Parts of Speech

Verbs Interjections sudden, interrupting words or phrases

Conjunctions

show an action or a state of being

Nouns person, place or object

pronouns

The 8 Parts of Speech

join words, phrases, or clauses

take the place of a noun

Prepositions

Adjectives

show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word

describe a noun or pronoun

Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs

Lisa Wills Instructional Manual IT 570 Instructional Systems Design Submitted to: Dr. Blanche O'Bannon Fall 2006

Table of Contents Introduction.............................................................................................................. iii Chapter 1: Learning the definitions and functions of each parts of speech ......... 1-1 Chapter 2: Learning to identify the parts of speech in a sentence........................ 2-1 Chapter 3: It’s time to sentence classify ............................................................... 3-1 Appendix................................................................................................................A-1 References..............................................................................................................R-1 Evaluation .............................................................................................................. E-1

ii

Welcome to learning the parts of speech with me, Buddy the Bookworm. I am going to take you on a wonderful journey to learn about the parts of speech. We’ll discover what each part of speech does and how to find each in a sentence. By the time we finish, you will be able to find all the parts of speech in any sentence you read and write!! As we go along, be sure to notice Buddy’s Bookmarks- these are great tips that will help you along our journey. Are you ready to get started? I’ll be with you every step of the way so turn the page and let’s begin ….

iii

Chapter 1

In this chapter, we will discover the definitions and functions of each part of speech.

Chapter 1: Learning the definitions and functions of each parts of speech.

Instructional Manual: Learning the Parts of Speech

1-1

Chapter 1

What are the Parts of Speech? There are thousands of words in the English language but not all words have the same job. For example, some words show "action", some express a "thing". Other words "join" one word to another word. In order to make sentences, you need many different types of words and each word has its own job. Think of words in a sentence like the parts of a house. In order to build a house, you need concrete to make the foundation; bricks to make the walls; window and door frames and cement to join it all together. Each part is necessary in order to make the house complete. Sentences work the same way. It takes different types of words to make a sentence complete. In the English language, all words fall into 1 of 8 basic groups. These groups are called "parts of speech". It is very important to learn the parts of speech because it will help you learn to read sentences and understand them. It also helps you to write your own sentences. So what are the 8 Parts of Speech? Let’s take a look ….


1-2

Chapter 1

Definitions of the Parts of Speech:

Verbs Interjections sudden, interrupting words or phrases

show an action or a state of being


Conjunctions

The 8 Parts of Speech

join words, phrases, or clauses

pronouns take the place of a noun

Prepositions

Adjectives

show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word

describe a noun or pronoun

Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs

Figure 1-1 Definitions of the Parts of Speech


1-3

Chapter 1

Verbs show an action or a state of being Definition A verb is a word or group of words that show an action or a state of being, helps another verb, or links a word in the predicate to the subject. • Being verbs can be alone or can be linking or helping verbs. They simply indicate existence. • A helping verb must have a main verb after it. • The last verb in a verb phrase determines if it is Action or Non-Action. • The type of verb (Action or Non-Action) determines what part of speech follows it. Action Verbs Verbs that show action are called action verbs and are either physical or mental. • Physical: run, jump, play, work • Mental: think, hope, believe, study

Figure 1-2 Action Verbs

Non-Action Verbs Verbs that show no action are called non action verbs and are either being, helping or linking. • Being: is, are, am, was, were, be, being • Helping: will be. • Linking: seems, feels


1-4

Chapter 1


Definition: A noun is a person, place or object. Nouns are generally categorized as common or proper nouns. Common nouns refer to any person, place or object.

Figure 1-3 Common nouns

The girl holds a cat.

Proper nouns refer to a particular person, place or object.

Jill holds the cat.

Figure 1-4 Proper nouns

A noun is a part of speech that can have five different functions: 1. Subject- example: Jill ate the ice cream. 2. Direct Object- example: Jill ate the ice cream. 3. Indirect Object- example: Jill gave Sam the ice cream. 4. Predicate Nominative- example: The ice cream is chocolate. 5. Object of a prepositional phrase- example: Jill gave Sam some (of the chocolate ice cream).


1-5

Chapter 1


Definition: A pronoun takes the place of a noun, so a pronoun can have the same five different functions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Subject- example: She ate the ice cream. Direct Object- example: Jill ate it. Indirect Object- example: Jill gave him the ice cream. Predicate Nominative- example: You have it. Object of a prepositional phrase- example: Jill gave Sam some (of that).

