Indian Origins of Basque, Europ - Rangi Ranganath

Indian Origins of Basque, European, Hispanic and Russian People More from Mahadeva Rangi Ranganath

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Dedicated to Shri Ganesh Bhagwaan For His Guidance

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Author’s Note This book is a sequel to our first one published in India, Language-Supreme Gift of Mahadeva by Sanbun Publishers. In it was shown how southern and northern Indian languages were connected. We showed also that agriculture, decimal system and music originated in India. In this book the challenge is taken on the ancient euskara (Basque) language spoken by the Basque people who reside near the northern Pyrenees Mountains between Spain and France in western Europe. Almost every linguist in the world concedes that euskara (Basque) language is ‘isolate’ meaning that it is not related to any language spoken on the earth. But the Basque people are from our earth and as such they and their language have to come from some place on our earth. We are convinced that they are from India. Our reasoning stems from the fact that euskara (Basque) language derives from blended ancient Indian languages such as Tamil, Sanskrit, Brahui, Hindi and Urdu. We present a section called ‘Guide to Understanding euskara (Basque)’ very early in this book and request that you read that section first. It will make following euskara (Basque) lot easier. Spain and France are immediate neighbors of Basque land and Germany abuts France. So the Indian connections to most of European languages are also shown. Since Russia and especially Georgia was their first stop, connections to Georgian ena (language of Georgia) and Russian are established. Gorka Aulestia and Linda White have written a very educational book called Basque-English English-Basque Dictionary published by the University of Nevada Press. We strongly recommend this opus to anybody who wants to pursue our subject matter further. The author is grateful to Mr. Richard Fitt, Mr. James Fitt and their staff at authorsonline for making the publication of this book possible. Your suggestions and comments are welcome at [email protected] You are cordially invited to visit our website for the latest in word origins. Please log in at www.wordorigins.in New York February, 2009

Rangi Ranganath

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Indian Origins of Basque, European, Hispanic and Russian People More from Mahadeva

Simple Pronunciation Guide a short a as in Michigan aa long a as in far i short i sound as in bit ee long i sound as in meet u short u sound as in put oo long u sound as in root e short e sound as in get ay long e sound as in mate ai y sound as in my o short o sound as in no oa long o sound as in boat ow sound as in how d soft d sound as in this lh unique Indian cerebral sound as in Tamil malhai ‘rain’ Try to pronounce l sound with your tongue touching the roof of the mouth, not back of your teeth nh unique Indian cerebral sound as in Tamil/ Sanskrit manhi ‘gem’ Try to pronounce n sound with your tongue touching the roof of the mouth, not back of your teeth

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List of Abbreviations A.D. Anno Domini current age adj. adjective adv. adverb anat. anatomy B.C. before Christ chem. chemical, chemistry f. feminine inter. interrogative intj. Interjection m. masculine mus. music n. noun naut. nautical num. number pl. plural pers. Personal pron. Pronoun sing. singular v. verb v. i. verb intransitive v. t. verb transitive

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Spain and France abut Basque territory. Germany abuts France. They are in Iberia, name given to western Europe. Long time ago Iberia was the name for a Russian region near Georgia, a former state of the immense Russian union USSR This fact leads us to believe that Georgia was the first place that migrating Indians settled first before moving on west to Europe. The Irish call themselves Hibernians, a variation of Iberia. It is a known fact that a lot of Spanish speaking people settled in Ireland.

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Guide to understanding euskara (Basque)

aadu

This Indian Tamil word means ‘do’. It becomes adu and atu in euskara (Basque), adh in Gaelic, -at in Russian and do and ate- in English. Most euskara (Basque) word related to ‘do’, ‘doing’ end with atu.

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amma

This Indian Tamil word means ‘mother’. It becomes ama in euskara (Basque). German die Oma means ‘grandmother and die Amme means ‘wet nurse’. Every euskara (Basque) word related to ‘mother’ begins with ama. Most Spanish words related to ‘love’ and ‘kindness’ also begin with ama.

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ardha

This Indian Sanskrit word means ‘half’. It becomes erdi in euskara (Basque). Every euskara (Basque) word related to ‘center’, ‘half’, ‘middle’ etc. begins with erdi.

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mubaarak

This Indian Urdu word means ‘auspiciousness’, ‘sacred’. It becomes barkat in Arabic and euskara (Basque). Every euskara (Basque) word related to ‘amnesty’, ‘forgiveness’, ‘mercy’ etc. begins with barkat.

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This picture above shows a Muslim dress called burqa. Its name derives from Indian Urdu. Orthodox Muslim women cover their entire body, head to toe. Modern Muslim women just cover their faces. euskara (Basque) word for ‘head’ buru derives from it. The word for ‘scarf’ is buruko in euskara (Basque). Every euskara (Basque) word related to ‘head’ begins with buru.

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chikka

This Indian Kannada word means ‘little’, ‘small’. It becomes txiki (pronounced as chiki) in euskara (Basque) and chico (pronounced as chiko) in Spanish. Most euskara (Basque) and Spanish words related to ‘little’, ‘small’ have chik in them.

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edu

This Indian Tamil word means ‘take’. Russian eda means ‘food’, ‘meal’. Tamil edu becomes edan and edar in euskara (Basque) words related to drinking.

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gaadi

This Indian Hindi word means ‘cart’, ‘vehicle’ etc. It becomes gurdi in euskara (Basque). Most euskara (Basque) word related to ‘cart’, ‘vehicle’ etc. have gurdi in them.

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The picture above shows an Indian cooking vessel called handi. It is huge and is used to cook a lot of food. The American bean pot is a smaller version of it. Most euskara (Basque) words related to ‘big’, ‘large’ etc. have handi in them.

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iru

This Indian Tamil word means ‘be’, ‘exist’. It becomes iraun in euskara (Basque). Most euskara (Basque) words related to ‘be’, ‘exist’, ‘lasting’ etc. have iraun in them.

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kaanthaaram

This Indian Tamil word means ‘song’. euskara (Basque) word for ‘song’ is kanta (pronounced as kantha). The Spanish word for ‘song’ is canto (pronounced as kantho). Most euskara (Basque) words related to ‘lullaby’, ‘song’, ‘singer’ etc. have kanta in them.. The singer in a Jewish temple is called cantor (pronounced as kantor).

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lajjaa

This Indian Sanskrit word has two meanings. One is ‘shame’ and the other ‘bashfulness’, ‘reserve‘ and ‘shyness‘. It becomes lotsa in euskara (Basque). Most euskara (Basque) word related to ‘shame’ as well as ‘charm’ have lotsa in them. .How Indian lajjaa becomes euskara (Basque) lotsa will be explained.

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Manu

Manu was the first mortal and law-giver in Indian Hindu religion. His law book is called Manushruthi. Almost every word for ‘commandment’, ‘law’, ‘obedience’, ‘order’ etc. in euskara (Basque) language has manu in it.

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otaaq

This Indian Urdu word means ‘apartment’ It becomes otakhi in Georgian (Kartuli ena). This Georgian (Kartuli ena) word means ‘room’. Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. It becomes toki, tegi and degi in euskara (Basque) and taigh in Gaelic. Most euskara (Basque) words related to ‘home’, ‘room’ have toki, tegi or degi in them.

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The picture shown above shows an Indian drum called thabla. It is played with the fingers. The euskara (Basque) word for ‘drum’ is atabal. The Spanish word for ‘drummer who plays with hands’ is tablear.

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veedi

This Indian Tamil word means ‘path’, ‘way‘. It becomes bide in euskara (Basque). Most euskara (Basque) words related to ‘road’, ‘route’, ‘trail’ etc. have bide in them. How veedi becomes bide will be explained.

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zabar

This Indian Urdu word means ‘big’, ‘vast‘, ‘wide‘ etc. It becomes zabal in euskara (Basque). Most euskara (Basque) words related to ‘big’, ‘large’, ‘wide’ etc. have zabal in them.. How zabar becomes zabal will be explained.

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The picture above shows a Spanish breed of horse called zaldi. Its name derives from Indian Urdu jaldi which means ‘fast’, ‘quick’, ‘rapid’. The euskara (Basque) word for ‘horse’ is zaldi. Every euskara (Basque) word related to ‘horse’, ‘horse riding’, ‘knight’, ‘stable’ etc. begins with zaldi.

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Now we will show that Basques, Europeans, Hispanics (most people of Spain and South America) and Russians come from India. People carry their language, gods, names and beliefs wherever they go. More than 1500 simple, similar sounding words will be presented in support of the above assertion. Indian connections to other languages such as Hebrew, Turkish, Latin, Chinese etc. will be shown to prove that people, language and agriculture spread from east to west. For a more exhaustive study on this subject please read our very first book, One People One Language. Also please log on to www.wordorigins.in

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abandon v. Origins Indian Sanskrit a ‘not’ Indian Sanskrit bandh ‘tie’, ‘bond’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Spanish abandonar English abandon a + bandh = abandh ‘not tied’

abandoned adj. Origins Indian Sanskrit a ‘not’ Indian Sanskrit bandh ‘tie’, ‘bond’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection English abandoned a + bandh = abandh ‘not tied’

abandonment n. Origins Indian Sanskrit a ‘not’ Indian Sanskrit bandh ‘tie’, ‘bond’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Spanish abandono English abandonment a + bandh = abandh ‘not tied’

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abide v. i. Origin Indian Tamil iru ‘be’, ‘exist’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) iraun ‘abide’

abiding adj. Origin Indian Tamil iru ‘be’, ‘exist’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) irateteko ‘abiding’

ablaze adj. Origin Indian Tamil sudu ‘heat’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) sudun ‘heated’ euskara (Basque) sutsu ‘ablaze’ One Indian Tamil consonant has both d and t sounds. So sudu can be pronounced as sutu too. Thus Tamil sudu becomes euskara (Basque) sutsu.

to abolish v. t. Origin Indian Tamil kenhdu po ‘take away’ Tamil po means ‘go’. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kendu ‘to abolish’ Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide about pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque), Spanish, German and English do not have the unique nh sound, simple n sound is used. 24


aborigine n. Origin Indian Sanskrit jaathi ‘caste’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) jatorrizko ‘aborigine’ r sound added to Sanskrit word Hindi gaadi becomes euskara (Basque) gurdi and Sanskrit vaada becomes English word likewise. d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this.

above prep. Origin Indian Urdu oopar ‘higher’ Indian Connection German uber ‘above’ The real German u in uber has two dots called umlauts to pronounce the word as yoobar. For simplification no such marks are used in this book. One Indian Tamil consonant has both p and b sounds. That is how oopar becomes oobar.

absolution n. forgiving of sin Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkapen ‘absolution’

absolutory adj. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ 25


Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkapenezko ‘absolutory’

absolvatory adj. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkapenezko ‘absolvatory’

absolve v. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkatu ‘absolve’ Urdu barak + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) barkatu

to absolve v. t. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkatu ‘to absolve’ Explanation One Indian Tamil consonant has both t and d sounds. Thus Tamil aadu becomes Gaelic adh, euskara (Basque) atu, Russian -at and English do and ate. Urdu barak + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) barkatu

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absolver n. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkatzaile ‘absolver’

absolvity n. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkapenezko, barkatiar, barkatzaile ‘absolvity’

absorb v. t. Origins Arabic zurb ‘suck’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian/Arabic Connection euskara (Basque) zurgatu, xurgatu (pronounced as shurgatu) ‘absorb’ Explanation One Indian Tamil consonant has both t and d sounds. Thus Tamil aadu becomes Gaelic adh, euskara (Basque) atu, Russian -at and English do and ate. Arabic zurb + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) zurkatu --Origin Indian Sanskrit apa ‘water’ Indian/Arabic Connections Arabic ab ‘water’ (Arabic has no p sound. So apa becomes ab) Latin ab- prefix for liquids

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ab (from Sanskrit apa) + Arabic zurb = English absorb

absorbable adj. Origins Indian Sanskrit apa ‘water’ (which becomes Arabic ab and Latin ab-) Arabic zurb ‘suck’ Indian/Arabic Connections euskara (Basque) xurgagarri, xurgakari (pronounced as shurgagarri and shurgakari) ‘absorbable’ English absorbable ab (from Sanskrit apa) + Arabic zurb = English absorb

absorption n. Origins Indian Sanskrit apa ‘water’ (which becomes Arabic ab and Latin ab-) Arabic zurb ‘suck’ Indian/Arabic Connections euskara (Basque) zurgaketa, xurgapen (pronounced as shurgaketa, shurgapeen) ‘absorption’ English absorption ab (from Sanskrit apa) + Arabic zurb = English absorb

abundance n. Similarities euskara (Basque) multzo Spanish multitud English multitude access n. Origin Indian Tamil veedi d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this.

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Indian Connection euskara (Basque) helbide euskara (Basque) heldu means ‘arrive’. Explanation v is pronounced as b in Arabic, euskara (Basque) and Spanish. Eg. Indian Tamil vaa ‘come’; Arabic baa ‘come’ Indian Tamil vilai ‘value’; euskara (Basque) balio ‘value’ English novel; Spanish nobela English virgin; euskara (Basque) birjina English mobile, Spanish movil That is how Indian Tamil veedi becomes euskara (Basque) bide.

aqueous humor of the eye n. water between the eye lens and cornea Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Origin German das Kammerwasser ‘aqueous humor of the eye’(reference to space for water) German wasser means ‘water’.

acquitting adj. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkapenezko ‘acquitting’

to adjust (clothes) v. t. Origins Indian Tamil thai ‘stitch’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) taiatu ‘to adjust’ 29


One Indian Tamil consonant has both t and d sounds. Thus Tamil aadu becomes Gaelic adh, euskara (Basque) atu, Russian-at and English do and ate. Tamil thai + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) taiatu

admirer n. Origin Indian Tamil amudam ‘love’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is amud. d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) amodio ‘love’ Spanish amador ‘admirer’

affectionate adj. Origin Indian Tamil amudam ‘love’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is amud. d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) amodio ‘love’ euskara (Basque) amodiotsu, amodiozko ‘affectionate’

affront n. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsagaizto ‘affront’ How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up. 30


against prep. Similarities euskara (Basque) kontra Spanish contra (pronounced as kontra) English contra-, counter

agenda n. Origin Arabic ajanda ‘notebook’ Arabic Connection English agenda

aggravating adj. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) sumingarri ‘aggravating’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

agnostic adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit naasthik ‘non-believer’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) agnostiko Spanish agnostico English agnostic ag added in front of Sanskrit naasthik

agnostic n. Origin Indian Sanskrit naasthik ‘non-believer’ Indian Connections 31


Russian agnostik German der Agnostiker m. die Agnostikerin f. ag added in front of Sanskrit naasthik

aha intj. Origin Indian Tamil aakaa Indian Connections Russian akh Gaelic Och ‘ah’

air n. Origin Indian Urdu hawaa Indian Connection Turkish hawa

alive adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit jeev ‘life’ Indian Connection Russian zhiv ‘alive’

all right intj. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santo (pronounced as santho) y bueno ‘all right’

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almond n. Origin Indian Hindi baadaam d is our simple symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Indian Brahui baadaam Persian badam

altercation n. Origin Indian Urdu janq ‘war’ Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) janqi ‘riot’ Georgia was a state of the former Russian union, USSR.

German der Zank ‘altercation’

Amaretto n. Italian liquor made with almonds Origin Indian Sanskrit amrt ‘elixir’ mrt is pronounced together Indian Connections Italian Amaretto

amber n. Origin Indian Tamil ambaram am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is ambar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) anbare Spanish ambar English amber

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amen intj. Origin Indian Tamil aam ‘yes’ Indian Connections Russian amin euskara (Basque) amen Spanish amen French amen English amen

amnesty n. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkazio ‘amnesty’

ample adj. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabal ‘ample’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

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amplifier n. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handigailu ‘amplifier’

ancestry n. Origin Indian Sanskrit jaathi ‘caste’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) jatorri ‘ancestry’ r sound added to Sanskrit word

anger n. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) sumin, sumindura, suminkortasun ‘anger’ Spanish sanya ‘fury’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

easy to anger adj. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) suminkoi ‘easy to anger’ Spanish sanya ‘fury’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

angry adj. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ 35


Indian Connections euskara (Basque) sumin, sumingarri ‘angry’ Spanish sanya ‘fury’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

to get angry v. i. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) suminkortu ‘to get angry’ Spanish sanya ‘fury’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

anguish n. Origin Indian Tamil pinh ‘pain’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) pena ‘pain’ Spanish pena ‘pain’ German die Pain ‘anguish’ English pain Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide about pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque), Spanish, German and English do not have the unique nh sound, simple n sound is used.

to annul v. t. Origin Indian Tamil kenhdu po ‘take away’ Tamil po means ‘go’. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kendu ‘to annul’ Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide about pronouncing the unique Indian 36


nh sound. Since euskara (Basque) does not have the unique nh sound, plain n sound is used.

apartment n. Origin Indian Urdu otaaq ‘apartment’ Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) otakhi ‘room’ Georgia was a state of the former Russian union USSR. euskara (Basque) teki, tegi, degi ‘room’ Gaelic taigh ‘apartment’, ‘house’

approximately adv. Similarities Spanish circa German zirka (pronounced as tsirka)

apt adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit aptha ‘suitable’ Indian Connections Spanish apto English apt

ardently adv. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) suminki ‘ardently’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

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aroma n. Origin Indian Tamil/Sanskrit vaasanai ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is vaasan. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) usain How does Indian Tamil/Sanskrit vaasanai become euskara (Basque) usain? In ancient days u had v sound. Even today Wales is called Uelsi in Georgian (Kartuli ena). ai is just a suffix. That is how Indian vaasan becomes euskara (Basque) usain.

ashamed adj. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsadun, lotsati ‘ashamed’ How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up. --Origin Indian Hindi sharm ‘shame’ Indian Connections Russian sarm ‘shame’ German schamlos ‘ashamed’ German los means ‘without’.

to be ashamed v. i. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’

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Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsaizan ‘to be ashamed’ How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

ass n. Origin Indian asal ‘donkey’ Indian Connections Gaelic asal Russian osyol German der Esel English ass (l sound dropped)

association n. Origin Indian Sanskrit bandh ‘tie’, ‘bond’ d is our simple symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection German der Bund ‘association’ English band ‘group’

attic n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection German die Dachkammer ‘attic’ German dach means ‘roof’.

aunt n. Origin Indian Tamil thaay ‘mother’ 39


Indian Connection Spanish tia ‘aunt’

avenue n. Origin Indian Tamil veedi ‘path’, ‘way’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) bide ‘avenue’ Explanation v is pronounced as b in Arabic, euskara (Basque) and Spanish. Eg. Indian Tamil vaa ‘come’; Arabic baa ‘come’ Indian Tamil vilai ‘value’; euskara (Basque) balio ‘value’ English novel; Spanish nobela English virgin; euskara (Basque) birjina English mobile, Spanish movil That is how Indian Tamil veedi becomes euskara (Basque) bide. --Origins Indian Tamil veedi ‘path’, ‘way’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ’top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabalbide How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel euskara (Basque) zabal (from Urdu zabar) + euskara (Basque) bide (from Tamil veedi) = euskara (Basque) zabalbide.

