IDEAS FOR STRUGGLE Marta Harnecker
(Excerpts) THE ROLE OF THE POLITICAL INSTRUMENT 1. In order order for po!t!c" po!t!c" "ct!on "ct!on to #e effect!$e effect!$e%% so t&"t t&"t protests% protests% res!st" res!st"nce nce "nd str' str'es es "re "re re" "#e to c&"ne t&!ns% to con$ert !ns'rrect!ons !nto re$o't!ons% " po!t!c" !nstr'*ent c"p"#e of o$erco*!n t&e d!spers!on "nd fr"*ent"t!on of t&e expo!ted "nd t&e oppressed !s re+'!red. An !nstr'*ent t&"t c"n cre"te sp"ces to #r!n toet&er t&ose ,&o% !n sp!te of t&e!r d!fferences% &"$e " co**on ene*- t&"t !s "#e to strent&en ex!st!n str'es "nd pro*ote ot&ers # or!ent"t!n t&e!r "ct!ons "ccord!n to " t&oro'& "n"s!s of t&e po!t!c" s!t'"t!ont&"t c"n "ct "s "n !nstr'*ent for 'n!t!n t&e *"n express!ons of res!st"nce "nd str'e. . I*po$e I*po$er!s& r!s&ed ed 'r#"n 'r#"n "nd r'r" *"sses% *"sses% "c/!n "c/!n " ,e ,e def!ne def!ned d p"n% &"$e &"$e r!sen 'p% se!0ed se!0ed &!&,"s% to,ns "nd ne!&#o'r&oods% r"ns"c/ed stores "nd stor*ed p"r!"*ents% #'t desp!te "c&!e$!n "c&!e$!n t&e *o#!!0"t!on *o#!!0"t!on of &'ndreds &'ndreds of t&o's"nds t&o's"nds of peope% ne!t&er ne!t&er t&e s!0e nor t&e!r co*#"t!$eness &"$e #een eno'& to de$eop fro* pop'"r !ns'rrect!on !nto re$o't!on. T&e &"$e o$ert&ro,n o$ert&ro,n pres!dents% pres!dents% #'t t&e &"$ent &"$ent #een #een "#e to con+'er po,er "nd !n!t!"te !n!t!"te " process of deep soc!" tr"nsfor*"t!ons. 2. On t&e ot&er ot&er &"nd% &"nd% t&e &!stor &!stor of tr!'*p& tr!'*p&"nt "nt re$o't! re$o't!ons ons ce"r ce"r de*onstr de*onstr"tes "tes ,&"t ,&"t c"n #e "c&!e$ed ,&en t&ere !s " po!t!c" !nstr'*ent c"p"#e of r"!s!n "n "tern"t!$e n"t!on" pror"* t&"t 'n!f!es t&e str'es of d!$erse soc!" "ctors #e&!nd " co**on o"- t&"t &eps to co&ere t&e* "nd e"#or"te " p"t& for,"rd for t&ese "ctors #"sed #"sed on "n "n"s!s of t&e ex!stent #""nce of forces. On !n t&!s *"nner c"n "ct!ons #e c"rr!ed o't "t t&e r!&t p"ce "nd r!&t t!*e% ","s see/!n o't t&e ,e"/est !n/ !n t&e ene*s c&"!n. 3. T&!s T&!s po!t!c" po!t!c" !nstr' !nstr'*en *entt !s !/e !/e " ste"* ste"* en!ne en!ne t&"t co*press co*presses es " p!ston p!ston "t t&e dec!s!$ dec!s!$ee *o*ent "nd 4 ,!t&o't ,"st!n "n ener 4 con$erts !t !nto " po,erf' force. 5. .... t&ere t&ere "re " n'*#er n'*#er of "ppre&ens "ppre&ens!ons !ons to,"rd to,"rd s'c& s'c& !de"s. T&ere "re *"n *"n ,&o "re not e$en e$en ,!!n to d!sc'ss t&e*. S'c& pos!t!ons "re "dopted #ec"'se t&e "ssoc!"te t&!s !de" ,!t& t&e "nt!6de*ocr"t!c% "'t&or!t"r!"n% #'re"'cr"t!c "nd *"n!p'"t!n po!t!c" pr"ct!ces t&"t &"$e c&"r"cter!0ed *"n eft p"rt!es. 7. .... !t !t !s f'nd"*ent" f'nd"*ent" t&"t ,e ,e o$erco*e o$erco*e t&!s s'#8ect!$ s'#8ect!$ee #"rr!er "nd "nd 'nderst"nd 'nderst"nd t&"t t&"t ,&en ,e ,e refer to " po!t!c" po!t!c" !nstr'*ent% !nstr'*ent% ,e "re not t&!n/!n of 8'st "n po!t!c" po!t!c" !nstr'*ent% !nstr'*ent% ,e "re de"!n ,!t& po!t!c" !nstr'*ent "d8'sted to t&e ne, t!*es% "n !nstr'*ent t&"t ,e *'st #'!d toet&er. 9. .... .... !n order to cre"te cre"te or re*ode re*ode t&!s ne, po!t! po!t!c" c" !nstr'* !nstr'*ent ent%% t&e eft &"s to c&"ne c&"ne !ts po!t!c" c't're "nd !ts $!s!on of po!t!cs. T&!s c"nnot #e red'ced to !nst!t't!on" po!t!c" d!sp'tes for contro o$er p"r!"*ent or oc" o$ern*ents- to "ppro$!n ",s or ,!nn!n eect eect!o !ons ns.. In t&!s t&!s conc concep ept! t!on on of po! po!t!c t!cs% s% t&e t&e pop' pop'" "rr secto sectors rs "nd "nd t&e! t&e!rr str' str' e ess "re "re co*pete !nored. :. For For t&e t&e eft% eft% po!t po!t!cs !cs *'st *'st #e t&e "rt "rt of *"/!n *"/!n poss poss!# !#e e t&e !*po !*poss! ss!# #e. e. And And ,e "re not not t"/!n "#o't " $o'nt"r!st dec"r"t!on. ;e "re t"/!n "#o't 'nderst"nd!n po!t!cs "s t&e "rt of constr' constr'ct! ct!n n " soc!" soc!" "nd po!t!c po!t!c" " force force c"p"# c"p"#ee of c&"n! c&"n!n n t&e #"" #""nce nce of forces forces !n f"$o'r f"$o'r of t&e pop'"r pop'"r *o$e*ent *o$e*ent%% so "s to *"/e *"/e poss!# poss!#e e !n t&e t&e f't're f't're t&"t ,&!c& ,&!c& tod" tod" "ppe"rs !*poss!#e.
