d
Husser! and the Searc for Certitude Lzk Klakw
G' B
Copyright © 1975 b Ye Univers Press
A rghts rserved. No pat of this book may b repoduced, stored in a retreval system, or transmitted n any m or by n means elctronc, mchnica photocopng rcordng or otherwise withot the prior permission of St Agstine's Press Manfcred in th nited Sttes of Amrica 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 6 05 04 03 02 01
ibrry of ongress tong Pubction t Kolkowski Lszk Hsse and the search for crttde esek Kolakows p cm Orginlly pblishd: New Hven Yae niversty Pss, 1975 in seies: The Cssirer lectures ISBN ISBN 8903 890318 18- -99 9 (alk (alk pp pper er)) 1 Husse, Husse, Edmund, 859 1938 1938 Certin Certin I Title Title B37994 K64 200 200109390 193 193 dc
The paer used in this publication meets th minimum requr mnts the Amrian Nationa Na tiona Standard fr fr Infrmation Sciene Permanene Paper fr Printed Materias, ANSI Z-. 0
CONNS
IR UR T O TU M
1 3
R ER E CIEVEM
59
NOT Tese ae tree lctures deived at Ya Uivriy i Feba 974. In parg thm I rrwd som fagmn rom my articl wrttn in Grman d th tite " Suce ac der Gwiheit" ad bishd i a collectio, b P Vrag Mnch 973 I rod n atio, a smal a om m k writt n ol ad blse Posh ad Geman rsctively b th It Litta i Pais and b Pper Vrag Muc (h Grman i i Gegwrke yt, 972) I am v atl to Mrs Jae Isa o gat ot n trslating ts txt fom a bzae idom unknow to scoars to Egish
F
appar re rahr s om of a pr for dc ig quo of cray h pr, over, far fro a pre a cod array; ad od dic nd o d a br oe I do o prnd o b a pr o sr, as ar may pop, ho aayz vry p iea vop, o z po v o mi cag i formao, ad o y o reole vyhi id iher do I ieve ieve , a do om, h f on on goes dpy nogh no gh no his ork one mi , a r iad no a mo of hkg i aoey relbe ou e ierd h kid of inuiry, do ad h Husr nded a ge ioopr bcu of aordina obsny of h eds davor o reor op in reurn o absouy prmorda ns in ognion nd o av vory over ravim and kepm Radg Her of rra g ung is fe pld u a r number of ver deae dsons ad cocp c a easiy ead adr o o dvong i ife o Hrl ud ui oen e rdr g impesion a ee diicon are ei mad o py meria ie ofn peo ology apear o e readr a ernal pro ga a ver apd mod big dy ered, bu rary o n tu ad W I tnk t tp ptn
4
FIS C
e kno ha in hilsohy in conas o ehnog o escibe a eo is nee s ien o enabe peple o apply ie ehod is nee ear nil i is eonsae in opea ion. egson egson as probably proba bly gh in i n saing ha ha eey eey isophe n his ie sas only one hing one eaing iea inenion ha enos a his oks ih eaning e an gasp sh a basc ini in inessany pesen in e hole giganic e sser Like os philosophers, he as iing e sae bok hogho his ie, alays oin a o he beginnin oein hise, sgling i his on pesppsiions The gal as inaiably e sae o o isoe he nsaable e absolely nesionae n aion noege ho o ee agens o skepis eaiiss ho o en o he orro son o pshlogis and isoiis ho o ea a peecy had gon i ognion yse as srogy netie epenen on Hsse hink ha h i no disce his sesp ing ondan or hogh no only as is eo no in in beee ha e penoenoog as he eaes and he os seios aep in o en o ea he lia li aee ses o knledg knledgee is he os os ipane o phosph o ask: h i is
H S
attet al and hy as I thnk s t on to al? t st glance henoenology aeas to e a ery tecncal knd o hlosohy. t stes to e a science not a etanschang. Bt ts plse toa a eltanschang peeps ot agai an agan Hsserl hsel expected tat his ethod ol lay a great role n sang oean clte o sketcal ecay. ike an hloso pe e s ntellgble onl n contrast to, and agnst the ackgon o, the phlosohical clte he as tckn. n an o hs oks his nt ctc ay o rng rng disco discoage age ea es o Hssel the dsclne o content as the only ting tat conte nd so hs se tod Weltanscang s oen concealed. eties neertheless t apeas clearly as n Phiooi s stren strene Wssensc o n Ciss nd ae all thot knong that e old not k a s hloso is o he concept o cetaint n e egaed as te ke t ssels thogt e notced that te poec o scentc plosop n te sense pop led b Gen hes in te secon hal o e nneeen cen as sleading and an geos he slogan o "scientci sggle a e skepicl see: ee cience
FIS C
ennciation o hat had assed or scence n the geninePatoncsense thoghot the o ean inteecta taition. It bed the basic istinction eteen x and an d episte eteen onon and knoedge. n ging he tadition o Gean ideais, hiosohy gae its ineenence o he sciences. state e gaing ise eithe as a snthesis o the sciences o as a schoogica anasis. Een ne aiants o Kananis shied o the sychoogica san oin and exaine the Kanian a ioi no as a se o tanscenenta coniions o knoedge a o any aiona being b as seic aiies o e an se, an his e atey o geneic eatiis. sses oncet o "scientic hiosoph as entiey dieen. Phiosohy st not accet an eadyae ests o he sciences and "gene aize he ts caing is o inie ino the eaning an onaon o these ests. hioso h oes not hae to e a "con o a synthesis, b a eaninoning aiity hich ogia ecees he sciences, as hey ae incaae o ineein ineeingg hesees. hesees . he iea o an esteo base n a science, on sychoogy in atic a, is eongy abs. o beiee in a schoogca eiseoog aons o beieing at e ae aoe o accet the ess o one atica science in
S
orde o em h ms o y o obey or o ndo h m l sns, nd hs oosly nols os l. Ths Hsse ook or h skpcl do o ropean hlosophyh do o o Desares, Ln, nd a, l o hom had sked 1 h ay e dobed d h may o? 2 2 Are Are e e ed o ask ask o nr nr o ol "ho s he orld? lso "ho s he or od o e e d h s ss d rose o he lr qeson? Hsserl eled ha he sarh or erd as ons o ropen r d h n p hs searh od od amon o dsron dsron ha re sserl s proy rh he hsoy o sce nd phlosophy ph losophy n rop rop od need be nnell e nleed h pr s o sh er, er h s more han raaly sasn ps o rh as isn o he rs o ehnall relale knoedge. e do no he o exa hy e ook o eran he dob hnes or prac a e b he nee or eran s o so oos hen no dre, nre, or een possle, ra al conseraos are noled. ey hscool sen s ah ha eoy, n onor h s nae, ornad ro e eed o ease and l, old e hard o expln ho, n easrng he and, he axoa ssem
B
o cthe syste e are toay as a raceas necessay. e kno hat athe tc s or, or, bt no pactca nees co co he he nc nc te te c to b hs eknon beat poo tht the set o pe n n be bess s nnte nnte One can hadly age ho the knoedge that the set o pe nbes s nnte, athe than nte, od ake any pactcal derence at all No pactca conseatons can explan the gre tnng ponts n the hstory o knlege, even ther eslts later proe to be o geat pactcl se That ths s oten the cse poes tht people had not expected to erve o ther knledge oe than techncal se, and had not sght ater tth an certte as aes n thesees, they ol not have podced techn caly rtl scece Ths bears ot the dea that t tately pays n scence to neglect ts possble selness, bt t does not explan hy people acty dd negect t only the t, not the esns o ths sech are reeaed to s The task that opean phlosophy ssed the very begnnng nt only ro Desctes, as ths th s to dest destoy oy appent certites certites n der to to gain "genne ones to cast dobt on eveythng, in e t ee onese o dobting As re, ts destctve reslts poed to be ore ecen and ore concng than ts postve progas phlosophes hae alays bee stonge shat
e o ce a a n ons. ere e o a a hr hr coo og e soc so c o can : c pcpon a e o maeac a a o ecly le e o o can appea hn phoor a crcng e ceran o o percepon percepon,, sc usg lo lo o ee, sgmang yes an ar a "a ee, an arin ee qals o he perceer raher han o ha as prc e sncon beeen "corrc percepons an lsons ol al remo os, snce as easy o noce a ha no ao h orl e o ro percepons. Then, hae n prniple no ea o con froning he conen o prcepons h h orgna no rom oer sorces, an o chec hr conory. n as obee , o aheaca proposons, ha heir semng cere as gro ony heir being ep aologies hi ell s noh ng abo he orl his spco ha ahe aial nolege oe oe is erie o s s analy a naly ial araer ha areay appeare aong anien skps i a soeha ieren orm: as e objeion ha eie reasoning iples aas a piio rinci rin cipi piii bease e onlsions are aas inle in e preses. his ga sep is e asis or eir pragai inerpreaion o knolegesine e an neer reah he -