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average n. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdimaila, erdineurri ‘average’ --Origin Indian Sanskrit madhya ‘middle’ Indian Connections Spanish medio ‘average’ Gaelic meadhan ‘average’

azalea n. evergreen plant Origin Persian azal ‘eternal’ Indian Tamil ilai ‘leaf’ Indian/Persian Connections German die Azalie ‘azalea’ French Azalee English azalea Persian azal + Tamil ilai = German Azalie

babbling n. Origin Indian Tamil kalakkam ‘agitation’, ‘chattering’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kalak. Indian Sanskrit kalkalah ‘agitation’, ‘chattering’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kalak. Indian Connections Arabic qalqala ‘chattering’ euskara (Basque) kalakari ‘babbling’

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babysitter n. Origin Indian Urdu aayaah ‘nurse’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is aaya. Indian Connection Spanish aya ‘babysitter’

backpack n. Similarities euskara (Basque) motxila (pronounced as mochila) Spanish mochilla ‘knapsack’

bad adj. Origins Indian Tamil malam ‘bad’, ‘filth’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is mal. Indian Sanskrit malinam ‘bad’, ‘filth’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) maldizio ‘curse’ Spanish malo ‘bad’ French mal ‘bad’ Latin malus ‘bad’ --Origin Indian Urdu prefix bad- ‘bad’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection English bad

badname n. Origin Indian Urdu badnaam d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this.

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Indian Connection English badname

bag n. Similarities euskara (Basque) zaku German der Sack French sac

baggage n. Origin Indian Urdu maal ‘goods’, ‘property’, ‘assets’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) maletak ‘baggage’

baggage counter n. Origin Indian Urdu maal ‘goods’, ‘property’, ‘assets’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) maletegi ‘baggage counter’’ euskara (Basque) toki, tegi mean ‘room’. They derive from Indian Urdu otaaq ‘apartment’, Georgian (Kartuli ena) otakhi ‘room’ and Gaelic taigh ‘apartment’, ‘house’ proving that Indians settled in Georgia first before moving on to Iberia to become Basques, Europeans and Hispanics. Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

balcony n. Origin Indian Brahui baalakhaanaa Indian Connections Russian balkon euskara (Basque) balkoi Spanish balcon (pronounced as balkoan) 43


German der Balkon French balcon English balcony

band n. Origin Indian Sanskrit bandh ‘tie’, ‘bond’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Russian banda Spanish banda German die Bande French bande English band

bandana n. Origin Indian Sanskrit bandh ‘tie’, ‘bond’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection English bandana

barber n. Origin Indian Brahui barot ‘beard’ Indian Connection German der Bart ‘barber’

barber’s itch n. Origin Indian Brahui barot ‘beard’ Indian Connection German die Bartflechte ‘barber’s itch’ 44


base adj. Origin Indian Urdu suvvar ‘pig’ Indian Connection Gaelic suarach ‘base’(literally ‘piglike’)

bashful adj. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu sharm ‘bashful’ Indian Connection German schamhaft ‘bashful’ Indian sharm also means ‘shame’. So do Russian sarm, German scham and English shame.

basin n. Origin Indian Tamil aarru ‘river’ Indian Connections Spanish arroyo ‘brook’, ‘stream’ euskara (Basque) arro ‘basin’

bastard n. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsagabeko ‘bastard’; literally ‘without shame’ euskara (Basque) preposition gabez means ‘without’. How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

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bastard adj. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsagabeko ‘bastard’, It literally means ‘without shame’ euskara (Basque) preposition gabez means ‘without’. How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

bath n. Similarities ssian banya Spanish banyo euskara (Basque) bainu French bain

bathroom n. Origin Indian Kannada kakkas ‘bathroom’, ‘toilet’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kakategi ‘bathroom’ euskara (Basque) toki, tegi mean ‘room’. They derive from Indian Urdu otaaq ‘apartment’, Georgian (Kartuli ena) otakhi ‘room’ and Gaelic taigh ‘apartment’, ’house’ proving that Indians settled in Georgia first before moving on to Iberia to become Basques, Germans and Spanish. Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

bay n. Origin Arabic bahia

46


Arabic Connections Spanish bahia French baie German die Bai English bay, bayou

bazaar n. Origin Indian Urdu bazaar ‘market’ Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) bazari Georgia was a state of the former Russian union USSR. Russian bazaar Spanish bazar German der Bazar French bazar

be v. Origin Indian Sanskrit bhoo ‘be’ Indian Connections Gaelic bi English be

beacon of fire n. Origin Indian Sanskrit Agni ‘God of fire’ Indian Connection Latin ignis ‘beacon of fire’

beak n. protruding part of a bird Origin Indian Tamil mookku ‘nose’ 47


Indian Connection euskara (Basque) moko ‘beak’

beakless adj. Origin Indian Tamil mookku ‘nose’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) mokogabe ‘beakless’ euskara (Basque) preposition gabez means ‘without’.

bean (s), French, haricot and kidney n. Origin Indian Urdu fasal ‘crop’ Indian Connections Arabic fasooliya ‘bean’ Russian fasol ‘French, haricot and kidney beans’ Turkish fasulye ‘bean’ Greek fasoli ‘bean’ Latin Phasoleus vulgaris (pronounced as fasoleus vulgaris)

lima bean n. Origin Indian Urdu fasal ‘crop’ Indian Connections Arabic fasooliya ‘bean’ Russian fasol ‘bean’ Turkish fasulye ‘bean’ Greek fasoli ‘bean’ Latin Phasoleus limensis (pronounced as fasoleus limensis) ‘lima bean’

beard n. Origin Indian Brahui barot

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Indian Connections Russian boroda German der Bart --Origin Indian Urdu zakaan Indian Connection Hebrew zakan

beast of burden n. Origin Indian Tamil sumai ‘burden’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is sum. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zamabere, zamal, zamari ‘beast of burden’ euskara (Basque) bere means ‘animal’.

beautiful adj. Similarities euskara (Basque) polit Spanish polita

beaver n. Origin Indian Sanskrit babhru Indian Connections Russian bobr German der Biber English beaver (middle b becomes v)

bed n. Origins Indian Tamil padu ‘lie down’ Indian Tamil padukkai ‘bed’ 49


Indian Connections Russian podooshka ‘cushion’, ‘pillow’ Polish poduszka ‘cushion’

behead v. t. Origin Indian Tamil kenhdu po ‘take away’ Tamil po means ‘go’. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) buru kendu ‘behead’ euskara (Basque) buru means ‘head’. Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide about pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque) does not have the unique lh sound, simple n sound is used.

belief n. Origins Indian Tamil manam ‘mind’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is man. Indian Sanskrit manas ‘mind’ as is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is man. Indian Connection German die Meinung ‘belief’

belly n. Origin Indian Tamil udal ‘body’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) urdail ‘belly’ r sound added to Tamil udal

50


beneficiary n. Origin Indian Sanskrit anuraadha ‘affection’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) onuradun ‘beneficiary’

berth n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Spanish camarote (pronounced as kamarote) ‘berth’

better adj. Origin Persian (ancient Iranian) behtar Persian Connection English better (h sound dropped)

beverage n. Origin Indian Tamil edu ‘take’ Indian Connections Russian eda ‘food’, ‘meal’ euskara (Basque) edari ‘beverage’

bewilderment n. Origin Indian Tamil mayakkam ‘magic’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is mayak. Indian Connections Greek mayikos ‘bewilderment’ 51


Greek os is a suffix. The basic word is mayik.

bind v. Origin Indian Sanskrit bandh ‘tie’, ‘bond’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection English bind

bindery n. Origin Indian Sanskrit bandh ‘tie’, ‘bond’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection English bindery

binding n. Origin Indian Sanskrit bandh ‘tie’, ‘bond’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection English binding

bisector n. Origins Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Sanskrit kr ‘do’ Sanskrit kr is one sound. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdikari, erdibitzaile ‘bisector’ euskara (Basque) erdi (from Sanskrit ardha) + Sanskrit kr = euskara (Basque) erdikari

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big adj. Origin Indian Kannada dodda d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) didi Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. --Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handi ‘big’

too big adj. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handiegi ‘too big’

bigger adj. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handiago ‘bigger’

bigness n. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handitasun ‘bigness’

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billet n. Origin Georgian (Kartuli ena) bilet’i ‘ticket’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Russian Connection Spanish billete ‘ticket’

binoculars n. Origins Indian Hindi/Urdu doorbin d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) durbindi Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

bite n. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is danth. d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish dentellada ‘bite’

to bite v. t. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is danth. d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish dentellear ‘to bite’

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the whole blessed day intj. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish todo el santo (pronounced as santho) dia ‘the whole blessed day’

bloodline n. Origin Indian Sanskrit jaathi ‘caste’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) odoljatorri ‘bloodline’ r sound added to Sanskrit word jaathi euskara (Basque) odol means ‘blood’. It is the source for English blood.

bobbin n. Origins Indian Tamil chakkiram ‘wheel’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is chakkir. Indian Sanskrit chakrah ‘wheel’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is chakr. Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) charkhi ‘machine’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. euskara (Basque) txirrika (pronounced as chirrika) ‘bobbin’

body n. Origin Indian Sanskrit karpah ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is karp.. Indian Connections Gaelic corp (pronounced as korp) Latin corpus (pronounced as korpus) --55


Origin Indian Urdu badan d is our simple symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection English body (final n sound of Urdu dropped) --Origin Indian Tamil udal Indian Connection euskara (Basque) urdail (r sound added in the middle)

boiling n. Origin Indian Tamil sudu ‘heat’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) sudun ‘heated’ German der Sud ‘boiling’

bond n. Origin Indian Sanskrit bandh ‘tie’, ‘bond’ d is our simple symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections German die Binde ‘bond’ English bond --Origin Indian Tamil changili ‘chain’ Indian Connections Chinese xiangjian (pronounced as shinglian) ‘chain’ Gaelic ceangail ‘bond’

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bondage n. Origin Indian Sanskrit band ‘tie’, ‘bond’ d is our simple symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections German die Binde ‘bondage’ English bondage

book n. Similarities euskara (Basque) liburu Spanish libro French livre Gaelic leabhar (but pronounced as leavar)

bottle n. Origin Indian Brahui botal Indian Connections Gaelic botal Georgian (Kartuli ena) botli Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Russian bootylka euskara (Basque) botila Spanish botella French bouteille English bottle

bottle v. t. Origins Indian Brahui botal ‘bottle’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connections Gaelic botal ‘bottle’ 57


Georgian (Kartuli ena) botli ‘bottle’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Russian bootylka ‘bottle’ euskara (Basque) botila ‘bottle’ Spanish botella ‘bottle’ French bouteille ‘bottle’ euskara (Basque) botilatu Brahui botal + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) botilatu

large bottle n. Origin Indian Brahui botal ‘bottle’ Indian Connections Gaelic botal ‘bottle’ Georgian (Kartuli ena) botli ‘bottle’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. euskara (Basque) botila ‘bottle’ Spanish botella ‘bottle’ French bouteille ‘bottle’ English bottle Russian bootyl ‘large bottle’

bottlefull n. Origin Indian Brahui botal ‘bottle’ Indian Connections Gaelic botal ‘bottle’ Georgian (Kartuli ena) botli ‘bottle’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Russian bootylka ‘bottle’ euskara (Basque) botila ‘bottle’ Spanish botella ‘bottle’ French bouteille ‘bottle’ euskara (Basque) botilakada ‘bottlefull’

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bottler n. Origin Indian Brahui botal ‘bottle’ Indian Connections Gaelic botal ‘bottle’ Georgian (Kartuli ena) botli ‘bottle’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Russian bootylka ‘bottle’ euskara (Basque) botila ‘bottle’ Spanish botella ‘bottle’ French bouteille ‘bottle’ euskara (Basque) botilari, botilatzaile ‘bottler’

bottling n. Origin Indian Brahui botal ‘bottle’ Indian Connections Gaelic botal ‘bottle’ Georgian (Kartuli ena) botli ‘bottle’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Russian bootylka ‘bottle’ euskara (Basque) botila ‘bottle’ Spanish botella ‘bottle’ French bouteille ‘bottle’ euskara (Basque) botilaketa ‘bottling’

boudoir (theater) n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Spanish camarin (pronounced as kamarin) ‘boudoir’

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bough n. Origin Indian Sanskrit shaakah ‘branch’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is shaakh. Indian Connections Persian (ancient Iranian) shaakh ‘bough’ Lithuanian shaka ‘bough’

bound adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit bandh ‘tie’, ‘bond’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections English bound

boutique n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) denda txiki (txiki is pronounced as chiki) ‘boutique’ euskara (Basque) denda means ‘shop’, ‘store’.

box n. Origin Arabic bocsa Arabic Connections Gaelic bocsa English box

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box office n. Origin Indian Tamil kaasu ‘coin money’ Indian Connection German die Kasse ‘box office’

boy n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘boy’ --Origin Indian Sanskrit baalakah ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is baalak. Indian Connections Gaelic balach Persian baalegh --Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu bachchaa Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) bich’i Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

little boy n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little boy’

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branch n. Origin Indian Sanskrit shaakah ‘branch’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is shaakh. Indian Connections Persian (ancient Iranian) shaakh ‘bough’ Lithuanian shaka ‘bough’

brazen adj. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsagabe ‘brazen’, it literally means ‘without shame’ euskara (Basque) preposition gabez means ‘without’How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? How does Indian lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

bread n. Origin Indian poori deep fried, puffed up bread Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) p’uri ‘bread’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

breadth n. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ’top’

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Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabaltasun ‘breadth’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

break v. i., v. t. Origins Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikitu ‘break’ Kannada chikka + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) txikitu.

breed n. Origin Indian Sanskrit janah ‘people’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is jan. Indian Connection Gaelic gin

breezy adj. Origin Indian Tamil kaarru ‘air’, ‘wind’

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Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) kariani ‘breezy’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

brewing n. Origin Indian Tamil sudu ‘heat’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) sudun ‘heated’ German der Sud ‘brewing’

broad adj. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabal How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

very broad adj. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabalkote How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskriwt mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) 64


‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

to broaden v. t. Origins Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabaldu ‘to broaden’ euskara (Basque) zabal (from Urdu zabar) + Tamil aadu = euskara (Basque) zabaldu How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

broadening n. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabal How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

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broadness n. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’ ,‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabalgo, zabaltasun ‘broadness’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

brook n. Origin Indian Tamil aarru ‘river’ Indian Connections Armenian (Armenia is near The Black Sea) arru’ ‘brook’ Spanish arroyo ‘brook’ euskara (Basque) erreka ‘brook’

broth n. Origins Indian Tamil rasam am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is ras. Indian Urdu ras Indian Connection Polish rosow

brother n. Origin Indian Sanskrit bhrathah 66


ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is bhrath. Indian Connections Russian brat Gaelic brathair Turkish birader German der Bruder English brother

lay brother n. Origin Indian Sanskrit bhrathah ‘brother’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is bhrath. Indian Connection Russian brat ‘lay brother’

brotherhood n. Origin Indian Sanskrit bhrathah ‘brother’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is bhrath. Indian Connection Gaelic braithreachas ‘brotherhood’

brotherly adv. Origin Indian Sanskrit bhrathah ‘brother’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is bhrath. Indian Connection Gaelic braithreil ‘brotherly’

brush n. Origin Indian Tamil mullai ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is mull. 67


Indian Connections euskara (Basque) mulu Spanish maleza

bud n. Origin Indian Sanskrit kalikah ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kalik. Indian Connections Greek kalikos Latin calyx

buggy n. Origins Indian Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Hindi gaadi ‘cart’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldi bakarreko gurdi(a) ‘buggy’ r sound added to Hindi gaadi

bulk adj. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handikote ‘bulk’

in bulk adv. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handika ‘in bulk’

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bull n. Origin Indian Hindi bail Indian Connections German der Bulle English bull --Origin Arabic taur Arabic Connections Spanish toro French taureau Latin taurus Gaelic tarbh (but pronounced as tarv)

(papal) bull n. Origin Indian Hindi bail ‘bull’ Indian Connection German die Bulle ‘papal bull’

bullock n. Origin Indian Hindi bail ‘bull’ Indian Connection German der Bulle ‘bullock’ --Origin Arabic taur Arabic Connection Gaelic tarbh (but pronounced as tarv)

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bundle n. Origin Indian Sanskrit bandh ‘tie’, ‘bond’ d is our simple symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection English bundle

bundle v. Origin Indian Sanskrit bandh ‘tie’, ‘bond’ d is our simple symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection English bundle

burden n. Origin Indian Tamil sumai ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is sum. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zama --Origins Indian Tamil baaram ‘heavy load’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is baar. Indian Sanskrit baarah ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is baar. Indian Connection Greek baros ‘burden’ os is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is bar.

burdensome adj. Origin Indian Tamil sumai ‘burden’ 70


ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is sum. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zamadun, zamagarri ‘burdensome’

burn (with anger) n. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) sumindura ‘burn with anger’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

burst of rage n. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) suminaldi ‘burst of rage’ Spanish sanya ‘fury’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

bush n. Origin Indian Tamil mullai ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is mull. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) mulu Spanish maleza

bushy adj. Origin Indian Tamil mullai ‘bush’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is mull. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) mulutsu ‘bushy’ 71


but conj. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu par Indian Connection Spanish pero --Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu magar . Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) magram Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. --Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu lekin (pronounced as laykin) Indian Connection Turkish lakin

cab n. Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The basic word is vaakan. Indian Connection German der Wagen ‘cab’ How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become German Wagen? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

cabin n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Spanish camarote (pronounced as kamarote) ‘cabin’ 72


cackle v. t. Origins Indian Tamil kalakkam ‘agitation’, ‘chatter’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kalak. Indian Sanskrit kalkalah ‘agitation’, ‘chatter’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kalak. Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connections Arabic qalqala ‘chattering’ euskara (Basque) kolokatu ‘cackle’ Indian kalak + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) kolokatu

cage of a lift (theater) n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Spanish camarin (pronounced as kamarin) ‘cage of a lift’

Calamus n. medicinal plant Origin Indian Sanskrit kulomisha Indian Connection English Calamus (pronounced as kalamus)

camaraderie n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection German die Kameradschaft, der Kameradschaftsgeist ‘camaraderie’

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to cancel somebody’s debt v. t. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkatu ‘to cancel somebody’s debt’ One Indian Tamil consonant has both t and d sounds. Thus Tamil aadu becomes Gaelic adh, euskara (Basque) atu, Russian at and English do and ate. Urdu barak + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) =euskara (Basque) barkatu

Cancun n. Origin Indian Konkan, a sea coast in the south Indian Connection Mexican Cancun, very popular seaside resort

canon n. Christian religious law Origin Indian Urdu qaanoon ‘law’ Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) k’anoni ‘law’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Russian kanon Spanish canyon German der) Kanon English canon (pronounced as kanon)

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canonize v. t. Origins Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) santutu, santu egin ‘canonize’ One Indian Tamil consonant has both t and d sounds. Thus Tamil aadu becomes Gaelic adh, euskara (Basque) atu, Russian at and English do and ate. Sanskrit santh + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu)= euskara (Basque) santutu. euskara (Basque) egin means ‘make’, ‘do’.

cantor n. singer in a Jewish temple Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connection English cantor (pronounced as kantor)

cap n. It sits on top of the skull. Origin Indian Tamil kapaalam ‘skull’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kapaal. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kapelu ‘cap’ English cap (final l sound dropped)

cape n. edge of land, before water

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Origins Indian Hindi/Urdu aakhir ‘end’ Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connection Greek akrotiron ‘cape’

car n. Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connections German der Wagen ‘car’ French wagon How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become German Wagen and French wagon? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

freight car n. Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connection German der Waggon ‘freight car’ How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become German Waggon? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

railway car n. Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan.