<. ;e &"$e to t&!n/ of po!t!cs "s t&e "rt of constr'ct!n forces. ;e &"$e to o$erco*e t&e od "nd deep6rooted *!st"/e of tr!n to #'!d " po!t!c" force ,!t&o't #'!d!n " soc!" force. 1=. .... t&ere !s st! " ot of re$o't!on"r p&"se*oner!n "*on o'r *!!t"nts- too *'c& r"d!c"!s* !n t&e!r st"te*ents. .... t&e on ," to r"d!c"!0e " !$en s!t'"t!on !s t&ro'& t&e constr'ct!on of forces. 11. .... constr'ct!on of forces c"nnot occ'r spont"neo's% on pop'"r 'pr!s!ns &"ppen spont"neo's. 1. .... I en$!s"e t&!s po!t!c" !nstr'*ent "s "n or"n!0"t!on c"p"#e of r"!s!n " n"t!on" pro8ect t&"t c"n 'n!f "nd "ct "s " co*p"ss for " t&ose sectors .... As " sp"ce t&"t d!rects !tsef to,"rd t&e rest of soc!et% t&"t respects t&e "'tono* of t&e soc!" *o$e*ents !nste"d of *"n!p'"t!n t&e*% "nd ,&ose *!!t"nts "nd e"ders "re tr'e pop'"r ped"o'es% c"p"#e of st!*'"t!n t&e /no,ede t&"t ex!sts ,!t&!n t&e peope 4 der!$ed fro* t&e!r c't'r" tr"d!t!ons% "s ,e "s "c+'!red !n t&e!r d"! str'es for s'r$!$" 4 t&ro'& t&e f's!on of t&!s /no,ede ,!t& t&e *ost "6enco*p"ss!n /no,ede t&"t t&e po!t!c" or"n!0"t!on c"n offer. An !nstr'*ent t&"t or!ents "nd 'n!tes 4 "t t&e ser$!ce of t&e soc!" *o$e*ents. CON>INCE% NOT IMPOSE 12. Pop'"r *o$e*ents "nd% *ore ener"% t&e d!fferent soc!" prot"on!sts ,&o tod" "re en"ed !n t&e str'e .... re8ect% ,!t& ood re"son% "tt!t'des t&"t "!* to !*pose &ee*on or contro o$er *o$e*ents. T&e dont "ccept t&e ste"*roer po!c t&"t so*e po!t!c" "nd soc!" or"n!0"t!ons tended to 'se t&"t% t"/!n "d$"nt"e of t&e!r pos!t!on of strent& "nd *onopo!0!n po!t!c" pos!t!ons% "tte*pt to *"n!p'"te t&e *o$e*ent. T&e dont "ccept t&e "'t&or!t"r!"n !*pos!t!on of " e"ders&!p fro* "#o$e- t&e dont "ccept "tte*pts *"de to e"d *o$e*ents # s!*p !$!n orders% no *"tter &o, correct t&e "re. 13. S'c& "tt!t'des% !nste"d of #r!n!n forces toet&er% &"$e t&e oppos!te effect. On t&e one &"nd% !t cre"tes d!scontent .... t&e fee *"n!p'"ted "nd o#!"ted to "ccept dec!s!ons !n ,&!c& t&e$e &"d no p"rt!c!p"t!on- "nd on t&e ot&er &"nd% !t red'ces t&e n'*#er of potent!" "!es% .... represent!n t&e re" !nterests of " sectors of t&e pop'"t!on "nd often pro$o/es *!str'st "nd scept!c!s* "*on t&e*. 15. ?'t to f!&t ""!nst pos!t!ons t&"t see/ to !*pose &ee*on does not *e"n reno'nc!n t&e f!&t to ,!n &ee*on% ,&!c& !s not&!n ese #'t "tte*pt!n to ,!n o$er% to pers'"de ot&ers of t&e correctness of o'r cr!ter!" "nd t&e $"!d!t of o'r propos"s. 17. More !*port"nt t&"n cre"t!n " po,erf' p"rt ,!t& " "re n'*#er of *!!t"nts !s to r"!se " po!t!c" pro8ect t&"t refects t&e pop'"t!ons *ost deep fet "sp!r"t!ons% "nd t&'s ,!n t&e!r *!nds "nd &e"rts. ;&"t !s !*port"nt !s t&"t !ts po!t!cs s'cceed !n proc'r!n t&e s'pport of t&e *"sses "nd consens's !n t&e *"8or!t of soc!et. 19. So*e p"rt!es #o"st "#o't t&e "re n'*#ers of *!!t"nts t&e &"$e% #'t% !n f"ct% t&e on e"d t&e!r *e*#ers. T&e /e !s not ,&et&er t&e p"rt !s "re or s*"- ,&"t *"tters !s t&"t t&e peope fee t&e !dent!f ,!t& !ts propos"s. 1:. Inste"d of !*pos!n "nd *"n!p'"t!n% ,&"t !s necess"r !s con$!nc!n "nd 'n!t!n " t&ose ,&o fee "ttr"cted to t&e pro8ect to #e !*pe*ented. And o' c"n on 'n!te peope !f t&e ot&ers "re respected% !f o' "re ,!!n to s&"re respons!#!!t!es ,!t& ot&er forces. 1<. ;e #e!e$e t&"t " ood ," to *e"s're &ee*on o#t"!ned # "n or"n!0"t!on !s to ex"*!ne t&e n'*#er of n"t'r" e"ders "nd person"!t!es t&"t &"$e t"/en 'p !ts !de"s "nd% !n ener"%