FIS ECE
ae soces of cee e sho conse ou knowege no as beig ue in he cuen sense bu as a se of pacica inscions oienaion signs which ae inispensabe in escaping se in b o no e s ho he o s e aone ho i s bon o be he ancien skepics sai ia ia eehing eehing ha oen posiis po siis wo sa: hee ae no synheic a pioi gens an haee is necessa in ou knowege is ince eniey in aaica gens h eae ou use of anuage bu ohese ae ep. Wha is ceain ae he conens of sing a pecepions of whch he suseue accu aion in a socae "aw o naue is necessay fo fe ogicay abiay fo e canno eae inucion hou ince easoning ha is wihou a icios cice piica knowl ege oes no ie o coiione eexes excep ha han beings unike ohe anias hae bee ays of accuuang i an hanig i oe o o hei escenans Wha e eay know ae seess sing pecepions abo hose oo ogica eanig e anig we us no ask if e go go eyon hs knoege i is o becase e ae oicay enie o o so b becase e cou no ie oheise Nex o he anaica hs o e aics an ogic a epiica saeens ha ae ipisone in hei hi uc, hee ae ony soe ey ipoan saeens of he epiical
H S
sees hh he great rtil se t t ol be bse to l them "th Sine e shps an ots e hae to ehe s i himees la ere alotheise e ol don Bt e he no reason to mintan tht thee is sh lsting roerty o the or s hiees . Vin ttet t nin etitue Trasedenta
thoght in its aros orms reeled gnst these irrittg osos. Desartes e to distin tions ose aty s desie o the estiny o the estio o ette: 1 he sti s titi tion on bet betee een n the th e sb sb etie ee ee ing o eiee "obosness an the obete eene eene o trth trth . he stnto eteen "oral an met physa ertte. Both tre ot to be o itte hep. hat the eeg o eee s ot the sae s the nol ege that the eee els i the t o peeig e gather only rom the at that e e oten opee to reet ter o this eeg as isory ine by pthoogil state o bt ths oes ot mpy that e he rteron that enabes s to stigsh "sbete etainy om "genie ertaty hih eaates rom the obet. Desartes s abe to establsh sh itero ithot the
FS C
hep o dne eacy, hch esoed esoed ou us coon sense he s cics noced a icous cice in hs easonng: Descaes ha de use o he ceon o edence in oe o pe p e he exisence o God, and hen e used God o adae he cen o edence e ae hady bee o hen dscussing h secon secon isncon, isnco n, be beee een n oa a eaphys ca ceude. e ae oay cean o a judg en accding o Descaes i s gounded o such a degee ha e ay accep o a pacica puposes and use n easoning Mea physca ceude gies uay o judgens hic akes he no ony pacicay eae bu apodccay unshaabe. gan, o connce osees ha hee ae such dgens hae o ca dne eacy To Descaes, he deece s no one o he degee o pobaty b a deece o chaace Fo a pactca pposes pposes oa cetiude cetiude s eogh eogh Fo Descaes, oe is eued no to ipoe our technca sks, t o hep us discoe a eaning oode and ou pace i ; and his ncudes o ony he ac o cgto bu he hoe chain o easonng eadng o he dine Foude o Being I Descaes had sopped ae the st sep, ae "cgo, s discoey oud ae een see ou kno nothing oe han "I a ihu beng abe o say ha hs a' eans o
H S
1
o eno his rh h nerl enng n c cogio cn be on expresse n the rst peron singlr n it ol e sr o sy "Jon hnks hen John exiss. Descrtes hisel ehsie h the cogito n pie o he "ergo i conin no roperl n inerence one nisibe c n c n hich grsp on exisence s th o thinkng beng. s onl er er the re exisence o Go pper ppe r poc iclly proen n ih Hithe meningl orer orer o o he or n he s in or senses re resore e kno ht "ephsicl cer tie or Bt h sge rom cogio o Go reee ro he er beginnng o n logicl lcn h e eecs o Descres eorts rne o o conric his nenion: his sric res on the relabli o crren ys o cogni ion seee ch ronger hn his eneor o bil r onion or ne kin o cerin the skeic se operte beter thn he logicll rgile reconrcion o he niere in ening orer is se se o go bck o Descrte not ece he esore o objectons o he relibilit o erceion n thereb ge ge he sronges impes im pes to oern iels bt becse hi inction beeen or n ehsicl cere pro ie e oporn o stingish rh ro robblit in sch th "prole rne
4
FIS ECUE
u n e iia e u n ig e e u n n ine iee une u u e e ee aeane u a euu I une u a ne we ve u e ie f an ii ein n n nai u we i n nee n we wee n ae uiin n ne u ne we e unae a w e w i un e we ae unae a w it i eie i wa e in eu ae iivit iii iii wen aue aue u an eai eain iea e u o o ie we ne we ee nei a ii uen e ne f u i e. e ue e iinin eains eween wa i n wa i n u e aeale e n ea e aeae a tue I ean a wi exeiene ae a wi e wo as i ea i Siene nee neess n e anno en enw w wi eaning e aning ne uh a e nt o ig o eaue aii is no eaue ne e u n a nenena en a if we knew in avne wee e uh eie ases ou iane i i we kew t we wou e ea ee ee wu e no ine n oe e ve ask o ea e u in e ue anenena ense ap eae eonai nw aut e
THE ENDS
wnslf amuts to owg aou th w w s trl pt of t fat ta s g kow, to prug a nve suan wh os t o th oet of gt r a ogt stuato wh s no a gte stua. Ts was rughl h ret f te wa n w Dsars ad um were neprtd Grma a rh pr s a te en f t 19 ntu, partuar ah an Anarus argu ta w n ask au te wor wout ompass n e w wn ve at f askg an ene e a of askn u u not remo remo from from te nen te ueson Cnseunl a e eae npen wrl n e pt at a se er at f enn etase nerepene T ask a engnse mas ask w knw e w wtu kwg On s w, te en Desaes e a ant turne e wn ormlate Cn ai wa suse t revea a, al eerne sene Cntn s a eta kn f ev e uman gansm, gansm, an ts nn n esng te eulu tat s n se u te envn en e preaes rue an false ae nt n n expeen n uke te peaes a eaufu, o g e
F
belong o he uman neretan of expeece. Al cove acvy, ncldn losocal ad elos hog s o be cosidee as a kd of olgcl eacon Co s ssile and nowedge s possle- no e e of owledge a l lee s ams o "ojcy W sul nk lcl The ess s csn acl he enncao o "de n e doal sense one n Hssel's ees o e n of E le e ee of loc egoes "sycolgsm n logc seeed o m eseally daneos n desc I ws o o eg o s qso sce e ossly cn cld no e ecded nl w w o e ml odns f e coeess o e sed Hw do e a wo codcoy jges cano e o e? Wy do we l lcl les ae o o g u oly e? e sycol gs s c es osse sees lgc scib e lws of kg d s sycloc cs. Ts ca ooss ell s ow we d y e es e c Wi cc
TE ENDS
1
o o o o o or oo o o r o o o sr sr o o r r soo soo s s oo p r po d s o r aop Boo (o oo o o rr o o r d poo d o o ho s o basd basd o h oo o d s o r d srd or r rb o o To oor o hoo ad rs o o ro oo oma mp mr as osq o o o osqs o oh s ros as o or ososss o a a h sc "a os r ma as "om mas ar os os o ra a h ah oa foos I sp dspas as rao b o ac of apa rad o s o gen. Se ros ara as o
IS C
s o acs a casal sccesso o es. Ts, local ls a lv, o o v as, a las o a ss Ts o es s o sos a ey av o vsa valdy, ad y os o aoe se oas; as y g os o s volo cs so ca ss o o os sys Pas s o aoa bs ccog o c " , o. Wa s o sc a A lo Hssls v Te a, s ccs, d oal aseca s: s " a "as a wd ag agag o says a a ge ay o o sc ad o ao o cao s o " s sa ss, l a sa a o s sa al o s ss W co ea ags o " "ase dy c o coco To say so s o o ad y as a y ooslywc as o as as a a o in f oy s o ag aga vy ogc a y v a wold w " s o sd o c o coaco, c s ovs a o " cao av ss w
9
H S
. Th r coc o rh o say "hr o trth, or th o " s r a h s tr. or r has rc rc q a t mp th r cc cc a uch h rcy h thr o trh that "t r th h tr. orr accr th crrt s h r t say hat har hps, th tat a o ru ru r o tr tr r s o r abu hc h trut a tr or ar rc t amt tha th ry xtc o th r s h csto h ha peces t, pp h ay hs, appa to xstece xstece coco coco or tk t k th gca ac o huma u, a thy accp tes cocs s r a a a t yron proon
Pschsm, Hussr ares, as t ak th ct th ugt a the ac ug My ct r r h ume tha 2 + 2 4 s cauay rm, bt t u e ar say ht th ruh hs ugent s cay drm thrs e shu e rce t amt hat tth arses the ac eg thh r ha Pythagras hre eca a oy te mm h as utere y Pyhras
0
ST LECTURE
A g yoog H o g y o o yg y , , o , o o, , N , og g o o, y g T , o, l Po oo y oo l o yg T K Ty , y o y Bo g w j T , d o e w log ( g o g, ) T + 4 o w , w wo o T g g y o ygly E y oy w e =
H S