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Indian Connection German der Waggon ‘railway car’ How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become German Waggon? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

restaurant car n. Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) vagoni rest’orani Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Russian vagon-restoran French wagon-restaurant ‘dining car’ German der Waggon ‘railway car’ How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become Russian vagon and German Waggon? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

side car on a motorcycle n. Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connections German der Beiwagen ‘side car on a motorcycle’ German bei means ‘side’. How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become German Waggon? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

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sleeping car n. Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) sadzile vagoni ‘sleeping car’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Georgian sadzile means ‘sleeping’.. French wagon-lit How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become Georgian vagoni and French wagon? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

carboy n. plastic bottle for holding acids and corrosive liquids Origin Indian Brahui botal ‘bottle’ Indian Connections Gaelic botal ‘bottle’ Georgian (Kartuli ena) botli ‘bottle’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Russian bootylka ‘bottle’ euskara (Basque) botila ‘bottle’ Spanish botella ‘bottle’ French bouteille ‘bottle’ Russian bootyl ‘carboy’

carol n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ 78


Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) gaukanta ‘carol’

Christmas carol n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) gabonkantu ‘Christmas carol’

caroler n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) gabonkantari ‘caroler’

carousel n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldi-maldiko(ak) ‘carousel’

carriage n. Origin Indian Hindi gaadi ‘cart’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) gurdi ‘carriage’ 79


r sound is added to Hindi word. Similarly Sanskrit jaathi becomes euskara (Basque) jatorri and Sanskrit vaada becomes English word. --Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connections Russian vagon ‘carriage’ German der Wagen ‘carriage’ French wagon ‘carriage’ How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become Russian vagon and German Wagen? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

cart n. Origin Indian Hindi gaadi Indian Connection euskara (Basque) gurdi r sound is added to Hindi word. Similarly Sanskrit jaathi becomes euskara (Basque) jatorri and Sanskrit vaada becomes English word. --Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connections Russian vagon ‘cart’ German der Wagen ‘cart’ French wagon ‘cart’ How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become Russian vagon and German Wagen? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

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by cart n. Origin Indian Hindi gaadi ‘cart’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) gurdiz ‘by cart’ r sound is added to Hindi word. Similarly Sanskrit jaathi becomes euskara (Basque) jatorri and Sanskrit vaada becomes English word.

cartload n. Origin Indian Hindi gaadi ‘cart’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) gurdibeta ‘cartload’ euskara gurdi (from Hindi gaadi) + euskara bide (from Tamil veedi) = euskara gurdibide r sound is added to Hindi word. Similarly Sanskrit jaathi becomes euskara (Basque) jatorri and Sanskrit vaada becomes English word.

cartwright n. cart maker Origin Indian Hindi gaadi ‘cart’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) gurdigile ‘cartwright’ r sound is added to Hindi word. Similarly Sanskrit jaathi becomes euskara (Basque) jatorri and Sanskrit vaada becomes English word.

cash n. Origin Indian Tamil kaasu ‘coin money’ Indian Connections Russian kaassa ‘cash’ 81


German die Kasse ‘cash’ English cash (pronounced as kash)

cash-box n. Origin Indian Tamil kaasu ‘coin money’ Indian Connections Russian kassa ‘cash register’ German die Kasse ‘cash-box’

cash register n. Origin Indian Tamil kaasu ‘coin money’ Indian Connections Russian kassa ‘cash register’ German die Kasse ‘cash-box’

cashew n. Origin Indian Hindi kaajoo Indian Connections Indian Urdu akajoo French acajou German der Akajou, der Acaj(o) apfel

cashier n. one who handles money Origin Indian Tamil kaasu ‘coin money’ Indian Connections Russian kassir ‘cashier’ euskara (Basque) kaxari (pronounced as kashari) ‘cashier’ German der Kassierer ‘cashier’ 82


French caissier English cashier

casino n. Gambling place with lots of cash Origin Indian Tamil kaasu ‘coin money’ Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) k’azino Georgia was a state of the former Russian union USSR. Russian kazino euskara (Basque) kasino Spanish casino (pronounced as kasino) English casino (pronounced as kasino)

catamaran n. twin hull boat of Mexico Origins Indian Tamil kattu ‘tie’ v. Indian Tamil marakkal ‘boat’ Indian Connection Mexican catamaran Indian Tamil kattu + marakkal = Mexican catamaran

catch v. Origin Indian Kannada hidi ’hold’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) heldu ‘catch’ English hold

83


causticness n. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) sumintasun ‘caustiness’ Spanish sanya ‘fury’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

cavalcade n. Origin Indian Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ’quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldiketa ‘cavalcade’

cave n. Origin Indian Tamil kevi Indian Connections Spanish cueva, caverna French caverne English cave euskara (Basque) koba In euskara (Basque) v is pronounced as b sound.

cavern n. Origin Indian Tamil kevi ‘cave’ Indian Connections Spanish caverna English cavern euskara (Basque) koba ‘cavern’ In euskara (Basque) v is pronounced as b sound. 84


cavity n. Origin Indian Tamil kevi Indian Connection English cavity --Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection German die Kammer ‘cavity’

celebrate v. t. Origin Indian Urdu mazaa ‘happiness’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque)meza eman ‘celebrate’ euskara (Basque) eman means ‘do’.

cell n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Russian kamera ‘cell’

center n. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdi, erdigune, erdiko, erdilari, erditoki ‘center’

85


in center prep. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdian ‘in center’

near the center adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdiondoko ‘near the center’

of the center adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdialdeko ‘of the center’

perfectly centered adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdi-erdiko ‘perfectly centered’

central adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdi, erdi-, erdiko ‘central’

86


central part n. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdialde ‘central part’

central point n. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdigune ‘central point’

centralism n. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdikortasun ‘centralism’

centralist n. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdilari ‘centralist’

centrality n. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdikortasun ‘centrality’

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centric n. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdiko ‘centric’

cerebral adj. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaankaari ‘knowledge’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) jakintsu ‘cerebral’

chain n. Origin Indian Tamil changili Indian Connections Chinese xiangjian (pronounced as shinglian) Gaelic ceangail English chain (Tamil gili dropped)

chair n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu kursee Indian Connection Hebrew koorsah

arm chair n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu kursee ‘chair’ Indian Connection Hebrew koorsah ‘arm chair’ 88


chamber n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German die Kammer ‘chamber’

debates in the chamber n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ German die Kammerverhandlungen ‘debates in the chamber’

chamber of Deputies n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ German die Kammer ‘chamber of Deputies’

chamber music n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Russian kamernaya moozika ‘chamber music’

chamber of commerce n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ 89


Indian Connection Spanish camara de comercio ( camara is pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber of commerce’

chamber of firearms n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber of firearms’ euskara (Basque) errekamara ‘chamber of firearms’ German die Kammer ‘chamber of a gun’

chamber of mines n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber of mines’ euskara (Basque) errekamara ‘chamber of mines’

chamberlain n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Spanish camarero(pronounced as kamarero) ‘chamberlain’ German der Kammrerherr ‘chamberlain’

lord chamberlain n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Spanish camarero mayor (pronounced as kamarero mayor) ‘lord chamberlain’

90


papal chamberlain n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Spanish camarero (pronounced as kamarero) ‘papal chamberlain’

chambermaid n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Spanish camarera (pronounced as kamarera) ‘chambermaid’ German die Kammermadchen ‘chambermaid’ die Kammerfrau ‘chambermaid’ German madchen means ‘girl’, frau means ‘woman’.

change n. Similarities euskara (Basque) kanbio Spanish cambio

chant v. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kanta ‘chant’

charge (burden) n. Origin Indian Tamil sumai ‘urden’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is sum. 91


Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zama ‘charge’

to charge v. t. Origin Indian Tamil kenhdu po ‘take away’ Tamil po means ‘go’. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kendu ‘to charge’ Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque) does not have this unique nh sound, simple n sound is used.

chariot n. Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connection German der Wagen ‘chariot’ How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become German Wagen? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

chat v. i. Origins Indian Urdu bol (pronounced as boal) ‘speak’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection Russian boltat ‘chat’ Urdu bol + Russian at (from Tamil aadu) = Russian boltat

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to chatter v. i. Origins Indian Tamil kalakkam ‘agitation’, ‘chatter’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kalak. Indian Sanskrit kalakalah ‘agitation’, ‘chatter’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kalak. Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connections Arabic qalqala ‘chattering’ euskara (Basque) kalakatu ‘to chatter’ One Indian Tamil consonant has both t and d sounds. Thus Tamil aadu becomes Gaelic adh, euskara (Basque) atu, Russian -at and English do and ate. Indian kalak + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) kalakatu

to chatter teeth v. t. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish dentellar ‘to chatter’

chatterbox n. Origins Indian Tamil kalakkam ‘agitation’, ‘chatter’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kalak. Indian Sanskrit kalakalah ‘agitation’, ‘chatter’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kalak. Indian Connections Arabic qalqala ‘chattering’ euskara (Basque) kalakari ‘chatterbox’

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chattering n. Origins Indian Tamil kalakkam ‘agitation’, ‘chatter’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kalak. Indian Sanskrit kalakalah ‘agitation’, ‘chatter’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kalak. Indian Connections Arabic qalqala ‘chattering’ euskara (Basque) kalakari ‘chattering’

chicken n. Origin Indian Tamil pull ‘bird’ Indian Connections Spanish pollo (but pronounced as poyo) ‘chicken’ Spanish pronounce ll as y. French poulet ‘chicken’

sturdy child n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chicote (pronounced as chikote) ‘sturdy child’

childishness n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chiquillada (pronounced as chikiyada) ‘childishness’

94


crowd of children n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chiquilleria (pronounced as chikiyeria) ‘crowd of children’

chin n. Origin Indian Tamil kinhnham am is just a suffix. The basic word is kinhnh. Indian Connections German das Kinn English chin (ch has k sound too, Christ is pronounced as Kreist) Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since German and English do not have this unique nh sound, simple n sound is used.

chirp v. i. Origin Indian Tamil chirippu ‘laughter’ Indian Connection English chirp ‘sing happily’

to chirp v. i. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ 95


Spanish cantar (pronounced as kantar) ‘to chirp’

choir n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantaritalde ‘choir’

choir book n. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santoral (pronounced as santhoral) ‘choir book’

choral group n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantariitalde ‘choral group’

chorus n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ 96


euskara (Basque) kantaritalde ‘chorus’

church n. Similarities Georgian (Kartuli ena) ek’lesia Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Spanish iglesia French eglise

clemency n. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkakoitasun, barkazaletasun ‘clemency’

climate n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu hawa ‘air’ Indian Connections Turkish hawa ‘air’ Georgian (Kartuli ena) hawa ‘climate’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

cloakroom n. Origin Indian Kannada kakkas ‘bathroom’, ‘toilet’ Indian Connection euskara ((Basque) kakotegi ‘cloakroom’ euskara (Basque) toki and tegi mean ‘room’. They derive from Indian Urdu otaaq ‘apartment’, Georgian (Kartuli ena) otakhi ‘room’ and Gaelic taigh ‘apartment’, ‘house’ proving that Indians went to Iberia via Russia. Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. 97


closet n. Origin Indian Kannada kakkas ‘bathroom’, ‘toilet’ Indian Connection euskara ((Basque) kakotegi ‘closet’ euskara (Basque) toki and tegi mean ‘room’. They derive from Indian Urdu otaaq ‘apartment’, Georgian (Kartuli ena) otakhi ‘room’ and Gaelic taigh ‘apartment’, ‘house’ proving that Indians went to Iberia via Russia. Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR --Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamorka ‘closet’ German das Kammer-chen ‘closet’

closet (theater) n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Spanish camarin (pronounced as kamarin) ‘closet’

clothes n. Similarities euskara (Basque) erropa Spanish ropa

clothing depot (military) n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ 98


German die Kammer ‘clothing depot’

club n. stick Origin Indian Tamil koal ‘stick’ Indian Connections Russian kol ‘stake’, ‘picket’ German die Keule ‘club’

coach n. Origin Indian Hindi gaadi ‘cart’ Indian Connection euskara ((Basque) gurdi ‘coach’ r sound added to Hindi gaadi --Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connections German der Wagen ‘coach’ French wagon English wagon How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become German Wagen? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

coachman n. Origin Indian Hindi gaadi ‘cart’ Indian Connection euskara ((Basque) gurtzain ‘coachman’ 99


coat n. Origin Indian Urdu qameez ‘long upper garment’ Indian Connection Spanish camisa (pronounced as kamisa) ‘coat’ coat of whitewash n. Origin Indian Urdu qameez ‘long upper garment’ Indian Connection Spanish camison (pronounced as kamison) ‘coat of whitewash’

coconut n. Origins Hindusthaan (‘land of the Hindus’), a name for India Indian Hindi/Urdu sabji ‘vegetable’ Indian Connection Turkish Hindistan cevzi ‘coconut’ Turkish word literally means ‘Indian vegetable’. Turkish cevji derives from Hindi/Urdu sabji.

colt n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zalditxo ‘colt’

command v. i., v. t. Origins Indian Manu, first mortal who issued commandments called Manushruthi Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ 100


Indian Connection euskara (Basque) manatu ‘command’ One Indian Tamil consonant has both t and d sounds. Thus Tamil aadu becomes Gaelic adh, euskara (Basque) atu, Russian -at and English do and ate. Indian Manu + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) manatu

commandment n. Origin Indian Manu, first mortal who issued commandments called Manushruthi Indian Connection euskara (Basque) manu ‘commandment’

supreme commander n. Origin Indian sardaar d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Arabic sirdaar

commonsense n. Origins Indian Tamil manam ‘mind’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is man. Indian Sanskrit manas ‘mind’ as is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is man. Indian Urdu sanam ‘mind’ (mirror image of Sanskrit manas) Indian Connection euskara ((Basque) sen (final am of Urdu dropped) ‘commonsense’

101


companion n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Spanish camarada (pronounced as kamarada) ‘companion’

companiate marriage n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German die Kameradschaftsehe ‘companiate marriage’

companiable adj. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German kameradschaftlich ‘companiable’

companionship n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camaraderia (pronounced as kamaraderia) ‘companionship’ German die Kameradschaft ‘companionship’

102


compromise n. meeting halfway Origins Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Tamil veedi ‘path’, ’way’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdibide ‘compromise’ euskara (Basque) erdi (from Sanskrit ardha) + euskara (Basque) bide (from Tamil veedi) =euskara (Basque) erdibide Explanation v is pronounced as b in Arabic, euskara (Basque) and Spanish. Eg. Indian Tamil vaa ‘come’; Arabic baa ‘come’ Indian Tamil vilai ‘value’; euskara (Basque) balio ‘value’ English novel; Spanish nobela English virgin; euskara (Basque) birjina English mobile, Spanish movil That is how Indian Tamil veedi becomes euskara (Basque) bide.

comrade n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camarada (pronounced as kamarada) ‘comrade’ --Origin Indian Sanskrit bhrathah ‘brother’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is bhrath. Indian Connection Russian brat ‘comrade’

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comradeship n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camaraderia (pronounced as kamaraderia) ‘comradeship’ German die Kameradschaft ‘comradeship’

concert n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara ((Basque) kantaldi ‘concert’

concourse n. Origins Indian Tamil veedi ‘path’, ‘way’ Indian Urdu zabar ’big’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection euskara ((Basque) bidezabal ‘concourse’ euskara (Basque) bide (from Tamil veedi) + euskara (Basque) zabal (from Urdu zabar) = euskara (Basque) bidezabal How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel 104


English colonel, Spanish coronel

concrete n. Origin Arabic baatoon Arabic Connections Russian beton German der Beton Hebrew beton Finnish betoni

condone v. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara ((Basque) barkatu ‘condone’ Urdu barak + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) barkatu

conflagration n. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) suminaldi ‘conflagration’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

consecrate v. t. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ’holy’, ’virtuous’

105


Indian Connection Spanish santificar (pronounced as santhificar) ‘consecrate’

consecrated adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ’holy’, ’virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santo (pronounced as santho) ‘consecrated’

constancy n. Origin Indian Tamil iru ‘be’, ‘exist’ Indian Connection euskara ((Basque) iraunketa, iraupen ‘constancy’

constant adj. Origin Indian Tamil iru ‘be’, ‘exist’ Indian Connection euskara ((Basque) iraunkor ‘constant’

constantly adv. Origin Indian Tamil iru ‘be’, ‘exist’ Indian Connection euskara ((Basque) iraunkorki ‘constantly’

continue v. i., v. t. Origin Indian Tamil iru ‘be’, ‘exist’

106


Indian Connection euskara ((Basque) iraun ‘continue’

continuity n. Origin Indian Tamil iru ‘be’, ‘exist’ Indian Connection euskara ((Basque) iraupen ‘continuity’

conveyance n. Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connection German der Wagen ‘conveyance’ How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become German Wagen? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

coolie n. Origin Indian Tamil kooli ‘daily pay’ Indian Connection Spanish culi (pronounced as kuli) ‘coolie’

corner n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu kinaara Indian Connections Arabic kaanar English corner (extra r sound added)

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cost n. Origin Indian Tamil kaasu ‘coin money’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kostu ‘cost’ Spanish costa (pronounced as kosta) English cost

couch n. Origin Indian divaan ‘backless, side less sofa’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Russian divan euskara (Basque) divan German der Diwan French divan ‘sofa’

course n. Origin Indian Tamil veedi ‘path’, ‘way’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection euskara ((Basque) bide ‘course’ Explanation v is pronounced as b in Arabic, euskara (Basque) and Spanish. Eg. Indian Tamil vaa ‘come’; Arabic baa ‘come’ Indian Tamil vilai ‘value’; euskara (Basque) balio ‘value’ English novel; Spanish nobela English virgin; euskara (Basque) birjina English mobile, Spanish movil That is how Indian Tamil veedi becomes euskara (Basque) bide.