t&e n'*#er of peope ,&o !dent!f ,!t& t&e*. =. T&e e$e of &ee*on o#t"!ned # " po!t!c" or"n!0"t!on c"nnot #e *e"s'red # t&e n'*#er of po!t!c" pos!t!ons t&"t &"$e #een ,on. ;&"t !s f'nd"*ent" !s t&"t t&ose ,&o occ'p e"d!n pos!t!ons !n d!$erse *o$e*ents "nd or"n!0"t!ons t"/e 'p "s t&e!r o,n "nd !*pe*ent t&e propos"s e"#or"ted # t&e or"n!0"t!on% desp!te not #eon!n to !t. 1. Moreo$er% t&e concept of &ee*on !s " dn"*!c one% s!nce &ee*on !s not est"#!s&ed once "nd for ". To *"!nt"!n !t re+'!res " process of per*"nent re,!nn!n !t. L!fe foo,s !ts co'rse% ne, pro#e*s "r!se% "nd ,!t& t&e* ne, c&"enes. AT THE SER>ICE OF POPULAR MO>EMENTS% NOT TO @ISPLACE THEM . .... to #e "#e to constr'ct " soc!" force !t !s necess"r for po!t!c" or"n!0"t!ons to de*onstr"te " re"t respect for r"ssroots *o$e*ents- to contr!#'te to t&e!r "'tono*o's de$eop*ent% e"$!n #e&!nd " "tte*pts "t *"n!p'"t!on. T&e *'st t"/e "s t&e!r st"rt!n po!nt t&"t t&e "rent t&e on ones ,!t& !de"s "nd propos"s "nd% on t&e contr"r% r"ssroots *o$e*ents &"$e *'c& to offer 's% #ec"'se t&ro'& t&e!r d"! str'es t&e &"$e "so e"rned t&!ns% d!sco$ered ne, p"t&s% fo'nd so't!ons "nd !n$ented *et&ods ,&!c& c"n #e of re"t $"'e. 2. Po!t!c" or"n!0"t!ons &"$e to et r!d of t&e !de" t&"t t&e "re t&e on ones c"p"#e of ener"t!n cre"t!$e% ne,% re$o't!on"r "nd tr"nsfor*"t!$e !de"s. And t&"t t&erefore% t&e!r roe !s not on to ec&o t&e de*"nds of t&e soc!" *o$e*ents% #'t to "so #e ,!!n to "t&er !de"s "nd concepts fro* t&ese *o$e*ents to enr!c& !ts o,n concept'" "rsen". 3. Po!t!c" "nd soc!" e"ders s&o'd e"$e #e&!nd t&e *et&od of pre6est"#!s&ed sc&e*"s. ;e &"$e to str'e to e!*!n"te " $ert!c"!s* t&"t st!fes t&e !n!t!"t!$e of t&e peope. T&e roe of " e"der *'st #e one of contr!#'t!n ,!t& !de"s "nd exper!ences !n order to &ep ro, "nd strent&en t&e *o$e*ent% "nd not d!sp"ce t&e *"sses. 5. T&e!r roe !s to p's& t&e *"ss *o$e*ent for,"rd% or per&"ps *ore t&"n p's&% f"c!!t"te t&e cond!t!ons necess"r so t&"t t&e *o$e*ent c"n 'ne"s& !ts c"p"c!t to confront t&ose t&"t expo!t "nd oppress t&e*. ?'t &ep!n to p's& for,"rd !s on poss!#e !f ,e f!&t s&o'der to s&o'der !n oc"% re!on"% n"t!on" "nd !ntern"t!on" str'es. 7. T&e re"t!ons&!p of po!t!c" or"n!0"t!ons ,!t& r"ssroots *o$e*ents s&o'd t&erefore #e " t,o ," c!rc'!t fro* t&e po!t!c" or"n!0"t!on to t&e soc!" *o$e*ent "nd fro* t&e soc!" *o$e*ent to t&e po!t!c" or"n!0"t!on. 9. ;&ere$er poss!#e% ,e *'st !n$o$e t&e r"ssroots !n t&e process of dec!s!on *"/!n% t&"t !s to s"% ,e &"$e to open 'p ne, sp"ces for peopes p"rt!c!p"t!on% #'t peopes p"rt!c!p"t!on !s not so*et&!n t&"t c"n #e decreed fro* "#o$e. On # t"/!n "s o'r st"rt!n po!nt t&e tr'e *ot!$"t!ons of t&e peope% on !f one &eps t&e* to d!sco$er t&e necess!t of c"rr!n o't cert"!n t"s/ for t&e*se$es% "nd on # ,!nn!n o$er t&e!r &e"rts "nd *!nds% ,! t&e #e ,!!n to f' co**!t t&e*se$es to t&e "ct!ons proposed. :. T&!s !s t&e on ," to ens're t&"t efforts *"de to &ep or!ent t&e *o$e*ent "re not fet "s orders co*!n fro* o'ts!de t&e *o$e*ent "nd to &ep cre"te "n or"n!0"t!on" process c"p"#e of !n$o$!n% !f not "% t&en "t e"st "n !*port"nt p"rt of t&e peope !nto t&e str'e "nd% !tte # !tte% ,!n o$er t&e *ore #"c/,"rd "nd pess!*!st!c sectors. ;&en t&ese "tter sectors 'nderst"nd t&"t% "s C&e B'e$"r" s"!d% t&e "!*s ,e "re f!&t!n for "re not on necess"r #'t poss!#e% t&e too ,! c&oose to 8o!n t&e str'e.