rqrms o a oc s dos ma ha oca as r or coscosss I co ras mprca as ca os cao approxma approx ma or mor r r ss proa; proa ; y y do o rs rao y xprc ad hy do o mprca cormao. o m a pror has a pcuar sor o h ha aos s rasp hr cssy h ry mom o drsa hm Ths crd s a sucv l (sch a ca msad ad provs oh radas ro h vr vr ma m a o dms dms s a apodcc crd ha hs a. ssr oo up h Carsa sco b apodcc "vc ad h psycoca ssao o vdc s prpos s o comba h Proao ra prcp sa ha ma s h masr o a s s o rsor r sor h h o ra a a y y o ru o aos h cocy o od a s pc o hma spc Tha h as o oc ar dpd o mprca acs dos o a a y ar aoos h ss y accpd h psvs rao; hy ar o vad y r o sc cvos o ss a h a p a q h q a p ca d h va ma ord " a a h sc "a achrs ar mar r cu d oy y somdy h dos
FIRT LETRE
o rsa hr h or "ahor or h or "marr or oh. h as o o p o coos o aa hch hy happ o r h o co as o as hs ry oos. hs s o ho ussr xprsss hs hoh s oosy s o. Ohrs .. rpr oca as as aoos o ma o ss o say ha hy ar a rrsp o h h ma spcs y ou b ra o h aa a o ah h aa sparay s hr s oh k h aa ra oy paruar auas. s r ha a o aas ha commo ars sa as oca as s rma h r rayh a sor o "hma arha xpas oh h qsos o rma hy o a a as comp pop o h aor o h sam o hy o hy a ra h sam coos ay ma o ours ha a as s o o ahropooy ha a raso or hs y b sor c rmsas or poprs o or ous sysm Bu sh asrs hy com up ou o ao s o o yo r rasm o ssr s o us o os ha h ay o o mas o ops ops a hs as a s ha
TH S
e snsh oh rom he oecs mea a rom our acs o h. sser's cru o pschosm carres a eop mro of hs aer heor o ranscea raoa an o escape he exreme sepcs ha r uces he as o hoh o cone qales o a ceran speces, ha esros he oece a o our koee a ha rears he ruh as a proper o or ehaor. c e e o sepcsm e orsees h r o unersan he or ha ras s a conen pcre rouce he ra as res o connen crcumsaces I a o sae he rus n Reaso, n he a o oe, a o presee he er mean of h cocep " e mus o ase oc o pshooca as e hae o n he rasceea ounao o o cerue cerue . s as he ea hch usser rom hs aacs on pschoogs o hs proram o phe nomeoo, a eho o escr cessa r srucures o he or, a meho ha s ree ro he pac o pschooca consrcos. eu a le hm o he ea o ranscenenal conscousness, hch consus hse srcures as correaes o s on inona i nona acso acs o ranscen ena easm. s mporan o r o rasp a ceran "oc n e moeme ha sare h he sruge aans pscholoca ealsm e
4
FIS ECE
ae o "ojee cede ad ede anoer knd o easm Weer s eoon ma e regare as a persoa acen Hssers hog, or aher as he ogac maraon o s na pemses, s qeso s o o sorca posopca pora. Wh Wh i i onv onviinin ning g nd h i no n o in i n h hr r g Rr' qu r rud Are he amens
agas pschoogsm reae Is Hsses ea o pre ogc clea To e sre, e cano ase or ee e ad o ogc o he ac ha s s o peope aca hnk, case peope aca make ogca msakes, and ee e scoe o some ma grops nkn and spakg deace o e pcpe o coradc o od o ee s ppe o ees Hsses agmes agas e saeme ha ogc s a a descpo o e oms o aca ma easgs ae ocg. B o so hs argmes agas a Humea o aca e preao o ogc, hc does o mp a ogca as an e proed or se psco ogcal acs ac aans a e cocep o r e cre sese s seess a rec o meapscal predces predces he emprcal emprc al ocep o acepa s qe sasaco. ece, o s e, s a conaon o a e eacos, epog e same como sese crera o
HE HE E S
5
accepaby s a of soay ror cooerex sysem. s ay ros ss hch afer a cera mbr of assoaos spoaeosy spoaeosy "ams a "ay " ays s o sabs prosoay) ra oos as a so h "scc a soa ora asssss h rars n aure Humas hav aoa srs of accuma her her oe a a oy oy he form f anae, a oc s o a srume ma s acmao ossb; is n fac rea o he aua, b o o aca houh processes "cabe oes o mean "ame as e The robm of rh on hs ve s ee soube o because of a mysery, bu becaus as rony pu. cece ca oera ho a hou se up ca o rasceea aue Ths erprea on s s o se se coracory or absur H sser ssers s ee ahouh oes o or or s a esape from rav an oe py he reucao of he cocep of scece cocee as a ber a er copy of h or or ef ef Huer crc have repeaey oce ha h aack o pychoosm mae arbrary as po concerg ea s of mea hch re no prouc of hua ho an r nepen of hman psychooy, booy, an ho ha reaos o e hav o beee n ream of ea n ha s he mos
IR LERE
ss o hs s hch ar hr Pao's as nor pschoogca acs Wha ohr asos cu or o h bha xcp ha oh s w cao ma h cams o scc o ruh n raoa ss ussr o uk scars a o prov a car sco pschooca ad obcv cru spaks o sgh as a pca xprc u xprc s psychoog ca ac a ho h ca ak abou ma g p o such facs hs spca xprc s o oub suppos o scov ma ma o o prouc u ho ca asur asur urvs ha av rach h prop ma ng h crra or sush o kds o cr ar ag Proab ur ou ha h uma co o xprc s o comucab. ra a cos ar com muca Bu va huma kog s gra o o ha s comuca a guag a as scc a h xprc of cru cru ussr's ss appars as commu ca a a sca xprc Pag's ho s a pschogca rprao o gc hch rsss Hussr's argums H r o sho ho h orms o hk r b b form pho pho a oogca u mpac o hr acors soca commucao hch ao ca b h vr of prov
HE ES
ayhg, d s d pracca mapaos s ay hdh ad aga s ds mo s a c cd a ms as hr arca os) d md a a aba rsa sm chma ar baor ad h ua prur o h chmas ad o prps poc poc h ocay ocay accpd orm ogc ogc Th p cradc a sa do o ay huma ary cmmcao a h ha ma a rsa rm hg ca r ha ay prr hr c ou soa a hg h ar crad a rms pra comucao amo po Th am may a o arhmc ad gomr cp I ou b y a accorg Pag a " a h sar ss a pas; h ohg " aur; h " as a pob prpry cra sys h or a h h prc o or hough bhar ad aa c o o b aa xpr bu xprnc ma p ccpua srum ha ndo ogca ru h "rh Th s can, a grc ra ch as scb phopca cqc Pa ng h qo ra h ca
FRS LETRE
orco gc rls fro h co cpua fraork hsorically producd y our pcs Ho can ala ojc cru ihou fng ourls from depnnc on our biolocal ad orical codiionn h conrorsy bn h psychologcal and Husrlian nrpraos of ogc s conro sy ben prcs and h blf n ran cendnal ason Afr ibniz Husl's ph oophy as a s h srongs agun in fao o saen ha from pirics po of h concp of ru s usls and so s conce of scnc a e sac for ruh Ar as of ranscnnal approac do no k o accp his concluion. Whn Poppr as ha in h deop of scnc can o epircal grous la cran ypohss as corary o xprnc and ha uch a einaon nr salishs h ra ypos a u h should dra h concluso ha n ar and nr ill ) abl o xcud h posbiliy a our knolg of h orld s ad up nrly of fals sn Hor f ha i o k no ens o alk abou eelopen of cienc a a on closr and cloer o h ruh. il his pcely ho Poppr is scinc hnk is rong n s pon. bl ha or conssnly rc ranscnnas id s und o rc no
TE S
9
oy h "ol h h uh o co, o oly h id omh ald aid bu h d ho l i rul h h ooy o ddd h o m hh a o mir d dl ould oh o lid Th m ll r cdl m imly h x of h lm of dl ad h ha o mal od o Th racdli ll h hi ry u m u adad y h irici imls moopoly of xpric h hihs rual of our hou ha h prilgd oiio i pr cisly ur quo and ha i rbary o salih uh moooly Th adal col mici o roucfor h k o osnh o of ruh pr is opl h acdi o ofs ha orer o sa lif i aso is i y boud o a a kdo of bg o qua ngs) h cao j us us his a Hus Hus gra gra mri: o ad s dsuso o xrm pon
SCON LU: MAN
r' rcr psycolog d on prpon or ogh no grn of cng hng ns c n oy orgn inh in h l l o condon ir i r ndn c , nong uc pycolocl pro noled ocl nd orc condo nd ologcly ermd Second no only rch cs g cc o nrl rom ng no only i e nunc r necessry conecons ord. o pols xpresed n r' o ogn ck o e ng e nd phoopy hod b rgoro cnc T r ogn conn o ore cc reqrn r hod sre ouee h r gn nependen of poopc pjdc nd r c srcon nd rooed n n soey pord nsg econd nong y cceped nes s fonded n s prordil n nd e cng of ploophyo reel e eng o prcr scence Posopy o b onoofr fo pspposonsnd us no ccep ny re red dee reu reu o scence ploper p loper ne e "geneize ese re he e o ep e s ey re nd u ey ronce he secrcl rc hc s The need to go bon doub
3
SECO ECTE