Here are some commonly used pronouns: I, me, my, mine, myself, you, your, ours, yourself, he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, we, us, our, they, them, their, this, these, who, whom, whose, which, that, one, ones, everybody, anyone


1-6

Chapter 1

Adjectives describe a noun or pronoun

Definition: An adjective describes a noun or pronoun. Adjectives specify things like size, color, number etc. They answer questions like:

Whose?

What kind?

my (truck)

pick up (truck)

How many?

Which one? red (truck)

two (trucks) Figure 1-5 Adjective examples

Adjective examples: shy, sleepy, cute, famous, historic, three, young, old, good, bad, green, blue, funny, loud, cold, sick, proud, warm, this, that.


1-7

Chapter 1

Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs Definition: An adverb describes verbs, adjectives or other adverbs and specify in what manner, when, where, and how much. They answer these questions: •

How?- example- walked slowly • When?- example- arrived early • Where?- example- got home • Why? Adverb phrases are often prepositional phrases that describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs and answer the same questions. Here are a few examples of adverbs: rarely, soon, very, too, never, practically, nearly, always, clearly, almost, honestly, slowly, closely.


1-8

Chapter 1

Prepositions show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word

Definition: Prepositions show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word in a sentence.

Preposition example: The dog jumped up to catch the frisbee. Figure 1-6 Preposition example

They can also be used as adverbs. Adverb example: The dog jumped up. Here are more examples of prepositions: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, concerning, despite, down, during, except, excepting, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, past, regarding, round, since, through, throughout, till, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without


1-9

Chapter 1

Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses Definition: Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses. There are 2 types of conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions connect elements of the same value. Example: Take the cookie and eat it.

Figure 1-7 Conjunction Examples

Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions join a main clause and a dependent (subordinate) clause. Example: The cookie burned because the timer was slow. Conjunction Examples: and, but, or, for, nor, so, yet, both-and, either-or, neithernor, not only-but also, whether-or, because, if, since, until, when, where, while


1-10

Chapter 1

Interjections sudden, interrupting words or phrases

Definition: Interjections are sudden, interrupting words or phrases (exclamations). They are often signaled by an exclamation mark. Here are some examples:

Figure 1-8 Interjection Examples

Articles Although articles are not considered one of the parts of speech, these words have a special function in completing sentences. An article is a word that introduces a noun or a noun phrase, and also limits or clarifies it. There are three articles in the English language and they fall into two types: Indefinite articles:

“a” and “an”


Definite article: “the”

1-11

Chapter 1

Subject Complements Complements complete meanings for a sentence. There are several types: • Direct Objects and Indirect Objects: These only come after Action Verbs • Predicate Nominatives and Predicate Adjectives: These only come after Non-Action Verbs Direct Objects subject + action verb … what? = Direct Object Example: She gave a speech. She is the subject; gave is the action verb; so ask the question what?. The answer is “speech”, so “speech” is the Direct Object. Indirect Objects subject + action verb + direct object … to or for whom? = Indirect Object Example: She gave the class a speech. She gave the speech to whom? The answer is “class”, so “class” is the Indirect Object. Predicate Nominatives or Predicate Adjectives subject + non-action verb … what? = Predicate Nominatives or Predicate Adjectives Example: He is a boy. The question is: He is what? The answer is “boy.” Since “boy” is a noun, it is a Predicate Nominative Example: She is smart. The question is: She is what? The answer is “smart.” Since “smart” is an adjective, it is a Predicate Adjective.


1-12

Chapter 1

Buddy’s Checkpoint ; Instructions: Match the part of speech by writing the letter beside correct definition. Be careful!! There is one definition that is not correct. a. Nouns

_____ join words, phrases, or clauses

b. Verbs

_____ sudden, interrupting words or phrases

c. Conjunctions

_____ show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word in a sentence

d. Pronouns

_____ describes verbs, adjectives or other adverbs

e. Adverbs

_____ defines what a sentence means

f. Prepositions

_____ takes the place of a noun

g. Adjectives

_____ person, place or object

h. Interjections

_____ word or group of words that show an action or a state of being _____ describes a noun or pronoun

Bonus Question: What are the 3 articles in the English language? 1. ___________ 2. ___________ 3. ___________ -Check your answers on Page A-1 in the Appendix-


1-13

Chapter 1

Now that you know what the parts of speech are, their definitions and functions in a sentence, it’s time for us to find them in a sentence. Are you ready? Our quest begins on the next page….