REECT ?UREAUCRATIC CENTRALISM AN@ SIMPLD USE CONSENSUS <. For " on t!*e% eft6,!n p"rt!es oper"ted "on "'t&or!t"r!"n !nes. T&e 's'" pr"ct!ce ,"s t&"t of #'re"'cr"t!c centr"!s*% !nf'enced # t&e exper!ences of So$!et soc!"!s*. A dec!s!ons re"rd!n cr!ter!on% t"s/s% !n!t!"t!$es% "nd t&e co'rse of po!t!c" "ct!on to t"/e ,ere restr!cted to t&e p"rt e!te% ,!t&o't t&e p"rt!c!p"t!on or de#"te of t&e *e*#ers&!p% ,&o ,ere !*!ted to foo,!n orders t&"t t&e ne$er ot to d!sc'ss "nd !n *"n c"ses d!d not 'nderst"nd. 2=. ?'t !n c&"en!n #'re"'cr"t!c centr"!0"t!on% !t !s !*port"nt to "$o!d f"!n !nto t&e excesses of 'tr"6de*ocr"c% ,&!c& res'ts !n *ore t!*e #e!n 'sed for d!sc'ss!on t&"n "ct!on% s!nce e$ert&!n% e$en t&e *ost *!nor po!nts% "re t&e s'#8ect of r!oro's de#"tes t&"t fre+'ent !*pede "n concrete "ct!on. 21. T&ere !s " ot of t"/ "#o't or"n!0!n ro'ps "t " e$es of soc!et% "nd t&"t t&ese ro'ps *'st "pp " str!ct !ntern" de*ocr"c% !de"s t&"t ,e o#$!o's s&"re. ;&"t ,e dont "ree ,!t& !s t&e !de" t&"t no effort needs to #e p't !n t&e d!rect!on of !$!n t&e* " co**on or"n!c !n/. In defend!n de*ocr"c% fex!#!!t "nd t&e des!re to f!&t on *"n d!fferent fronts% ,&"t !s re8ected "re efforts to deter*!ne str"te!c pr!or!t!es "nd "tte*pt to 'n!f "ct!ons. 2. For so*e% t&e one "nd on "ccept"#e *et&od !s consens's. T&e "r'e t&"t # 't!!s!n consens's t&e "re "!*!n not to !*pose dec!s!ons #'t !nste"d !nterpret t&e ,! of ". ?'t t&e consens's *et&od% ,&!c& see/s t&e "ree*ent of " "nd "ppe"rs to #e " *ore de*ocr"t!c *et&od% c"n !n pr"ct!ce #e so*et&!n profo'nd "nt!6de*ocr"t!c% #ec"'se !t r"nts t&e po,er of $eto to " *!nor!t% to s'c& "n extre*e t&"t " s!ne person c"n #oc/ t&e !*pe*ent"t!on of "n "ree*ent t&"t *" #e s'pported # "n o$er,&e*!n *"8or!t. 22. I #e!e$e t&"t t&ere c"nnot #e po!t!c" eff!c"c ,!t&o't " 'n!f!ed e"ders&!p t&"t deter*!nes t&e co'rse of "ct!on to foo, "t d!fferent *o*ents !n t&e str'e "nd to "c&!e$e t&!s o" !t !s $!t" t&"t " #ro"d r"n!n d!sc'ss!on occ'rs% ,&ere e$erone c"n r"!se t&e!r op!n!ons "nd ,&ere% !n t&e end% pos!t!ons "re "dopted "nd e$erone respects t&e*. 23. ... (,e) do not see &o, one c"n conce!$e of s'ccessf' po!t!c" "ct!on !f 'n!f!ed "ct!on !s not "c&!e$ed% "nd for t&"t re"son (,e) do not t&!n/ t&"t "not&er *et&od ex!sts ot&er t&"n de*ocr"t!c centr"!s*% !f consens's &"s not #een re"c&ed. 25. T&!s co*#!n"t!on of s!ne centr"!0ed e"ders&!p "nd de*ocr"t!c de#"te "t d!fferent e$es of t&e or"n!0"t!on !s c"ed de*ocr"t!c centr"!s*. It !s " d!"ect!c co*#!n"t!on. 27. A correct co*#!n"t!on of centr"!s* "nd de*ocr"c *ot!$"tes t&e e"ders "nd% "#o$e "% t&e *e*#ers. On cre"t!$e "ct!on "t e$er e$e of t&e po!t!c" or soc!" or"n!0"t!on ,! ens're t&e tr!'*p& of o'r str'e. An !ns'ff!c!ent de*ocr"t!c !fe !*pedes t&e 'ne"s&!n of t&e cre"t!$e !n!t!"t!$e of " t&e *!!t"nts% ,!t& !ts s'#se+'ent ne"t!$e !*p"ct on t&e!r p"rt!c!p"t!on. In pr"ct!ce% t&!s *ot!$"t!on *"n!fests !tsef !n t&e sense of respons!#!!t% ded!c"t!on to ,or/% co'r"e "nd "pt!t'de for pro#e* so$!n% "s ,e "s !n t&e c"p"c!t to express op!n!ons% to cr!t!c!se defects "nd exerc!se contro o$er t&e &!&er 'p #od!es !n t&e or"n!0"t!ons. 29. On " correct co*#!n"t!on of centr"!s* "nd de*ocr"c c"n ens're t&"t "ree*ents "re eff!c!ent% #ec"'se &"$!n en"ed !n t&e d!sc'ss!on "nd t&e dec!s!on *"/!n process% one fees *ore co**!tted to c"rr o't t&e dec!s!ons. 2:. ;&en "pp!n de*ocr"t!c centr"!s* ,e *'st "$o!d "tte*pts to 'se n"rro, *"8or!t!es to