neee i he sk o hilosohyo econsc un kolege kolege s holeis holeis o e e elie eli e A eaig unesaning o koege cno sing o is ccuulion in icl sci cs goig ss o cs heoies hyoeses n ssicions os us o ic vs n iov ou ecnolog oes o el s i uesig e o Whie inceasig his oe ov ne n exes e isce eeen his ecologicl skil is cciy o ues he sciences ese ese hings hin gs ihou ihou eiing h he es es ue i cig o cogiive acs ey e ice o gsig hese vey cs he cno sonneusly oce ei o eig usi ei siios o oecivi I icu icu usse ussell ciicies hee ielcul i elcul ai es hich ihe o o gas o exicily exici ly ej ej ec e oe eiseologicl esio in he Ki sese h s ge is nt egi cosciousess s ojec i e o o ivesig schoogcal Wii is iue ye he coes o co siusnss u i s no enle s o sk o is vii e isinush ilusios coec eceios is iseologicl i v sce exeien sycholo oves o iei o so e coec cepios el ch h ings he secn ge is
HE MEAS
hsrcsm, aaly kod as a
produ o uma so as a s of fas of ulur n dog s rl on onns as m agg soral suaos p gay and s asd h so s as a ulural fa ad in as ald o ad knoldg ad al s as an o of poogal aluao T rd arg s Wlachauugsphlp, n Dly o or sons osds plosoy as a xprsso of proa soal o soal aus ar ald o a parular prod or or a paruar u omuy ao sas (o dos an o a somg s a ral au (og or or rardlss s prod of s ouy o rso dan of sc s pois ad rlaisall s ar ers of dssoluo of uropa ulur Hur ook or a od a ould us as o knoldg o a ady ndpnd of so prson soiy or biologal ru san H look for rra a kp h a iru or no h od xis us piosopy as purposely o gl xin x in body of kog kog as a hol raly sn prss s r dad roug or or kon oy as a sram of subj prpons a a e alays suspd of
OD LUR
just producs f a s al . mus all h a r r r wr qtbl tm d l t f t prblm xt vlty Bt hr i rgl ght whr thg rval thmlv t th rly bdly drt. It thr mm prpt wt t ryg blf lyl kwldg. Pmlgy wt t r h ght t vtgat tal gt trtrto t wrl w r t mply mprlly prv t r pdtly y rrptv tl xr T lbrt h mtd t rly th mprrtal pt f t tlgl try f xr; t mply tat that lmt f xpr r hr rt g r mbt plgl tt t pt t opt r tr r. Frt t t lv t prlm f vly bt ly l mgl S r t f trth t th prgm r rpl th f pblty y prl . r t thr dr rltvly tt rlr xpr b y t d t m prtd t vr ay mm ty A h
H ANS
7
ceue s no gane u ay eoe as a pole Coseuenl, e shoul sa ou econsuc on of eann an of he ol y pung ase al esuls of scence, l epcal fcs as "ge hn he ol, ou o "ego, an he e exsence of he ol an o ohe pesons All hs a e uesoe Wha cno o se hs, Hussel enes he pah of Descaes an akes up hs easog h soepoan ocao I canno sa h he elef n e nscenen exsence of he ol s apeas oee he fac ha peceons ae such an such, hs ac s gven n he asolue sense he coens o acual o itton he alle all eacng acng Caes C aesan an sense sense ae ae gen e og og nall, anen, unenaly, gnoan hough I a ou he naue of o tt oecs o of he hkg hk g su su ec We eal h phenoena, ual ual es hose oe of eng s no ecl "gen he ue ue heoenon heoenon o f ec eceg, eg, j ugng, expeiecng an llng can e he ojec o a iec nsgh s inen pesen, hee e esce s appeas hou decg o ha s, u sll e a hope ha n o apeas e l scove soe consuve, necessa ules ul es of o f he ol T y tord ndted n t
8
SECOND LECTUR
A so e e esces h e o o see hg ovous e fc of he exsece o he o Hoeve Desces ue cosss s ecso h e cou ou e exsece of he o u o hs o exseceh hs Ego gve solue ec he s hus g susce u ue he oe o kg susce sus ce es eefoe eefoe e ve o ee e susl Ego s el. uch uco of e el of coscousess fo exsecehs scee euc os he s ecess oeo o e o ceue fees e fo l eu ces o coo sese, cua coceg he exsece of oh e o he suec o e susee o u o ckes o eoe h e eseoogcl eoc o We ee ege e exsece o eve ou , e sly u he ueso ovsolly se We suse sceece, hg gog eo e u eoeo of ii hs eoeo eoeo gve u o so he fc a s e, elogs o ec eso eie is he fc gve h heoeo eeses oec e feece o e Ki coce of heoeo s use o , e hoeo s ece soeg h heoe vee hgs s o ovous, ec e o
TH MAN
9
n knw hw he hg el b knw etey h rvele he phnenn a hh n n y he exe f hg w nyl rh n h vry ee h r "pheen h n mple n rls ept xtne ben xe frm epble ey A ge evn l rele f y exern be my wn by y elf ( pr f he wrl wrl ntrn ntrn phyl phyl an mheaa l hee re ele fr he beg hn h pe el I knw neher he wr nr nne belngng I kw ly een nen rrle y n he wrl bere fr h ren e n er n nen ly n y tte h mg rnnne whh I e trb The er "ene ren n "eph n be e h even; h er n bween he nprn here. he very er "nentl n e exn n Herl wrng A ne pt e y h he ren renen h en n he bele n rnenene In m nex yng h knlee nenen e prey h vty nepennt f he t h
0
OND LRE
xpr apt r t by bilgay ygly itriy aly b jt. h th t f th rt is bth gativ (t ars ogons frm rjis abt trs) a tv (it gv ss trta is). Wht rmi ftr t rt ar th tt pm nd n d t p wr ty ppr r t trat t mpiria Eg t pr sbjt f gti th rpt f p mtig avig t prprti aly al y attrt t pyhlgi pyhlgill bt rtaig vrth t itti r bj. c c gitt a ts onn nosis a a no av t b itgis bt thy ar bth y giv tgthr A bt s a bt y t t g t Eg i aways rt twar b. wr r bth is a b ivtigat a rva t h rt th maig r kwg. Wit it w as y trt rtrtg wrl vl ( a. h hty f fat vl f sriv v gt Atr th rti y r qaiz s p : r r s g a p s v r ar T htmy isa r t mpiriit stpit t q ti t i f w va va y y b b rr rr frm ats ats
E MEANS
bt t ma at ntga qtt a. m gy m t m t ly tm lgal bt ta atm Th t m t b a o a t t ay l n t py yt t y n ava tat pbm at m bk tt ty nb mg T T qt qt ma t at v t t a apa t b t d. By w n t bty that t bket b tk ay v d k th H pgm v b a t tak t baket t ng t t t dtn. Th h de ntt akb vdee a edt gv em at th t mtd t aptn bt n t n me . W ve m w tn be pe bg p pnme e ntng exldd fm n d e evetng gve y We debe pe e tey ppe nd we ty t gp e e. e. O dptn dptn g p p e eve mpete nd ml n t
42
EO ERE
ave peep bt tey eabe t ee diety neti f tg tat ne we gap em we know tt t ant be tee we eay d te eety ete at n e tehd taedent jeivty dd nt e it e deided t te btantia E wat et dbt an e ened t a n intat piee f e nt w ne we eve eve t piee we ea wit eani wi e wdeeee knwn nd t ked e wd ape a te penme f te wld. wld. I a penn f exitene patabe nd wt de it ipy? He it ain tat ecte ted t ave eg a mething m te wd a n edbe emade and tat e pviy tk te lpt standnt. wt er bject t im e t t exde a exitee e t e dic init we netnd w tt e? It ay be aed a Kant did tt extee nt a ea peiate t eat wen eated t the wd a a we T cay t the edt we t ve nend w te exitene f e wd inn e ean te abte ene we? Wen we ak wete ig exit we k wete i beng t te wd wete t pt f te Dos ot nsndn rdion
HE EA
43
wrld e gras exstee y as belgg t the wd Ths s why te meg te qstn "des everytg exst ldg the sj s tterly bsre. he we dere everythng the prea e f exstee thg sees hnges thg at all . It sems that that w w nrsn the sle trversy abt the exsene exsene the wld l te Carte Ca rtesa sa sese sese e nstn t th ve tmst the qest f spss bt e I remve myself s emprl g t qest lses meag. Oe ant rly sk hether evethng exsts. The wd Hsser sys may be sstet dream Pes I vgely mage what t s en s lng s I gne ysel s mng. When I m lng th dreamg sjt I at see w t exss t en etee he rl s n he r s e hs s why s exly s tht the ret pes a ew re ng t s ver we d t kw what he tse nt g rnig r th rein ry . s l h h "g " g is sed sed Ths s nt r r sys ths s nt e ps kng tse n h "n n n is itntn en en syh gi n tsnnt g th ttr eing nsyhlg sj gnin, hn n ngh gs itey t
SECO LECTRE
intigibl Bt ti i an il inligibil tannnt tannnt Eg i n n iin gnitiv ntnt and nting l a la w nna ar Hl a x rind ti kn tin f lf bt n t a t b va it a b ab bing n v t w Eg i iling a I xi i ngati n i t ang t I xit in " i nn an nt a nn; t i i t W avi t it by ng a atin w Eg bt ti i a vbal tik. tiny an invigatin an b an in at r, in all t in wtt king tin bt t nlgi t j Bt ti i nt t H an in invtigin annt bing an tit ntlgial tin i iy nglt and n ni t t n alng wit a l tin f t rptin It tat t ri tt l il in l viw t xiit tatnt t tt xl a xitntial pji. nd n i Wt i i it bt an w n it niat? T anwr li in t nxt t f t lin , ii tin itin a nnn g h sr fr nvrss
HE MEAS
45
