INTONA INTO NAT TION The Structure of the Tone Unit, & Function of Intonation Presented by Group 7 Khalimin (201312500235) Trio Aji Basuki (201312500374) Wiwi Sumar artti (201312500392) !tno "tari (20131250039#) $ajri%ah (20131250044#) Siti Si&a "l%a (20131250079#) Siti 'urholiah 'urholiah (2013125009#7) *!na Asania (201312570020 )
Tone – unit and the structure of tone unit: Tone is the overall behaviour of pitch.
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Tone:
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Pitch: Pitch is frequency of vibration of vocal cords.
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Tone unit: For the purpose of analyzing intonation, a unit greater than syllable one syllable. Usually tone – unit is always composed of more than one syllable.
Analysis of Utterances to Understand Tone – Unit ne syllable utterance !ou This is one tone unit. ote! Underlined syllable carry tone.
Three Syllable Utterance "s it you" This is one tone unit. ote! the underlined syllable have more prominence. prominence.
The structure of the tone-unit.
The structure of tone unit comprises of! ■
Tonic syllable syllab le
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&ead
#&%
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Pre'&ead
#P&%
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Tail
#T%.
#T
%$ Tonic Syllable ■
Tonic syllable is an obligatory component of tone unit. The centre of the unit, around which everything else is constructed, is the tonic syllable, or nucleus.
For e#a$ple: (ohn, is it you) ■ "n this e*ample, there are two tone units because there are, two tonic syllables in it. First is (ohn, one syllable utterance% second is it you) #Three syllable utterance%. ■ "t contains a high degree of prominence which is a property of stressed syllable, so, tonic syllable contains. Tone % Stress: Tonic stress: The stress that tonic syllable is having is called tonic stress.
' 'A(
The head is all that part of a tone unit that e*tends from the first stressed syllable up to the toni syllable.
For e#a$ple: +ive me, those) &ead T$
"f there is no stressed syllable proceeding the tonic syllable, ther cannot be any head.
T' P)'*'A( The unstressed syllable before the head is called pre'head. For e#a$ple "n an hour Pre'head T$ Pre'head can be found in two situations. ● hen there is no head. For e#a$ple: "n an hour P& T$ ● hen the head is after the unstressed syllable. For e#a$ple: "n a little less than an, hour P& & T$
T' TAI+ -ny syllable that follows the tonic syllable or any syllable between tonic syllable syllable and of tone unit is called called the Ta Tail. For e#a$ple:
oo/
at it
T$ T$
Tail
" might
buy
& T$
Tail
it
Functions of Intonation • • • •
Attitudinal function Accentual function Grammatical function Discourse function
Attitudinal function
Intonation enables us to express emotion and attitudes as we speak, and this adds a special kind of ‘meaning’ to spoken language, We can isolate three distrinct types of suprasegmental ariable !component of intonation" intonation" # • $e%uential • &rosodic • paralinguistic
$e%uential component • • • •
'omponents neer occur simultaneously (hey are# pre)head, head, tonic syllable, tail &auses (one)unit boundaries
&rosodic component 'haracteristics of speech that are constantly present while the speech is going on# ) Width of pitch range ) *ey ) +oudness ) $peed ) oice %uality ) !rhythmicality"
&aralinguistic component • -acial expressions, gestures, body language • ocal effects# laughs, sobs, ... • /ffects releant to the act of speaking but not proper components of speech
Tones conveying meanings (he following tones are the ones most usually encountered. ■ -all ■ 0ise 1 fall ■ -all 1 rise ■ 0ise ■ +eel
- Fall It is regarded as neutral tone and gies the impression of ‘finality’. Example: A# 2ae you attended attended the class3 4# 5es !It will be understood that the %uestion is now answered and that there is nothing more to be said."
.- )ise (his tone coneys an impression that something more is to follow.
For example: A# !wishing to attract 4’$ attention." attention." /xcuse me. 4#5es !4’$ reply is, perhaps, e%uialent to what do you want3" A# Do you know 6ohn $mith3 $mith3 4#5es !Initing A to continue with what she intends to say about 6ohn $mith. (he response with a fall would make it difficult for A to continue".
/- Fall – rise
This tone shows limited agreement, uncertainty, and doubt. For e#a$ple: -! " ha have hea heard tha thatt it it0s a go good coll ollege. ege. 1! 2es #1 does not completely agree and - would probably e*pect 1 to go on to e*plain why he was reluctant to agree%.
0- )ise – Fall (his is used to coney rather strong feelings of approal, disapproal or surprise. (his tone is used rarely in /nglish.
A# 5ou wouldn’t do on awful thing like that, would you3 4# 7o A# Isn’t the iew loely8 loely8 4# 5es
1- +e2el This tone is neutral and uninterested. &igh level level 2es o ow level level 2es o "t is used in 3nglish language in a restricted conte*t. "t almost always conveys a feeling of routine, uninteresting or boring.
For e#a$ple: - teacher calling names of the pupils from a register.
Accentual function Intonation helps to produce the effect of prominence on syllables that should be perceied as stressed while tonic stress on a particular syllable marks the word as the most important in the tone)unit.
Grammatical function (he listener better recogni9es grammar and what is being said by using the information contained in intonation# e.g. placement of boundaries between phrases, clauses and sentences, difference between %uestions and statements, use of grammatical subordination, etc.
Discourse function
Intonation can signal to the listener what is to be taken as :new information; within the act of speaking, when the speaker is indicating a contrast or link with the material from preious tone)units and it can also make the listener feel what kind of response is expected