tr "nd cr's& t&e *!nor!t. T&e *ore *"t're soc!" "nd po!t!c" *o$e*ents #e!e$e t&"t !t !s po!ntess !*pos!n " dec!s!on "dopted # " n"rro, *"8or!t. T&e #e!e$e t&"t !f t&e "re *"8or!t of *!!t"nts "re not con$!nced of t&e co'rse of "ct!on to t"/e% !t !s #etter to &od off 'nt! t&e *!!t"nts "re ,on o$er po!t!c" "nd #eco*e con$!nced t&e*se$es t&"t s'c& "ct!on !s correct. MINORITIES CAN ?E RIBHT 2<. M!nor!t!es s&o'd not #e cr's&ed or *"r!n"!0ed- t&e s&o'd #e respected. Nor s&o'd t&e *!nor!t #e re+'!red to co*pete s'#ord!n"te !tsef to t&e *"8or!t. T&e *!nor!t *'st c"rr o't t&e t"s/s proposed # t&e *"8or!t "t e"c& concrete po!t!c" 8'nct!on% #'t t&e s&o'd not &"$e to reno'nce t&e!r po!t!c"% t&eoret!c" "nd !deoo!c" con$!ct!ons. On t&e contr"r% !t !s t&e *!nor!ts d't to cont!n'e f!&t!n to defend t&e!r !de"s 'nt! t&e ot&ers "re con$!nced or t&e t&e*se$es #eco*e con$!nced of t&e ot&ers !de"s. 3=. ;& s&o'd t&e *!nor!t cont!n'e defend!n !ts pos!t!ons "nd not s'#*!t to t&e pos!t!on of t&e *"8or!t ?ec"'se t&e *!nor!t *" #e r!&t- t&e!r "n"s!s of re"!t *!&t #e *ore "cc'r"te !f t&e &"$e #een c"p"#e of d!sco$er!n t&e tr'e *ot!$"t!ons of spec!f!c soc!" forces. T&"t !s ,& t&ose ,&o &od *!nor!t pos!t!ons "t " deter*!ned *o*ent s&o'd not on &"$e t&e r!&t% #'t t&e d't% to &od t&e!r pos!t!ons "nd f!&t to con$!nce t&e *"x!*'* "*o'nt of ot&er *!!t"nts of t&e!r pos!t!ons t&ro'& !ntern" de#"te. 31. Ho, *"n sp!ts co'd &"$e #een "$o!ded !f t&e *!nor!t $!e, &"d #een respected Inste"d% on *"n occ"s!ons% t&e ent!re ,e!&t of t&e #'re"'cr"t!c "pp"r"t's &"s #een 'sed to cr's& t&e*% e"$!n t&e* ,!t& no c&o!ce #'t to sp!t. 3. T&e top!c of *"8or!t!es "nd *!nor!t!es "so &"s to do ,!t& t&e d!s8'nct!on or non correspondence #et,een represent"t!$es "nd t&e represented. T&!s p&eno*enon *" occ'r for d!fferent re"sons% !nc'd!n t&e or"n!c !nc"p"c!t of t&ose ,&o represent t&e re" *"8or!t to "c&!e$e #etter represent"t!on !n t&e *"ss or"n!0"t!ons- t&e #'re"'cr"t!c *"noe'$res of " for*" *"8or!t to /eep !tsef !n pos!t!ons of po,er- t&e r"p!d c&"ne !n po!t!c" consc!o'sness of t&ose ,&o eected t&ese represent"t!$es d'e to de$eop*ents !n t&e re$o't!on"r process !tsef. T&ose ,&o on d"s #efore tr' represented t&e *"8or!t *" tod" s!*p represent " for*" *"8or!t #ec"'se t&e re$o't!on"r s!t'"t!on &"s de*onstr"ted to t&e *"sses t&"t t&e pos!t!on of t&e *!nor!t ,"s correct. 32. For " on t!*e !t ,"s #e!e$ed t&"t !f " cert"!n tendenc or sector of t&e p"rt ,on t&e !ntern" eect!ons # " *"8or!t% " e"ders&!p pos!t!ons ,o'd #e f!ed # c"dres fro* t&"t tendenc. In " cert"!n sense% t&e pre$"!!n !de" ,"s t&"t t&e *ore &o*oeno's t&e e"ders&!p% t&e e"s!er !t ,o'd #e to e"d t&e or"n!0"t!on. Tod" d!fferent cr!ter!" tend to pre$"! " e"ders&!p t&"t #etter refects t&e !ntern" #""nce of forces see*s to ,or/ #etter% "s !t &eps to et " p"rt *e*#ers% "nd not on t&ose of t&e *"8or!t c'rrent% fee!n *ore !n$o$ed !n t&e !*pe*ent"t!on of t"s/s proposed # t&e e"ders&!p. 33. Moreo$er% " re" de*ocr"t!0"t!on of t&e po!t!c" or"n!0"t!on de*"nds *ore effect!$e p"rt!c!p"t!on # p"rt *e*#ers !n t&e eect!on of t&e!r e"ders t&e s&o'd #e eected "ccord!n to t&e!r !deoo!c" "nd po!t!c" pos!t!ons r"t&er t&"n person"!t. T&"t !s ,& !ts !*port"nt t&"t t&e d!fferent pos!t!ons "re ,e /no,n "*on t&e p"rt *e*#ers&!p $!" !ntern" p'#!c"t!ons. Its "so $er !*port"nt to ens're " *ore de*ocr"t!c for*'"t!on of c"nd!d"tes "nd to s"fe'"rd t&e secret $ote. NEE@ TO UNITE THE PARTD LEFT AN@ THE SOCIAL LEFT 35. (Soc!") *o$e*ents d!ffer !n *"n ,"s fro* t&e c"ss!c" "#o'r *o$e*ent. T&e!r