y ts ct c t c w wd hv crtt bt tis crttd wd b sctcy wrtss. tsk f pmgy s t t scb scb siglr phm phm bt t cvr t te vrsy v scticy frtf ssc r z. dtc sigt wvr s t pcdr f bstrct bt spc kd f drct xprc f vrss ch rv thmvs t s th rrstb sfvdc. d t prspps y sprt tms kgm f des d rm wt trscdt cscsss. St r sgt s rdc b t igr prpts d s t ma; w d tt smpy s mpy grz gr z bstr bstrct ct r gct gct sm sm sde bjects t xtct th ivrs. s rj ts t trdt trdt mprcst ty ty f bstrcbstrct hch mpls tt rct xprc lys des th sgrity w t prcss f bstct s tg bt cmzig symblc tt pprted t rerd sm ctly mptt mm ql q lits its f my bj bj cts. Sch ty mp tht y bstrct gd s y th tht eh ccpt s prly bilt f t c be ped t th p fr hch t ctd d tht rtr f slctg tes e qy cect d ll pdc srt f ctcly f dstrt Ts thery mpes dt tht kg f ivrls ds t dd ythg t the xpric f dvds
6
SCOND CT
h n n gnve vle nd e n eve n he wr nyhng h wld n be nded n p peepn T e, n he cnry, nvel re n nered nvdl b re gven ely bdy T h nep pped he Pln el (whh ep epre nenen wd nvel, he hey nvel n r (iplyng h he eene ly ly nenen nenen b b e e h hee nepnep npren (epng "nvely ppey nd, nd nn (whh n n nvey n vey ppey ppey nge, nge , oqnd od) Hel pc pph pep p h nep nenden be. n ed ve el n pr b, b e be ppe ny cle f he nen nl wh beng b cnrn he eid de n g beynd the be. Wh he expeence f eene n ning n n enng gen w be ble weve y bere r gnywe nend pee beng n ng h e grey we d n e pr greyne b gen geyne, nd h gn eey gven n w , , h we re elng wh mr be n e epe n h we gp h ly n b pede Th le
HE MEANS
arg Hssl T aal bj f s dgmns r hr mang) a va gryss. a sa smay kwng pv n sp f a j ar smlar ad av h smary y as b smply gry a gry s ar na A ma ays ha nps rga as f mpar s f f Hssr! rs h gnal gnal qsn s mlgaly rva ad v as f mpas mply prs sss. A s h mprs ar a fr smlas f gs r rsps shd ask a maks a s an ha smlary a bh smars Th ar h smary h gs smlary. Ths aarally a asg sm lay s wa maks hngs smlars n fa far frm Rssls appa prbm f rsas para ny n Mg a Trh ) T ma argm argm sms sms a w ld b apabl f prg pual agrs bas mlay f d n pvsy k gs smlary. Csqly hr smlary ly smar s. s r fr rp fr r fr al mamaa bs. Ths h sss hg y appar ly whn wh n h sgs sg s f nvals nvals f xampl ar ar
8
SCON CT
eble nvl; ey e mele n ele e e penmen penme n f me me elf elf me m e le o e n on e el me Even n gping n e as n ndiv we mly we neve lzn f omeng nvel n e nvly elf when e bje f nenn how e ed n e pen ef h we he menng o beng ed nd ee e n ng wh wld be e n genel ne ene mny e Te me le gng e meng f beng led no be e n genel n w eevn e f weve oloe exene h n n ny enene n lg mln One we y we nw h nn be ee n we egnze eey f ng emelve, neey being vl eev of wehe n el hng ex. e no nee mny exml ge nvel n neey nwlege of kn k nd d n kwl de n n fm e mln; n we nee know hee nyhng el onn hee be e m o n e neey e of n bl e e h nee ly belng o em o ey wee lo e obe wl le eny n wh Hel ll he fee mgny vn we y o
E MES
49
magne he bje a nversal whle negleg r meally exhangg sme sme f s prper prperes es ad s we le ha sme hem even f hey empirly always ampany he phenme n srrally elg a her absene leaves he are f penme hed; we hers an e ashed w he deniy e phenmen eg alised wh i Ths eran deas wh ngs (phenmena as meaning n wih he nvenial seses wrs Theefre he resls appear n he frm f nlyi gmens as phemengial edei esrpn e may analyze neins f al srs amng srres (heir smiary anagy dependene mal epenene rmalgal prry e an s bil many eiei sienes rrespnding ria emprl an edve splnes Tey w expan expa n and esribe esribe he rgnal meaig f e bsi es f any given given siene sien e (i ( ike ke he nep f nmber n mahemas r he nce f he wrk r in ar his wh ressing any l ahievemens f any exsg sene. Ths s wha may prve pril senes wh he sefawareness f her eins; ey wi nersan ha ey are y eng wh Sh a penmenga srurin f he nea aaras f sene is n rbir Hsser beeves es
50
ED LRE
t ee rey mde terms r tke p extg net sems lsts It veys t s gnt trtre of w te meagfe r te teeg rr re mpse eter by vets r by syg mtne t thk t terwse) t rte rm te jet wt mpertve el evee T dr r d r dr r ng intc s s te sese f te slg "bk t
thngs temseve revele. It mes bk t verls bt t ver tt re nt re rbtrry r fr te ske f veee nt ke eprte relm f beg t mes, bk t vers s ret jets f telet telet ntt. e wt t kw weter weter r see r mm see t te wrld rg t ts t were tr bers r r t r rt eeds vets erne wh n e e wt pe nm emrm) wete r t et ept re rrety megly bt (n nrmne wt eessry prertes ee ttres). Hse s Ptst r s h beev t t t f tng Bt t kn f ry es es t t rery rery belg t ny prtlr see see e sy rt els els wt wrks f rt bt te lyss wt te
TE MENS
51
wr wr f r grl s s gs gs y s ss sl rls r s ll s s h s sly f h) N bj s xcl v rm sh qry w y pl p clss phm ly. My mgh v I r y w vss s prpry my lr sg vss h I sy h pr p s vg h h lr c prp r wr vgss s . A evryg ps lly ly f h l sg wh hgs rvl hlvs m lyl r Hw c we ssr rslvs w hv g r Phmly prvs sw: hr y v sg r y Ad h h qs rss: w hs cre c be ccd? I g sw w c cs cl betw e w bsc sls pmly: b hgs hslv nd phlpy sl b rgs scc T i s g gr rs s pls h b cmcd: w t b be cvy s cn r s h wv dss c e a crtd . T s ce w pel Crd c n n scr scree T ts f pml ecbe cert pcl sphe
52
EOND LERE
xpr ad drpt at rpa th xprc at bt t ca mak t ar fr athr pr t ahv a lar gt. T am may f r b ad f ay drt xpr Qaltatv tt t ymbay mcbl bt that prly hy qlta tv drp at prtd b rgr c. r ang wrng rcn? T
trbl wth H m tat rtg gv vy fw xampl f t. A rgr mt tt hvr ppl ll l vy pr apprxmtly t m rl Bt hw w rta rlv tht t Crtaly may phmlgt trd t ppy th mth t mply t drb t. Edt drpt vraly applabl w may rb t d f th lr rd f t rat f mlarty f arttr t tat rlg lv mral val a b d r at f g h f th b bj . my m y fr xml xml r t " f lg th bf p dty mak p t ary part Or t th xt f a rg rgazat th rgazat t t bl bl trl r th x f "th Hly T ar ra t prm at vry ll rv rv at th am am cl a f f y "I v a t g y avt th
HE MEAS
53
s mst m sp r Hssrl h ltmt mrl kwldg s mm b bt w s mmbl s f grt sg; h skll f pmlgs ds t sst rmmbrg ry md rhs b s rt pr s w ss ss rm v strtyps d blfs f dly rm h pprt vd s rm hbt d msdg pts r frm th brrg f t tt bt h fs f xre s t S wh s gr vl ssrls g rl slfrm s rg gg bsttey bk t t bggss gh t sprt bf th h svr rlbl mtd f rehg y r ty et s tk rm Hssr th smplst xm f ssry sytht trth "wht s r s xt sms ths s et O e k w "r we mmetly kw tht t b t tht hr r lrd mbr r eelgs t ht sns s r kwg rr? A ket my rg ht pre th et f r t t s bvy bvy ly pb t sre hs th st st td s lyt jdgmt t lk e st very very trg trg hs tr sds sds . Antr xmpl xmpl rg et r d yll s spps
4
SECOND LECTURE
t be ptilly vet Wy T w betwen gnlly eibed tplgl el in I we plt lgt t te pet w wt te inbw g plglly be twn d yellbt t i titly pil n n ne t ttet n m tt we get rng e we x yellw e pit bt in e i ing pi in t. y ny tt t teet ply bv A penenlgt i e nly nwer tt I tpi tt te end te dite. i gble gble tt y erl erl ek ek et t in r peeptn gtn l gp eng nvl e well ndd Pp t t nvely dien r wt e tgt Te ie tt he e t perept t wh pt e beetly xtte ben e zed nt ny te pnmenlgl pn viw etlt pyl eg nining y t "nng nently nv nvl l ke tel te l pt the peeptin peeptin A bby d nt t ing t n dlt whe it "k t bjet ign i n ple n t ppl d t pev bjet nwe ith ming n e d nt dd dd te eng peti; w I e I n nt le re tt I itepet ptely pt
TE EAN
55
f a ppsly gaz s; w I lk a s a x a alpab kw m s wa a ps w a a s a I p s a ss ly s sag f vgs w s sg sgl a ags ha pp s sli bas s pss m bgal ad sl msas Ts s al a w xp sss ly xp s y by lagag amg fas w f amp w p s f lg f aisp wh psppss s a h sls f i w b al gass f w ay ligi ss a y x ss ly ha w a f f a ag fm maig pm as was y lagag Ad s ms as w ak i fm liv xpi agag is wl i a ai way a pp wd b d w b w i sa aalyzg ss f smg w a always dal w sm i f la xp f mak ad s xps g sly xplaiabl ay ay gal ssy Csy a ss f mm ss a aly p as wh mak p h pmlg
6
SECO ECTRE
il hd th nvbl d f n n ny xn; whil f ing h tanndnl dtion w nn g id f g nd th n f th whl lrl l rl ity i ty nkind nki nd I t e hdly hd ly ibl l t bliv tht w ld g bk h ntlll innn f a nwb bby d tl n hngt in h h id in mind w hv n gant t l gi illin in thr wd w hv f d I nnt hv hnnlgil iight wiht bing b t giv n h bjt f y night n dditinl dng f l thd n i in ht i low tily t din ith lning hity N "n will pring fm png xpl T d a nl h nnolgl thry f h nvl it ngh v d n nvl bld niv ty f ligin w d nt nd knw r thn n igin h i ha n f h rn why nmnlgy d nt t v ni td king inqir inq ir in i n hmn hmn in in "mr " mr i int md f ltin r. l tnly pod tns f prnt it h mnii w d w knw ha ur ont ly il I r "ting "ting f f h wl bty dd by l nidtn d t n th rl