1-14

Chapter 2

In this chapter, we will discover how to find the parts of speech in a sentence.

Chapter 2: Learning to identify the parts of speech in a sentence.


2-1

Chapter 2

Verbs show an action or a state of being Definition A verb is a word or group of words that show an action or a state of being, helps another verb, or links a word in the predicate to the subject.

♦ Remember, verbs are either action or non-action. ♦ If a word ends in -ing, there's a good chance it's a verb. ♦ The last verb in a phrase determines if it is action or nonaction. ♦ “Not” is NOT a verb; it is an adverb.

Let's identify the verbs in the following sentences: 1. The woman ran the marathon. (Figure 2-1) (“ran” shows action. It tells you what the woman did.)

Figure 2-1

2. The kangaroo hopped quickly toward the fence. (Figure 2-2) (“hopped” shows action. What was the kangaroo doing?)

3. We are hungry. (Figure 2-3) ("are" shows action. It wouldn't make much sense to just say "We hungry", so the verb "are" needs to be added to help the sentence make more sense)


Figure 2-2

Figure 2-3

2-2

Chapter 2


Definition: A noun is a person, place or object.

♦ ♦ ♦ ♦

The words a, an, and the signal that a noun is coming. Nouns can be made into plural nouns by adding –s A noun can have five different functions. There can be more than one noun in a sentence.

Let's identify the nouns in the following sentences: 1. Jill and Sam made a cake. (Figure 2-4) ("Jill" and "Sam" are people, and "cake" is a thing.) Figure 2-4

2. The moon is far away from the earth. (Figure 2-5) ("moon" and "earth" are places) Figure 2-5

3. His kindness was appreciated. (Figure 2-6) ("kindness" is an idea, therefore, it's a noun) Figure 2-6


2-3

Chapter 2


Definition: A pronoun takes the place of a noun, so a pronoun can have the same five different functions.

♦ Here are some commonly used pronouns: I, me, my, mine, myself, you, your, ours, yourself, he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, we, us, our, they, them, their, this, these, who, whom, whose, which, that, one, ones, everybody, anyone

Let's identify the pronouns in the following sentences: 1. They went to the store. (Figure 2-7) (Who went to the store?)

Figure 2-7

2. Sam gave the dog to her. (Figure 2-8) (Who did Sam give the dog to?) Figure 2-8

3. That cat is mine. (Figure 2-9) (Who's cat is it?) Figure 2-9


2-4

Chapter 2

Adjectives describe a noun or pronoun

Definition: An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.

♦ Adjectives usually appear immediately before the word they describe. ♦ Adjectives answer the questions like "Which one?", "What kind?", and "How many?"

Let's identify the adjectives in the following sentences: 1. The brown dog lives in the dog house. (Figure 2-10) (Which dog lives in the dog house?)

Figure 2-10

2. The cold and wet snow was falling on the ground. (Figure 2-11) (What kind of snow was falling?)

Figure 2-11

3. Three people went to the church. (Figure 2-12) (How many people?) Figure 2-12


2-5

Chapter 2

Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs Definition: An adverb describes verbs, adjectives or other adverbs and specify in what manner, when, where, and how much.

♦ Almost all words that end in -ly are adverbs ♦ Adverbs answer the questions, how, when, why and where.

Let's identify the adverbs in the following sentences: 1. Sam wrote his name clearly on his test. (Figure 2-13) (Clearly describes the verb wrote. How did Sam write his name?) Figure 2-13

2. The girl quickly ate all of the cake. (Figure 2-14) (Quickly describes the verb ate. How did the girl eat?) Figure 2-14

3. Jill never finished the painting. (Figure 2-15) (Never describes the verb finished. When did Jill finish the painting?)


Figure 2-15

2-6

Chapter 2

Prepositions show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word

Definition: Prepositions show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word in a sentence.

♦ Prepositions link and relate a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence. ♦ They tell how, where, when, and how something happens.