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cove n. Origin Arabic bahia Arabic Connection Spanish bahia French baie German die Bai

crap n. Origin Indian Kannada kakkas ‘bathroom’, ‘toilet’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kaka ‘crap’

creep n. Origin Indian Tamil kuroopi ‘deformed person’ Indian Connection English creep

criminal n. Origin Indian Tamil kurram ‘fault’ Indian Connection English criminal (one who performs bad (fault) acts’

crime n. Origin Indian Tamil kurram ‘fault’ Indian Connection English crime 109


critical moment n. Origin Indian Kannada konku ‘bend’, ‘twist’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kenka ‘critical moment’

critical point n. Origin Indian Kannada konku ‘bend’, ‘twist’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kenka ‘critical point’

critical situation n. Origin Indian Kannada konku ‘bend’, ‘twist’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kenka ‘critical situation’

crock n. Origin Indian Tamil karakam ‘cup’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is karak. Indian Connection English crock

crock pot n. Origin Indian Tamil karakam ‘cup’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is karak. Indian Connection English crock pot 110


crow n. Origin Indian Tamil kaakkai ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaak Indian Sanskrit kaakah ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaak. Indian Connection Finnish kiekua

crowing n. Origin Indian Tamil kaakkai ‘crow’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaak Indian Sanskrit kaakah ‘crow’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaak. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kakara ‘crowing’

cumin n. Origin Indian Tamil kaaman Indian Connection Arabic kaammoon Polish kmin English cumin Latin Cuminum cyminum Turkish kimyon

cup n. Origin Indian Tamil karakam am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is karak. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kikara 111


curtail v. Origins Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikitu (pronounced as chikitu) ‘curtail’ One Indian Tamil consonant has both t and d sounds. Thus Tamil aadu becomes Gaelic adh, euskara (Basque) atu, Russian -at and English do and ate. euskara (Basque) chiki (from Kannada chikka)+ euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) chikitu

cushion n. Origin Indian Tamil padukkai ‘bed’ ai is just a suffix for neuter nouns. The basic word is paduk. Indian Connections Russian podooshka ‘cushion’ Polish poduszka ‘cushion’

to cut hair v. t. Origins Indian Kannada chikka ‘small’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikitu (pronounced as chikitu) ‘to cut hair’ One Indian Tamil consonant has both t and d sounds. Thus Tamil aadu becomes Gaelic adh, euskara (Basque) atu, Russian -at and English do and ate. euskara (Basque) chiki (from Kannada chikka) + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) 112


= euskara (Basque) chikitu

to cut into pieces v. i. Origins Indian Kannada chikka ‘small’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikitu (pronounced as chikitu) ‘to cut into pieces’ One Indian Tamil consonant has both t and d sounds. Thus Tamil aadu becomes Gaelic adh, euskara (Basque) atu, Russian -at and English do and ate. euskara (Basque) chiki (from Kannada chikka) + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) chikitu

cutting adj. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘small’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikitzaile (pronounced as chikitzaile) ‘cutting’

cynicism n. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsagaizto ‘cynicism’ How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up. 113


dad n. Origin Romany (language of wandering gypsies in Europe) dad ‘father’ Gypsies come from India. Indian Connection English dad ‘father’

daddy n. Origin Indian Sanskrit thaathah ‘father’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is thaath. Indian Connection Spanish tata ‘daddy’

dagger n. Origin Indian Hindi khanjal Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) khanjali Georgia was a state of the former Russian Union USSR. Russian kinzhal

dance n. Similarities Russian bal German die Ball English ball

dark room n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Spanish camara oscura (camara is pronounced as kamara) ‘dark room’ 114


German die Dunkelkammer ‘dark room’ German dunkel means ‘dark’

date n. Origin Indian Sanskrit thaareekh Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) tarighi Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

day n. Origin Indian Hindi din d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Russian den Lithuanian diena

debasing adj. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsarazle How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

decapitate v. t. Origin Indian Tamil kenhdu po ‘take away’ Tamil po means ‘go’.

115


Indian Connection euskara (Basque) buru kendu ‘decapitate’ euskara (Basque) buru means ‘head’ Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque) does not have this unique nh sound, simple n sound is used.

December n. Origin Indian Sanskrit dasha ‘ten’ Indian Hindi das ‘ten’ Indian Connections English December Spanish diciembre French Decembre Explanation In the old Roman calendar December was the last month of the ten months. In 45 B.C. Julian calendar was adopted with 12 months and 365 days.

decree n. Origin Indian Manu, first mortal who issued commandments called Manushruthi Indian Connection euskara (Basque) manu ‘decree’

dedicate v. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ’virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santificar (pronounced as santhificar) ‘dedicate’

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degrading adj. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsarazle ‘degrading’ How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

to defecate v. Origin Indian Kannada kakkas ‘bathroom’, ‘toilet’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kaka egin ‘to defecate’ euskara (Basque) egin means ‘do’.

delouse v. t. Origin Indian Tamil kenhdu po ‘take away’ Tamil po means ‘go’. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zorriak kendu ‘delouse’ euskara (Basque) zorrikeria means ‘dirtiness’. Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque) does not have this unique nh sound, simple n sound is used.

dent v. i., v. t. Origins Indian Kannada konku ‘bend’, ‘twist’ 117


Indian Connection euskara (Basque) konkatu ‘dent’ Kannada konku + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) konkatu dental adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Spanish dental French dental English dental

dental floss n. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Hebrew khoot dentalee ‘dental floss’

dentate adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Spanish dentado ‘dentate’ English dentate

dentist n. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this.

118


Indian Connections Russian dantist Spanish dentista French dentiste English dentist Latin dentiste --Origin Indian Urdu hakeem ‘doctor’ Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) k’bilis ekimi ‘dentist’ Georgian k’bili means ‘tooth’. Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

dentition n. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Spanish denticion ‘dentition’ English dentition

denture n. artificial teeth Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections French dentier ‘denture’ English denture

to depose v. t. Origin Indian Tamil kenhdu po ‘take away’ Tamil po means ‘go’. 119


Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kendu ‘to depose’ Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque) does not have this unique nh sound, simple n sound is used.

deprive v. t. Origin Indian Tamil kenhdu po ‘take away’ Tamil po means ‘go’. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kendu ‘deprive’ Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque) does not have this unique nh sound, simple n sound is used.

descendent n. Origin Indian Sanskrit apa ‘before’ janah ‘people’ Indian Connection Greek apogonos ‘descendent’ Greek os is a suffix.

diarrhea n. Origin Indian Kannada kakkas ‘bathroom’, ‘toilet’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kakeri, kakajario, kakapirri ‘diarrhea’

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to dilate v. t Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ’top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabaltasun ‘to dilate’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

dilation n. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ’top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabalpen ‘dilation’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

diminishng adj. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘small’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikigarri, txikitzaile (pronounced as chikigarri, chikitzaile) 121


‘diminishing’

din n. loud noise, such as in a market Origin Indian Urdu bazaar ‘market’ Indian Connection Russian bazaar ‘din’

disarm v. t. Origin Indian Tamil kenhdu po ‘take away’ Tamil po means ‘go’. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) iskilo(ak) kendu ‘disarm’ euskara (Basque) iskilo means ‘weapon’. Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque) does not have this unique nh sound, simple n sound is used.

disgrace n. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsa ‘disgrace’ How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

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to dispossess v. t. Origin Indian Tamil kenhdu po ‘take away’ Tamil po means ‘go’. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kendu ‘to dispossess’ Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque) does not have this unique nh sound, simple n sound is used.

district n. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ Indian Connection Spanish tierra ‘district’

divan n. Indian backless, side less sofa Origin Indian divaan d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Russian divan euskara (Basque) divan German der Diwan French divan

divide v. i., v. t Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’

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Indian Connection euskara (Basque) txikitu (pronounced as chikitu) ‘divide’ Kannada chikka + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) txikitu

to divide v. t. Origins Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Hindi banaana ‘make’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdibanatu ‘to divide’ One Indian Tamil consonant has both t and d sounds. Thus Tamil aadu becomes Gaelic adh, euskara (Basque) atu, Russian -at and English do and ate. euskara erdi (from Sanskrit ardha) +ban (from Hindi banaana)+ euskara atu (from Tamil aadu) =euskara erdibanatu

to divide something between two v. t. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdibitu ‘to divide something between two’

divider in two n. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdibitzaile ‘divide in two’

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divisible into two adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdibigarri ‘divisible into two’

division into two adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdibiketa ‘division into two’

do v. Origin Indian Tamil aadu Indian Connections euskara (Basque) adu English do (initial a dropped) --Origin Indian Tamil aadu Indian Connection euskara (Basque) atu One Indian Tamil consonant has both t and d sounds. Thus Tamil aadu becomes Gaelic adh, euskara (Basque) atu, Russian -at and English do and ate. --Origins Indian Hindi banaana ‘make’ Indian Tamil aadu Indian Connection euskara (Basque) banatu 125


Hindi banaana + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) banatu --Origin Indian Hindi karnaa Indian Connection euskara (Basque) keria, kortasun

docile adj. Origin Indian Manu, first mortal who issued commandments called Manushruthi Indian Connection euskara (Basque) manukor ‘docile’

doctor n. Origin Indian Urdu hakeem Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) ekimi Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

doff v. take off the hat Origin Indian Tamil kenhdu po ‘take away’ Tamil po means ‘go’. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kendu txapela ‘doff’ euskara (Basque) txapela (pronounced as chapela) means ’hat’. French chapeau also means ’hat’. Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque) does not have this unique nh sound, simple n sound is 126


used.

dome n. topmost part of a building Origin Indian Tamil kapaalam ‘skull’ am is just a suffix. The basic word is kapaal. Indian Connections Russian koopol ‘dome’ euskara (Basque) kupula ‘dome’

donation n. Origin Indian Sanskrit daanam ‘gift’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection English donation

female donkey n. Origin Indian asal ‘donkey’ Indian Connections Gaelic asal ‘donkey’ Latin asella ‘female donkey’

donor n. Origin Indian Sanskrit daanam ‘gift’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection English donor ‘giver’

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door n. Origin Indian Sanskrit dwaar d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Russian dver English door (middle v sound dropped)

dope n. Origin Indian Urdu daaru ‘drug’, ‘medicine’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) drogak ‘dope’ (g sound added to Urdu daaru) --Origin Indian Tamil narakam ‘hell’ am is just a suffix. The basic word is narak. Indian Connection English narcotic (also called ‘dope’)

dope fiend n. dope is often called ‘substance from hell’ Origins Indian Tamil narakam ‘hell’ am is just a suffix. The basic word is narak. Indian Connections Russian narkomaan ‘dope fiend’ Hebrew narkoman ‘dope fiend’

dray n. horse driven cart for pulling very large loads

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Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connection German der Wagen ‘dray’ How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become German Wagen? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

dressing room (theater) n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Spanish camarin (pronounced as kamarin) ‘dressing room’

drink v. i., v. t. Origin Indian Tamil edu ‘take’ Indian Connections Russian eda ‘food’, ‘meal’ euskara (Basque) edan ‘drink’

drink n. Origin Indian Tamil edu ‘take’ Indian Connections Russian eda ‘food’, ‘meal’ euskara (Basque) edal-, edanaldi, edari, edateko ‘drink’

drinkable adj. Origin Indian Tamil edu ‘take’ 129


Indian Connections Russian eda ‘food’, ‘meal’ euskara (Basque) edangarri, edateko ‘drinkable’

drinker n. Origin Indian Tamil edu ‘take’ Indian Connections Russian eda ‘food’, ‘meal’ euskara (Basque) edale, edalari, edantzaile ‘drinker’

drinking n. Origin Indian Tamil edu ‘take’ Indian Connections Russian eda ‘food’, ‘meal’ euskara (Basque) edate ‘drinking’

drinking adj. Origin Indian Tamil edu ‘take’ Indian Connections Russian eda ‘food’, ‘meal’ euskara (Basque) edal- ‘drinking’

droning n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ Spanish canturia (pronounced as kanturia) ‘droning’ 130


drug n. Origin Indian Urdu daaru ‘medicine’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) droga ‘drug’ (g sound added to Urdu daaru) Spanish droga German die Droge French drogue English drug

druggist n. Origin Indian Urdu daaru ‘medicine’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) drogalari ‘druggist’ (g sound added to Urdu daaru) French droguiste English druggist g sound added to Urdu daaru

drum n. Origin Indian thabla (played with the fingers) Indian Connection euskara (Basque) atabal --Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu dol (pronounced as doal) Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) doli Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

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drum with the fingers v. i., v. t. Origin Indian thabla ‘drum’ (played with the fingers) Indian Connections euskara (Basque) atabal ‘drum’ Spanish tabalear ‘to drum with the fingers’

drummer n. Origin Indian thabla ‘drum’ (played with the fingers) Indian Connections euskara (Basque) atabal ‘drum’ euskara (Basque) atabalari ‘drummer’ Spanish tabalear ‘to drum with the fingers’

drumstick n. vegetable Origin Indian Tamil muringai Indian Connection Latin hypoantera moringa Latin hypoantera means ‘above ground’.

duct n. Origin Indian Tamil veedi ‘path’, ‘way’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) bide ‘duct’ v sound becomes b sound in euskara (Basque) and Spanish. Explanation Eg. Indian Tamil vaa ‘come’; Arabic baa ‘come’ 132


Indian Tamil vilai ‘value’; euskara (Basque) balio ‘value’ English novel; Spanish nobela English virgin; euskara (Basque) birjina English mobile, Spanish movil That is how Indian Tamil veedi becomes euskara (Basque) bide.

duet n. Origin Indian Sanskrit dwa ‘two’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Russian dooet

euskara (Basque) duo ‘duet’ English duet

dull adj. Origin Indian Tamil moodan ‘fool’ an is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is mood. Indian Connections Spanish mudo ‘dumb’ German dumm ‘dull’ German dumm is mirror image of Tamil mood.

durability n. Origin Indian Tamil iru ‘be’, ’exist’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) iraunkortasun ‘durability’

dust n. Origin Indian Tamil pulavu

133


Indian Connections Russian pyl Spanish polvo

dysentery n. Origin Indian Kannada kakkas ‘bathroom’, ‘toilet’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kakeri ‘dysentery’

earring n. Origin Indian Tamil kundalam am is just a suffix for neuter nouns. The basic word is kundal. Indian Sanskrit kundalah ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kundal. Indian Connections Latin condulus(pronounced as kondulus) us is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is condul. Greek kondilos os is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kondil.

earth n. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ai is just a suffix. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connections Spanish tierra French terre Latin terra Gaelic tir Arabic taran ‘moist earth’) --Similarities euskara (Basque) mundu 134


Spanish mundo --Origin Indian Urdu zameen Indian Connection Russian zemiya Polish ziemia --Origin Arabic ard Arabic Connection German die Erde Dutch aarde

fuller’s earth n. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connection Spanish tierra de bataan ‘fuller’s earth’

on earth prep. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connection Spanish sobre la tierra ‘on earth’

embarassed adj. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsadun ‘embarassed’ 135


How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

to be embarassed v. i. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsa izan ‘to be embarassed’ How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

embarassing adj. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsagarrizko ‘embarassing’ How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

embitter v. t. Origins Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) sumindu ‘embitter’ euskara (Basque) samin (from Tamil sinam) + Tamil aadu = euskara (Basque) sumindu Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin. 136


emporium n. Origin Indian Urdu bazaar ‘market’ Indian Connection German der Bazar ‘emporium’

to enlarge v. t. Origins Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabaldu ‘to enlarge’ euskara zabal (from Urdu zabar) + Tamil aadu = euskara (Basque) zabaldu How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel --Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handiarazi ‘ to enlarge’

enlargement n. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ’top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabalkuntza ‘enlargement’ 137


How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

enormous adj. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handi ‘enormous’

enrage v. t. Origins Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) sumindu ‘enrage’ euskara (Basque) sumin (from Tamil sinam) + Tamil aadu = euskara (Basque) sumindu Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

almost equal n. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdiberdin ‘almost equal’

138


equestrian adj. term related to horseback riding Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldizko ‘equestrian’

equine adj. term related to horse Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldikide ‘equine’

equitation n. riding on horseback Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldiketa ‘equitation’

eunuch n. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdigizon ‘eunuch’ euskara (Basque) gizon means ‘man’.

139


evacuation of the bowel n. Origin Indian Kannada kakkas ‘bathroom’, ‘toilet’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kakagite ‘evacuation of the bowel’

exasperation n. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) suminaldi ‘exasperation’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

excellent adj. Origin Indian Tamil perumai ‘greatness’ ai is just a suffix. The basic word is perum. Indian Connection German prima ‘excellent’

to exclude v. t. Origin Indian Tamil kenhdu po ‘take away’ Tamil po means ‘go’. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kendu ‘to exclude’ Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque) does not have this unique nh sound, simple n sound is used.

140


excusable adj. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkagarri ‘excusable’

unexcusable adj. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkaezin, barkaezinezko ‘unexcusable’

to excuse v. t. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkatu ‘to excuse’ One Indian Tamil consonant has both t and d sounds. Thus Tamil aadu becomes Gaelic adh, euskara (Basque) atu, Russian -at and English do and ate. Urdu barak + euskara atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) barkatu

to expand v. t. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’

141


Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabaldu ‘to expand’ euskara (Basque) zabal (from Urdu zabar) + Tamil aadu = euskara (Basque) zabaldu How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

expander n. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabaltzaile ‘expander’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

expansive adj. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabalkor ‘expansive’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ 142


Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

expensive adj. Similarities euskara (Basque) kario Spanish caro (pronounced as karo)

to be an expert in v. Origin Indian Sanskrit shaasthri ‘learned man’ Indian Connection Spanish ser buen sastre ‘to be an expert in’

extendedness n. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabalkortasun ‘extendedness’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

extender n. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’

143


Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabaltzaile ‘extender’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

extending n. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabaltzaile ‘extending’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

extension n. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabaldura ‘extension’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) 144



extent n. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabalera ‘extent’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

fair n. Origin Indian Urdu bazaar ‘market’ Indian Connection German der Bazar ‘fair’

eye n. Origin Indian Tamil akkam ‘eye’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is akk. Indian Connections Russian oko Polish oko Croatian oko Italian occhio

145


evil eye n. Origins Indian Tamil malam ‘bad’, ‘filth’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is mal. Indian Tamil akkam ‘eye’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is akk. Indian Connection Italian malocchio ‘evil eye’

family n. Origin Russian familia ‘same last name’ Russian Connection English family

father n. Origin Indian Sanskrit thaathah ah is justa suffix for nouns. The basic word is thaath. Indian Connections Latin tata Greek tata

feces n. Origin Indian Kannada kakkas ‘bathroom’, ’toilet’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kaka ‘feces’

fellow worker n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ 146


Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German der Kamerad ‘fellow worker’

fellow-feeling n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German der Kameradschaftsgeist ‘fellow-feeling’

fellowship n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German der Kameradschaftsgeist ‘fellowship’

female n. Origin Indian Sanskrit yoni ‘female energy’, ‘vagina’ Indian Connection Chinese yin ‘female’

fief of the crown n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection German der Kamerlehen ‘fief of the crown’

147


field n. Origin Indian Hindi maidaan ‘wide open field’ d is our simple symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Turkish meydan ‘field’ English meadow(final n sound of Hindi dropped)

filly n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zalditxo ‘filly’

fire n. Origin Indian Sanskrit Agni ‘god of fire’ Indian Connections Russian ogon ‘fire’ Latin ignis ‘fire’

first rate adj. Origin Indian Tamil perumai ‘greatness’ ai is just a suffix. The basic word is perum. Indian Connection German prima ‘first rate’

to fit (clothes) v. t. Origins Indian Tamil thai ‘stitch’ 148


Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) taiatu ‘to fit’ One Indian Tamil consonant has both t and d sounds. Thus Tamil aadu becomes Gaelic adh, euskara (Basque) atu, Russian -at and English do and -ate. Tamil thai + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) taiatu

fitting (clothes) n. Origins Indian Tamil thai ‘stitch’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) taiadura ‘tailoring’

flame n. Origin Indian Sanskrit Agni ‘god of fire’ Indian Connection Russian ogon ‘flame’

flavor n. Origin Indian Tamil saappidu ‘eat’, ‘food’ Indian Connection Spanish sapidez ‘flavor’

flesh n. Origins Indian Tamil maamisam am is just a suffix. The basic word is mamis. Indian Sanskrit maamsam 149


am is just a suffix. The basic word is mams. Indian Connections Gothic (ancient German) mimz Russian myaso

fleshy adj. Origins Indian Tamil maamisam am is just a suffix. The basic word is mamis. Indian Sanskrit maamsam am is just a suffix. The basic word is mams. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) mamitsu ‘fleshy’, ‘meaty’

flower n. Origin Indian Sanskrit pushpam am is just a suffix. The basic word is pushp. Indian Connection Chinese pi-shi-pu --Origin Indian Kannada hoovu Indian Connection Chinese hua(r)

foal n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zalditxo ‘foal’

150


foolish adj. Origin Indian Tamil moodan ‘fool’ an is just a suffix. The basic word is mood. Indian Connections Spanish mudo ‘dumb’ German dumm ‘foolish’ German dumm is mirror image of Tamil mood.

fop n. person of excesses Origins Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handiputz ‘fop’

forehead n. Origin Indian Sanskrit masthakah ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is masthak. Indian Connection Hebrew metsakh

to forgive v. t. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkatu ‘to forgive’ One Indian Tamil consonant has both t and d sounds. Thus Tamil aadu becomes Gaelic adh, euskara (Basque) atu, Russian -at and English do and ate. 151


Urdu barak + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) barkatu

forgiveness n. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkamen, barkazaletasun, barkazio ‘forgiveness’

forgiver n. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkatzaile ‘forgiver’

forgiving adj. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkakoi, barkier, barkazale, barkatzailr ‘forgiving’

unforgivable adj. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkaezinezko ‘unforgivable’

152


friar n. Origin Indian Sanskrit bhrathah ‘brother’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is bhrath. Indian Connection Gaelic brathair ‘friar’

furious adj. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connections Spanish sanya ‘fury’ euskara (Basque) sumin ‘furious’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

furiously adv. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connections Spanish sanya ‘fury’ euskara (Basque) suminki ‘furiously’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

furnace n. Origin Arabic foornoos Arabic Connections Greek foornoos English furnace

153


fury n. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) sumin, suminaldi ‘fury’ Spanish sanya ‘fury’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin fuzzy adj. Origin Indian Urdu baal ‘hair’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) biletsu ‘fuzzy’

game n. Origin Indian thamaashaa ‘enjoyment’, ’fun’ Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) tamashi Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

gang n. Origin Indian Sanskrit bandh ‘tie’, ‘bond’ d is our simple symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Russian banda ‘gang’ French bande ‘gang’ English band ‘gang’

garden n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu baagh. 154


Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) baghi Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

gene n. Origin Indian Sanskrit janah ‘people’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is jan. Indian Connections Russian gen ‘gene’ euskara (Basque) gen ’gene’ Spanish gen ‘gene’ German das Gen ‘gene’

genitals n. Origin Indian Kannada bulli Indian Connection Gaelic buill

gentleman n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldun ‘gentleman’

gentleman’s road n. Origins Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Tamil veedi ‘path’, ‘way’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this.

