, Acsenray, Aeon1006, Agel

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Planets in astrology.pdf

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