p"tfor*s &"$e " stron t&e*"t!c "ccent "nd t&e re"c& "cross c"sses "nd ener"t!ons. T&e!r for*s of or"n!0!n "re ess &!er"rc&!c" "nd re *ore on net,or/s t&"n t&ose of t&e p"st% ,&!e t&e!r concrete for*s of "ct!ons $"r +'!te " ot. 37. .... po,erf' soc!" *o$e*ents &"$e "r!sen% ,&!c& &"$e tr"nsfor*ed t&e*se$es !nto *"8or po!t!c" "ctors% #eco*!n !*port"nt oppos!t!on forces t&"t occ'p t&e front!nes of t&e f!&t .... 39. Ho,e$er% .... " of ,&!c& &"$e prod'ced " &!& f"$o'r"#e s!t'"t!on for t&e cre"t!on of " $er #ro"d .... soc!" #oc ,!t& enor*o's soc!" force 4 t&e *"8or!t of t&ese ro,!n express!ons of res!st"nce "nd str'e "re st! f"r fro* tr' represent!n " re" t&re"t to t&e sste*. 3:. ..... one of t&e re"sons t&"t &eps exp"!n t&!s s!t'"t!on !s t&"t p"r"e to t&ese o#8ect!$e cond!t!ons ,&!c& "re f"$o'r"#e for t&e constr'ct!on of " #ro"d "tern"t!$e soc!" #oc .... t&ere "re $er co*p!c"ted s'#8ect!$e cond!t!ons ,&!c& &"$e to do ,!t& " profo'nd pro#e* t&e d!spers!on of t&e eft. 3<. .... for "n effect!$e str'e% !t !s of str"te!c !*port"nce to "rt!c'"te t&e d!fferent eft sectors% 'nderst"nd!n t&e eft to *e"n " t&ose forces t&"t st"nd 'p ""!nst t&e c"p!t"!st sste* "nd !ts prof!t6dr!$en o!c% "nd ,&o f!&t for "n "tern"t!$e soc!et #"sed on &'*"n!s* "nd so!d"r!t .... 5=. T&erefore% t&e eft c"nnot s!*p #e red'ced to t&ose t&"t #eon to eft p"rt!es or po!t!c" or"n!0"t!ons- !t "so !nc'des soc!" "ctors "nd *o$e*ents. >er often t&ese "re *ore dn"*!c "nd co*#"t!$e t&"n t&e for*er% #'t do not #eon to or re8ect #eon!n to "n po!t!c" p"rt or or"n!0"t!on. A*on t&e for*er "re t&ose ,&o prefer to "cc'*'"te forces # 's!n !nst!t't!ons to "!d tr"nsfor*"t!on% ,&!e ot&ers opt for re$o't!on"r .... ,"rf"re"*on t&e "tter% so*e "tte*pt to cre"te "'tono*o's soc!" *o$e*ents "nd d!fferent tpes of net,or/s. 51. To s!*p!f .... t&e f!rst ro'p "s t&e po!t!c" eft "nd t&e second ro'p "s t&e soc!" eft% e$en t&o'& .... t&!s concept'" sep"r"t!on !s not ","s so !n pr"ct!ce. In f"ct% t&e *ore de$eoped soc!" *o$e*ents tend to "c+'!re soc!o6po!t!c" d!*ens!ons. 5. .... on # 'n!t!n t&e *!!t"nt efforts of t&e *ost d!$erse express!ons of t&e eft ,! ,e #e "#e to f' c"rr o't t&e t"s/ of #'!d!n t&e #ro"d .... soc!" #oc t&"t ,e need. T&e str"te!c t"s/ t&erefore !s to "rt!c'"te t&e p"rt "nd soc!" eft so t&"t% fro* t&!s st"rt!n po!nt% ,e c"n 'n!te !nto " s!ne cooss" co'*n% t&e ro,!n "nd d!$erse soc!" oppos!t!on. SET THE ABEN@A FOR STRUBBLE 52. ;&!e t&e r!&t ,!n &"s de*onstr"ted re"t po!t!c" !n!t!"t!$e% t&e eft tends to #e on t&e defens!$e. ;&!e t&e for*er 'ses !ts contro of t&e !nst!t't!ons of t&e st"te "nd t&e *"ss *ed!"% "s ,e "s !ts econo*!c !nf'ence% to !*pose !ts ne, *ode% s'#ser$!ent to f!n"nc!" c"p!t" "nd *onopo!es% t&"t &"s prec!p!t"ted pr!$"t!0"t!ons% "#o'r dere'"t!on "nd " t&e ot&er "spects of t&e neo!#er" econo*!c pror"*% to !ncre"se soc!" fr"*ent"t!on "nd fo*ent "nt!6p"rt!s*% t&e p"rt eft% on t&e ot&er &"nd% &"s "*ost exc's!$e !*!ted !ts po!t!c" ,or/ to t&e 'se of c'rrent !nst!t't!on"!t% s'#ord!n"t!n !tsef to t&e r'es of t&e "*e !*posed # t&e ene*% "nd &"rd e$er t"/!n t&e* # s'rpr!se. T&e e$e of "#s'rd!t !s s'c& t&"t t&e c"end"r of str'e of t&e eft !s set # t&e r!&t. 53. Ho, often &"$e ,e &e"rd t&e eft co*p"!n "#o't t&e "d$erse cond!t!ons !t &"d to f"ce d'r!n eect!on c"*p"!ns% "fter d!sco$er!n t&"t !ts eector" res'ts ,ere not ,&"t !t ,"s