Let's identify the prepositions in the following sentences: 1. The man went into the house. (Figure 2-16) ("into" connects "went" and "house". Where did the man go?) Figure 2-16

2. Before bed, Sam ate a cookie. (Figure 2-17) ("before" connects "ate" and "before". When did Sam eat the cookie?) Figure 2-17

3. Since Christmas, Jill has been happy. (Figure 2-18) ("since" connects "Christmas" and "has been". When has Jill been happy?) Figure 2-18


2-7

Chapter 2

Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses Definition: Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses.

Some examples of conjunctions: ♦ are: and, but, or, for, nor, so, yet, both-and, either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also, whether-or, because, if, since, until, when, where, while

Let's identify the conjunctions in the following sentences: 1. Jill and Sam went to the store. (Figure 2-19) ("and" connects Jill with Sam) Figure 2-19

2. It isn’t raining, so Sam is going fishing. (Figure 2-20) ("so" connects the sentence "It isn’t raining", and the sentence "Sam is going fishing") Figure 2-20

3. Both Jill and Sam are watching a movie. (Figure 2-21) ("both-and" tells you that Jill and Sam are each watching a movie)


Figure 2-21

2-8

Chapter 2

Interjections sudden, interrupting words or phrases

Definition: Interjections are sudden, interrupting words or phrases (exclamations). They are often signaled by an exclamation mark.

♦ Interjections are exclamations--attention getters. ♦ Interjections are usually followed by and exclamation point (!) or sometimes a comma. ♦ They are almost always at the beginning of the sentence.

Let's identify the interjections in the following sentences:

1. Ouch! Stop hitting me. (Figure 2-22)

Figure 2-22

Figure 2-23

2. Yes, he did win the game. (Figure 2-23)

3. Oh, you're going too? (Figure 2-24)


Figure 2-24

2-9

Chapter 2

Buddy’s Checkpoint ; Instructions: Circle the letter of the sentence that has the part of speech underlined correctly. 1. Verb a. b. c. d. 2. Noun a. b. c. d.

She waited in the car. She waited in the car. She waited in the car. She waited in the car.

Jane ate the ice cream. The plane is big. Dogs bark. He likes to eat fish.

3. Pronoun a. Jill gave him a pencil. b. He likes oranges. c. They are going to the store. d. Mark went home. 4. Adjective a. The teacher read a long book. b. They ate a large pizza. c. I like her purple coat. d. She held the heavy books.

5. Adverb a. Jake slowly rode his bicycle. b. She almost won the race. c. Jane arrived today. d. Roberts juggles often. 6. Prepositions a. The man went into the store. b. John and Suzie went shopping. c. Alice hid behind the tree. d. Before the game, Max was nervous. 7. Conjunctions a. Both Nancy and Amy are going on the trip. b. Alex is tired so he is going to sleep. c. Trey and Abby went to the playground. d. Do you like black or red licorice? 8. Interjections a. Ouch! Stop pinching me. b. Yes, she did win the game. c. Wow! That's a surprise. d. Oh no, did you hurt your arm?

-Check your answers on Page A-1 in the Appendix-


2-10

Chapter 2

Our journey is almost complete! Now that you know what the parts of speech are, their definitions and functions and can identify them in sentences, you’re ready to Sentence Classify!! Turn the page and let’s begin….


2-11

Chapter 3

In this chapter, we will end our journey by classifying sentences.

Chapter 3: It’s time to Sentence Classify!!


3-1

Chapter 3

Sentence Classification Sentence Classification is a way to visually show the parts of speech in a sentence. As you follow the steps, identify the parts of speech that are contained within the sentence. Let’s go through an example together.

The strong man ate a lot of his spinach.

Steps to Sentence Classification Step 1: Identify the verb and label it Action or Non-Action. ♦

Action verbs are physical and mental. Non-Action verbs are being, helping and linking.

♦

The last verb in a verb phrase determines if it is Action or Non-Action.

Answer: “ate” is the action verb Step 2: Identify the noun and/or pronoun and label the function. ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦

Determine if the subject is a noun (common or proper) or a pronoun (takes the place of a noun). Ask the question, “Who or What” verb? The answer will be the Subject. Ask the question, “Subject + Verb”, What? The Answer will be Direct Object (DO) or Predicate Nominative (PN). Ask the question, “Subject + Verb + Direct Object” to or for Whom? The Answer will be Indirect Object (IO).