HE MEA
netwrk netwrk f relatn? relatn? A lg a a w e ae able able t nwer h etn we d nt kw what f anytng r tgt grap r wether mre than a pratal trment tll we ave verally va tera t at meangfl trtre. The need f rtera a been tngly felt te hmante a relte n may attept attept dependet depen det r nt phenmenl phenmenl gy Te trle tht f thee etn everyby ha a eret gt wh tef prve that we are fr frm apdt erttde I wld be far t ay that the detny f Herl pjet w lar t that f eate H p dtn ted t t be trnge d mre nvng thn h belef t ave dvere a gnal well f ertte. Th eem t be the mmn mmn lt f plper
THIRD LC THE ACVMS
How the worl wo rld d can be the sam samee yeser yeserd day ad toa toay
sdl d y s meg mg m ssss d b s d m) ke t e t s b ot bgted. y ssel ppy o ss s s t ttoty ey d d b seg s sg smtg d s t desed d t s ppes t peps vtos mtos ps d jgms B t w ed psgl pm ts t pys es s t ws pbe Hs vew bdg pgl ppo bs led ts t psyl go fm t s etl e T ey f ttoy s dmetl t Hses despt s ts bes ny ntnl ssss dt e beng the me my t mts gspg ts me we pepe H d t eh peet s tmlke d ptfm d t we e "e ptl e sep ng ome ees lstng qtes fm t em mpe we e bon t ept te l t de f te entty o n et my e eetly xpl yt nt 61
62
HI EC
mpry ji T ili f ii f ig g fr fr h f tivy drb s f ai r t i gg ( ig p f "b r f vuum subs). p i if i ii a r t, i pp t b a bi r a d p d dd, vi , tt tt s, s, xpri r ppa g hr i w pm vr i ay, frm pi, p iir i f ii, b i b k bt h ity f b i tt w t i f r psygi t pfr t vri ms i tim Bt if w rf t gt iii j , v m bif t I m ig is I i g, t prpi v iir qiis Ti iiy i vi f if p t blif i t " f bt Hv tt H i ii f pyi bj f i , ik iv, i gi p, i migs i t
ACHIVMS
63
beng abe o sae her dey, e ae o enie o suppo ay claim o "obeciy ad ceain of knoedge There is o mber ha is alwas he sae i may cs of conng a h s iependen of hem; here are oly sinur acs o cou, and hey o o ee o anyng denca ach oema o coe s s, a oem ee o e se neca sne oec, ase e en o ece, ememe, eeng, an so on hs, hoee, s posse oy f eepion is no puncifor, i eery ineniona c coans he acualy perced, epo a cninuiy o expeiece e cogio, he oves ar e ogitum s o as abua s, bu as an ac of synhess, hch ies ra daa in he connuous or o penoena Inerna econsious econsiousess ess is he fo o synhes synhess s ; and i s hrug is ha I grasp e obec no as p nsiousess as an oeve eain is s e naienbe feaure of nenona ens a each suecie pocess as a oizn o eeence Any acua exeence ies e e o oe and his boh n eo an n saia ases of hgs When I see i ie is iee ow neeive aspes a a oe has e ea se s n a ineleual asseon u an ual eeen e een of e oveen oveen o ienin ienin The
THIRD ECTRE ECT RE
e to be id o tie pect itin te inenion it tere i t retention, orizon o the pt n experience o te bcrdcing cnti d ere i e otention e ntici pin o t tin o te re one. Ter i n incir cgii no pcpin i itd to he pe cti ec i ecin rd nd bcrd bnd he ed o clcl i Ti i t reve n obect bein te e nen i i h e ble nd o e ening nd e reerenc o e obect to eid no eidetic redction ld be rcticbe it intnin ntei) Ad t te econd bnder o o Decrte Decrte been nvered ecrte not n rn be ievd o ve d direct cce t the bntil cnceived prt o te orld bt e nonnt ntoal al cogit cogitoo beievd no e ron t a nonntnto ibe t cold bve o cncione pre c o cgnitio it cit For inention ni oever hre no pr c co ih n bect And ine we prored he redcin he price e cnt o i etd e cgit i iven as det he cogito e did not boi h be bt e did bi ay ay mediation e c n b b t oin oin it edcti edction on t e phnenn phnenn e identi e ob obec ec -
E ACIEVEMS
65
nqnly r w h m rd h dy h rndnl w vr h nnnl m m o f nn ny d b b m wll r w prh h rrl p m h dp srl ml ld rnndl dl y rvr r mmnr wh d h h w h d wh dlm lil n m hwr rr r rn whh ar qivl hv n r n r n ill h rmn : n r ex nhl rr nng wrld wh mni rnnlly rd nn hwr rhn h bj i n ng i wh mnn n n h r nn nldn rlr h n n b n exing n xn l r n b Cql wld b brd r rl h bj x dpnly h mnng mn ng h d d xndpndnly xndpndnly h a n n n n prrm prrm by h n. Te wld a an aievemen nciune
66
IRD LERE
e qestion is eher te passage to ieasm as rooe in e ery sarting poin of Hsser's phiosophy or as ma reasicaly spose penomenooists eiee i as a reslt of posopers persona eoion hich col ae one anoe ay I ngaren ngaren among ohers mainane ta he ery princips of phenome Inves ons o Logc Inves noo as oline in he Log no enai a a he ieast concson t ar perecy compaible ith te realist postion Penomenoogy Penomenoogy can cerainl e e an i fact fact as ene in aros as or Hsserl hoeer t incle ranscenenta recion So ma ask: Is he recion realy otoogcay nera Is it ony a meho or oes oes i i a meto eci onologica qesions Is i reersie h atemp to on e obciy of nole n aes lcaing them hi ranscen sectiiy i permt s to ae o he proisory bracets fro the trasceen orl l no hese ackets appear o eernal eers i or t orl ith h rece sbec o be sre there is o heory o consion in e Logic nvesons. It may e arge neer ess a e passa o ieaism ro 1907 onars e ngen lectres iot eng a loical concsio from the ear heory of mea ing as he ony consset solton to the sam
HE ACHIEVEMS
6
poble hich hese ealy igs ega o face The heoy of consiuo mplies ha ay bein has val ony so fa as gas mag he acs o anscenea cosciosess he ve cocep of a asole asole sefsppo sefsppog g reliy reliy o relae o coscosess s asur ad sef sef cora dicoy Objecs ae sedmaos ("acve mens mens ahe ahe han " prodcs prodcs of ceae ceae acs acs of coscosness he le eig he uliae souce o heir cslize shape ro hs ome o he "povsoy brackes imose o e probe of exisence ecoe an uesrucible al Ho di di happe ha ppe By vrue vrue of ha ogc Hsserl sig h aacks o subjecs he sese o eavs ronalis he concep o ruh s elave o coscousess come o he cocson ha "ojecvi col oly be cheve h asceeal cosciosess ha no in w pibl uless ase o conscusess s he on oe selgrog rel i I hk ha his eveope fa fro eg ccieal aero as very cosisen a cn be recosruce s follos Skepcis ad reliism ca be overcoe onl i e scoer he source of asolue cer ue his cere ca be gie here e do o nee o ory ao "he ie ro pecepos o higs ere here s a bu iei, here he ac of cogo a s
68
THI R ECTURE
ctet ae not edited i ay ay eve i the ic eais vali) hee e pl cnnot sk how w know that u act each the cnet as i e hee the cnet i autely tanpaet to the suect o anent Thus ainality a cetitue a e u oy i ecivity i t a "eect ects t s the pe he ie eai a iue as eve ut cnittes cnittes he. Oly a t t i depeet the citive acts s he ect acceile i a ay hch ake out ple I the cue tie Husel epeats o tasceetal c ciune al the aitial auents epical iea, o ichte t Aveaius Aveaius e eucti the l i a eai, this an the pepe ae cstituted pheoea the peicates exit ad "oexisti ee o hat i eat a on such The eicates "tue a "alse e to acts o itento The ppety exiti o ot exit s celate wih act vecatio a ulicato ul icato ase ase o iniht O the is o this isiht the ect s "ieately iuie, s "e ognte" o ive i the oe "itel thee. It eeps its etit I can go ack to t. The old is o hat i actuall peceve peceve it is an nie nie potetialiy, ut a otetalty o cosciouses The Eo is a sutace t s atual ly as iecte ta soeth t o s ko oly as t
HE AHEVEMES
69
sustatm of acts u o ad oct totr ae o other am c coma m oth than tascedta cocoe In this deisi armt a t od da atts rcr ad s do o m o otic) he s o tr d of t lde of rh ut h ayi or tha appes is uialt o ayi ru at his o that apps oseuy o say hat soehig hapes indpdly of consciosness means a a dme ca b eai eai a tue irrsecte of he he her is a consiosesshich s aud ic mea in a truth a foior are rate o he nsiousnes an so i ay ossile oec of ruth hate a al ao mafy is meaninful a possie oec o a utrac an heeo o say ha a ceta oet s nependent of possly of utri a ud e on aounts o saying ha ar aig ao sethig e are o ali aota ovious contaictio ltiay eyhing ges ac o a vesion of the raditional tatoogis: "we cnnot thin abou shng tat s not ein ouht othig a b a oct of a uen tat is ot an oect o a gmt ne tak aou omthi mae a o e of gment o gment thus "o be ndpendn o the consiousnss is a elfconadctoy coce
