KALYAN SIR_ MINERALS.pdf

8/15/2014

KALYAN SIR: M INERALS

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MINERALS KALYANSIR.COM

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Minerals are the naturally occurring materials which when exploited economically are

called ores. ü

There are more than 5000 mines mines in in India.

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There are more than 800 metallic metallic mines. mines.

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The rest are non-metalli non-metallicc mines. mines.

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Minerals Sector employs over 10 lakh people.

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The mineral mineral sector accounts for 12% of the industrial industrial output.

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The mineral mineral sector contributes to 3% of GDP.

Classification of Minerals: Metallic

Non-Metallic

Energy

Ferrous

Non-Ferrous

Iron Ore

Gold

Potash

Coal

Manganese

Silver Silver

Dolomite

Petroleum Pet roleum

Chromite Chromite

Copper

Mica

Pyrote

Lead

Gypsum

Tungsten Tungsten

Bauxite

Limestone

Nickle Nickle

Tin Tin

Nitrate

Cobalt

Megnisium

IRON ORE: http://www.kalyansi r .net/2014/06/mi ner als.html

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KALYAN SIR: MINERALS

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The total reserves of India are about 20% of the world reserves.

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Chief variation of iron ores are:

Magnetite: ü

This is best quality ore.

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This contains 72 percent pure iron.

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This is found in Jharkhand, Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu

MAGNETITE

Hematite: ü

This is the second best quality.

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This contains 60 to70 percent pure iron.

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This is available in Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Orissa, MP, Goa, Chhattisgarh.

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HEMATITE

Limonite: ü

This contains 40 to 60 percent iron.

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This is yellow and light brown in color.

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This is not very significant.

Siderite:

SIDERITE

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This is an impure iron ore.

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This contains 40 to 50 percent pure iron.

Manganese: ü

The Manganese is primarily used for making Iron and Steel.

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This acts as a basic raw material for manufacturing its alloy.

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It is also used in manufacturing of bleaching powder, insecticides, paints, batteries and China clay.


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MANGANESE

Chromite: ü

It is an oxide of iron and chromium.

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Orissa is the largest producer of Chromite.

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Karnataka is the second largest producer of chromite.

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It is widely used in Metallurgical, refractories and chemical industries.

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Japan is the largest buyer.

CHROMITE

Copper: ü

It is an excellent conductor of electricity and is ductile

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Thus it is used in electrical machinery, wires and cables.


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COPPER

Nickel: ü

It does not occur in a free state.

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It is found in association with copper, uranium, etc.

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It is an important alloying material.

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This is used for rust proof in steel production.

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It is used in Hydrogenation of fats.

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Singhbhum, Orissa, Rajasthan are the chief producer.

Zinc: ü

Galena, chalco pyrites, iron pyrites and other sulphide are the important ores.

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It is used in dry batteries, electrodes textile and die-casting.

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It is found mainly in Degona in Rajasthan and Chandpathar in West Bengal.

ZINC


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Tungsten: ü

Its chief ore is wolfram.

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It imparts self-hardening quality to steel.

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It is mostly used in manufacturing ammunitions, armor plates, heavy gun, etc.

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It is found mainly in Degona in Rajasthan and Chandpathar in West Bengal.

TUNGSTEN

BAUXITE: ü

This is an important ore for aluminum production.

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It is clay like substance found in tropical late rite soil.

BAUXITE

Production of Bauxite:

State http://www.kalyansir.net/2014/06/minerals.html

000 tonnes

Production (%) 6/14

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Orissa

1890

36

Gujarat

979

17

Jharkhand

589

12

Chhattisgarh

589

12

MP

520

11

Non-Metallic Minerals: Mica: ü

Its main ores are Marguerite, Phlogopite, Biotite.

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It is a valuable mineral for the electrical and electronics industry.

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Jharkhand has the richest deposits of Mica.

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Andhra Pradesh stands at number two position with 40% of production.

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Rajasthan accounts for only 7%.

MICA

Limestone: ü

It contains CaCo3.

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It is used for cement making and iron and steel industry.

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Important producing states are MP, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka,etc.,

Dolomite: ü

Limestone with more than 10% magnesium is called dolomite.

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Orissa is the largest producer of Dolomite.

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Orissa accounts for 50% of the production.


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Burmotrapur is the chief production centre.

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Chhattisgarh is the 2nd most significant producer.

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Chattisgarh account for 22% of the total production.

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Chaibasa of Jharkhand is another important producer.

Asbestos: ü

Chrysolite and tremolite are collectively called asbestos.

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It has fibrous structure.

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The Asbestos is resistant to fire.

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It is used in fire-proof materials, paints, insulation, etc.

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Rajasthan is the largest producer of Asbestos.

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The main producing centers are Udaipur and Durgapur districts.

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Pulivendula Taluk in Andhra Pradesh is another significant producer.

magnesite: ü

It is an alteration product of dunites.

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It is primarily used for refractory bricks.

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This is also used as a bond in abrasives, tiles, artificial stones, etc.

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Tamil Nadu is the largest producer of Magnesite.

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Chalk Hills near Salem has the world's largest magnesite deposits.