155


Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldunbide ‘gentleman’s road’ Explanation v is pronounced as b in Arabic, euskara (Basque) and Spanish. Eg. Indian Tamil vaa ‘come’; Arabic baa ‘come’ Indian Tamil vilai ‘value’; euskara (Basque) balio ‘value’ English novel; Spanish nobela English virgin; euskara (Basque) birjina English mobile, Spanish movil That is how Indian Tamil veedi becomes euskara (Basque) bide.

gentlemanly adv. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldungisa, zaldunki, zaldunkiro ‘gentlemanly’

to get v. t. Origin Indian Tamil kenhdu po ‘take away’ Tamil po means ‘go’. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kendu ‘to get’ Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque) does not have this unique nh sound, simple n sound is used.

to get away v. t. Origin Indian Tamil kenhdu po ‘take away’ Tamil po means ‘go’. 156


Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kendu ‘to get away’ Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque) does not have this unique nh sound, simple n sound is used.

ghoul n. Origin Arabic gul ‘desert imp’ Arabic Connection English ghoul

gift n. Origin Indian Sanskrit daanam d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Latin doanum

gigantic adj. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handikote ‘gigantic’

ginger n. ginger is a root. Origins Indian Tamil ingi ‘ginger’ Indian Tamil vayr ‘root’

157


Indian Connection German der Ingwer Tamil ingi + Tamil vayr = German Ingwer

girl n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ’small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chica (pronounced as chika) ‘girl’

glass n. material Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu sheesha Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) shusha Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

glass n. container Origins Indian Tamil paath’thiram ‘vessel’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is paath’thir. Indian Sanskrit paathrah ‘vessel’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is paathhr. Indian Connection Greek potiri ‘glass’

globe n. Similarities euskara (Basque) mundu Spanish mundo

158


to gnash teeth

v. t.

Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ’tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish dentellar ‘to gnash’

go v. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaanaa ‘to go’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) joan ‘go’

goatie n. Origin Indian Urdu zakaan ‘beard’ Indian Connection Hebrew zakankan ‘goatie’

god n. Origin Indian Sanskrit swarga ‘heaven’ Indian Connection Slavic svarog ‘god’ Russian, under the present chaotic linguistic classification system, is an eastern Slavic language. --Similarities Russian/Slavic Bog Indian Bhagwaan, Bhagawant --Origin Indian Tamil kadavull 159


Indian Connections Siberian kudai Altaic (Turkish and Mongolian) kudai Jajushtu Persian khodaa

godliness n. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ’holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santidad (pronounced as sanithdad) ‘godliness’

gold n. Similarities Georgian (Kartuli ena) okro Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Spanish oro French or

good adj. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection Spanish amable ‘good’

to gossip v. i. Origins Indian Tamil kalakkam ‘agitation’, ‘chatter’ am is just a suffix. The basic word is kalak. Indian Sanskrit kalakalah ‘agitation’, ‘chatter’ ah is just a suffix. The basic word is kalak. Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connections Arabic qalqala ‘chattering’ euskara (Basque) kalakatu ‘to gossip’ 160


Indian kalak + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) kalakatu

grab v. t. Origin Indian Kannada hidi ‘hold’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) heldu ‘grab’

granary n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘granary’ German die Kornkammer ‘granary’ German korn means ‘grain’. --Origins Indian Sanskrit beejam ‘seed’ am is just a suffix. The basic word is beej. Indian Brahui bij Indian Connections euskara (Basque) bihi ‘seed’ Spanish people pronounce j as h. That is how Indian beej becomes bihi. euskara (Basque) bihitegi ‘granary’ euskara (Basque) toki and tegi mean ‘room’. They derive from Indian Urdu otaaq ’apartment’, Georgian (Kartuli ena) otakhi ‘room’ and Gaelic taigh ’apartment’, ‘house’ proving that Indians went to Iberia via Russia. Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

grandeur n. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’

161


Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handigo, handikiro ‘grandeur’

grandloose adj. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handiairezko ‘grandloose’

grandloosely adv. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handiki ‘grandloosely’

grandly adv. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handikiro, handiro ‘grandly’

granny n. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection German die Oma ‘granny’

great adj. Origin Indian Kannada dodda ‘big’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. 162


Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) didi ‘great’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.. --Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handi ‘great’

greatness n. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handitasun ‘greatness’

to grind teeth v. t. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is danth. d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish dentellar ‘to grind teeth’

groom n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zalditegizain, zaldizain ‘groom’ --Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’

163


Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German der Kammerdiener ‘groom’ groom’s job n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldizaintza ‘groom’s job’

ground n. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connections Spanish tierra ‘ground’ German das Terrain ‘ground’ French terre ‘land’ --Origin Arabic ard Arabic Connection German die Erde Dutch aarde

cultivated ground n. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connection Spanish tierra ‘cultivated ground’

164


hair n. Origin Indian Urdu baal Indian Connections Romany (language of wandering gypsies in Europe) bal euskara (Basque) bilo Spanish pelo ( b becomes p)

hairy adj. Origin Indian Urdu baal ‘hair’ Indian Connections Romany (language of wandering gypsies in Europe) bal ‘hair’ euskara (Basque) biletsu ‘hairy’

half n. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdi, erdika, erdiki, erdikin ‘half’

half adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erditxo

half adv. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’

165


Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdika

half an hour n. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) Ordu erdi ‘half an hour’ euskara (Basque) ordu means ‘hour‘. It is the source for Spanish hora ‘hour‘ and English hour.

half and half adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdizkako ‘half and half’

half asleep adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdilotan ‘half asleep’

half awake adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdiesna ‘half awake’

166


half blind adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erditsu ‘half blind’

half boiled adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdiegosi ‘half boiled’

half complete adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdiloso ‘half complete’

half day off n. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) jaierdi ‘half day off’

half tone (mus) n. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) tonuerdi ‘half tone’ . 167


half way adv. Origins Indian Tamil veedi ’path’, ’way’ Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) bideerdi, bideerdiko ‘half way’ Explanation v is pronounced as b in Arabic, euskara (Basque) and Spanish. Eg. Indian Tamil vaa ‘come’; Arabic baa ‘come’ Indian Tamil vilai ‘value’; euskara (Basque) balio ‘value’ English novel; Spanish nobela English virgin; euskara (Basque) birjina English mobile, Spanish movil That is how Indian Tamil veedi becomes euskara (Basque) bide euskara (Basque) bide (from Tamil veedi) + euskara (Basque) erdi (from Sanskrit ardha)= euskara (Basque) bideerdi

hall n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘hall’ --Origin Indian Tamil saalai ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is saal. Indian Connections Russian saal Italian sala Greek sala Arabic saala German der Saal (pronounced as zaal)

halvah n. sweet product made with milk

168


Origin Indian Kannada haalu ‘milk’ Indian Connections Arabic halvah Hebrew halvah Persian halva-i-gaz ‘round halvah with manna’

hand n. Origins Indian Sanskrit hasthah ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is hasth. Indian Hindi haath (Sanskrit s sound dropped) Indian Connection German die Hand (pronounced as haant) n sound added to Hindi haath

handbag n. Similarities euskara (Basque) boltsa Spanish bolso

handkerchief n. Origin Indian Tamil mookku ‘nose’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) mukizapi ‘kerchief’ euskara (Basque) zapi means ‘cloth’.

harness n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ 169


euskara (Basque) zalditresna ‘harness’

hat n. It sits on top of the skull. Origin Indian Tamil kapaalam ‘skull’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kapaal. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kapela ‘hat’ --Similarities euskara (Basque) sonbrero Spanish sombrero

hatter n. Origin Indian Tamil kapaalam ‘skull’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kapaal. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kapelagin, kapelari ‘hatter’

head n Origin Indian Kannada hede Indian Connection English head --Origin Indian Sanskrit shirah ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is shir. Indian Connections Romany (language of wandering gypsies in Europe) sero Persian sar

170


health n Origin Indian Urdu haalath ‘condition’ Indian Connection English health

heartless adj. Origin Indian Tamil amudam ‘love’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) amodio ‘love’ euskara (Basque) amodiogabe ‘heartless’ euskara (Basque) preposition gabez means ‘without’.

heat gently v. Origin Indian Tamil sudu ‘heat’ Indian Connections German der Sud ‘brewing’ euskara (Basque) sudun ‘heated’ French sautee ‘heat gently’ One Tamil consonant has both d and t sounds. So sudu can be pronounced as sutu too.

heated adj. Origin Indian Tamil sudu ‘heat’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) sudun ‘heated’

171


heaven n. Origin Indian Sanskrit swarga Indian Connection Slavic svarog Russian, under the present chaotic linguistic classification system, is an eastern Slavic language.

hello intj. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu kaise ho ‘how [you] are’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kaixo (pronounced as kaisho)

helpful adj. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection Spanish amable ‘helpful’

hen n. Origin Indian Tamil pull ‘bird’ Indian Connection French poule ‘hen’

here prep. Origin Georgian (Kartuli ena) ak Russian Connection Spanish aqui (pronounced as aki) 172


Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

hi intj. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu kaise ho ‘how [you] are’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kaixo (pronounced as kaisho)

higher adj. Origin Indian Urdu oopar ‘higher’ Indian Connection German uber ‘higher’ The real German u in uber has two dots called umlauts to pronounce the word as yoobar. For simplification no such marks are used in this book. One Indian Tamil consonant has both p and b sounds. That is how oopar becomes oobar.

hill n. Origin Indian Sanskrit giri Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) gora Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Russian gora Polish gora

hind n. Origin Indian Kannada hinde d is our simple symbol for soft d sound as in this.

173


Indian Connections German die Hindin English hind

hippodrome n. arena for horse and chariot races Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldilasterleku ‘hippodrome’

His Holiness n. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish Su Santidad (pronounced as Su Santhidad) ‘His Holiness’

holiness n. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) santutasun ‘holiness’

hollow n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German die Kammer ‘hollow’

174


holy adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connections Spanish santo (pronounced as santho) ‘holy’ French saint

Holy Land n. Origins Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connections Spanish Terra Santa (pronounced as terra santha) ‘Holy Land’ euskara (Basque) Lursaindu ‘Holy Land’ euskara (Basque) lur means ‘land’. It derives from Tamil oor ‘place’.

homeland n. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connection Spanish tierra ‘homeland’

homemaker n. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection Spanish ama de casa ‘homemaker’ Spanish casa (pronounced as kaasa) ‘house’ derives from Indian Sanskrit okas ‘house’.

175


hope n. Origins Indian Tamil ichchai ‘hope’ Indian Sanskrit ichchaa ‘hope’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) itxaro (pronounced as icharo)

hopeless adj. Origins Indian Tamil ichchai ‘hope’ Indian Sanskrit ichchaa ‘hope’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) itxaroezin, itxarogabe (pronounced as icharoezin, icharogabe ‘hopeless’ euskara (Basque) ezin and gabez mean ‘without’.

horse n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldi ‘horse’

horse-loving adj. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldizale ‘horse-loving’

176


horse manure n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldiongarri ‘horse manure’

horsemeat n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldiki ‘horsemeat’

horsepower n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldindar ‘horsepower’

horse race n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldilasterketa ‘horse race’

fond of horses adj. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ 177


Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldizale ‘fond of horses’

on horseback adv. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldiz ‘on horseback’

herd of horses n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zalditeria ‘herd of horses’

stable for horses n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zalditegi ‘stable for horses’ euskara (Basque) toki, tegi mean ‘room’. They derive from Indian Urdu otaaq ‘apartment’, Georgian (Kartuli ena) otakhi ‘room’ and Gaelic taigh ‘apartment’, ‘house’ proving that Indians settled in Georgia first before moving onto Iberia. Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

hostler n. person who looks after horses Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ 178


Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldizain ‘hostler’

house n. Origin Indian Sanskrit okas Indian Connections Romany (language of wandering gypsies in Europe) kaza Spanish casa (pronounced as kasa)

House of Commons n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara de los comunes (pronounced as kamara) ‘House of Commons’ German das Zweitekammer ‘House of Commons’

House of Deputies n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘House of Deputies’ German das Zweitekammer ‘House of Deputies”

Lower House n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Spanish camara baja (camara is pronounced as kamara) ‘Lower House’ 179


German das Zweitekammer ‘Lower House’

Upper House n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Spanish camara alta (camara is pronounced as kamara) ‘Upper House’ German das Erstekammer ‘Upper House’

housekeeper n. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection Spanish ama ‘housekeeper’

housewife n. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection Spanish ama de casa ‘housewife’ Spanish casa ‘house’ derives from Indian Sanskrit okas ‘house’.

huge adj. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handitsu ‘huge’

hulk n. Origins Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ 180


Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handigizon ‘hulk’ euskara (Basque) gizon means ‘man’.

to hum v. i. Origins Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kanta marmaritu, ahopetik kantatu ‘to hum’ Spanish canturriar (pronounced as kanturriar) ‘to hum’

humiliate v. t. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsagarritu ‘humiliate’ How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

humiliating adj. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsarazle ‘humiliating’ How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz 181


to make up.

idol n. Origin Indian Tamil udal ‘body’ Indian Connections Russian idol ‘idol’ English idol

ignominy n. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsakizun ‘ignominy’ How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

ignorance n. Origin Indian Hindi/ Urdu jaankaari ‘knowledge’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) jakinez(a), jakingabezia ‘ignorance’ euskara (Basque) ezin and gabez mean ‘without’.

ignorant adj. Origins Indian Hindi/ Urdu jaankari ‘knowledge’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) jakingabe, ezjakin ‘ignorant’ euskara (Basque) ezin and gabez mean ‘without’. 182


imam n. Muslim religious figure Origin Indian Urdu imaam Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) imami Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

indulgence n. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkamen ‘indulgence’

indulgent adj. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkabera, barkazale ‘indulgent’

inextenable adj. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabalezin ‘inextenable’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) 183



inferior adj. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikiago (pronounced as chikiago) ‘inferior’

inferiority n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikiagotasun (pronounced as chikiagotasun) ‘inferiority’

influenza n. Similarities Georgian (Kartuli ena) grip’i Spanish gripe German die Grippe French grippe Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

infuriating adj. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) sumingarri ‘infuriating’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin. 184


ingenuous adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santo (pronounced as santho) ‘ingenuous’

inkstand n. Origin Indian Urdu qalam ‘pen’ Indian Connection Greek kalamaari ‘inkstand’

inquisition n. old Christian way of conversion using force Origins Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Persian afsar ‘officer’ (derived from Indian Urdu shareef ‘noble’) Indian/Persian Connection Spanish Santo Oficio (pronounced as santho oficio) ‘inquisition’

insignificance n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikikeria (pronounced as chikikeria) ‘insignificance’

insult n. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ 185


Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsagaizto ‘insult’ How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

insulting adj. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsagaiztoko ‘insulting’ How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

intimate theater n. pl. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German das Kammerspeile ‘intimate theater’

inviolate adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ’virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santo (pronounced as santho) ‘inviolate’

irascible adj. easy to anger

186


Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) suminkoi ‘irascible’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

irascibility n. See irascible for meaning Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) sumintasun ‘irascibility’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

irremissable adj. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkaezin ‘irremissable’

irritability n. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) sumintasun ‘irritability’ Spanish sanya ‘fury’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

is pres. Origin Indian Hindi hai

187


Indian Connections Arabic hu Spanish hay (but pronounced as ay)

itch n. desire such as “Ihave an itch for ice cream right now” Origins Indian Tamil ichchai ‘hope’ Indian Sanskrit ichchaa ‘hope’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) itxaro (pronounced as icharo) ‘hope’ English itch (pronounced as ich)

itsy-bitsy adj. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikitxo (pronounced as chikicho) ‘itsy-bitsy’

jabbering adj. Origins Indian Tamil kalakkam ‘agitation’, ‘chatter’ am is just a suffix. The basic word is kalak. Indian Sanskrit kalakalah ‘agitation’, ‘chatter’ ah is just a suffix. The basic word is kalak. Indian Connections Arabic qalqala ‘chattering’ euskara (Basque) kalaka ‘jabbering’

jasmine n. Origin Indian Tamil malliigai 188


Indian Connection Latin Millingtonia hortensis

jockey n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldikari ‘jockey’

jubilee n. Origins Indian Urdu mubarak ‘auspicious’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkamenurte ‘jubilee’

juggle v. i., v. t. Origin Indian Malabar coast in the south Indian Connection euskara (Basque) malabar-jolasak egin ‘juggle’ Keralites, Indian people living in Kerala which is located in the Malabar coast, have the highest literacy in the entire world. They are also famous for their arts and skills.

juggler n. Origin Indian Malabar coast in the south Indian Connections euskara (Basque) malabarista ‘juggler’ Spanish malabarista ‘juggler’ Keralites, Indian people living in Kerala which is located in the Malabar 189


coast, have the highest literacy in the entire world. They are also famous for their arts and skills.

juice n. Origins Indian Tamil rasam am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is ras. Indian Urdu ras Indian Origin Polish rosow

jungle n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jangal Indian Connections English junglr Hebrew joongeleem

junk room n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection German die Rumpelkammer ‘junk room’

juvenile n., adj. Origin Indian Hindi javaani ‘youth’ Indian Connection English juvenile

keep fast days v. Origin 190


Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santificar (pronounced as santhificar) ‘keep fast days’

keeper of the privy purse n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection German der Kammerzahlmeister ‘keeper of the privy purse’

kettle n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu chaay ‘tea’ Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) chai ‘tea’ Chinese cha ‘tea’ Georgian (Kartuli ena) chaidani ‘kettle’ Russian chaynik ‘kettle’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

kind adj. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection Spanish amable ‘kind’

king n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu maalik ‘lord’, ‘master’ Indian Connection Hebrew melech (pronounced as melek) ‘king’

