FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEET
SUBJECT CODE
BFC3121
EXPERIMENT CODE
MA4
TEST
JAR TEST
COURSE CODE
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY SHORT REPORT SUBJECT CODE CODE & EXPERIMENT TITLE COURSE CODE EXPERIMENT DATE NAME OF STUDENT NO. OF GROUP NAME OF GROUP
1.
MEMBERS
2. 3. 4. 5.
NAME OF LECTURER/ TUTOR/TRAINER DATE OF SUBMISSION MARK
EXAMINER’S COMMENT
DISCIPLINE / PARTICIPATION
/15%
RESULT
/25%
DATA ANALYSIS
/30%
DISCUSSION
/30%
TOTAL
/100% APPROVAL RECEIVE
FACULTY : CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
NO. OF PAGES :
1/6
EDITION :
MA4
REVISION NO. :
04
LAB : ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
EFFECTIVE DATE :
0112/2007
TEST : JAR TEST
AMENDMENT DATE :
20/11/2007
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the optimal coagulant dose which will produce the highest removal of a given water turbidity.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME 1. To identify the most common coagulant used in the coagulant process. 2. To determine the most effective and optimum dosage of coagulant for a particular mixing intensity and duration. 3. To understand the complex interrelationships that exists between the chemicals and the constituents of the water being treated, as well as other factors such as pH, temperature, the intensity and duration of mixing.
3.0 THEORY Raw water and wastewater is normally turbid containing solid particles of varying sizes. Particles with sizes greater than 50 µm settle fairly rapidly. The settling velocities of colloidal particles of sizes less than 50 µm are very slow. Thus, these particles are encouraged to collide leading to coalescence of particle to form flocs particles, which are bigger and heavier. These particles will have higher settling velocities and easily settle out. Colloidal particles do not agglomerate by itself due to the presence of repulsive surface forces. A process is needed to suppress these forces so as to allow flocs formation. This process is called coagulation process. It is actually the addiction of chemical coagulant to the raw water or wastewater. Coagulant that are normally used are salts of aluminium namely aluminium sulphate and ferric salts namely ferrous sulphate and ferric chloride. The next processs that follows the coagulation process is flocculation. It is the process that promotes particles collision due to gentle agitation resulting in agglomeration of smaller non-settleable particles into flocs (bigger particles) which settles easily to produce clarified water. Addition of coagulant aid such as synthetic polymer will accelerate settling.
PREPARED BY : AZRA MUNIRAH MAT DAUD
SIGNATURE
:
DATE
: 20 NOVEMBER 2007
FACULTY : CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
NO. OF PAGES :
2/6
EDITION :
MA4
REVISION NO. :
04
LAB : ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
EFFECTIVE DATE :
01/12/2007
TEST : JAR TEST
AMENDMENT DATE :
20/11/2007
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : WATER RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
4.0
EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIALS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Jar test apparatus with six rotating paddles blade Six (6) beakers pH meter Turbidity meter Pipette
REAGENT 1. Aluminum sulfate (alum) with a known concentration or anionic/cationic coagulant such as ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride.
5.0
PROCEDURES 1.0 Select any coagulant aid from the bench. 2.0 Prepare samples of wastewater into six different beakers with one litre each and label the beakers. 3.0 Add in coagulant aid with different dosage and one control sample. 4.0 Run the experiment. 5.0 Observe the results.
PREPARED BY : AZRA MUNIRAH MAT DAUD
SIGNATURE
:
DATE
: 20 NOVEMBER 2007
FACULTY : CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
NO. OF PAGES :
3/6
EDITION :
MA4
REVISION NO. :
04
LAB : ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
EFFECTIVE DATE :
01/12/2007
TEST : JAR TEST
AMENDMENT DATE :
20/11/2007
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : WATER RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
6.0 RESULTS AND CALCULATION Fill in the table provided in the bench sheet.
7.0 DATA ANALYSIS 1. 2. 3. 4.
Compare the level of turbidity in each sample. With the aid of a graph, show the relationship between pH and turbidity with respect to coagulant dosage. From the graph, get the optimum value for pH and coagulant dose of the coagulation process. Explain the implications of using different dosage of aluminium sulphate in the treatment process
8.0 DISCUSSION 1.
By using aluminium sulphate, the mechanism is : 3
Al +
+
3H2O
Al(OH)3
+
3H
Describe the mechanism of reaction if the aluminium sulphate is replaced by ferum chloride (FeCl3). 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
How the coagulant works? Name three types of acid and base which are suitables for pH neutralization. What are the benefits of using coagulant aids? In what way the dosage of aluminium sulphate in the treatment process can be reduced? Instead of Al2(SO4)3, name another three coagulants that can be best used as coagulant aid.
PREPARED BY : AZRA MUNIRAH MAT DAUD
SIGNATURE
:
DATE
: 20 NOVEMBER 2007
FACULTY : CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
NO. OF PAGES :
4/5
EDITION :
MA4
REVISION NO. :
04
LAB : ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
EFFECTIVE DATE :
01/12/2007
TEST : JAR TEST
AMENDMENT DATE :
20/11/2007
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : WATER RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Figure 1: Scale for measurement of floc sizes Scale for measurement of floc sizes
Very fine
Very fine / fine
Fine
Moderately fine
Moderate
Coarse
Very Coarse
FACULTY : CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
NO. OF PAGES :
5/6
EDITION :
MA4
REVISION NO. :
04
LAB : ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
EFFECTIVE DATE :
01/12/2007
TEST : JAR TEST
AMENDMENT DATE :
20/11/2007
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : WATER RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
9.0 BENCH SHEET
JAR TEST 1 (Set the coagulant dose) Initial turbidity : _______ NTU Initial pH : _______ pH adjustment (base) : ______ mg/L of ____________ pH adjustment (acid) : ______ mg/L of ___________ Coagulant concentration : _______ mg/L
Jar No pH Coagulant dose (mg/L) Agitate (minute) Fast (rpm) Slow (rpm) Settling depth (mm) Turbidity (NTU) Floc formation (final 10 minutes) *
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
control
* Floc formation can be recorded by referring to the measurement scale as depicted in Figure 1.
PREPARED BY : AZRA MUNIRAH MAT DAUD
SIGNATURE
:
DATE
: 20 NOVEMBER 2007
none none none
FACULTY : CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
NO. OF PAGES :
6/6
EDITION :
MA4
REVISION NO. :
04
LAB : ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
EFFECTIVE DATE :
01/12/2007
TEST : JAR TEST
AMENDMENT DATE :
20/11/2007
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : WATER RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