Answer: “man” is the noun/subject; “lot” is the Direct Object


3-2

Chapter 3

Step 3: Identify the Adjective. ♦

Ask the question, Which one?, What kind?, How Many?, Whose?

Answer: “strong” and “his” are the adjectives. Step 4: Identify the Prepositions ♦

Prepositions link and relate a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence.

♦

They tell how, where, when, and how something happens.

Answer: “of” is the preposition; “spinach” is the object of the preposition. Step 5: Identify the Articles ♦

Action verbs are physical and mental. Non-Action verbs are being, helping and linking.

♦

The last verb in a verb phrase determines if it is Action or Non-Action.

Answer: “the” and “a” are the articles

Completed Classification Article

Adjective

Subject

Verb

Article

Direct Object

The

strong

man

ate

a

lot


Preposition

Adjective

Object of the Preposition

of

his

spinach

3-3

Chapter 3

Buddy’s Checkpoint ; Instructions: Classify the following 10 sentences by labeling the part of speech above each word in the sentence. Example: Cats sat quietly. Noun

Verb

Adverb

Cats

sat

quietly.

Labels: Verb Noun Pronoun Adjective Interjection Article Direct Object Predicate Adjectives

Adverb Preposition Conjunction Indirect Object Predicate Nominatives

1. Black dogs run fast.

Black

dogs

run

fast.

2. The white rabbits ran away.

The

white

rabbits ran

away.

3. The little brown monkeys played happily.

The

little

brown

monkeys played happily.


3-4

Chapter 3

4. A small boat floats on the water.

A

small

boat

floats

on

the

water.

5. The green frog hopped away.

The

green

frog

hopped away.

6. Billy walked carefully.

Billy

walked carefully.

7. The hungry robin chirped loudly.

The

hungry

robin

chirped loudly.

8. The dog ran to the house.

The

dog

ran

to

the

house

9. After I ran a mile, I was hot and tired.

After

I

ran

a

mile,

I

was

hot

and

tired.

10. Jan is a mom.

Jan

is

a

mom

-Check your answers on Page A-2 in the Appendix-


3-5

Appendix

Appendix Checkpoint Answers

Chapter 1 1. C 2. H 3. F 4. E 5. distractor 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. G Bonus: A, An, The Chapter 2 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. b 8. c


A-1

Appendix

Chapter 3: 1. Adjective Black

Noun dogs

Verb run

Adverb fast.

Article The

Adjective white

Noun rabbits

Verb ran

Article The

Adjective little

Adjective brown

Article A

Adjective small

Noun boat

Article The

Adjective green

Noun Billy

Verb walked

Article The

Adjective hungry

Article The

Noun dog

2. Adverb away.

3. Noun monkeys

Verb played

Adverb happily.

4. Verb floats

Preposition on

Article the

Object of the preposition water.

5. Noun frog

Verb hopped

Adverb away.

Verb chirped

Adverb loudly.

6. Adverb carefully.

7. Noun robin

8. Verb ran

Preposition to

Object of the Preposition house

Article the

9. Preposition After

Noun I

Verb ran

Article a

Direct object mile

Noun I

Verb was

Predicate Adjective hot

Conjunction and

Predicate Adjective tired.

10. Noun Jan

verb is

article a

Predicate Nominative mom


A-2

References

References Enchanted Learning, LLC. Parts of Speech definitions and activities. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/grammar/partsofspeech Shurley, Brenda and Ruth Wetsell. (1996) The Shurley Method- English Made Easy. Shurely Instructional Materials, Inc. Usher, Connie. Learning the Parts of Speech online module. http://ellerbruch.nmu.edu/CS255/cusher/English.html


R-1

Evaluation

Unit Evaluation Please take a moment to answer the following questions. Circle the number that best describes your answer. Question After receiving instruction, can the student master the concepts presented? Did the manual meet the specified objectives? Was the student able to progress through the manual with and/or without the direction of the tutor? Was the tutor able to adapt the manual for the specific needs of the student? Did the manual have adequate practice exercises for the student? Was the tutor able to determine whether or not the student mastered the concept presented? Did the pictures and hints provide appropriate support for the concepts? Was the manual well organized and easy to follow?

Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Undecided

Agree

Strongly Agree

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What did you like the most about this manual?

What did you like the least about this manual?

Thank you for your time. Instructional Manual: Learning the Parts of Speech

E-1

Parts of Speech

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