191


knapsack n. Similarities euskara (Basque) motxila (pronounced as mochila) ‘backpack’ Spanish mochilla ‘knapsack’ knee n. Origin Indian Sanskrit jaanu Indian Connection French geneoux

knickers n. Origin Indian Urdu pathloon ‘loose trousers’ Indian Connection Russian pantalony ‘knickers’

knight n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ’quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldun ‘knight’

to knight v. t. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ’quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldundu ‘knight’

192


to be knighted v. i., v. t. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldundu ‘to be knighted’

group of knights n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zalduneria ‘group of knights’

know v. i., v. t. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaankaari ‘knowledge’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) jakin ‘know’

knowingly adv. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaankaari ‘knowledge’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) jakinean, jakinik, jakitez ‘knowingly’

know-it-all adj. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaankaari ‘knowledge’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) sasijakintsu ‘know-it-all’ 193


knowledge n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaankaari ‘knowledge’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) jakinduria, jakintza ‘knowledge’

knowledgeable adj. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaankaari ‘knowledge’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) jakintsu ‘knowledgeable’

known adj. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaankaari ’knowledge’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) jakin ‘known’

lady n. Similarities Russian dama German die Dame French dame English dame

young lady n. Origin Russian dama ‘woman’ Russian Connection euskara (Basque) damatxo (pronounced as damacho) euskara (Basque) suffix -cho means ‘little’. 194


lady of the bed chamber n. Origins Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Russian dama ‘woman’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German die Kammerdame ‘lady of the bed chamber’

land n. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connections Spanish tierra ‘land’ French terre ‘land’ --Origin Indian Tamil thalam Indian Connection Gaelic talamh

native land n. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connection Spanish tierra ‘native land’

languid adj. means ‘weak’ Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu susth

195


Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) sust’i ‘weak’ Georgia was a state of the former Russian union USSR.

larder n. storage place for foods Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German die Kammer ‘larder’

in large quantities adv. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handika ‘in large quantities’

large adj. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handi ‘large’

too large adj. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handing ‘too large’

196


largeness n. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handiera ‘largeness’

larger adj. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handiago ‘larger’

to make larger v. t. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handiaragi ‘to make larger’

last v. i., v. t. Origin Indian Tamil iru ‘be’, ’exist’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) iraun ‘last’

last adj. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu aakhir Indian Connection Greek aakhron

late 197


Similarities Spanish tarde French tard English tardy

lather n. Origin Indian Urdu saabun ‘soap’ Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) sap’oni ‘soap’ euskara (Basque) xaboibitsu (pronounced as shaboibitsu) ‘lather’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union, USSR.

lather v. i., v. t. Origins Indian Urdu saabun ‘soap’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) sap’oni ‘soap’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. euskara (Basque) xaboitu (pronounced as shaboitu) ‘lather’

latrine n. Origin Indian Kannada kakkas ‘lavatory, ‘toilet’ Indian Urdu otaaq ‘apartment’ Indian Connections Japanese koaka ‘toilet’ euskara (Basque) kakotegi ‘latrine’ euskara (Basque) toki, tegi ‘room’ derive from Indian Urdu otaaq, via Georgian (Kartuli ena) otaki ‘room’. Gaelic taigh means ‘apartment’, ‘house’.

198


leg of meat n. Origin Indian Tamil kaal ‘leg’ Indian Connection German die Keule ‘leg of meat’

legislative page n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection German der Kammerknabe ‘legislative page’

ligature n. binding, bonding Origin Indian Sanskrit bandh ‘tie’, ’bond’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection German die Binde ‘ligature’

reflecting light n. Origin Indian Urdu noor ‘light’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) nyirnyir ‘reflecting light’

shimmering light n. Origin Indian Urdu noor ‘light’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) nyirnyir ‘shimmering light’ 199


little adj. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txiki, txikitxo (pronounced as chiki, chikicho) ‘little’

very little adj. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikitxo (pronounced as chikicho) ‘very little’

loquacious adj. talking too much Origins Indian Tamil kalakkam ‘agitation’, ‘chatter’ am is just a suffix. The basic word is kalak. Indian Sanskrit kalakalah ‘agitation’, ‘chatter’ ah is just a suffix. The basic word is kalak. Indian Connections Arabic qalqala ‘chattering’ euskara (Basque) kalakari ‘loquacious’

lovable adj. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection Spanish amable ‘lovable’

200


love n. Origin Indian Tamil amudam d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) amodio --Origin Indian Sanskrit lubh Indian Connection German die Liebe

for love n. Origin Indian Tamil amudam ‘love’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) amodioz ‘for love’

without love adj. Origin Indian Tamil amudam ‘love’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) amodio ‘love’ euskara (Basque) amodiogabe ‘without love’ euskara (Basque) preposition gabez means ‘without’.

lover n. Origin Indian Tamil amudam ‘love’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this.

201


Indian Connections euskara (Basque) amodio ‘love’ Spanish amador ‘lover’ Ladino (language of Sephardic Jews in Europe) aamador ‘lover’

loving adj. Origin Indian Tamil amudam ‘love’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) amodiotsu, amodiozko ‘loving’ Spanish amador ‘loving’

lowliness n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikikeria (pronounced as chikikeria)‘lowliness’

lullaby n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) lokantu ‘lullaby’

lumber room n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’

202


Indian Connection German die Rumpelkammer ‘lumber room’

ma n. Origin Indian Tamil amma Indian Connection euskara (Basque) ama --Origin Indian Hindi maa Indian Connection English ma

maddening adj. Origin Indian Tamil sinam ‘extreme anger’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) sumingarri ‘maddening’ Tamil sinam becomes euskara (Basque) sumin.

magnification n. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handiagotze ‘magnification’

magnify v. i, v. t. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handiagotu ‘magnify’ 203


magnitude n. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handitasun ‘magnitude’

man n. Origin Indian Manu ‘first mortal’ Indian Connections German der Mann ‘man’ English man

manor n. Origin Indian Tamil manai ‘house’ ai is just a suffix. The basic word is man. Indian Connections French manoir ‘manor’ English manor

mansion n. Origin Indian Tamil manai ‘house’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is man. Indian Connections Spanish mansion ‘mansion’ English mansion

market n. Origin Indian Urdu bazaar 204


Indian Connection Russian bazaar

mate n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German der Kamerad ‘mate’ --Origin Indian Sanskrit bhrathah ‘brother’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is bhrath. Indian Connection Russian brat ‘mate’

medicine man n. Origin Indian Kannada shamana ‘curing’, ‘healing’ Indian Connection Siberian shaman ‘medicine man’

meanness n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little‘, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikikeria (pronounced as chikikeria) ‘meanness’

merciful adj. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ 205


Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkatiar, barkier, barkatzaile ‘merciful’

mercifulness n. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkzaletasun ‘mercifulness’

mercy n. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barka, barkakoitasun ‘mercy’

merry-go-round n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldi-maldiko(ak) ‘merry-go-round’

mess n. Origin Indian Tamil maasu ‘blot’, ‘stain’ Indian Connection English mess

206


messy adj. Origin Indian Tamil maasu ’blot’, ’stain’ Indian Connection English messy

meter n. Origin Indian Sanskrit maatraa ‘measure’ Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) met’ri ‘meter’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. euskara (Basque) metro ‘meter’ Spanish metro English meter

metre n. Origin Indian Sanskrit maatraaa ‘measure’ Indian Connections Russian metr ‘metre’ French metre English metre

metronome (mus.) n. producer of steady beat Origin Indian Sanskrit maatraaa ‘measure’ Indian Connection English metronome

207


middle ground n. Origins Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Tamil veedi ‘path’, ‘way’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdibide ‘middle ground’ Explanation v is pronounced as b in Arabic, euskara (Basque) and Spanish. Eg. Indian Tamil vaa ‘come’; Arabic baa ‘come’ Indian Tamil vilai ‘value’; euskara (Basque) balio ‘value’ English novel; Spanish nobela English virgin; euskara (Basque) birjina English mobile, Spanish movil That is how Indian Tamil veedi becomes euskara (Basque) bide.

middle road n. Origins Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Tamil veedi ‘path’, ‘way’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdibide ‘middle road’ Explanation v is pronounced as b in Arabic, euskara (Basque) and Spanish. Eg. Indian Tamil vaa ‘come’; Arabic baa ‘come’ Indian Sanskrit varsha ‘rain’, Indian Urdu baarish ‘rain’ Indian Tamil vilai ‘value’; euskara (Basque) balio ‘value’ English novel; Spanish nobela English virgin; euskara (Basque) birjina English mobile, Spanish movil That is how Indian Tamil veedi becomes euskara (Basque) bide.

208


milk n Origin Indian Tamil mulai ‘breast’ Indian Connections Russian moloko (k sound added) ‘milk’ English milk

minimum adj. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikien (pronounced as chikien) ‘minimum’

mistress of the house (authority) n. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection Spanish ama ‘mistress of the house’

modesty n. Origin Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘bashfulness’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsa ‘modesty’ How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

209


mom n. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) ama ‘mom’

momma n. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) ama ‘momma’

mommy n. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) amatxo (pronounced as amacho) ‘mommy’

ready money n. Origin Indian Tamil kaasu ‘coin money’ Indian Connection German die Kasse ‘ready money’

moneybox n. Origin Indian Tamil kaasu ‘coin money’ Indian Connection German die Kasse ‘moneybox’

210


monk n. Origin Indian Sanskrit bhrathah ‘brother’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is bhrath. Indian Connection Russian brat ‘monk’

mosquito n. Origin Indian Tamil kosu, kosuku Indian Connections Russian kosudama ‘Siberian witch who released mosquitoes to the world’ Russian dama means ‘woman’. euskara (Basque) kusku ‘pupa’

mother n. Origin Indian Tamil amma Indian Connection euskara (Basque) ama Indian Brahui amma Arabic umm --Origin Indian Sanskrit akka Indian Connection Japanese okaasan Japanese use san as suffix for respect. --Origin Indian Sanskrit maathr Indian Connections Gaelic mathair 211


Greek mitir German die Mutter English mother

foster-mother n. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) hazama ‘foster-mother’ euskara (Basque) ama de leche ‘foster-mother’

motherhood n. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) amatasun ‘motherhood’

mother-in-law n. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) amaginarreba ‘mother-in-law’

motherland n. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) Ama-Lur ‘motherland’ euskara (Basque) lur means ‘land’. It derives from Tamil oor ‘place’.

212


motherless adj. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) amagabe ‘motherless’ euskara (Basque) preposition gabez means ‘without’.

motherly adj., adv. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) ama-, ama legez, amagiza, amatiar, amarekiko, ‘motherly’

mounted cavalry n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldunitalde ‘mounted cavalry’

mounted squadron n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldunitalde ‘mounted squadron’

mounted statue n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ 213


euskara (Basque) zaldunirudi ‘mounted statue’

hired mourner n. Origins Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) negarkantari ‘hired mourner’ The practice of hiring professional mourners started in India. It spread worldwide. Russians, Jews and even the Irish have professional singing mourners.

mucus n. Origin Indian Tamil mookku ‘nose’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) muki ‘mucus’ Spanish moco (pronounced as moko) ‘mucus’

mucous adj. Origin Indian Tamil mookku ‘nose’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) mukidun ‘mucous’ Spanish mucoso (pronounced as mukoso)

murder n. Origin Indian ancient Santali moron ‘death’

214


Indian Connections German die Mord ‘murder’ French muertre ‘murder’ English murder

music festival n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantajaialdi ‘music festival’

vocal music n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ Spanish canturia (pronounced as kanturia) ‘vocal music’

musical execution n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ Spanish canturia (pronounced as kanturia) ‘musical execution’

215


music festival n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantajaialdi ‘music festival’

musical performance n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantaldi ‘musical performance’

musical recital n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantaldi ‘musical recital’

name n. Origins Indian Sanskrit naaman an is just a suffix. Indian Hindi naam

216


Indian Connection English name

name day n. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santo (pronounced as santho) ‘name day’

natter v. i. talk casually Origins Indian Urdu bol (pronounced as boal) ‘speak’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection Russian boltat ‘natter’ Urdu bol + Russian at (from Tamil aadu) = Russian boltat

Nave n. main part of Christian church resembling the middle of a boat Origin Georgian (Kartuli ena) navi ‘boat’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Russian Connection English Nave

navy n. Origin Georgian (Kartuli ena) navi ‘boat’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Russian Connection English navy

217


nay adv Origin Indian Sanskrit na ‘not’ Indian Connections Spanish no English nay

new adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit nava Indian Connections Spanish nuevo French neuve English new

nice adj. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection Spanish amable ‘nice’

night n. Similarities Russian noch Spanish noche

nightgown n. Origin Indian Urdu qameez ‘long upper garment’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kamisoi ‘nightgown’ Spanish camisa de noche (pronounced as kamisa de noche) ‘nightgown’ 218


Spanish noche means ‘night’.

nighty n. Origin Indian Urdu qameez ‘long upper garment’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kamisoi ‘nighty’ Spanish camisa de noche (pronounced as kamisa de noche) ‘nightgown’ Spanish noche means ‘night’.

no adj Origin Indian Sanskrit na ‘not’ Indian Connections German nein English no

noble adj Origin Arabic nubl ‘sky’ Arabic Connection English noble

nought num. Origin Indian Sanskrit nihil ‘nothing’ Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) nuli ‘nought’ Georgia was state of former Russian union USSR. German die Null ‘nought’

219


November n. Origin Indian Sanskrit nava ‘nine’ Indian Connections English November Spanish noviembre French Novembre Explanation In the old Roman calendar November was the ninth month of the ten months. In 45 B.C. Julian calendar was adopted with 12 months and 365 days.

number num. Origin Georgian (Kartuli ena) nomeri Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Russian Connections Spanish numero English number (b sound added)

children’s nurse n. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection Spanish ama seca ‘children’s nurse’

obedient adj. Origin Indian Manu, first mortal who issued commandments called Manushruthi Indian Connection euskara (Basque) manuko, manukor ‘obedient’

220


October n. Origin Indian Tamil ettu ‘eight’ Indian Hindi aat ‘eight’ Indian Connections English October (k sound added to aat) Spanish octubre French Octobre Explanation In the old Roman calendar October was the eighth month of the ten months. In 45 B.C. Julian calendar was adopted with 12 months and 365 days.

odor n. Origin Indian Tamil/Sanskrit vaasanai ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is vaasan. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) usain ‘odor’ How does Indian Tamil/Sanskrit vaasanai become euskara (Basque) usain? In ancient days u had v sound. Even today Wales is called Uelsi in Georgian (Kartuli ena). That is how vaasan becomes usain.

of the Similarities Spanish des German des French de

office n. Origin Persian (ancient Iranian) afsar ‘officer’

221


Persian Connection English office ‘workplace of officer’

officer n. Origin Persian (ancient Iranian) afsar ‘officer’ Persian Connection English officer

official adj. Origin Persian (ancient Iranian) afsar ‘officer’ Persian Connection English official

ogle v. i., v. t. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsagabeki begiratu ‘ogle’ How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

one num. Origin Indian Tamil onrru Indian Connection English one (Tamil rru dropped) --222


Origins Indian Kannada ondu d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Russian odin --Origin Indian Sanskrit eka Indian Connection Hebrew ekhad

order n. Origins Indian Manu, first mortal who issued commandments called Manushruthi Indian Connection euskara (Basque) manu ‘order’

over prep. Origin Indian Urdu oopar ‘higher’ Indian Connection German uber ‘over’ The real German u in uber has two dots called umlauts to pronounce the word as yoobar. For simplification no such marks are used in this book. One Indian Tamil consonant has both p and b sounds. That’s how oopar becomes oobar.

owner of the house n. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connection Spanish ama ‘owner of the house’ 223


ox n. Origin Indian Tamil idapam am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is idap. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) idi (p sound dropped)

page n. legislative aide Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German der Kammerknabe ‘page’

pain n. Origin Indian Tamil pinh Indian Connections euskara (Basque) pena Spanish pena German die Pain English pain Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque), Spanish, German and English do not have the unique nh sound, simple n sound is used.

palace n. Origin Indian Kannada aramane

224


Indian Connections Hebrew armon Finnish (Suomi) armon haltia Finnish haltia means ‘king’.

panties n. Origin Indian Urdu pathloon ‘loose trousers’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) pantaloi ‘panties’ Spanish pantalones ‘panties’

pantry n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German die Speisekammer ‘pantry’

pants n. Origin Indian Urdu pathloon ‘loose trousers’ Indian Connections Spanish pantalones ‘trousers’ French pantalon ‘pants’

paper n. Origin Indian kaagad d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) kaghaldi Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. 225


Arabic kaaghaz

parboil v. t. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdiegosi ‘parboil’

pardon n. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkamen, barkazio ‘pardon’

to pardon v. t. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkatu ‘to pardon’ Urdu barak + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) barkatu

to cause to pardon n. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkarrazi ‘to cause to pardon’

226


pardonable adj. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkagarri ‘pardonable’

unpardonable adj. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkaezin, barkaezinezko ‘unpardonable’

pardoner n. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkatzaile ‘pardoner’

pardoning adj. Origins Indian Urdu mubaarak ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Arabic barkat ‘auspicious’, ‘blessed’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) barkatzaile ‘pardoning’

pare v. i., v. t. Origin Indian Tamil kenhdu po ‘take away’ Tamil po means ‘go’. 227


Indian Connection euskara (Basque) azala kendu ‘pare’ euskara (Basque) aza means ‘bark of a tree’. Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque) does not have the unique nh sound, simple n sound is used. . park n. Origin Indian Urdu baagh Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) baghi Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. path n. Origin Indian Tamil veedi d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) bide, bidexka Explanation v is pronounced as b in Arabic, euskara (Basque) and Spanish. Eg. Indian Tamil vaa ‘come’; Arabic baa ‘come’ Indian Sanskrit varsha ‘rain’, Indian Urdu baarish ‘rain’ Indian Tamil vilai ‘value’; euskara (Basque) balio ‘value’ English novel; Spanish nobela English virgin; euskara (Basque) birjina English mobile, Spanish movil That is how Indian Tamil veedi becomes euskara (Basque) bide.