70
TIRD ETR
ur cam o cocl cosi ihi h ) ha "ralism i lfcoraicory ad i cac concos cacl h or, a ha conscousss alo ca ha a sfsuppor isc hi radiioal reaoin os o d in raiim prciy ca rl o ha disoere disoere a coscios hich s o in ord i o a par o is ly p e of empirica cosciousnss h pirical or, huma psychooy, iooy ad hiory i nh ha hi cocios cociosss ro roi i i rae from a is ih h ord Ceraiy shou aay ay a ur' h i raed "o m i isc or m his as h raso hy o criic qsio Husr' idais, a i h a o ak aou inc i nra nra u oy aou aou isc isc " or m I a o aod o ak maifuly aou xisc xisc hou impyi impyi h sc sc o o his is hy h rcio i o a porary pensio hich ih hop o aroa laer pre m forr from aki ao h n ha is o a o cocios in maks ur onse of uch a cocp her is o ay a from rdcio p for h reur o ae "aura a "uncriica aiuds, hih cao carry carry ay a y riud riud Onc Onc en h qu for criu cano o
AIEVEMEN
71
bac o o ll ll all rs rs o ru ru o. Thr s o local possby o o a odals psmoloy pomo loca proc ssr coras o a b a rascdal coos o o com pass eery bo orm a o o pcpo Tr s o asm o coe hyl a aoal ora forms. T coso s llbrac a hr o facy or co ey or. ll o as o xsc dpde o s ha obcs oo cus sel ou obcs eep ee p s ty ty a a ca o bac bac o s s arr peeps ( cl "subra of s popere b mea o s or He cx bscure). I e sarc or co cssty coscosss as e ly ecesary b oy us u a h s beue ly cscuse s boluey " e. a als e sy o a aep rach bu ceay. r Hel oe eph ha cocep o g s h o o h Brso's o h Cre aher a yscl. he dee appes obu fom r lace. For eg u s k o ellecua ucl bs u o h "er e
I LEE
bect and as s cmmne th hat s nique, cnsequentl inexpessile in the ect; it is a act in hich cnsciusness ienties ith an bect hic preis as entire "utsie an iepenent f it N such intitin ma appear in Hsser tee is a me pfun anit eeen them nt nl in their ga (t gain perfect certaint) t in tei cees as el Fr th pilsphers it trns ut tat an utiat rtitu an b hi on in inn an that the ltimate cntent f tis certite is inounib T acie certite I hae t ae an insight cnsisting in a perfect neiate cneence f act an cntent The insigt cannt e relace b a era message hich eniin is a meiatig eice An s, in egsn an Hsserl intuitin has the asic feaures f a mstica exerience an is jst as incmmnicable Husse's atinaism is mystica ecase hateer is cmmunicae in rs is eiate, and ceite is ase te fact that t te cnsciusness its n act an its cntent cannt e sected t dt (as may eething ese) ese) Th te istinctin f nesis and nea emais, te cgitata ae nl as mc certite certite s e ci as eaism eai sm cannt e criticized n its i ts n presup psitins Hssel sas tat as lng as e keep staing n te "nata attite e ae unale
E EVEE
as the tasceeta qesto "o ca e o eyn the sand of coscousess? Snce e teat ouseles as aeady en " the old e cnnot put ousees n te uesto posto and thus e peudge the prolem of exstence Bt a sma argument may e appled t Hussel Oce I pefom te "suspenson of exstence on hs tems I peudge the polem as we an cant ask te tanscendetal eston "how ca eae the sad sce t s aeay kn that I eer eae t. Here te dscussn must stop Once we consent to put the ueston of "te dge, e ae commtted to des f we eect the ueston the the realst the east sut s a cce that depens n phsohc ases Te hsy f phspy ses t teach owee that al aets n f f ethe sut pesupse hat s to e ped f te suect wnts t dsce the edetc ecessty a t este the eanng f te wd s un t en wthn hs own ts f "tanscenence tsef s a eanng cnsttuted te g the pe f sss an of the ealty f ate eg naly ses Hw can we ean fatfu t the ncpes o euctn and magne te ate eg as beng ny ntende ut n cnsttutd Ho ca othr o it?
74
HIRD ECTURE
he se wa as al ote bjes? We hae now e a w s es the os ose se of Hsses phosoh I s ea tha e wans to ao ss o eunng hs eo f nstuon, and a he s wae of he es of sh n enepse He eees not on hat soss an e eoe bt tha s an e ne n n ansenen es he ee e beee e dsoeed was nende o be nes fo n to�a beng an cessbe o eebod Does not the est nd the netn e eue s gne ts sense ntng n e ned bot e ete exstene of e on ens s on s we k nst ents n n us e oa w ohes as n n as we ak a nsenena eo of ey usse eees hat te ae a e g s nsttue n e ntentoa oeent e ate ego ges eon on I onsue as eee n own eo How s posse Hssel es to se the eston wth he e of he seon eoh Wthn he ansendena exeene I ee wha s t mi o e noea wc ae eed o ote egos as e exe tu ees tt n o n ses Wat ens fte hs exsn s ae s e enn N ate ate)) nng own od n
E AVEME
my empral ego as a oje d o apears ha hma ego am osed as a ar o he orld a a he ame me I am osg al oes hh s he says a arado s raseeta eo I separae ha logs o me rom he asoe aemrag doy reded eo a searae he realm o s "oe rom he "oheress resppose ha o al odes o my ososess are moes o my selososess that eo has a e oay h he eseesese ad h he help o hs eo e oa a a go eyod eyod o exstee I osu he ord I ge he ese o e aessle o ohers osousess ad hereore a exee olso he rs oego dea h s he aer eo aoher sjet. hs s he omy o moas hh makes ojee Nare ose hs raseeta tersujcty has ts orreae he om orld o rld o expe expere ree e he ae ego s ge m xperee ersoaly oh o orgaly hh meas aparey smpy a o ot parpae drecty hs experee My emah sese o hm (or appresetato s hereore re hs ds t mea tha oss a ellea ay ay or ha h a s s a eree aao ro ehaor o sey. s a tto o he
76
THI LECUE LECUE
pesene o anoher person a a se. To e, o has aas he ou "here, n n epahy he oher o n ous here iniae he sae oy n ous "here, e. he oy s experene anoher ona as s on Thus see he o o anohe eson a sh, no as a po o anoher peson , he oher person ha he aus aler eo on as s onsue hin y ransenena e The ansenenal ansenen al nersu n ersu eciviy o separae on as s ore in u as a couny ha is onse in every oher ona as e ego an no he ol only n oun h oher eos, an on one onaoo ouniy e hee canno e an ual opaue ses o onas, eause hen hin aou he, hey ae no enre opaue any ore, coni ue he as a ouny. onsequeny ony one or an on one e are pose, an hi ol s oun o exs. An so, as usser poins a he en o his Mdiin he ransenen a naooy ies soe eahsa esul. i, n no sae o hs reeon o aanon he epoh on expain he neessi o aer eo as a onsiue eanng, an so overoe ii while reein he nave eahi o hins in heseves. Tansenena inersueiviy, en he asoe ounaion, aies he
THE AHIEV AH IEVEME EMETS TS
wan asoluely unde knowege bse n uniesal seknede In is ual quesin o nersujey, e uneibiiy Husse's uniersa mehod o aeing aslue eiue emes espeialy glaing His expanain s us as lumsy, een as s ous a e dd eerying eerying psse psse hin s nsuin o aoi spssi onusins Ae l s explanaons, we sl no kn w e eh anhe ersn s a real subjei iy Ta we do n papae n oes' exei ene is ue u ri s aguae a ee is sehin lke emay I peeie ane pes as pesn an n s an aumn, n y ineene y angy, an s n, u in a kin o speial mmunian, ieen om oer peepns n n neessaiy ase on ea n (we my guess ha een by mmuniaes wi aus, h ee is a dieny undesning dese e lak ebl n, and eainly n by analgia ineene ny hee's desipins o s pin e e oninng oninng Bu o say is o o al is peepin "ppesenin des n sle he ple sssm and es no nee o impy he ansenenl eduion An e aemp eone eone edun edun wi ansenenal anse nenal mna nn be peme wihu nnsisenies
78
THD LECTUE
an w ue eulaive nin In e ae aen iions e a a ae e eee he n w na an a i i iven an ne ini e ineeia he w a a e w w a ae e e e nn nne e an a i i ive a a el he eaain e ee ha evea e han n hene n I n ee w ee aeen ae n nai v v ai ai ea ea he ae e i ane a h aa an nnvinn nu n a a en en wh win e anenenal eg eaae e e e an e hee u ninellile hw wihin e anenenal e w i een n a eae anenenal a e eo e ne a eing asue n h s sens as a Wen I ealze a nly nine an e neive as a e ng ey an n e m nines o ae e a ue wh iaine a e uen elie in hs w exene as a yhia ue F i in vew e e ann appea in e ae r o inepenene e e an e aning ee a nen nine o say ha nue al e an an he yel a an e selonaiy an all a