expect!n Det t&e $er s"*e eft sedo* deno'nces t&e r'es of t&e "*e !*posed on !t .... On t&e contr"r% ,&"t tends to occ'r !s t&"t !n see/!n $otes 4 !nste"d of c"rr!n o't "n ed'c"t!on"% ped"o!c" c"*p"!n t&"t ser$es to !ncre"se t&e or"n!0"t!on "nd ","reness of t&e peope 4 t&e eft 'ses t&e s"*e tec&n!+'es to se !ts c"nd!d"tes t&"t t&e r'!n c"sses 'se . RESPECT @IFFERENCES AN@ ?E FLEI?LE 55. A*on t&e eft% t&ere cont!n'es to #e " d!ff!c't to ,or/ toet&er ,&!e respect!n d!fferences. In t&e p"st% t&e tendenc of po!t!c" or"n!0"t!ons% espec!" p"rt!es t&"t sef6 dec"re "s Gp"rt!es of t&e ,or/!n c"ss% ,"s ","s to,"rd &o*oen!0!n t&e soc!" #"se ,!t&!n ,&!c& t&e c"rr!ed o't po!t!c" ,or/. If t&!s "tt!t'de ,"s once 8'st!f!ed d'e to t&e p"st !dent!t "nd &o*oene!t of t&e ,or/!n c"ss% tod" !t !s "n"c&ron!st!c ,&en confronted ,!t& " ,or/!n c"ss t&"t !s +'!te d!fferent!"ted% "nd ,!t& t&e e*erence of " d!$ers!t of ne, soc!" "ctors. Tod"% ,e !ncre"s!n &"$e to de" ,!t& " 'n!t #"sed on d!$ers!t% on respect for et&n!c "nd c't'r" d!fferences% for ender "nd for t&e sense of #eon!n of spec!f!c coect!$es. 57. ;&en " o'r speec&es "nd *ess"es "re c't fro* t&e s"*e cot& "nd "re tr"ns*!tted !n t&e s"*e *"nner "nd ,!t& t&e s"*e ,ords% prono'nced !n t&e s"*e tone "nd t&ro'& t&e s"*e *e"p&one% "nd ,&en t&e e"rs o # "nd t&e posters "nd so"ns dont c&"ne% o'r ,ords ose t&e!r $"'e. T&e c"n no oner ,!n t&e !*"!n"t!on of "none. 59. ;e &"$e to ex"*!ne ,&et&er t&e eft &"s #een "#e to open 'p "$en'es for "ct!$!s* "nd &ep n'rt're t&"t ro,!n proress!$e sent!*ent !n soc!et% #ec"'se not " peope &"$e t&e s"*e "ct!$!st $oc"t!on nor do t&e " fee !nc!ned to #e "ct!$e on " per*"nent e$e. T&!s f'ct'"tes " ot depend!n on t&e po!t!c" c!*"te "t t&e t!*e. To !nore t&!s% "nd de*"nd " 'n!for* e$e of "ct!$!s*% !s sef6!*!t!n "nd ,e"/ens t&e po!t!c" or"n!0"t!on. STRATEBD FOR ?UIL@INB UNITD 5:. ..... necess!t of #'!d!n 'n!t "*on " eft forces (soc!" "nd p"rt eft) "nd "ctors !n order to #e "#e to ro'p " #ro"d .... #oc c"n(not) #e "c&!e$ed !n " $o'nt"r!st *"nner% cre"t!n coord!n"t!n #od!es fro* "#o$e t&"t end 'p "s s!*pe s'*s of "cron*s. 5<. .... t&!s 'n!t c"n e*ere t&ro'& concrete str'es for co**on o#8ect!$es. And t&"t !s ,& .... ,e c"n &ep cre"te #etter cond!t!ons for t&!s 'n!t !f ,e p't !nto pr"ct!ce " ne, str"te of "nt!6c"p!t"!st str'e. 7=. ;e "re t"/!n "#o't " str"te t&"t t"/es !nto cons!der"t!on t&e !*port"nt soc!"% po!t!c"% econo*!c "nd c't'r" tr"nsfor*"t!ons t&"t &"$e occ'rred "cross t&e ,ord !n t&e "st per!od. A str"te t&"t 'nderst"nds t&e ne, for*s of c"p!t"!st do*!n"t!on o f"r #eond t&e econo*!c "nd st"te sp&ere "nd &"$e !nf!tr"ted !nto " t&e noo/s "nd cr"nn!es of soc!et% f'nd"*ent" t&ro'& t&e *"ss *ed!" ,&!c& &"s !nd!scr!*!n"te !n$"ded t&e &o*es of " soc!" sectors% "nd !n do!n so c&"ned t&e cond!t!ons of str'e. 71. Tod"% *ore t&"n e$er% ,e &"$e to confront not on t&e do*!n"nt c"sses "pp"r"t'ses of po!t!c" coerc!on #'t "so t&e *ec&"n!s*s "nd !nst!t't!ons present !n c!$! soc!et t&"t ener"te " pop'"r "ccept"nce of t&e c"p!t"!st soc!" order. T&ese tend to "c&!e$e " s!n!f!c"nt &ee*on o$er !*port"nt pop'"r sectors% " c't'r" e"ders&!p o$er soc!et 7. O'r c&"ene t&erefore !s to e"#or"te " re$o't!on"r str"te ,!t&!n t&e cond!t!ons of " #o'reo!s de*ocr"c t&"t en8os " e$e of "ccept"nce # "n !*port"nt p"rt of t&e pop'"r sectors ,&!c& "o,s !t to *"!nt"!n !tsef ,!t&o't &"$!n to rec'r to repress!on- ,&"ts *ore%