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Karnataka and Rajasthan are other important states.

Kyanite: ü

This is available in metamorphic aluminous rocks.

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India is the largest producer of Kyanite in the world.

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Jharkhand has the largest deposits.

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Lapsabaru to Kharsawan in Saraikela has the largest deposits.

Gypsum: ü

It is a hydrated sulphate of calcium which occurs as transparent minerals in beds or

bands in sedimentary deposits. ü

Rajasthan is the largest producer of gypsum in India.

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Tamil Nadu and Jammu & Kashmir are the other important states that produce Gypsum.


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Diamond: ü

This is an allotrope of carbon.

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It is highly lustrous, hardest transparent substance.

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The main diamond bearing areas are Panna belt in MP.

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The other important areas are Wajrakarur Kimbirlite and grovel of Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh.

DIAMOND

Atomic Minerals: thorium: ü

This is a radioactive mineral.

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This is mainly produced from monazite sand of Kerala beaches.

Beryllium: ü

The Beryllium is used as a moderator in nuclear reactor.

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This is found in Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.

FUEL MINERALS: Coal: http://www.kalyansir.net/2014/06/minerals.html

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This is also called Black Gold for its high utility.

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This is a chief mineral fuel.

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It is an inflammable organic substance.

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This is composed mainly of hydrocarbons.

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The Coal is found in the form of sedimentary rocks.

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The Coal is used as a fuel to supply heat or light or both.

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Coal is a Combustible matter in carbon.

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It constitutes about 60 percent of total commercial energy consumed.

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The power sector and industries account for 94% of its total consumption.

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The states Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh are the important producers of coal.

Types of Coal: Anthracite: ü

This is the best quality coal.

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The Anthracite contains 80 percent of Carbon.

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This is hard, compact and jet black.

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This is found only in the Nichagam and Karakum areas of Jammu and Kashmir.

Bituminous: ü

This contains 60 to 80 percent of carbon.

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The Bituminous is most profound and most widely used.

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It has high calorific value.

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This is found mostly in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Orissa and Chhattisgarh.

Lignite: ü

Lignite is also known as brown coal.

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The Lignite contains about 60 percent of carbon.


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It is found in Neyvelli in Tamil Nadu, Palna in Rajasthan, Lakhimpur in Assam and Karewa of Jammu and Kashmir.

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Tamil Nadu alone accounts for 90% of the reserve and 80% of the production.

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Neyvelli has the largest lignite deposits in South-East Asia

Peat: ü

This marks the first stage of transformation of wood into coal.

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The Peat contains 50 percent of carbon.

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It burns like wood and leaves lot of ash.

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Erstwhile Madhya Pradesh has 20 percent of total coal reserves but contributes 30

percent of the coal production. The main coal fields: ü

Umaria, Korar, Sohagpur, Singrauli

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Tatapani, Jhilmilli, Bisrampur, Kuraisia, Rampur.

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Mand river and Raigarh

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Pench and Kanhan valley in Chindwara district

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Patakhera, Dalhara and Shahpur in Betul.

PETROLEUM ü

Petroleum is an inflammable liquid.

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This is obtained from sedimentary formations.

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It is primarily made of hydrocarbon which exists to the amount of 90 to 95 percent and other organic compounds containing Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphur.

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Petro-chemical industries, cement, fertilizer industries and locomotive heavily depend on this mineral liquid.

Distribution of Petroleum: State

Production (in M.T.)

Production (%)

Maharashtra

27,278

63%

12,212

21%

Mumbai High Gujarat Assam http://www.kalyansir.net/2014/06/minerals.html

16.5% 11/14

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Tamil Nadu

370

1.4%

Arunachal Pradesh

59

0.15%

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Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India.

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Main oil bearing strata found in upper Brahmaputra valley.

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Digboi field in Dibrugarh district is the oldest oldest oil field of India.

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Naharkatiya is another important oil field located southwest of Digboi.

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In Gujarat the ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) in 1958 struck oil deposits in the Gujarat plains at Ankaleshwar.

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Oil here is found in an anticline.

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Jawahar Lal Nehru called it 'Fountain of Prosperity’.

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Oil from Ankaleshwar field is refined at Trombay and Koyali refiner.

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Lunej field is located in the Khambhat region.

Off-shore oil fields: ü ü

In Mumbai high petroleum was struck in 1974 by ONGC. It is located on the continental shore of the western coast 175 km northwest of Mumbai.

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The oil belongs to Miocene period.

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Drilling is done by specially designed platform called 'Sagarsmata'.

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Bassein is located little south of Mumbai High.

Other oil Fields: ü

Jwalamukhi, Nurpur, Dharmsal and Bilaspur in Himachal Pradesh.

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Musalgarh in Jammu and Kashmir.

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Krishna-Godavari Basin.

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Kaveri Basin.

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Continental shelf of Andaman and Nicobar.

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Eastern and western coasts of India.

Natural Gas: ü

After 1985, Natural Gas has become important with the discovery of oil wells at Cavery off-shore and Nanda in Cambay basin, also Tanot in Jaisalmer basin.

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Andada in Gujarat


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