Pavatta n name of a tree Origin Indian Tamil pavattai 228


Indian Connection Latin Pavatta indica Latin indica means ‘Indian’.

pear n. sweet fruit Origin Indian Sanskrit madhura ‘sweet’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) madare ‘pear’

pebble n. Origin Indian Tamil kal ‘stone’ Indian connection French caillou ‘pebble’

pedagogic adj. Origins Indian Tamil padi ‘read’ Indian Sanskrit pad ‘to read’ Indian Connections Spanish pedagogico ‘pedagogic’ English pedagogic

pedagogical adv. Origins Indian Tamil padi ‘read’ Indian Sanskrit pad ‘to read’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) pedagogiko ‘pedagogical’ English pedagogical 229


pedagogically adv. Origins Indian Tamil padi ‘read’ Indian Sanskrit pad ‘to read’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) pedagogikoki ‘pedagogically’ Spanish pedagogico ‘pedagogic’ English pedagogically

pedagogue n. Origins Indian Tamil padi ‘read’ Indian Sanskrit pad ‘to read’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) pedagogari ‘pedagogue’ Spanish pedagogo ‘pedagogue’ English pedagogue

pedal n. device activated with the foot Origin Indian Sanskrit paadah ‘foot’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) pedal ‘pedal’ English pedal

pen n. Origin Indian Urdu qalam . Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) k’alami Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Latin calami (pronounced as kalami) 230


percheron n. a breed of horse from France Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zalditzar ‘percheron’ to persist v. i., v. t. Origin Indian Tamil iru ‘be’, ‘exist’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) iraun ‘to persist’

personal servant n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German der Kammerdiener ‘personal servant’

pettiness n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ’small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikikeria (pronounced as chikikeria) ‘pettiness’

picket n. Origins Indian Tamil koal ‘stick’ 231


Indian Connection Russian kol ‘picket’

pillow n. Origin Indian Tamil padukkai ‘bed’ Indian Connections Russian podooshka ‘cushion’, ‘pillow’ Polish poduszka ‘cushion’

pinky (anat) n. small finger Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) eritxiki (pronounced as erichiki ‘pinky’. It literally means ‘finger little’. euskara (Basque) eri means ‘finger’.

piously adv. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) santuki ‘piously’

planet n. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connection Spanish tierra ‘planet’ 232


pocket n. Origin Indian jeb (pronounced as jayb) Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) jibe Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

pony n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zalditxo ‘pony’

poor n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu ghareeb Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) gharibi Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. --Origin Indian paapar Indian Connections English pauper Spanish pobre One Indian Tamil consonant has both p and b sounds. So paapar can be pronounced as paabar too.

pottery n. art of making vessels

233


Origin Indian Tamil paath’thiram ‘vessel’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is paath’thir. Indian Sanskrit paathrah ‘vessel’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is paathhr. Indian Connection English pottery

prayer n. Origins Indian Urdu aarzoo ‘desire’, ‘wish’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) errezu ‘prayer’

precept n. Origin Indian Manu, first mortal who issued commandments called Manushruthi Indian Connection euskara (Basque) manu ‘precept’

prescription n. Origin Indian Manu, first mortal who issued commandments called Manushruthi Indian Connection euskara (Basque) manu ‘prescription’

present n. Origin Indian Sanskrit daanam d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Latin doanum 234


prima donna n. f. famous woman singer Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ Spanish cantartriz(pronounced as kantatris) ‘prima donna’

prime adj. Origin Indian Tamil perumai ‘greatness’ ai is just a suffix. The basic word is perum. Indian Connections English prime Spanish primero

problem n. Origin Indian Kannada konku ‘bend’, ‘twist’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kenka ‘problem’

promontory n. edge of land, before water Origins Indian Hindi/Urdu aakhir ‘end’ Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connection Greek akrotiron ‘promontory’

235


to provide with prongs v. i., v. t. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish dentar ‘to provide with prongs’

pronged adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish dentado ‘pronged’

psalm n. Christian religious song Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) salmokantu ‘psalm’

puerility n. means ‘childishness’ Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chiquillada (pronounced as chikiyada) ‘puerility’

236


pulley n. Origins Indian Tamil chakkiram ‘wheel’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is chakkir. Indian Sanskrit chakrah ‘wheel’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is chakr. Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) charkhi ‘machine’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. euskara (Basque) txirrika (pronounced as chirrika) ‘pulley’

quarrel n. Origin Indian Urdu jang ‘war’ Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuki ena) janqi ‘riot’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. German der Zank ‘quarrel’

queen n. Origin Indian raanhi Indian Connections Spanish reina French reine Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since Spanish and French do not have this unique nh sound, simple n sound is used.

racecourse n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’

237


Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldilasterleku ‘racecourse’

to reduce v. i., v. t. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikiagotu (pronounced as chikiagotu) ‘to become smaller’

reducng adj. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikitzaile (pronounced as chikitzaile) ‘reducing’

region n. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connection Spanish tierra ‘district’

restroom n. Origin Indian Kannada kakkas ‘bathroom’, ‘toilet’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kakategi ‘restroom’

238


euskara (Basque) toki and tegi mean ‘room’. They derive from Indian Urdu otaaq ‘apartment’, Georgian (Kartuli) otakhi ‘room’ and Gaelic taigh ‘apartment’, ‘house’ proving that Indians settled in Georgia first before moving on to Iberia to become Basques and Spanish.

rice n. Origin Indian Tamil arisi Indian Connections Spanish arroz (pronounced as arros) euskara (Basque) arroz (pronounced as arros) Arabic arruz Latin oryza

rid v. t. Origin Indian Tamil kenhdu po ‘take away’ Indian Tamil po means ‘go’. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kendu ‘rid’ Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque) does not have this unique nh sound, simple n sound is used.

rider n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldikari ‘rider’

239


room n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra Indian Connections Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) English room (k sound dropped)

small unheated room n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German die Kammer ‘small unheated room’

rowdy n. Origin Indian rowdy Indian Connections German der Rowdy English rowdy

rule n. Origin Indian Manu, first mortal who issued commandments called Manushruthi Indian Connection euskara (Basque) manu ‘rule’

sacred adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ 240


Indian Connection Spanish santo (pronounced as santho)‘sacred’

saint n. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connections Spanish santo (pronounced as santho) French saint English saint

book of saints n. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santoral (pronounced as santhoral) ‘book of saints’

calendar of saints n. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santoral (pronounced as santhoral) ‘calendar of saints’

image of a saint n. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santo (pronounced as santho) ‘image of a saint’

saint’s day n. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ 241


Indian Connection Spanish santo (pronounced as santho) ‘saint’s day’

saintliness n. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santidad pronounced as santhidad) ‘saintliness’

saintly adv. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ’holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santo (pronounced as santho) ‘saintly’

sanctfiable adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque santugarri Spanish santificador (pronounced as santhificador) ‘sanctifying’

sanctification n. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) santutze Spanish santificador (pronounced as santhificador) ‘sanctification’

sanctifier n. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ 242


Indian Connection Spanish santificador (pronounced as santhificador ) ‘sanctifier’

sanctfy v. t. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) santu egin euskara (Basque) egin means ‘do’, ‘make’ Spanish santificador (pronounced as santhificador) ‘sanctify’

sanctfying adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santificador (pronounced as santhificador) ‘sanctifying’

sanctity n. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) santutasun ‘sanctity’ Spanish santidad (pronounced as santhidad) ‘sanctity’

Santa Claus n. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) Santa Klaus

sapidity n. pleasant taste 243


Origin Indian Tamil saappidu ‘eat’, ‘food’ Indian Connection Spanish sapidez ‘sapidity’

Satan n. Origins Indian Tamil Sani Indian Sanskrit Shani Intermediate Indian Hindi/Urdu Shaithaan Indian Connections euskara (Basque) Satan French Satan English Satan

savage n. Origin Indian Tamil saavu ‘death’ Indian Connection English savage ‘deadly person’

savagery n. Origin Indian Tamil saavu ‘death’ Indian Connection English savagery

Saviour n. name used for Jesus Christ, meaning ‘saver from harm’ Origin Indian Tamil saavu ‘death’ 244


Indian Connection English Saviour

savory adj. salty or spicy taste of food Origin Indian Tamil saappidu ‘eat’, ‘food’ Indian Connection Spanish sapido ‘savory’

scarf n. Origin Indian Urdu burqa ‘female head-to-toe dress’ Modern Muslim women just cover their faces. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) buruko ‘scarf’

scent n. Origin Indian Tamil/Sanskrit vaasanai ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is vaasan. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lurrinusain ‘scent’ euskara (Basque) lore, lora- mean ’flower’. How does Indian Tamil/Sanskrit vaasanai become euskara (Basque) usain? In ancient days u had v sound. Even today Wales is called Uelsi in Georgian (Kartuli ena). ai is just a suffix. That is how vaasan becomes usain.

seed n. Origins Indian Sanskrit beejam am is just a suffix. The basic word is beej. 245


Indian Brahui bij Indian Connection euskara (Basque) bihi ‘seed’ Spanish people pronounce j as h. That is how Indian beej becomes bihi.

Sefarad n Origin Indian Urdu safaari ‘travel’ Indian Connection English Sefarad, a name for Spain. Many Jews mistakenly call themselves Sephardic, believe that they come from Spain.

Sephardic adj Origin Indian Urdu safaari ‘travel’ Indian Connection English Sephardic (pronounced as Sefardic), term applied to wandering Jews.

semi gram. Origin Indian Sanskrit ardha ‘half’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) erdi ‘semi’

senior adj. Origin Indian Urdu oopar ‘higher’ Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) uprosi ‘senior’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

246


September n. Origin Indian Sanskrit saptha ‘seven’ Indian Connections English September Spanish septiembre French Septembre Explanation In the old Roman calendar September was the seventh month of the ten months. In 45 B.C. Julian calendar was adopted with 12 months and 365 days.

serpent n. Origin Indian Sanskrit sarpah ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is sarp. Indian Connections Spanish serpiente French serpent ‘snake’ English serpent

seven num. Origin Indian Sanskrit saptha Indian Connection French sept

seventh adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit sapthama Indian Connections Spanish septimo French septieme 247


shaman n. Origin Indian Kannada shamana ‘curing’, ‘healing’ Indian Connection Siberian shaman ‘medicine man’

shame n. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa Indian Brahui laaj Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsa How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up. --Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu sharm Indian Connections Russian sarm German die Scham English shame r sound dropped in German and English

shameless adj. Origins Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘shame’ Indian Brahui laaj ‘shame’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsagabe ‘shameless’ euskara (Basque) preposition gabez means ‘without’. How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? 248


Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up. --Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu sharm Indian Connections Russian sarm ‘shame’ German schamlos ‘shameless’ English shameless r sound dropped in German and English German los means ‘without’..

shirt n. Origin Indian Urdu qameez ‘long upper garment’ Indian Connections Spanish camisa (pronounced as kamisa) ‘shirt’ French chemise

dress shirt n. Origin Indian Urdu qameez ‘long upper garment’ Indian Connection Spanish camisa de pechera dura (pronounced as kamisa de pechera dura) ‘dress shirt’

shirt collar n. Origin Indian Urdu qameez ‘long upper garment’ Indian Connection Spanish cuello de camisa ‘shirt collar’

249


shirt factory n. Origin Indian Urdu qameez ‘long upper garment’ Indian Connection Spanish camiseria (pronounced as kamiseria) ‘shirt factory’

shirt maker n. Origin Indian Urdu qameez ‘long upper garment’ Indian Connection Spanish camisero (pronounced as kamisero) ‘shirt maker’

shirt store n. Origin Indian Urdu qameez ‘long upper garment’ Indian Connection Spanish camiseria (pronounced as kamiseria) ‘shirt store’

shirting n. Origin Indian Urdu qameez ‘long upper garment’ Indian Connection Spanish tela para camisas ‘shirting’

shit n. Origin Indian Kannada kakkas ‘bathroom’, ‘toilet’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kaka ‘shit’

250


shoe n. Similarities euskara (Basque) zapata Spanish zapato

shop n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu dookaan d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) dukani Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

should Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu shaayad ‘perhaps’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection English should

to shrink v. i. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little‘, ‘small’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikitu (pronounced as chikitu) ‘to shrink’

to shrivel v. i. Origins Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ 251


Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘little’, ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikitu (pronounced as chikitu) ‘to shrink’ Kannada chikka + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu)= euskara (Basque) chikitu

shroud n. Cover for dead body Origin Indian Tamil saavu ‘death’ Indian Connections Russian savan ‘shroud’ Greek savon ‘shroud’

shrub n. Origin Indian Tamil mullai ‘bush’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is mull. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) mulu ‘shrub’ Spanish maleza ‘shrub’

shyness n. Indian Sanskrit lajjaa ‘bashfulness’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) lotsa ‘shyness’ How does Indian Sanskrit lajjaa become euskara (Basque) lotsa? Most languages do not have original j or ch sounds. So they use ts, tx and dz to make up.

252


sign n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu nishaan. Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) nishani Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

silk n. Similarities Spanish seda German die Seide Gaelic sioda

simple adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santo (pronounced as santho) ‘simple’

simply adv. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santamente (pronounced as santhamrnte) ‘simply’

sincere adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit santh ‘holy’, ‘virtuous’ Indian Connection Spanish santo (pronounced as santho) ‘sincere’

253


sing under one’s breath v. i. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ Spanish canturriar (pronounced as kanturriar) ‘sing under one’s breath’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English sing under one’s breath

to sing v. t. Origins Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantatu ‘to sing’ Spanish cantar (pronounced as kantar) ‘to sing’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English to sing

singable adj. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. 254


Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantagarri ‘singable’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English singable

unsingable adj. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantaezin ‘unsingable’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English unsingable

singer n. f. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantari ‘singer’ Spanish cantatriz (pronounced as kantatris) ‘female singer’ French cantatrice ‘female singer’ --255


Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English singer

singer n. m. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantari ‘singer’ Spanish cantor (pronounced as kantor) ‘male singer’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English singer

professional singer n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantari ‘singer’ Spanish cantante (pronounced as kantante) ‘professional singer’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English professional singer 256


singing n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantaldi ‘singing’ Spanish cante, canto (pronounced as kante, kanto) ‘singing’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English singing

singing adj. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ Spanish cantante (pronounced as kantante) ‘singing’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English singing

singing exercise n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar.

257


Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ Spanish canturia (pronounced as kanturia) ‘singing exercise’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English singing exercise

act of singing exercise n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantaketa ‘act of singing’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English act of singing exercise

to make someone sing v. t. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantarazi ‘to make someone sing’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ 258


Indian Connection English to make someone sing

way of singing exercise n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantaera ‘way of singing’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English way of singing exercise

sip of wine n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘small’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’ Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikito (pronounced as chikito) ‘sip of wine’

site n. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connection French terrain ‘site’

259


six n. Origin Indian Sanskrit sasha Indian Connections Hebrew sheesh Russian shest

slacks n. Origin Indian Urdu pathloon ‘loose trousers’ Indian Connection French pantalon ‘slacks’

small adj. Origin Indian Kannada chikka Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki)

small amount of wine n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘small’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikito (pronounced as chikito) ‘small amount of wine’

small boy n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ’small’

260


Indian Connections Spanish chiquillo (pronounced as chikiyo) ‘small boy’ euskara (Basque) txiki) ’little’, ‘small’

to make small v. t. Origins Indian Kannada chikka ‘small’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikitu (pronounced as chikitu) ‘to make small’

very small adj. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections Spanish chiquito (pronounced as chikito) ‘very small’ euskara (Basque) txiki) ‘little’, ’small’

smaller adj. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikiago (pronounced as chikiago) ‘smaller’

quality of being smaller n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikiagotasun (pronounced as chikiagotasun) ‘quality of being smaller’ 261


to become smaller v. i., v. t. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikiagotu (pronounced as chikiagotu) ‘to become smaller’

to make smaller v. i., v. t. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikiagotu (pronounced as chikiagotu) ‘to make smaller’

the smallest adj. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikien (pronounced as chikien) ‘the smallest’

smallness n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikikeria, txikitasun (pronounced as chikikeria, chikitasun) ‘smallness’

262


smart adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit samartha ‘capable’ Indian Connection English smart

smell n. Origin Indian Tamil/Sanskrit vaasanai ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is vaasan. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) usain How does Indian Tamil/Sanskrit vaasanai become euskara (Basque) usain? In ancient days u had v sound. Even today Wales is called Uelsi in Georgian (Kartuli ena). That is how vaasan becomes usain.

so be it intj. Origin Indian Tamil aam ‘yes’ Indian Connection Spanish amen

soap n. Origin Indian Urdu saabun Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) sap’oni euskara (Basque) xaboi (pronounced as shaboi Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

263


sofa n. Origin Indian divaan ‘backless, side less sofa’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Russian divan euskara (Basque) divan German der Diwan French divan

soil n. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connection French terroir ‘soil’ --Origin Arabic ard ‘earth’ Arabic Connection German die Erde ‘soil’

song n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’

264


Indian Connections German der Sang English song

cradle song n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantuu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) lokantu ‘cradle song’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English cradle song

theme of a song n. Origins Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Tamil veedi ‘path’, ‘way’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantubide ‘theme of a song’ Explanation v is pronounced as b in Arabic, euskara (Basque) and Spanish. Eg. Indian Tamil vaa ‘come’; Arabic baa ‘come’ Indian Tamil vilai ‘value’; euskara (Basque) balio ‘value’ English novel; Spanish nobela English virgin; euskara (Basque) birjina English mobile, Spanish movil That is how Indian Tamil veedi becomes euskara (Basque) bide. 265


--Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English theme of a song

songbook n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantutegi ‘songbook’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English songbook

songwriter n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantagile ‘songwriter’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English songwriter 266


collection of songs n. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kanta-sorta, kantutegi ‘collection of songs’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English collection of songs

fond of song adj. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kaanthaar. Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantuzale ‘ fond of song’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ Indian Connection English fond of song

spacious adj. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabaltsu ‘spacious’ 267


How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

spaciously adv. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabalki ‘spaciously’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

spinning wheel n. Origins Indian Tamil chakkiram ‘wheel’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is chakkir. Indian Sanskrit chakrah ‘wheel’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is chakr. Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) charkhi ‘machine’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union, USSR. euskara (Basque) txirrika (pronounced as chirrika) ‘spinning wheel’

268


splendid adj. Origin Indian Tamil perumai ‘greatness’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is perum. Indian Connection German prima ‘splendid’

spool n. Origin Indian Tamil chakkiram ‘wheel’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is chakkir. Indian Sanskrit chakrah ‘wheel’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is chakr. Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) charkhi ‘machine’ euskara (Basque) txirrika (pronounced as chirrika) ‘spool’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

spread n. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabalpen ‘spread’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

269


to spread v. t. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabaldu ‘to spread’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

to spread out v. t. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabaldu ‘to spread out’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

stable boy n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ 270


euskara (Basque) zaldizain ‘stable boy’

stable boy’s job n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zaldizaintza ‘stable boy’s job’

stable hand n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zalditegizain ‘stable hand’

stake n. Origins Indian Tamil koal ‘stick’ Indian Connection Russian kol ‘stake’

star n. Origin Indian Brahui istaar Indian Connection English star (Brahui i dropped)

state room (naut.) n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ 271


Indian Connection Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘state room’

steward n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Spanish camarero (pronounced as kamarero) ‘steward’

stewardess n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Spanish camarera (pronounced as kamarera) ‘stewardess’

store n. Origin Georgian (Kartuli ena) maghazia Russian Connection French magazin Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

stream n. Origin Indian Tamil aarru ‘river’ Indian Connection Spanish arroyo ‘stream’

strong room n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ 272


Indian Connection Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘strong room’

students’ union n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German das Kammerschaftshaus ‘students’ union’

stupid adj. Origin Indian Tamil moodan ‘fool’ Indian Connections Spanish mudo ‘dumb’ German dumm ‘stupid’ (mirror image of Indian mood)

subject to adj. Origin Indian Manu, first mortal who issued commandments called Manushruthi Indian Connection euskara (Basque) manuko ‘subject to’

submissive adj. Origins Indian Manu, first mortal who issued commandments called Manushruthi Indian Connection euskara (Basque) manuko, manukor ‘submissive’

273


suck v. t. Origin Arabic zurb Arabic Connection Spanish sorber

suds n. Origin Indian Urdu saabun ‘soap’ Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) sap’oni ‘soap’ euskara (Basque) xaboi-burbuilak (pronounced as shaboi-burbuilak) ‘suds’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

sufficient intj. Origin Indian Urdu bas (pronounced as bus) Indian Connections Spanish bastante Italian basta German basta ‘and that’s that’

worthy of being sung adj. Origin Indian Tamil kaanthaaram ‘song’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) kantika, kantore, kantu ‘song’ Spanish cantar, cante, canto (pronounced as kanthar, kanthe, kantho) ‘song’ euskara (Basque) kantagarri ‘worthy of being sung’ --Origin Indian Hindi sangeeth ‘music’ 274


Indian Connection English worthy of being song

superior adj. Origin Indian Urdu oopar ‘higher’ Indian Connection German uber ‘superior’ The real German u in uber has two dots called umlauts to pronounce the word as yoobar. For simplification no such marks are used in this book. One Indian Tamil consonant has both p and b sounds. That’s how oopar becomes oobar.