,e &"$e to t"/e "s o'r st"rt!n po!nt t&e recon!t!on t&"t "re p"rts of pop'"r sectors "ccept "s ood co!n t&e c"p!t"!st e"ders&!p of t&e process. 72. For t&!s re"son% s!*pe prop""nd" "#o't "n "tern"t!$e soc!et !s not eno'&. T&e re"ter co*pex!t t&"t do*!n"t!on &"s "ss'*ed% t&e presence of !*port"nt extr"6st"te f"ctors t&"t prod'ce "nd reprod'ce t&e c'rrent pop'"r fr"*ent"t!on "nd t&"t "tte*pt to dee!t!*!0e t&e t&o'&t "nd pro8ect of t&e eft !n t&e ees of t&e p'#!c .... ,e *'st pro*ote str'es t&"t "re not red'ced to s!*pe econo*!c de*"nds 4 "t&o'& t&e *'st necess"r! #e !nc'ded 4 #'t t&"t "d$"nce !n t&e de$eop*ent of " *ore o#"% soc!" pro8ect t&"t enco'r"es "'t&ent!c e$es of po,er fro* t&e r"ssroots. 73. ;&"t ,e "re de"!n ,!t& !s t&e constr'ct!on of exper!ences !n pop'"r de*ocr"c t&"t "re t"n!# s'per!or to #o'reo!s de*ocr"c. For ex"*pe% t&e e"#or"t!on of " pro8ect for " &'*"n!st "nd so!d"r!t6#"sed c!t !n " oc" o$ern*ent% pro*ot!n d!$erse sp"ces for p"rt!c!p"t!on t&"t "o, oc" res!dents to tr"nsfor* t&e*se$es !nto "ct!$e *e*#ers of t&e!r co**'n!t. Or t&e constr'ct!on of " poe of r'r" sette*ents ,&ere pe"s"nts c"n est"#!s& d!$erse for*s of co"#or"t!on "*on t&e*se$es% not on !n "r!c't'r" prod'ct!on% #'t "so !n !nd'str!"!0"t!on "nd co**erc!"!0"t!on of t&e!r prod'cts% !n t&e ed'c"t!on of t&e!r c&!dren "nd t&e for*"t!on of t&e!r c"dre "ccord!n to " *ode t&"t fores&"do,s t&e ne, soc!et. Or t&e #'!d!n of " st'dent feder"t!on t&"t defends t&e de*ocr"t!c p"rt!c!p"t!on of st'dents !n t&e r'nn!n of " 'n!$ers!t co**!tted to soc!et. Or t&e constr'ct!on of " tr"de 'n!on confeder"t!on t&"t p'ts "n end to #'re"'cr"t!c e"ders&!p sep"r"ted fro* t&e r"ssroots% t&"t defends " soc!"6po!t!c" 'n!on!s*% t&"t o$erco*es s!*pe econo*!s*% "nd t&"t proposes "s !ts o#8ect!$e "n "ct!$e !nsert!on !n t&e str'e for soc!" tr"nsfor*"t!on. 75. A str"te of t&!s tpe c"n enor*o's f"c!!t"te t&e co&er!n of " t&e sectors of t&e eft% #ot& t&ose t&"t "re *e*#ers of p"rt!es "s ,e "s soc!" *o$e*ent "ct!$!sts% #ec"'se !t !n$o$es " d!fferent tpe of c" to "ct!on. In order to #e "ct!$e% one does not necess"r! &"$e to #eco*e " *e*#er of " p"rt% " *"ss or"n!0"t!on% " *o$e*ent- one c"n #e "ct!$e s!*p # p"rt!c!p"t!n !n p'tt!n !nto pr"ct!ce t&e pro8ect of "n "tern"t!$e *ode. 77. ?'t !t !s "so 'rent t&"t ,e o$erco*e r"ssroot!s*% oc"!s*% "po!t!c!s* .... t&"t !*!t t&e str'e of t&e pop'"r sectors .... POPULAR CONSULTATIONS FOR CON>ERBENCE OF @IFFERENT FORCES 79. .... t&e need to cre"te " "re soc!" #oc .... c"n 'n!te " t&ose "ffected # t&e sste*. To "c&!e$e t&!s% !t !s f'nd"*ent" t&"t ,e cre"te sp"ces t&"t "o, for t&e con$erence of spec!f!c .... str'es ,&ere% s"fe'"rd!n t&e spec!f!c c&"r"cter!st!cs of e"c& po!t!c" or soc!" "ctor% co**on t"s/s c"n #e t"/en 'p t&"t "!d !n strent&en!n t&e str'e. 7:. .... pop'"r cons't"t!ons or "sse*#!es "re $er !nterest!n sp"ces. T&ese c"n "o, 's to *o#!!0e #e&!nd " s!ne concrete t"s/ .... ,&o ,"nt to contr!#'te to " #etter ,ord% ,&o $er often dont /no, &o, to do !t% "nd ,&o "re not ,!!n to #e "ct!$e !n t&e tr"d!t!on" ,"% #ec"'se *"n of t&e* re8ect po!t!cs "nd po!t!c!"ns. 7<. T&e poss!#!!t of t'rn!n t&e pop'"r cons't"t!on !nto " s*#o!c "ct of re8ect!on of t&e o$ern*ents po!c!es (*" "o,) t&e c"*p"!n to ro,% "!n strent& "nd *ot!$"te peope.