ACIEVEES
79
onraton a arao oes not ae t o aay. usses onaolo s fo me another em le of he loca hopelessess of a phlosohca eneaors hh start from sue suectty ctty an try to resor resor the ath ath toar toar the common orl orl . t s so more sncant that sser strts th ransce enal, no pshooica, suet. s ay of arui aruin n or or he reuon s rst ehocal let us susen beef n he raly of he orl, nlu n eo, sne e n no ertue n t le us oentr oentrate ate on the ontents of purie onsous onsous ness. oever, one e san on he roun of ranseenal osousness, e noce ha t aays has to o th a orl ha s mae onsous ha the or s the "orean n, ostute n he onsosness hat he oep of hs n themseles s absur ha only onsiousness s a selfsupporin reaitya these ae i Hser varans of he raona ae o eas. Oe anno thin abou he ol hat s o ben thouh thouh one e e thin abo e hin i sef, t eomes a obe of ouh, an hus he ont of the hnin hn in sef sef,, of a hn tha s not not a o o e of thouh, s eforaioy hs aren s rrefuae beause auoogia herefore ussers ploso h bears o Glsons rtiue aesse o ar es, Kanas, Kanas , an those hrsan realss ho
80
THIRD LECURE
iiae Desaes ad a if e sa ih he iane old e i ed i he iae orld oe e aep he ideais's ay of asi e aep his anse deaism ao e oeoe on he asis of is o qesio o he ai o Cogio no irey oly y o oga ines ho o id a ide fro ipressions o hogh ho ghs s o he is) is ) . The poble of he ige ige is isoble; here is no oial passage. Teefoe aodi o iso realis ano e a on ion o Cogio o a ehod of hiki To ay his oes o mea o ole he qesio "brige b o ree i A qesion ay e re re ee eiher eih er if i ipi i pies es false prespposiios prespposiio s o if i is sef sef ineli i neligibe gibe I wil wil o engage engage in is is eeral eae ha is rog ih a qesios abo e elaio of "seiiy o he old is a e ae o ae o expess he o o anse he exep ih he hep of spaia syos hie we o o ha a aes are o opolo opolo ia reaions xpessios e in he onsios ess "ii perepion "osie "nde "o be pa of "o eah he ierior "o sand bee "o e gen irely "ianen " ased aseden en e ee en n he or orss "o " oe e "s " s e an "pereponae a eiaies spaia spaia eaionships a oeens. oeens. O desip ins ee o hige eesar on hs spaial lagage ad hey ao e a he iea fo.
Perhp, Beo (ho p p p pc d o ry cc eor o com loe decr cocoe od e ere ere o e er oo om he el o oe ldy o oed o rcede desm e ree remr Fr, sser! eed o h oeed he y owrd cerde e ee of kode erey depede o or oocy, crally d hsorcly deermed es o sch depedece mo o he poso of ods ho c osee m emprc) mds compeely from he osde he me me he demded h e shod o ck o he o rehes of md o bu poson, ere or e o he ord s o rred ny y y lge or y or cr hernce e wned phlosoph o e nmeded nmed ed coac h s s hemse hemsees es d d he s me o be roro ceceo e cmmcbe kowede Thee o s r coer o ech oher Choc crc of s er Qe Ler, rerke h sser, o iproe he Cre emp, h ed o rs he mporce of he hypohec deo Descres eaong ce we co exde he poss of doc ch T s
82
gt evet a o contve eots an eno e s antast esons e egt o eevence, e eaze that noing s obos an nhing eain ness we beiee n e beneen wi od, wih reens e ei ro eading s sseaa ino err is is e in he sense a he eisegia ase is inee issie wio e ngia asoe, hih obines he ai being a sesoing gn o he word wi ere wis and ere goness Desares was wong n eieing ha h had roed e exsene o e diine Ceo, he was rab rig in saing ha s was on anks iine nisiene and o s in is erai ha he ndaion o eide d be diso ered Seond, i is pasbe o sse, o asis e eeen o e oean hiosp o Desaes nward, a i e sar i Cogi, we an eons e wod on as seh oreae ih seii, ness e se se ogi a sis deies ike Desares diine eai r Leiniz eesaishe hrn s er ging s e garanee a e erens n ns, esie e ak o s reains eween he, onergewhih agan iies he diie ind) he nese rein is ab ad, o If we sar wih he ing or
THE ACIEVMNTS
83
e en n e ene o amnd o no e caeo aa o i t do no na o ece e edcb be ice o acles se) hs enecedowadoneslf hi ac of epeencn oneeln we biail co n o he wod a pno did e dol and ha cceeed in pocn a lnage oin encopsin hese o epoi on dieced owad Coio and h ohe ieced owd hngs is posile ha philooph s e onend o ocll ween e wo species ech ein ai and ech once adie cosn he a to ohe nd inexese oeth in he ae dscoe Finl i aen a oal fo ses deeopenha a t aca sech o ed alwas d wih he concion a ee acessible onl ence he eec nsaece o he oec i o be n on whe he oec an sec ecal o nscenl o no e coe o ieni is ens ha ceide eaed in wos is no one ceie We ain o we ine o ha aned ac o ce onl we in o iin o ae ind eec iden wi he obect an ini whose oe he icl exeienc hs expeece wee is nconicae an aep o hnd
84
RD LERE
over ove r o oher esroy esroy he very eacy a wa pose o e s vleoneenly esroys cerue haever ener e e of huan councaon nevaly unceran alway ueonale rage rovo an or l S e erch or cerue unkely o be gven u an we my o wou e esibe so h earch a le o o wh h roge o scence an ecnoogy I backgroun elgous aher han nelecual; a usser erecy knew a each or ean ng ee o ve n a wo o o whch conngency s anne where ene an h eans uroe given o everyhng Scence icbe o rovng us wh h kn o cerue an unlkely ha eope cou ever gve u her ae o go beyon cen raonaly I hou en by sayng a y nenon a no o gge ha Huser ue for he ne anscenena raonly n of e orce o eec cerny wa wrles. I hnk ha his e fale o rech goal a nee I suspec all ae o ge a he eseoogcal absole are bon o fa. Bu I il conr h wor o e o eenou value or our cure an s or wo reason. He ee an anyboy
E AEVEE
complld s o a pa lmma o kdg r coss mcsm h s asc skpca rsuls sapo may rgad dscoagg amssl a c ros r clr o r rascdas g masm cao y si sl a rma h h arrry arrry cso c so I a o adm a alog m cud s a goa a cao b aad raoals ramwok o c ould e poor ad msr abl ou pop o p yg o rac s goal a ardy could sur ily ads e skcs do ha ua ulr cao r ra a r syhss o s rsd a com com pos s y chss s suppord y s y comaly o s grds d s h coc o als rar ha armoy a kps or cure a
Leszek Kolakws as bon in 1927 in Radom, Poland. H studid at 6dz Univrsiy and at Warsa Univrsity, hre h tok his DPhil. in 195 and ater became rofessr of te Histoy of hilsophy During the sam period he also wrkd at the Instit of hiosphy f the Psh Acadmy Sciences, and was editor-inchief of the main phisophical j urnal urnal in oland oland In I n Mach 1968 he was exped from is uni vrsi post by the Polish govrnmnt f tical reasons H was Visiting Professor in the Department of Philosoph at McGi Univsi, Monta, in 196869, at th niversity of Cafrnia at Bery in 1969-0, and at Ya Univrsi i 195. Frm 1981 t 1994 h was rssr rssr on o n the Committe Co mmitte of S ocia Thught at th Univrsity Univrsity f Chicag Chi cag s a mmbr All Souls oege, Oxfod whee he was Snior Rsarch w from 190 unti his rtieent in 199 esze es ze Kolaw Kolaws s is i s th t h e autho ve ve thirt boks Those itten n or tanstd int English include Main Currents Marxim ( 3 vs, 198); Religion 1982); Beron 1984) Metaphysicl Horror 1988; Th Thee Presence Presen ce of of Mh 1989 Modernit on Endles Tril 1995); God Owes Us Nothing: A Bri Reark on Pc' Religion and the Spirit Jnsenism 1995 and an d Freedom, F e e Ly ing and a nd Bet Bet y 1999 He has written books n lish, nch and Grman, and translatd philosphical texts frm many diernt languages. H has als writtn sort stries and plays. H is a fow of th British Acadmy, th Acadmi Universee des ulres, th Academia Eupea and th Baer isc Academe der Knst; a Frign Felow f th Amrcan Academy f Ats and Scincs and a member f th ntrnatnal Instit of hsphy th en lub, the olish Acady f Scinces, and philspical assctions n Britain and Pland has ben widely hnourd, and has reivd th Juzykwsk rize 969, th Fridnspreis des Deutscen Buchandls 19), th Prix Eurpen d 'Essai 98, th th raemium Erasianum 1982), the McArthu Flloship 198, th ersn ersn Award 1986), the Pri Tcquevie 199, the remi Nonno 199), th riz f the oish en Clu 1988, and s dctorats honor caus.