Supreme Court (Prussian) n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German das Kammergericht ‘Supreme Court (Prussian)’

survive v. i., v. t. Origin Indian Tamil iru ‘be’, ‘exist’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) iraun ‘survive’

sword n. Similarities euskara (Basque) ezpata Spanish espada

275


T-shirt n. Origin Indian Urdu qameez ‘long upper garment’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) camiseta (pronounced as kamiseta) ‘T-shirt’

to tailor v. t. Origin Indian Tamil thai ‘stitch’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) taiatu ‘to tailor’ Tamil thai + euskara (Basque) atu (from Tamil aadu) = euskara (Basque) taiatu

tailoring n. Origin Indian Tamil thai ‘stitch’ Indian Tamil aadu ‘do’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) taiadura ‘tailoring’

talkative adj. Origins Indian Tamil kalakkam ‘agitation’, ‘chatter’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kalk. Indian Sanskrit kalakalah ‘agitation’, ‘chatter’ ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is kalak. Indian Connections Arabic qalqala ‘chattering’ euskara (Basque) kalakari ‘talkative’

276


tasty adj. Origin Indian Tamil saappidu ‘eat’, ‘food’ Indian Connection Spanish sapido ‘tasty’

tea n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu chaay Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) chai Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. Chinese cha

teeth like an ox adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish dentadura de rumiante ‘teeth like an ox’

chattering of teeth Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish dentellada ‘chattering of teeth’

277


false teeth n. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Spanish dentadura poztida ‘false teeth’ French dentier ‘false teeth’

to provide with teeth v i., v. t. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish dentar ‘to provide with teeth’

set of teeth n. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish dentadura ‘set of teeth’

to set one’s teeth on edge v. t. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish dentera ‘to set one’s teeth on edge’

278


to sink teeth into v. t. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish dentellear ‘to sink one’s teeth into’

teethe v. i. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish endentecer, echar los dientes ‘teethe’

teething n. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish denticion ‘teething’

ten num. Origins Indian Sanskrit dasha Indian Hindi das d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Russian desyat Spanish diez

279


tent n. Origin Indian Hindi ghar ‘house’ Indian Connection Mongolian gar ‘tent’ For nomadic Mongolians tent was the house.

terrain n. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connections German das Terrain ‘terrain’ English terrain

territorial adj. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connections German territorial English territorial

territory n. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connections Spanish tierra ‘territory’ French territoire ‘territory’ English territory

280


the definite article Origins Arabic al Arabic Connections Spanish el m. la f.

there Origin Indian Kannada alli Indian Connection Spanish alli (but pronounced as ayee) Spanish pronounce ll as y.

there is intj. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu hai Indian Connection Spanish hay (pronounced as ai)

there are intj. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu hain Indian Connection Spanish hay (pronounced as ai)

three num. Origin Indian Sanskrit thri Indian Connections Russian tri Spanish tres English three 281


third adj. Origins Indian Sanskrit thritheeya Indian Connection Russian tretiy

thought n. Origin Indian Sanskrit mathi . Indian Connection Latin metis

throat n. Origin Indian Sanskrit galah ah is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is gal. Indian Connections Indian Hindi galaa Latin gula

tie n. Origin Indian Sanskrit bandh ‘tie’, ’bond’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection German die Binde ‘tie’

tiff n. Origin Indian Urdu jang ‘war’

282


Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) janqi ‘riot’ Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. German der Zank ‘tiff’

till n. Origin Indian Tamil kaasu ‘coin money’ Indian Connections Russian kassa ‘till’ German die Kasse ‘till’

tiny adj. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections Spanish chiquito (pronounced as chikito) ‘tiny’ euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’

titanic adj. Origin Indian handi ‘large cooking vessel’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) handitzar ‘titanic’

toilet n. Origin Indian Kannada kakkas ‘bathroom’, ‘toilet’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kakategi euskara (Basque) toki and tegi mean ‘room’. They derive from Georgian (Kartuli ena) otakhi ‘room’ and Gaelic taigh ‘apartment’, ‘house’ proving 283


that Indians came to Iberia via Russia. Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR. --Origin Georgian (Kartuli ena) t’ualet’i Georgia was a state of former Russian Union USSR. Russian Connections German die Toilette English toilet

tomorrow n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu kal Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) khwal Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

tooth n. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection French dent ‘tooth’ --Origin Indian Urdu zoob Indian Connection Russian zoob

toothache n. Origins Indian Tamil malam ‘bad’ Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. 284


Indian Connection French mal de dents ‘toothache’

toothbrush n. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection French brosse a dents ‘toothbrush’

toothed adj. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ‘tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish dentaldo ‘toothed’

toothmark n. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ’tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Spanish dentellada ‘toothmark’

toothpaste n. Origin Indian Sanskrit danthah ’tooth’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Spanish dentifrico ‘toothpaste’ French dentrifrice ‘toothpaste’

285


torment n. Origin Indian Tamil pinh ’pain’ Indian Connections euskara (Basque) pena ‘pain’ Spanish pena ‘pain’ German die Pain ‘torment’ Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian nh sound. Since euskara (Basque), Spanish and German do not have the unique nh sound, simple n sound is used.

tract n. Origin Indian Tamil veedi ‘path’, ‘way’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection euskara (Basque) -bide ‘tract’ Explanation v is pronounced as b in Arabic, euskara (Basque) and Spanish. Eg. Indian Tamil vaa ‘come’; Arabic baa ‘come’ Indian Tamil vilai ‘value’; euskara (Basque) balio ‘value’ English novel; Spanish nobela English virgin; euskara (Basque) birjina English mobile, Spanish movil That is how Indian Tamil veedi becomes euskara (Basque) bide.

trailer n. Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connection German der Beiwagen ‘trailer’ 286


How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become German wagen? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too. Ornamental coverings of a horse

trappings n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu jaldi ‘fast’, ‘quick’ Indian Connections Spanish zaldi ‘a breed of horse’ euskara (Basque) zalditresna ‘trappings’

trifle n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘small’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikikeria (pronounced as chikikeria) ‘trifle’

triviality n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘small’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikikeria (pronounced as chikikeria) ‘triviality’

trolley n. Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connection Russian vagonetka ‘trolley’

287


How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become Russian vagon? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

trouserss n. Origin Indian Urdu pathloon ‘loose trousers’ Indian Connections Spanish pantalones ‘trousers’ French pantalon --Origin Indian Urdu shalwar, salwar Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) sharwali Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

truck n. Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connections Russian vagonetka ‘truck’ French wagonet How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become Russian vagon? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

turd n. Origin Indian Kannada kakkas ‘bathroom’, ‘toilet’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kakamokordu ‘turd’ 288


turf n. Origin Indian Tamil tharuppai ‘grass’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is tharupp. Indian Connections German der Torf ‘turf’ English turf p sound becomes f sound sometimes. Eg. Indian Tamil aappeel ‘apple’, German Apfel; Spanish para, English for; Sanskrit kapi ‘monkey’, Hebrew kof ‘monkey’; Tamil kapaalam ‘skull’, Greek kefali ‘head’

turkey n. m. bird Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) indauri (literally means ‘Indian’) euskara (Basque) indioilar (literally ‘Indian turkey’) French dindon (means ‘of India’) This proves that Indians brought turkey to Europe via Russia. Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

turkey n. f. bird Indian Connections Georgian (Kartuli ena) indauri (literally means ‘Indian’) euskara (Basque) indioilo (literally ‘Indian hen’) French dinde (means ‘of India’) This proves that Indians brought turkey to Europe via Russia. Georgia was a state of former Russian union USSR.

Turkey n. country Origin Indian thuruka ‘Muslim’

289


Indian Connection Turkey, predominantly Muslim nation

two num. Origin Indian Sanskrit dwa d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Russian dva --Origin Indian Hindi do d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connections Gaelic da Hebrew doo Spanish dos French Deux (but pronounced as do or doz)

typhoon n. Origin Chinese taaifang Typhoons occur very frequently in south east Asia. Chinese Connections Indian Hindi/Urdu thoofaan Arabic toofaan ‘deluge’, ‘flood’, ‘inundation’ German der Taifun English typhoon Croatian tajfun euskara (Basque) tifoi

to undervalue v. t. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘small’

290


Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txikietsi (pronounced as chikietsi) ‘to undervalue’

uncle n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu daada d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Russian dyadya

up prep. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu oopar ‘above’ Indian Connection English up (r sound dropped)

urinal n. Origin Indian Kannada kakkas ‘bathroom’, ‘toilet’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) kakontzi ‘urinal’

valet n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camarero (pronounced as kamarero) ‘valet’ German der Kammerdiener ‘valet’

291


valet de chambre n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’

van n. Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connections German der Wagen ‘van’ French wagon How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become German Wagen? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too. --Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is vaakan. --Indian Connection English van (middle k sound dropped)

goods van n. Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connection German der Wagen ‘goods van’ How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become German Wagen? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced 292


as vaagan too.

vehicle n. Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connection German der Wagen ‘vehicle’ How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become German Wagen? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

vehicular traffic n. Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam ‘vehicle’ am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. Indian Connection German der Wagenverkehr ‘vehicular traffic’ How does Indian Tamil vaakanam become German Wagen? One Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. So vaakan can be pronounced as vaagan too.

ventricle of the heart n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connections Russian kamera ‘chamber’ Spanish camara (pronounced as kamara) ‘chamber’ German die Kammer ‘ventricle of the heart’

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verse n. Origin Indian Tamil varisai ‘line’ ai is just a suffix. The basic word is varis. Indian Connections Ladino (language of Sephardic [wandering] Jews in Europe) verso Sephardic (pronounced as sefardic) derives from Indian Hindi/Urdu safaari ‘travel’. English verse

victor n. Origin Indian Hindi bahadur ‘brave man’ d is our simple symbol for soft d sound as in this. Indian Connection Gaelic buadhair ‘victor’

vile adj. Origin Indian Urdu suvvar ‘pig’ Indian Connection Gaelic suarach ’vile’ (literally ‘piglike’

wagon n. Origin Indian Hindi gaadi Indian Connection euskara (Basque) gurdi ‘wagon’ --Origin Indian Tamil vaakanam am is just a suffix. The real word is vaakan. 294


Indian Connection German der Wagen

wagon trail n. Origins Indian Hindi gaadi Indian Tamil veedi ‘path’, ‘way’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this Indian Connection euskara (Basque) gurdibide ‘wagon trail’ Explanation v is pronounced as b in Arabic, euskara (Basque) and Spanish. Eg. Indian Tamil vaa ‘come’; Arabic baa ‘come’ Indian Tamil vilai ‘value’; euskara (Basque) balio ‘value’ English novel; Spanish nobela English virgin; euskara (Basque) birjina English mobile, Spanish movil That is how Indian Tamil veedi becomes euskara (Basque) bide.

waiter n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Spanish camarero (pronounced as kamarero) ‘waiter’

waiting-maid n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Spanish camarera (pronounced as kamarera) ‘waiting-maid’

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waitress n. Origin Indian Urdu qamra ‘room’ Indian Connection Spanish camarera (pronounced as kamarera) ‘waitress’

water n. Origin Indian Tamil neer ‘water’ Indian Connections Indian Sanskrit nir-jana ‘water of life-Elixir’ Greek neron --Origin Indian Sanskrit apa ‘water’ Indian Connections Indian Urdu aab Arabic ab (Arabic has no p sound) Latin ab-, commonly used before liquids

watermelon n. Origin Indian Urdu karbuza Indian Connections Romany (language of wandering gypsies is Europe) karpuz Greek karpuzi

way n. Origin Indian Tamil veedi ‘path’, ‘way’ d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this.

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Indian Connection euskara (Basque) bide ‘way’ Explanation v is pronounced as b in Arabic, euskara (Basque) and Spanish. Eg. Indian Tamil vaa ‘come’; Arabic baa ‘come’ Indian Tamil vilai ‘value’; euskara (Basque) balio ‘value’ English novel; Spanish nobela English virgin; euskara (Basque) birjina English mobile, Spanish movil That is how Indian Tamil veedi becomes euskara (Basque) bide.

weak adj. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu susth Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) sust’i Georgia was a state of the former Russian union USSR.

wee adj. Origins Indian Kannada chikka ‘small’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘small’ euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘wee’

wet nurse n. Origin Indian Tamil amma ‘mother’ Indian Connections Spanish ama ‘wet nurse’ German die Amme ‘wet nurse’

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what? interr. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu kyaa Indian Connection Spanish que (pronounced as kay)

what’s happening? interr. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu kyaa haal Indian Connection Spanish que tal (tal is pronounced as thaal)

where? interr. Origin Indian Tamil enge Indian Connection euskara (Basque) nongo --Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu kidhar Indian Connection Russian kooda

white adj. Origin Indian Kannada bilhi Indian Connection Russian bel, belo Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian lh sound.

Since Russian does not have the unique lh sound, simple l sound is used. 298


wide adj. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabal How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

wide open space n. Origins Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabalune, zabaltoki ‘wide open space’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

wide spot n. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabalgune ‘wide spot’

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How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel widely adv. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabalera, zabalkiro ‘widely’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

widener n. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabaltzaile ‘widener’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel 300


wideness n. Origin Indian Urdu zabar ‘above’, ‘greater’, ‘superior’, ‘top’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) zabaltasun ‘wideness’ How does Indian Urdu zabar become euskara (Basque) zabal? In euskara (Basque) and Spanish r sound becomes l sound and also in reverse. This practice comes from India. Eg. Indian Tamil mayil ‘peacock’, Indian Sanskrit mayoorah ‘peacock’ Indian Sanskrit mahilha ‘woman’, Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) ‘woman’ English paper, Spanish papel English colonel, Spanish coronel

widow n. Origin Indian Sanskrit vidave d is our symbol for soft d sound as in this Indian Connections Russian vdova English widow (final v sound not uttered) German die Witwe k and g sounds are interchangeable in Tamil, Chinese and German. So are t and d sounds. That is because one Indian Tamil consonant has both k and g sounds. Another Tamil consonant has both t and d sounds. So vidave can be pronounced as vitve too.

wind n. Origin Indian Tamil kaarru Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) kari 301


Georgia was a state of the former Russian union USSR. windy adj. Origin Indian Tamil kaarru ‘wind’ Indian Connection Georgian (Kartuli ena) kariani ‘windy’ Georgia was a state of the former Russian union USSR.

witch doctor n. Origin Indian Kannada shamana ‘curing’, ‘healing’ Indian Connection Siberian shaman ‘witch doctor’

without prep. Origin Indian Urdu be (pronounced as bay) Indian Connections Russian bez euskara (Basque) gabez

woodpecker n. Origin Indian Tamil akil ‘eagle’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) okil ‘woodpecker’

woman n. Origin Indian Tamil penh Indian Connections 302


Slavic (eastern European) penna Polish pani Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian lh sound. Since Slavic and Polish languages do not have this unique nh sound, simple n sound is used. --Origin Indian Sanskrit mahilha Indian Connection Spanish mujer (pronounced as muher) Please see Simple Pronunciation Guide for pronouncing the unique Indian lh sound.

word n. Origin Indian Sanskrit vaada Indian Connection English word r sound is added to Sanskrit word. Similarly Sanskrit jaathi becomes euskara (Basque) jatorri and Hindi gaadi becomes euskara (Basque) gurdi.

world n. Origin Indian Tamil tharrai ‘earth’ ai is just a suffix for nouns. The basic word is tharr. Indian Connection Spanish tierra ‘world’

yoke n. Agriculture tool Origin Indian Sanskrit yugam 303


Indian Connection Latin iugam

yonder n. Origin Indian Hindi/Urdu vahaan ‘over there’ Indian Connection euskara (Basque) han ‘yonder’ Indian v sound dropped

you pers. pron. Origins Indian Sanskrit thu Indian Hindi thum Indian Connections Latin tu (pronounced as thu) Gaelic thu

young adj. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian Connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘young’ euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’

youth n. Origin Indian Kannada chikka ‘little’, ‘small’ Indian connections Spanish chico (pronounced as chiko) ‘youth’ euskara (Basque) txiki (pronounced as chiki) ‘little’, ‘small’

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zebra num. Origin Indian asal ‘donkey’ Indian Connection Gaelic asal-stiallach ‘zebra’

zero num. Origin Indian Sanskrit nihil ‘nothing’ Indian Connection German die Null ‘zero’

zither n. musical instrument with short strings Origin Indian sithaar ‘long stringed instrument’ Indian connections euskara (Basque) zitara ‘zither’ German die Zither (pronounced as tsither)

zulaibiya n. Origin Indian jilebi ‘extremely sweet pastry’ Indian connections Arabiuc zulaibiya ‘doughnut fried in oil and sprinkled with sugar’

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Conclusion So far we have seen more than 1500 ordinary similar sounding words (not brought by travelers or conquerors) between Indian and most languages of the world. To keep the book simple, we have shown only five major sound transformations The first sound transformation we have seen so far is l to r where Indian Urdu zabar ‘big’, ‘wide’ becomes euskara (Basque) zabal. The second is k to g where Indian Tamil vaakan becomes English wagon. The third is p to b where Indian Sanskrit apa ‘water’ becomes Arabic ab and Latin ab-. The fourth is p to f where Indian Sanskrit kapi ‘ape’ becomes Hebrew kof. The fifth is v to b where Indian Tamil veedi ‘path’, ‘way’ becomes euskara (Basque) bide. There are many more sound transformations not elaborated in this book. A few are briefly mentioned in this section to give you an idea of complexity of language. bh to v where Indian Sanskrit lubh becomes English love ch to t where Indian Tamil choll becomes English tell and Indian Sanskrit pancha ’five’ becomes English and Greek penta ‘five’ d to t where Indian Tamil kodu ‘give’ becomes English quote k to h and vice versa where Indian Tamil mukam ‘face’ becomes Indian Hindi muh and Arabic muhayyam and Indian Sanskrit hrdayam ‘heart’ becomes Greek cardia (pronounced as kardia). m to n where German im becomes English in r to d where Indian Tamil curry ‘cooked vegetable’ becomes Indian Hindi/Urdu kadi s to k where Indian Sanskrit sithaar ‘musical instrument with long strings becomes Greek kithara ‘guitar’ s to t where German aus becomes English out and German wasser becomes English water v to f where German volk becomes English folk We could go on and on filling more and more similar words to prove Indian connection. 306


All of these prove that people, language, gods and customs went from east to west, not from west to east. So far we have seen just the tip of a massive iceberg. Much more of it is being exposed.

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Indian Origins of Basque, Europ - Rangi Ranganath

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